How clever are you delusional. Where, smart, are you wandering head? Watch what is "From where, smart, are you wandering your head?" in other dictionaries

Smart That is, smart enough not to flaunt her mind. I explain scientifically: there are three semantic fields in which people communicate. The first is "external". When they discuss what they see around: nature, weather, food, architecture, etc. The second is “internal”: they talk about

Figurative - expressive means of language

Figurative and expressive means of the language can be conditionally divided into two large groups: lexical means and syntactic means.

Lexical means

Allegory - allegorical image of an abstract concept with the help of a concrete, life image. In fables and fairy tales, cunning is shown in the form of a fox, greed - in the form of a wolf, deceit - in the form of a snake.

Antonyms - different words related to the same part of speech, but opposite in meaning (kind- evil, powerful- powerless). The opposition of antonyms in speech is a vivid source of speech expression, which enhances the emotionality of speech:

He was weak body, but strong spirit.

Contextual (or contextual) antonyms - these are words that are not opposed in the language in meaning and are antonyms only in the text:

Mind and heart - ice and fire - That's the main thing that distinguished this hero.

Hyperbola - a figurative expression that exaggerates any action, object, phenomenon. Used to enhance the artistic impression:

Snow felled from the sky poods.

AT one hundred and forty suns sunset glowed.

Home alone as long as the stars, other - as long as the moon.

...how can we make sure that our rights do not expanded at the expense of the rights of others?(A. Solzhenitsyn)

Irony - the use of a word or expression in the opposite sense for the purpose of ridicule.

Where, smart, are you wandering, head?

Contextual (or contextual) synonyms - words that are synonymous only in this text:

Lomonosov- genius- beloved child of nature. (V. Belinsky).

Litotes- in an expression containing an exorbitant underestimation of a phenomenon.

Below a thin bylinochka, one must bow one's head.

Metaphor - a hidden comparison based on the similarity between distant phenomena and objects. At the heart of any metaphor is an unnamed comparison of some objects with others that have a common feature.

The meaning of metaphor as a path is to enhance the emotional expressiveness of speech. Metaphor is the transfer of the properties of one object to another according to the principle of their similarity. Examples of metaphors: "golden hair", "sunny smile".

There were, are, and, I hope, always will be more good people in the world than bad and evil ones, otherwise disharmony would have set in the world, he would have warped ... capsized and sank.

There are three main types of metaphors:

personification- transferring the sign of a living person to an inanimate object - "How the white dress sang in the beam..."(“The girl sang in the church choir ...” A. A. Blok);

reification- transferring the sign of an inanimate object to a living person - “We trim human heads with oaks ...”(“Worker Poet” by V. V. Mayakovsky);

abstraction- the transfer of a sign of a particular phenomenon (person or object) to an abstract, abstract phenomenon - “Then anxiety subsides in my soul…”(“When the yellowing field is agitated ...” by M. Yu. Lermontov).

"old age of the soul", "life is the way"(Lermontov" Duma ")

Metaphor is one of the main features of the folklore genre of riddles.

Metonymy (renaming) - the transfer of values ​​by the adjacency of phenomena.

The most common cases of transfer:

a) from a person to his any external signs:

Is lunch coming soon?- asked the guest, referring to the quilted waistcoat;

b) from an institution to its inhabitants:

The entire boarding school recognized the superiority of D.I. Pisarev;

Magnificent Michelangelo!(of his sculpture) or Reading Belinsky....

Oxymoron - a combination of contrasting words that create a new concept or idea. This is a combination of logically incompatible concepts, sharply contradictory in meaning and mutually exclusive. This technique sets the reader to the perception of contradictory, complex phenomena, often - the struggle of opposites. Most often, an oxymoron conveys the author's attitude to an object or phenomenon:

sad funcontinued...

Yuri Bondarev's novel " Hot Snow».

personification - one of the types of metaphor, when the transfer of a sign is carried out from a living object to an inanimate one. When personified, the described object is outwardly likened to a person:

Trees leaning towards me stretched thin hands.

Even more often, inanimate objects are attributed actions that are available only to people:

Rain slapped bare feet along the paths of the garden.

The autumn night burst into icy tears.

Evaluative vocabulary - direct author's assessment of events, phenomena, objects:

Pushkin- this is miracle.

paraphrase - use of a description instead of a proper name or title; descriptive expression, figure of speech, replacing the word. Used to decorate speech, replace repetition:

City on the Neva(instead of St. Petersburg) sheltered Gogol.

Sun of Russian poetry(instead of "Pushkin").

Proverbs and sayings , used by the author, make the speech figurative, apt, expressive.

Learning is light and ignorance is darkness.

Synonyms - these are words related to the same part of speech, expressing the same concept, but at the same time differing in shades of meaning:

Love- love buddy- friend.

Stylistic synonyms - differ in stylistic coloring, scope of use: chuckled- chuckled- laughed- neighed.

Synecdoche - the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of the quantitative relationship between them.

Take care of the most kopeck y.

“and it was heard before dawn how rejoiced Frenchman» the word "French" is used as the name of the whole - "French" (a singular noun is used instead of a plural noun).

All flags will visit us (instead of "ships") (A. Pushkin)

Syntactic synonyms - parallel syntactic constructions having different structure, but coinciding in their meaning:

Start preparing lessons - start preparing lessons.

Comparison - one of the means of expressiveness of the language, helping the author to express his point of view, create whole artistic pictures, give descriptions of objects. In comparison, one phenomenon is shown and evaluated by comparing it with another phenomenon. Comparison is usually joined by conjunctions as, as if, exactly etc. It serves to figuratively describe the most diverse features of objects, qualities, and actions. For example, comparison helps to give an accurate description of a color: Like the night his eyes are black.

Often there is a form of comparison expressed by a noun in the instrumental case: Anxiety snake crept into our hearts.

There are comparisons that are transmitted by the form of the comparative degree of an adverb or adjective: Selfishness happens colder spring; Earth tenderer fluff lay in front of him.

There are comparisons that are included in the sentence with the help of words. similar, similar, reminiscent of: ... butterflies are like flowers.

Comparison can also represent several sentences related in meaning and grammatically. There are two types of comparisons:

1) expanded, branched comparison - an image in which the main, initial comparison is specified by a number of others: The stars come out into the sky. With thousands of curious eyes they rushed to the ground, thousands of fireflies lit the night.

2) extended parallelism (the second part of such comparisons usually begins with the word So): The church trembled. This is how a person taken by surprise shudders, this is how a trembling doe takes off from its place, not even realizing what has happened, but already sensing the danger.

Comparison of two phenomena in order to explain one of them with the help of the other. Comparisons are expressed in the instrumental case, the form of the comparative degree of an adjective or adverb, and phrases with comparative conjunctions.

Under the blue skies, magnificent carpets, shining in the sun, snow lies.

Phraseologisms - these are almost always bright, figurative expressions . Therefore, they are an important expressive means of language used by writers as ready-made figurative definitions, comparisons, as emotional and pictorial characteristics of heroes, the surrounding reality, etc.:

People like my hero have divine spark.

Quotes from other works they help the author prove any thesis, the position of the article, show his passions and interests, make the speech more emotional, expressive: P ushkin, "like first love", will not forget not only " Russian heart but also world culture.

Epithet - a word that highlights in an object or phenomenon any of its properties, qualities or signs. An epithet is an artistic definition, i.e. colorful, figurative, which emphasizes in the defined word some of its distinctive properties. Any meaningful word can serve as an epithet, if it acts as an artistic, figurative definition for another:

1) noun: talker forty.

2) adjective: fatal hours.

3) adverb and gerund: looks eagerly; listens frozen; but most often epithets are expressed using adjectives used in a figurative sense: half-asleep, tender, loving eyes.

« pigeon clouds "(S. A. Yesenin)

« convincingly deceitful story". (A. K. Tolstoy)

Ruddy dawn.

Angelic light.

Fast thoughts.

Human- tap.

Lung reading.

Gold human.

Human- a computer.

Wonderful evening.

singing bonfire.

Warm hands - no epithet , this is a logical definition, a GOLD hands are.

Speech. Analysis of expressive means.

It is necessary to distinguish between tropes (figurative and expressive means of literature) based on the figurative meaning of words and figures of speech based on the syntactic structure of the sentence.

Lexical means.

Usually in the review of task B8, an example of a lexical means is given in brackets, either in one word or in a phrase in which one of the words is in italics.

Trails.

In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in brackets, as a phrase.

Types of trails and examples for them in the table:

Figures of speech, sentence structure.

In task B8, the figure of speech is indicated by the number of the sentence given in brackets.

Remember!

When completing task B8, you should remember that you fill in the gaps in the review, i.e. restore the text, and with it the semantic and grammatical connection. Therefore, an analysis of the review itself can often serve as an additional clue: various adjectives of one kind or another, predicates that agree with omissions, etc.

It will facilitate the task and the division of the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on changes in the meaning of the word, the second - the structure of the sentence.

Parsing the task.

(1) The Earth is a cosmic body, and we are astronauts making a very long flight around the Sun, together with the Sun through the infinite Universe. (2) The life support system on our beautiful ship is so ingenious that it is constantly self-renewing and thus keeps billions of passengers traveling for millions of years.

(3) It is difficult to imagine astronauts flying on a ship through outer space, deliberately destroying a complex and delicate life support system designed for a long flight. (4) But gradually, consistently, with amazing irresponsibility, we are putting this life support system out of action, poisoning rivers, cutting down forests, spoiling the oceans. (5) If astronauts fussily cut wires, unscrew screws, drill holes in the skin on a small spacecraft, then this will have to be qualified as suicide. (6) But there is no fundamental difference between a small ship and a large one. (7) It's only a matter of size and time.

(8) Humanity, in my opinion, is a kind of disease of the planet. (9) Wound up, multiply, swarm microscopic, on a planetary, and even more so on a universal, scale of being. (10) They accumulate in one place, and immediately deep ulcers and various growths appear on the body of the earth. (11) One has only to introduce a drop of harmful (from the point of view of the earth and nature) culture into the green coat of the Forest (a team of lumberjacks, one barracks, two tractors) - and now a characteristic, symptomatic painful spot spreads from this place. (12) They scurry, multiply, do their work, eating away the bowels, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous administrations.

(13) Unfortunately, just as vulnerable as the biosphere, just as defenseless against the pressure of the so-called technical progress, are such concepts as silence, the possibility of solitude and intimate communication between man and nature, with the beauty of our land. (14) On the one hand, a person, twitched by the inhuman rhythm of modern life, crowding, a huge flow of artificial information, is weaned from spiritual communication with the outside world, on the other hand, this outside world itself has been brought to such a state that sometimes it no longer invites a person to spiritual fellowship with him.

(15) It is not known how this original disease called humanity will end for the planet. (16) Will the Earth have time to develop some kind of antidote?

(According to V. Soloukhin)

“The first two sentences use a trope like _______. This image of the "cosmic body" and "cosmonauts" is the key to understanding the author's position. Discussing how humanity behaves in relation to its home, V. Soloukhin comes to the conclusion that "humanity is a disease of the planet." ______ (“they scurry, multiply, do their job, eating away the bowels, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous administrations”) convey the negative deeds of man. The use of _________ in the text (sentences 8, 13, 14) emphasizes that everything said by the author is far from being indifferent. Used in the 15th sentence ________ "original" gives the argument a sad ending, which ends with a question.

List of terms:

1. epithet
2. litotes
3. introductory words and interstitial constructions
4. irony
5. extended metaphor
6. parceling
7. question-answer form of presentation
8. dialectism
9. homogeneous members of a sentence

We divide the list of terms into two groups: the first - epithet, litote, irony, extended metaphor, dialectism; the second - introductory words and plug-in constructions, parcelling, question-answer form of presentation, homogeneous members of the sentence.

It is better to start the task with passes that do not cause difficulties. For example, omission #2. Since the whole sentence is given as an example, some syntactic means is most likely implied. In a sentence “they scurry, multiply, do their job, eating away the bowels, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous departures” rows of homogeneous members of the sentence are used : Verbs scurry, multiply, do business, gerunds eating away, exhausting, poisoning and nouns rivers, oceans, atmosphere. At the same time, the verb “transfer” in the review indicates that the place of the gap should be a plural word. In the list in the plural there are introductory words and plug-in constructions and homogeneous member sentences. A careful reading of the sentence shows that the introductory words, i.e. those constructions that are not thematically related to the text and can be removed from the text without losing their meaning are absent. Thus, at the place of pass No. 2, it is necessary to insert option 9) homogeneous members of the sentence.

In pass number 3, the numbers of sentences are indicated, which means that the term again refers to the structure of sentences. Parceling can be immediately “discarded”, since the authors must indicate two or three consecutive sentences. The question-answer form is also an incorrect option, since sentences 8, 13, 14 do not contain a question. There are introductory words and plug-in constructions. We find them in sentences: in my opinion, unfortunately, on the one hand, on the other hand.

In place of the last gap, it is necessary to substitute the masculine term, since the adjective “used” must agree with it in the review, and it must be from the first group, since only one word is given as an example “ original". Masculine terms - epithet and dialectism. The latter is clearly not suitable, since this word is quite understandable. Turning to the text, we find what the word is combined with: "original disease". Here, the adjective is clearly used in a figurative sense, so we have an epithet in front of us.

It remains to fill only the first gap, which is the most difficult. The review says that this is a trope, and it is used in two sentences, where the image of the earth and us, people, as an image of a cosmic body and astronauts is rethought. This is clearly not irony, since there is not a drop of mockery in the text, and not litotes, but rather, on the contrary, the author deliberately exaggerates the scale of the disaster. Thus, the only possible option remains - a metaphor, the transfer of properties from one object or phenomenon to another based on our associations. Expanded - because it is impossible to isolate a separate phrase from the text.

Answer: 5, 9, 3, 1.

Practice.

(1) As a child, I hated matinees, because my father came to our kindergarten. (2) He sat on a chair near the Christmas tree, chirped on his button accordion for a long time, trying to find the right melody, and our teacher strictly told him: “Valery Petrovich, higher!” (Z) All the guys looked at my father and choked with laughter. (4) He was small, plump, began to go bald early, and although he never drank, for some reason his nose always had a beet red color, like that of a clown. (5) Children, when they wanted to say about someone that he was funny and ugly, said this: “He looks like Ksyushka’s dad!”

(6) And at first in the kindergarten, and then at school, I carried the heavy cross of my father's absurdity. (7) Everything would be fine (you never know who has any fathers!), But it was not clear to me why he, an ordinary locksmith, went to our matinees with his stupid harmonica. (8) I would play at home and not dishonor myself or my daughter! (9) Often straying, he sighed thinly, like a woman, and a guilty smile appeared on his round face. (10) I was ready to sink through the ground with shame and behaved emphatically coldly, showing with my appearance that this ridiculous man with a red nose had nothing to do with me.

(11) I was in the third grade when I had a bad cold. (12) I have otitis media. (13) In pain, I screamed and pounded my head with my palms. (14) Mom called an ambulance, and at night we went to the district hospital. (15) On the way we got into a terrible snowstorm, the car got stuck, and the driver shrillly, like a woman, began to shout that now we will all freeze. (16) He screamed piercingly, almost cried, and I thought that his ears also hurt. (17) The father asked how much was left to the regional center. (18) But the driver, covering his face with his hands, repeated: “What a fool I am!” (19) The father thought and quietly said to his mother: “We will need all the courage!” (20) I remembered these words for the rest of my life, although wild pain circled me like a snowflake blizzard. (21) He opened the car door and went out into the roaring night. (22) The door slammed behind him, and it seemed to me that a huge monster, with a clanging jaw, swallowed my father. (23) The car was rocked by gusts of wind, snow was falling on the frosty windows with a rustle. (24) I cried, my mother kissed me with cold lips, the young nurse looked doomed into the impenetrable darkness, and the driver shook his head in exhaustion.

(25) I don’t know how much time has passed, but suddenly the night was lit up with bright headlights, and a long shadow of some giant fell on my face. (26) I closed my eyes and through my eyelashes I saw my father. (27) He took me in his arms and pressed me to him. (28) In a whisper, he told his mother that he had reached the regional center, raised everyone to their feet and returned with an all-terrain vehicle.

(29) I dozed in his arms and through my sleep I heard him coughing. (30) Then no one attached any importance to this. (31) And for a long time later he was ill with bilateral pneumonia.

(32) ... My children are perplexed why, when decorating a Christmas tree, I always cry. (ZZ) From the darkness of the past, a father comes to me, he sits under the tree and puts his head on the button accordion, as if he stealthily wants to see his daughter among the dressed up crowd of children and smile at her cheerfully. (34) I look at his face shining with happiness and also want to smile at him, but instead I start to cry.

(According to N. Aksyonova)

Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while completing tasks A29 - A31, B1 - B7.

This fragment examines the language features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. If you do not know which number from the list should be in place of the gap, write the number 0.

The sequence of numbers in the order in which you wrote them down in the text of the review at the place of the gaps, write down in the answer sheet No. 1 to the right of the task number B8, starting from the first cell.

“The use by the narrator to describe the blizzard of such a lexical means of expression as _____ ("terrible blizzard", "impenetrable darkness"), gives expressive power to the depicted picture, and such paths as _____ ("pain circled me" in sentence 20) and _____ ("the driver began to scream shrillly, like a woman" in sentence 15), convey the drama of the situation described in the text . A technique such as _____ (in sentence 34) enhances the emotional impact on the reader.