Basics of interior design with examples. Basics of design. The most important rules. How are the projects being implemented?

It's no secret that when starting any professional career, every person hits the bumps. And everything would be fine if these bumps weren’t so painful. And folk wisdom still recommends learning from other people’s cones rather than from your own. So today we’ll talk about the worst of them and help you avoid them in the future.

So, the first bump is the laws of ergonomics

This is such a clever science that takes into account the peculiarities of human physiology and helps to plan the space of the room so that it is as comfortable and functional as possible.

A trivial example, the kitchen cabinet is located so high that you have to stand on a stool in order to get a package of buckwheat. Or you are sitting in the toilet reading useful literature, but it is impossible to close the door from the inside - your knees are in the way.

Mistake two - play of color and light

There's a complete rush here! Ignorance of the intricacies of a colorist, the psychological impact of color on a person, the characteristics of various paints when applied, and most importantly, the location of windows relative to the cardinal directions.

As for the power, type and type of glow of various lamps, many novice designers simply lose sight of this important aspect during the development and implementation of their design project.

So it turns out that the living room was placed on the north side, painted in a “pleasant” azure color, and also energy-saving cold-glow lamps were screwed into the chandelier. The prospect of being in this room does not evoke pleasant emotions.

The third bump is a one-goal game

Many designers naively believe that by completing the interior in neutral tones, and at the same time using a obviously win-win color, the work will be 100% successful. Nothing like this! Lack of accents in interior design will make it boring. Accents can be bright color spots of decorative elements, parts of a furniture set, textiles, and even household appliances. Experiment, play, the interior should be alive!

The fourth bump is a violation of the laws of composition

Another important point. Don't go overboard when playing with interior design. The laws of composition have not yet been canceled! Furniture, decorative elements, architectural features of the room, finishing materials and textiles must be located and correlated with each other in accordance with certain laws. Then harmony and comfort will reign in your room.

For example, a stylish but huge chair in a small room or a small painting by a fashionable artist on an empty wall will not give you much aesthetic pleasure.

Mistake #5 - style pun

Of course, in interior design there is such a thing as ECLECTICism (mixing styles). But if you, as a beginning designer, are still poorly versed in the main stylistic directions, and at the same time you try to mix them, then what comes out is not eclecticism, but a pun.

Therefore, in order to avoid this at the beginning of your professional activity, it is better to adhere to one style agreed upon with the customer.

Error six - ignorance of technical parts (VERY IMPORTANT)

The ability to draw beautifully, understand interior styles, knowledge of computer programs and a subtle aesthetic taste will not make you a designer! We must not forget about such a boring, complex and sometimes not at all aesthetic side of interior design as the technical part.

It includes:

• knowledge of basic construction norms and rules;
• knowledge of the features of installation and design of communications (gas, water, sewerage, electricity, ventilation, telephony, etc.);
• having a general idea of ​​the load-bearing capacities of structures;
• compliance with the sequence of technological processes (what, why and how to do);
• acquaintance with the qualities and properties of modern finishing materials.

You can’t do without this knowledge! And sometimes it’s not at all funny when a novice designer has to completely redo, and sometimes even throw into the trash, his beautiful and “polished” design project. And all because he did not take into account the presence of a future ventilation duct on the ceiling or did not know that such an ornament on the same plasterboard ceiling was not technically possible. And there are a huge number of such nuances.

The seventh bump is the pursuit of a client

The golden mean is very important here.

On the one hand, self-respect. Although you are a beginner interior designer, you already have a certain amount of knowledge and skills. Therefore, feel free to determine your competitive cost and behave with dignity in a conversation with the customer.

On the other hand, acquire basic knowledge of psychology in order to listen to the customer and identify his needs. After all, you are creating the interior for your loved one, and in this interior he should feel happy and comfortable. Then he will bring new customers to you, and you will be in “chocolate”!

Design- the concept is voluminous, and this circumstance creates difficulties when trying to give it an unambiguous definition, therefore the word “design” usually means a design method. In short, design is a type of human activity aimed at satisfying needs and wants through exchange. To clarify this definition, the following concepts are considered: need, needs, requests, product, exchange, transaction and market. Thus, the original idea underlying design is the idea of ​​utility, beauty and the necessity of human needs, i.e., simply put, design is beauty and utility. And we can also say that design is pleasure.

Interior Design- art of a special kind. By the style in which the interior is designed, it is possible to determine not only the taste, type of activity, status, image, hobbies of the residents, but also the character, mentality, nationality, as well as the number of people living in the house. Just as the face of each person is different from other, albeit similar faces, even a typical interior has its own face. To create your own image of the interior, its style, color, spirit - this is the main task of the designer.

We perceive the interior, like architecture, with open eyes, turning our heads and moving from one place to another. Architecture is not a phenomenon that is immediately perceived; it is created from a series of images, sequentially superimposed on one another in time and space, like music... Human eyes are located at an average height of 1.6 meters from the ground. This is the tool we have for perceiving architecture. The human field of vision is very limited in size; to an even greater extent it is limited by consciousness, which, following the visual apparatus, perceives, evaluates and measures only what it has time for.” This is how the experimental designer and innovative architect Le Corbusier characterized the perception of architecture.

Defining goals and objectives in design. People's needs are practically limitless, but the resources to satisfy them are limited, so a person will choose those goods that will give him the greatest satisfaction within the limits of his financial capabilities.

People get bored with things that are no longer in use, and they seek variety for variety's sake. It is necessary to determine your creative and financial capabilities (design and marketing concepts are complementary to each other), and set the right goal for yourself.

Step one. Clarification of needs.

Step two. Clarifying possibilities.

Step three. Deciding what is needed.

Step four. Target selection.

Step five. Clarification of the goal.

Step six. Setting time boundaries.

Step seven. Monitoring your achievements.

The goal must be measurable, since any wallet has limitations; the goal must be achievable (it is stupid to use expensive advanced space technologies in the home interior), a result-oriented goal, limited in time, because protracted repairs, reconstruction or redevelopment turn the apartment into a warehouse for building materials, and the design will no longer bring joy. After defining and choosing the right goal, you want to immediately begin implementing your plans. Where to begin? Of course, from the layout.

Housing layout. P interior layout (from the French interieur - the internal space of a building or room in a building: vestibule, room, hall). The layout of an apartment is the distribution of rooms according to their purpose. Layout of individual rooms - “zoning” of footage by function. Layout is the first step in arranging an apartment as a whole or individual rooms.

There are many options. You can arrange the furniture as you wish, live as you please, and call this type of layout whatever you want. In architectural design, there are certain types of layouts: free, universal, extraordinary, studio apartment.

There is an equal sign between the layout of the house, family relationships, and peace of mind. This should be kept in mind before you begin planning or renovating your apartment.

Instinctively, a person craves solitude in a space where no one can enter. The house must certainly have at least a small room in which you can relax quietly with a book, knitting, or... just dreaming alone with yourself, provided that the sounds of civilization are not heard.

True, there is a psychology of men, and there is a psychology of women, and organisms behave differently when protecting themselves from external stimuli.

For women, the world around them seems complex and full of dangers, because... a woman's instincts perceive the environment as a whole more subtly. The female type is considered less protected.

Men, on the contrary, concentrate their attention on individual fragments of existence, discarding, in their opinion, what is unnecessary. This is the type of people who are able to read, write, go about their business, not paying attention to the sounds of music, the cry of a child, the roar of the crowd.

Determining your type and the type of household members is important at the apartment planning stage, regardless of who is designing the apartment - a competent designer or an amateur owner. Ultimately, it is not the designer who lives in the house, but the owner.

It is at this stage that the character of the future interior is laid - conflict or calm. It is necessary to take into account all factors: the number of adults, children, age, habits. Signs of a good layout are: the presence of an entrance hall (corridor); kitchen-dining room; storage rooms; sufficient illumination of rooms, especially children's; personal rooms; separate or several bathrooms.

When planning, it is important to think about the location of “expensive” items, such as a favorite chair that falls out of the general style, or an outdated but extremely necessary sewing machine that does not fit into the interior. Little things can turn out to be very important and further contribute to the coexistence of residents or create undesirable situations.

Types of layouts

Free layout. This type of “cutting” appears either in the case of designing a room “from scratch”, on paper, or when a major restructuring is possible, with the ability to “move” walls, deepen floors, change the height of the ceiling. Ideal for a flight of fancy. The main advantage of an open plan is that it allows you to make the most efficient use of the usable area of ​​​​the premises - change (increase or reduce) the space.

Universal layout. A bolder solution is a universal interior with mobile partitions instead of walls, with “blurred” boundaries that conditionally separate the hallway from the living room and bedroom, the living room from the kitchen. In this case, however, it is necessary to have a good air conditioning system, a modern extraction of kitchen odors and appropriate convertible furniture.

An extraordinary solution. A studio apartment is the most unusual housing option. By and large, you can do everything here. The only drawback of this option is that there is no privacy in the studio, so the studio is most likely not suitable for a family.

A studio apartment, like other apartment layout options, has a main center (sometimes two or more), around which the interior is organized. The starting point around which the entire space “dances” can be any object that deserves special attention. This could be a load-bearing or decorative column, an unusually shaped table, an element of wildlife (a stump, for example), a huge aquarium (not necessarily with fish), a terrarium, or even plumbing items. According to the complexity of the repair, repairs are divided into routine, cosmetic, and major.

Redecorating. Cleaning surfaces of ceilings and walls. Puttying, sanding ceilings, walls. Floor repair, plumbing replacement, tiling. Changes in electrical wiring. Parquet sanding and varnishing. Linoleum flooring, painting baseboards. Painting radiators and heating pipes. Painting ceilings. Wallpapering walls. Painting windows, doors, replacing broken glass.

Major renovation. Redevelopment, installation of arches, niches, suspended ceilings, podiums. Cleaning the surfaces of ceilings and walls from old coatings. Preparation of wall and ceiling surfaces. Replacement of heating radiators, plumbing, doors, windows. Installation of new cold and hot water supply. Installation of new electrical wiring, TV and telephone lines, security alarm. Installation of heated floors. Tiling of bathrooms and kitchens with tiles and panels. Installation of new floor coverings (parquet, tiles, etc.). Decoration of loggia, balcony. Delivery of general construction materials. Garbage removal, loading and unloading operations.

Creative renovation. Creative renovation-design project, redevelopment and coordination, resolving issues with REU, DEZ, HOA, neighbors, local police officer, etc., garbage removal. Unfortunately, the more serious the repair, the more approval authorities and papers it requires. The main contact will be with the Customer Service. According to the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, redevelopment of residential premises that worsens the operation and living conditions of all residents of the house is not allowed.

Interior elements. Interior and furniture. The interior and furniture always went hand in hand. Each era has its own style. This is reflected in behavior, music, literature, architecture. Just as there is no interior without furniture, there is no furniture without an interior. “Stylish” furniture was a luxury item for the aristocracy and was mainly produced in limited editions. Only since the 19th century did the middle class receive mass production of furniture. It is clear that the production of “consumer goods” was not exclusive, and since then the style in furniture production has become “folk”. But no matter what style the furniture has, first of all, it has a utilitarian form: for storage, sitting, lying. Structurally, furniture differs as stationary (non-dismountable), cabinet (collapsible), transformable (folding).

Built in furniture. An apartment does not always have “extra” meters. This problem can be solved with the help of built-in furniture - cabinets, partition cabinets, mezzanines. An important point when designing built-in furniture is anthropological parameters, i.e. correct determination of cabinet dimensions, taking into account the anatomical features of a person. It is reasonable to install built-in furniture (a wardrobe, for example), even if the room allows you to accommodate cabinet furniture without compromising the footage. Firstly, it’s stylish, secondly, it’s convenient, and thirdly, you don’t have to look for a place where you can hang a mirror, which is so necessary in the bedroom. “Meuble” (French) - furnishings, means movable property. A distinctive feature of this type of furniture is its dual purpose. A wardrobe partition serves both to store things and to divide a room into zones with different functions.

Sliding wardrobes have become widespread thanks to sliding doors. Sliding doors help to significantly save useful space in the room. Sliding wardrobes are used as furniture for the hallway, bedroom, nursery, kitchen, office, study. The wardrobe can be built-in or free-standing. A free-standing wardrobe has all the elements of cabinet furniture (basement, floor, ceiling, side walls, back wall) and differs from it in the presence of sliding doors. A built-in wardrobe uses the walls, floor, and ceiling of the room as its elements. Design options for built-in wardrobes

When designing an interior, a wardrobe can be combined with other elements of cabinet furniture (open sections, tables, bookcases, etc.). The internal filling of sliding wardrobes is designed at the customer’s request from laminated chipboard, metal honeycomb shelves or a combination of both. If there is free space in the apartment (dark rooms, etc.) for storing things, it is possible to organize a dressing room. To organize a storage system for things, three different solutions are possible: a storage system with a chipboard frame; storage system with a frame made of metal honeycomb elements; storage system with a mixed frame (chipboard + honeycomb core). When organizing a dressing room inside a large room, it is possible to separate the dressing room from the main room with sliding sliding doors.

Ceilings. Once upon a time, in the “old times”, about a hundred years ago, architects and clients wanted to see exceptionally high ceilings, “out of reach” if possible. The goal pursued was different: from the feeling of the insignificance of a person to the spaciousness of thought, “so that the firmament does not press.”

Sofas. Almost no interior is complete without a sofa - this unique piece of furniture. Its uniqueness lies in its versatility. The sofa, or sofa, has been known for three centuries and is related to the ordinary bench. The magnificent flourishing of the palace interior of the 17th century gave a powerful impetus to the appearance of soft armchairs and sofas. Wool was used as filler. Initially, benches upholstered in fabric or leather with an adjustable headboard, called a couch, were popular. A sofa is an oriental analogue of a couch, only it was not customary to lie on it; people only sat on it, just like on a sofa - a French couch. Despite the limited use of the sofa, this type of sofa was “equipped” with soft pillows stuffed with horsehair, which were later replaced with springs.

As the century has passed, transformable designs have appeared, allowing for a wider use of various types of sofas in furniture, and in modern interiors, sofas play an important role, dictating or complementing not only the home style of the living room, bedroom or kitchen, but also softening the harsh style of business offices. The choice of the modern family of sofas is extensive - from traditional heavy stationary ones to light elegant ones, embodying all the achievements of the modern furniture industry and design sophistication. The softness of sitting and lying is achieved using a spring block, foam rubber, polyurethane foam, and synthetic padding chips. The upholstery, like the entire structure, is distinguished by advances in technology, but in the field of textiles and chemistry, and a coating such as Teflon ignores not just liquids, but even hot drinks: the enemies of all furniture are coffee and tea. The liquid simply does not have time to leave traces, it drains. Today, this type of upholstery is the most expensive, and if you handle furniture and drinks carefully, it is not the most necessary. The taste of not only drinks, but style in general is important, which can be helped by choosing a suitable sofa.

Tapestries. Tapestries play a special role in interior decoration. The word tapestry (French gobelin) means a decorative fabric of high artistic value, produced by hand, named after the Gobelins dyers; the products have been known since 1662, since the founding of the manufactory of the same name.

Modern tapestry is a natural cotton fabric of jacquard weave with woven patterns, manufactured industrially. Decorative tapestries are products of a certain size with a finished composition. In the decoration of a modern interior, a tapestry is understood as a textile product for various purposes; it can be used as an independent product (decorative panels, wall painting, tablecloth, pillows), or as part of another item (screens, draperies) with additional finishing (drapes).

Depending on the design and functional load, tapestries can be supplemented with decorative edging, loops, eyelets, and trimmed with fringe.

Curtains. In modern Russian, the concept of curtains refers to a whole series of window textiles, plastic, and aluminum. These are, first of all, curtains (Gardine - German), because... they are translated and mean “window curtain”, as well as from French - curtain, curtain: curtain, curtain, curtain, curtain. This also includes drapes, blinds, short curtains, curtains, tulle, which serve not only to decorate windows, but also perform a protective function.

Curtains. This type of curtain serves more of a decorative function, but there are a number of special curtains that can serve as sun-protection loose curtains - lined curtains. Combined curtains protect both the owner of the apartment and the fabric from which they are made from fading from the sun and light. Any curtains, like many other interior items, can visually change the space of an apartment. The shape of the window plays a role (wide or narrow, elongated horizontally or vertically)

Curtains. The next type of window decoration is drapes - textile curtains that combine decorative and practical functions. In classical interiors, curtains made of dense fabrics such as velvet, thick silk with lining were traditionally used, either emphasizing the color scheme of the main fabric or contrasting with it. The main, front side can be plain, patterned, or applicative. To add completeness, an additional decorative element - fringe or tassels - is widely used. Among all types of window decoration, drapes are perhaps unique in their tolerance for experimentation. Often modern curtains combine fabrics of different textures and similar colors; in addition, the emphasis can be transferred from the fabric to a wooden or forged cornice. In the design of curtains, they use the overlay of one transparent fabric on another, uneven gathering, and sagging.

Roman curtains. The variety of different curtain options has given rise to national textile designs for window decoration, such as Roman blinds or French blinds. Traditional Roman blinds differ from their analogues in their universal uniqueness in their specific placement inside the window frame or under the ceiling. Unlike curtains, they only allow themselves to be modestly tucked into neat folds. They look impressive where the use of curtains is undesirable or impossible, for example, in a glazed loggia.

French curtains. The French curtain has a range of more traditional uses, being an integral element of the classic style. However, there are no canons on the type of textile for curtains of this type; it can be light, transparent tulle, but it is also possible to use dense fabric. Typically, a French-type curtain serves only as a window decoration, being at the same time an element that attracts attention. It is interesting that French curtains can create an atmosphere of respectability and solidity in a business office or a romantic mood in a relaxation room. It all depends on the color, task, taste and cornice, which is used for all types of window decoration.

Cornices. When draping windows, special attention is paid to the cornices, as they play an important role; The range of cornices is wide and varies in material, weight, decor, but the entire range can be divided into two types - hidden and open. Modern advances in the field of electronics have made it possible to produce curtain rods equipped with remote-controlled electric mechanisms, which allow creating the desired image of a high-mounted or inclined window. Classic cornices are made of wood with a round or oval cross-section, or from a baguette ending in a tip.

Interior styles. Just as a person has two cerebral hemispheres - left and right, planet Earth has two of its own - eastern and western, so there are, by and large, two directions in interior styles - eastern and western, which, in turn, are divided into more specific. Eastern: Ancient Egypt, Byzantium, Muslim, Chinese, Japanese. Western: Antiquity, Romanesque architecture. Gothic (XII-XV centuries), Renaissance (Renaissance), Baroque, Classicism, Romanticism, Art-Nouveau (Modern), Neo-Modern, Art-Deco, Modernism, Minimalism, Techno-Art.

What is style? Just as in real life every nation has two languages ​​- a flexible spoken language and a correct literary one, so in architecture there are definitions and characteristics of styles that in fact are closely intertwined with each other. We can say with confidence that an “ideal” style does not exist and cannot exist, because... style, like everything in real life, is constantly changing.

"Style or stylization"- this is a generalized image of the means of artistic expression, determined by the unity of creative techniques. You can talk about the style of entire eras, for example, the Renaissance. You can talk about a personal style, for example, the design style of a specific interior, united by the unity of artistic and figurative principles, and all these discussions will be about style. Thus, along with generally accepted historical styles, there are individual styles in parallel, and in general, there are no clear boundaries between styles, as well as the eras that gave rise to them, therefore, when they say that there are only two styles - “Classic” and “Modern” - This is either narrow-minded knowledge or a publicity stunt.

Style is the language of architecture, design, composition and, like any other living language, it adopts languages ​​and individual words from other directions. Hence the interweaving of styles, their kinship. However, excessive borrowing gives rise, at best, to eclecticism—a mixture of styles.

Interior Design

Style-forming. A new direction in architecture arises at the moment when one style has already “developed” itself, and another has not yet appeared. It is clear that this moment is not momentary, and life and architecture do not stand still. In this transitional time, the “finest hour” of eclecticism begins - borrowing individual elements of previous styles. This architectural vinaigrette does not always result in bad taste; more often than not, a multi-style, but “tasty” work is born.

It is possible to design a personal interior in a mixed style, but eclecticism (a mixture of styles) is very different from the kitsch style (bad taste, anti-art), and the border between them runs along the same line of taste. So, it is better, before deciding to create a new or remodel an old interior, to know and understand the basics of architectural trends or styles.

Ancient Egypt. The style, which existed for 4000 years, based its core on the worship of eternity. During its existence, it has undergone almost no changes. The plant type of stylization was widely used. In the religious buildings of the architect, 3 types of columns were used - lotus-shaped (capital in the form of a flower or lotus bud), papyrus-shaped (capital in the form of a bunch of papyrus) and gatoric (capital with the image of the head of a goddess (the author is a woman with the head of a dog). Over time, the style became more democratic, funerary scenes were replaced by the depiction of sentimental scenes of life. Since the discovery of Egypt by Europeans, the culture of ancient civilization has so strongly aroused the imagination that, having reworked its basic principles, an imperial style called the Empire style appeared.

Interior styles

Antiquity. Antiquity is usually understood as the art of Ancient Rome and Greece. This style is the standard of harmony and beauty. The art of this style developed in parallel with the art and canons of Ancient Egypt, but, despite the connection between the peoples of Greece and Egypt, it developed independently.

Subsequently, the same harmonious later movements as the Renaissance, Classicism, Neoclassicism were repelled from Antiquity as from the canon. Unlike the Egyptians, the Greeks and Romans had a life-affirming view of life. All the architecture and interior design of the dwellings were realistic canons and proportions. Such an exact science as geometry played a role in this, thanks to which “ideal” forms and proportions appeared in architecture and art. The combination of exact sciences and art gave birth to a system of artistic design in architecture: post-and-beam structures - orders and columns, which are still used today. Moreover, the role of supports was performed not only by cylindrical columns, “borrowed” from nature (tree trunks), but also, as a hymn to man, columns in the form of figures of gods - caryatids.

Baroque. Michelangelo is considered both the last born and the creator of the Baroque style, because it was he who realized the style-forming element - the plasticity of the wall. The crown of his creation - St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome - is already considered to be in the Baroque style.

Rococo. A fashionable trend in the decoration of noble mansions at the end of the 19th century. Luxury living rooms, replete with expensive collections of works of art. The second half of the 19th century in the Russian version of the formation of Rococo, namely the services of architects in interior design. The owner himself has a room to his own taste. Overload with decor, the number of square meters and, as a result, the enclosed space are typical crises of the style of this time.

Classicism. The name speaks for itself. The style is based on the types of previous styles. Trying to create the perfect style

Byzantium. This type is characterized by powerful walls cut through by small windows and arches. The interior space is richly decorated with bright carpets

Gothic (XII-XV centuries). The Gothic style is characterized by elongated proportions, spacious, excessively elongated rooms, where a person would feel like an insignificant creature.

France in the 12th century. In contrast to the worthlessness of flesh, the “stone lace” of thin-walled buildings blossomed in lush color. Gothic - the time of birth of colored stained glass in the form of lancet arches. This structural system made it possible to achieve unprecedented heights of vaults thanks to large windows and excellent illumination.

Renaissance (Renaissance). The greatest master of this era was Michelangelo Buonarotti, who was more a sculptor than an architect. From this point of view, he created architecture as a kind of advantageous background for his sculptures. In particular, he doubles columns and pilasters and changes their rhythm

Byzantine style for centuries, but forever. The idea was reborn from time to time and became relevant again. The principle is still considered universal: “if you don’t know how, do “Classicism”. The use of elements of ancient architecture in the design of premises and facades, the development of the so-called “order” organization of decor.

Romanticism. Natural forms of decor. Wild stone, forging, Gothic elements. Romantic dinner. It is considered characteristic of poetic natures.

Neomodern. The use of Art-Nouveau plastic forms for the architectural design of premises on a modern technological basis. Almost complete absence of ornaments.

Art-Deco. Paris has repeatedly set style and fashion. During the period between the first and second world wars. The lightness and grace of decor, trying to perceive the speed and pressure of the coming machine age, gave rise to a style of decorative art called “Art-Deco”.

Modernism. A product of Cubism and the German Bauhaus school of design. The search for rational aesthetics, revealing the technological and utilitarian essence of things.

Minimalism. Neglecting decor for the sake of searching for ideal proportions and color relationships in basic forms.

Techno-Art. Isolation of load-bearing structures and communications. Paris again. The end of the 20th century. Center J. Pompidou.

ART NOuveau (art nouveau). A style that developed in architecture, art and design in Europe at the end of the 19th century as opposed to Neo-Gothic. It is characterized by sinuous, smooth outlines with a clear tendency towards asymmetry. The furniture decor contains natural and plant motifs. Art Nouveau style decoration is characterized by the depiction of female figures with flowing streams of hair. In Russia, this style went down in history under the name Modern. The symbol of this style are elements of vegetation; irises and orchids were especially revered. Characterized by “exquisite poetry of lines.”

Eclectic. The use of mixed styles or a combination of objects of different origins, styles and times. Eclecticism becomes a style in the interior if it is designed according to the principle of combining no more than two or three stylistic types, united by color, texture, and architectural design. This direction of style, or better yet, the absence as such, usually flourishes in times when one style has already “developed” itself, and another has not yet appeared. We can say that the present time, the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century, is the time of Eclecticism. Anything you like or fits functionally is fashionable.

Art Deco. Art Deco, 20-30s, is a continuation of the Art Nouveau direction. At the same time, he was influenced by Cubism, American folk art and the design of the rapidly developing machine and aircraft industry at that time. This style is characterized by rounded corners, strict vertical lines and “receding” shapes. It is distinguished from all furniture styles by the use of decorative elements in the form of zigzags, circles, triangles, and suns.

Industrial style (industrial). Closely related to Minimalism. Industrial style - with open, sterile spaces, like something out of a science fiction film. Metal objects resembling fantastic devices and equipment. The industrial style in interior design is characterized by the presence of unhidden communications (pipes, valves, wires), building forms are visible in the interior. Metal tables and cast iron slabs on the floor are often used. To many, the style seems “inhuman,” wild, and uninhabited, but sometimes it is used not only in office spaces, but also in residential ones. This style is a kind of industry game.

High tech. Originated in Britain in the 70s of the 20th century (English: Higttech - high technology). Design style and theory based on the latest advances in technology. A distinctive feature is the presence of protruding structural elements and engineering equipment. Chrome pipes, metal surfaces, polished joints, bolts - everything that indicates thought and modern concepts about spacecraft. All attributes are in demand in a “high technology” interior. High-tech fashion emerges in waves, with the advent of either new construction and finishing materials, or the demand for certain technologies. For example, plastic, popular in the 60s of the last century, is again in demand in the furniture industry and decor; Hybrid materials have appeared, combining plastic and cotton fiber - a kind of “high-tech” canvas.

Stretch acrylic ceilings are also an element of “Higttech”.

Neoclassicism (Neoclassic). Neoclassicism of the 20th century goes back to the neoclassicism of the 17th-18th centuries with its appeal to ancient Greek and Roman styles. The modern use of classical motifs includes both strict antique and more magnificent and whimsical forms inherent in Empire and Rococo. Neoclassical decor is characterized by images of acanthus leaves, shells, and architectural fragments.

Post-modernism (post modern). Develops at the end of the 20th century in architecture and art in opposition to modernist radicalism. Postmodernists use a fusion of various styles of the past, e.g. Classicism and Baroque, often using them with ironic effect. The specificity of the style is hyperbole as a tool for creating a bright theatrical image of the environment.

Kitsch. The collective name for certain Postmodern movements, such as Memphis, that exploit the potential for bad taste and the charms of sentimental crafts of mass demand. This is an anti-design game that emerged as a protest movement in interior fashion for those who are not willing to take their living environment too seriously.

Traditional. Respectable interiors that embody the bourgeois order of life are considered traditional. This is good, solid furniture in the style of past eras, an interior consisting of objects that always have a historical affiliation.

Exotic. Interiors furnished and decorated with stylized authentic objects of ethnic cultures in their most common manifestations with echoes of distant and unknown life. It is clear that for each country and culture the term “exotic” is independent. As they say, “what is good for a Russian is death for a German.”

Antique style (Flea). The concept of Antique style is very vague in terms of time. What is modern today and has no historical value, 40 years later refers to the concept of “antiques”. More recently, elephants were in fashion, and their location on oval-shaped televisions and radios was a mandatory attribute of Soviet families. Nowadays, these porcelain amulets are rarities and fit well into the concept of Antique style.

Modern style. Every innovation in industry and technology gives rise to its own style and fashion. Fashion influences material, material influences fashion. Thus, in the primitive communal system, natural stone was “in fashion”. At the same time, wood was going into construction. A derivative of wood is papyrus. It was used not only for communication at a distance, but also for decoration. Later, with the discovery of metal, materials such as copper, then bronze, “became popular” in everyday use. Civilization invented glass, and its plastic and physical properties are actively used in home decoration.

Several centuries have passed, continuous production and industrial chemistry have appeared, and, as a result of the “triumph of man over nature,” synthetic materials are in demand in construction and finishing. The age of plastics still coexists perfectly in the interior, both public and personal.

China

“...Your robe of Chinese cut is decorated with a golden dragon...” wrote F. Nebesny, a specialist in oriental epics and bard, accurately recognizing the essence of Chinese philosophy. The home improvement of the Chinese is very different in style from other peoples of the East. A measured way of life and a philosophical attitude to everything that happened played a role in this. “You live in time and space, but we only live in space,” says Chinese wisdom.

Chinese home. The Chinese interior lacks sharp corners, bulky furniture, and what is available is not very diverse. Durable but elastic bamboo is widely used as a material for the manufacture of both furniture and various other items. The furniture was decorated using a complex multi-layer varnishing technique. Black lacquer carvings were used for decoration. Everyone knows and has always highly valued Chinese porcelain with images showing everyday scenes, nature, fairy-tale dragons, and real animals. In contrast to the ascetic simplicity of Japan, the Chinese make more full use of the interior space of premises, forming niches and arches for the arrangement of decorative objects and toys. In contrast to formal furniture, cabinets were simple household items. The rich furnishings of the living spaces are completed by exquisitely decorated lacquer tables with durable carvings, on which jewelry and vases were placed.

A typical Chinese national type of furniture is lacquered stools of an original design, inserted into each other or installed on top of each other and used separately as tables for flowers, serving tables, tea tables. The lacquer technique was used in the manufacture of umbrellas and various screens with rich designs, the beauty of which was enhanced by colorfully embroidered silk fabrics. Paper wallpaper for covering walls first appeared in China and was brought to Europe during the Rococo period. In furniture, the intarsia technique, known to Europeans, is widely used - a mortise decoration made of the finest plywood of various shades on the surface of tables and cabinets. But, unlike the European one, which has one level with the main plane, the Chinese one protrudes above the surface.

The furniture in the houses of noble Chinese was different from the furniture of commoners. The main interior items among the furniture were a lounger, chairs and tables. All items were made using bamboo and were mostly rectangular in shape. Another distinctive feature, which to this day lives, perhaps, only in China, is the complete absence of curtains on the windows, and there are no chandeliers in the houses, although electricity, of course, illuminates the houses, but with the help of ordinary lighting lamps.

The main idea of ​​arranging a Chinese home is to intertwine the real with mythology, where the main character is the dragon - the most powerful of all animals. The “main” color in Chinese life is “assigned” red - the color of the fire dragon, the color of energy.

Japan

The Japanese type of home decoration, although it is subject to certain laws, still reflects the individual spirit of its own world. Moreover, both the first and second features are still alive. A characteristic feature of Japanese taste is a penchant for simplicity and asymmetry. The interior seems to breathe. If in the Chinese style screens are widely used as partitions, then in Japan, along with screens, mats are used. Moreover, not only for “zoning” rooms, but as wall decorations, as well as for covering floors, on which the islanders spend a long period of their lives - talking, eating, doing household chores, sleeping.

The main task of the owner of the house is complete isolation from the outside world, which is facilitated by the clear functionality of the rooms. There is no furniture as such. Niches in the walls (analogous to built-in wardrobes) are used as cabinets and shelves, where not only the wardrobe is located, but also bedding and interior decorations, such as vases. Cabinets and chests are still present in limited quantities in the home, but, like any Japanese thing, they are a work of art. In furniture products and boxes, traditional lacquer miniatures are widely used, with alternating asymmetrical and repeating patterns, mainly of the plant world.

Muslim style

This style is a kind of conglomerate, a bouquet created on the basis of previous styles: Egyptian, Byzantine, Roman. A distinctive feature of this direction is its intricate ornaments. The religion of Islam prohibited the depiction of spiritualized nature, hence the “encrypted” depiction of life.

This decor was born from the famous Arabic font with endless curls. Due to this, the walls took on the appearance of luxurious Persian carpets, which were also often used to decorate Arab houses.

But furniture played a rather insignificant role in Muslim life. The Arabs preferred to sit on carpets and pillows, and for sleeping, instead of wooden beds, they used ottomans covered with carpets and silk fabrics. Instead of cabinets, they used wall niches with doors; the doors in most cases had a lattice made of typically Arab turned wooden shelves.

The tables were low and small, richly carved, round, four-, six- and octagonal in shape; the tabletops were made of wood with intarsia or hammered copper (copper dish). In addition, the furnishings of the dwellings included chests, screens and shelves.

There is a noticeable architectural influence in the furniture. Often there are columns, arcades with horseshoe arches, stalactite forms of vaults, and as decorative decoration - turned elements, complex types of lattice. Mother of pearl was often used for intarsia; this technique spread widely in Italy and Spain; furniture decorated with inlay (Certosian mosaic in Venice) became the subject of imitation.

For upholstery of furniture (the backs of chairs or chests) Cordovan leather with embossing and often (as on book bindings) gilding was also used. Often the product was treated with openwork metal overlays over leather upholstery.

However, the greatest influence on European art was the famous Muslim ornament. His strength, grace, and courage testify simultaneously to both imagination and a mathematical way of thinking. The Arab-Moorish decorative style represents a unique, unfamiliar, self-contained world of forms; its strong influence took the art of the Middle Ages even further away from the classical heritage, enriching the Middle Ages, which already did not suffer from poverty of imagination, with numerous, hitherto unknown, fantastic decorative elements.

Country. Not that exotic, but quite extravagant is the so-called Ethnic style, an interior made according to the canons of a certain era. One of these folk styles can be considered the “Country” style, popular both in Europe and in America, both in the southern and northern latitudes. This style is akin to “classics”, so organically it fits into the design of both urban and rural apartments, houses, or just living spaces.

The name of the style comes from the English COUNTRY-village. “Country style” is so popular that an entire industry serving the interior market has begun to produce items in the “addicted” style. “Country” is the embodiment of the objective and emotional world in the spirit of the year before last, the 19th century. The “Country” style is so universal and popular that it has its admirers in many countries, in all hemispheres. However, although “Kountry” is translated as rural, it has nothing to do with the Russian village style.

American country. This direction of interior style solution is characterized by deliberately rough furniture, awkwardly wide boards covering the floors, covered with homespun, amateur carpets. Country is the most authentic style - “grandmother’s chest”: what’s older is better, almost like “flea style”, but unlike antique it has more sophisticated requirements.

American southwestern style (American southng-west). He gives preference to natural, natural colors - the ocher color of sand, the color of natural vegetation - greenery, blue, heavenly purity. There are also antiques here - fireplaces, attributes of Indian culture.

English country (English country style). According to the British decorator John Fowler, the interior in “English country style” combines the image of “wornness”. These are hand-worn rugs on worn-out wooden floors. The furniture is certainly made from hundred-year-old pine, painted with stripes, faded, polished furniture. Sofas and armchairs should be covered with old shawls and woolen capes.

French (French COUNTRY). This type of style is sometimes called “sunny” for its predilection for bright colors of natural origin: bright yellow, green, sky blue, piercing red. Rough, no-frills furniture is also “close” to nature.

Adirondac. This is how the passion for rough natural materials used in the interior of houses was called in the USA. This is furniture made from branches, chips, planks, untreated wood with protruding knots, awkward chairs, a table with a planed but unpolished tabletop.

Modern country style. If the floors and walls are new, they are specially rubbed down “antique”, giving them a dilapidated look. Unlike the antique style, which contains genuine items half a century or a century ago, the Adirondac style is created by items that are either simply old or completely modern, artificially aged.

Scandinavian style. Among the “country styles,” the so-called “Scandinavian style” is distinguished by its purity and completeness of line, high-quality solid wood furniture with paneled doors, and stenciled patterns on the walls. At the same time, the style “allows” the use of modern materials.

What interior style to choose, what materials - traditional, modern or mixed to use during reconstruction or repair, what principle of harmony to take as a basis - each owner has to decide independently, but knowing the principles of design and implementation of design, it is important not to forget about the laws of composition, the measure of taste , ease of use, which will ultimately lead to an exclusive, memorable “face of the apartment”, which is the end result of any interior design solution,

To summarize, the basic principles of interior design should be determined:

1. Any interior must have a main center of composition.

2. The color scheme is consistent with the intended style.

3. If possible, there should be no random parts.

4. A beautiful design is one that is functional.

The Japanese proverb explains the principles of beauty and benefit even more simply: Do everything simply - If you can’t do it simply, do it beautifully... If you can’t do it beautifully, do it richly.

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Interior Design

Time spent at home is valued by every person. This is where we live – we sleep, relax, eat, spend time with family, etc. Interior Design various public institutions - shops, schools, administrative buildings, offices, theaters, is predetermined by their functional responsibilities. In contrast, living space must be adapted for various types of human activities.

Creating such a multifunctional interior is the main task of designers and decorators. It is necessary to take into account a lot of things - from the construction and architectural features of the building to the individual characteristics of the people living in the house. To Interior Design gave the home all the attractiveness of a sweet home, you need to take care of the functionality of each room, carefully consider the layout, wisely mark out the living space and ensure effective maintenance.

You need to take care of complete harmony and comfort of life. For example, it should be taken into account that, sometimes, certain areas of the home will be used for other activities. This option needs to be anticipated and its implementation in the design must be thought through in advance. It should also be said about the importance of forming interior design using furniture. The ease of use of the room depends on the correct selection of the quantity and dimensions of furniture. Poorly selected sizes of the most expensive and exquisite furniture can ruin Interior Design any room.

Sometimes, in order to fully realize the requirements for interior design, it is necessary to remodel the existing rooms. This is especially true for small apartments with small premises. As a rule, internal partitions are removed, which allows you to combine several rooms into one. And now it depends only on the skill of the designer how well zones for different pastimes will be combined in one room. It should be remembered that redevelopment needs to be approached, as they say, “headlong”, since it is not enough to simply remove all the walls and make repairs. Only with the correct zoning of the room, combining various elements interior design, you can achieve convenience and comfort of use.

Correct Interior Design allows you to control the perception of the space of the premises, correct architectural shortcomings, emphasizing the advantageous points. For example, with the help of design solutions, you can shift the emphasis from the proportions and dimensions of the room to finishing elements or pieces of furniture. Using various design techniques interior design allows, as they say, to transform the house. They use the installation of figured ceilings, the use of various color combinations, the installation of decorative ceiling beams, podiums, and a combination of different types of flooring. Your home is not only a living space, defined by the presence of walls, floors and ceilings. This is the place where your life takes place, and if so, you need to make sure that it is dynamic, constantly changing and emphasizing your individual style. Therefore to interior design you need to approach it very carefully and responsibly.

The view from the balcony, terrace or windows also plays an important role in shaping the design. It should be taken into account along with internal interior details - furniture, decorative items and finishing elements. For everyone with imagination and creative thinking, planning interior design opens up unprecedented horizons for the flight of thought. Fortunately, thanks to modern building materials, today any of your dreams can be realized.

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Interior design is a complex but fascinating thing. Because this is a real adventure with elements of drama - to understand all the intricacies of organizing a living space. And so that the result does not make you ashamed in front of your neighbors.

website created for you a short guide to popular interior styles. Now you definitely won’t confuse Provence with Art Nouveau.

Art Deco (Art Deco)

In such a room you don’t know what to do with yourself - everything sparkles, glitters, shimmers and screams. On the left, the statue of Venus is sad, wrapped in brocade, on the right, the Indian Ganesha is laughing, and even a mysterious African mask has a place here. Because art deco is a mixture of everything and everyone. The main thing is that it is expensive and rich. The neighbors will be jealous.

High tech

If everything around you, even the door handles, is built-in, the surfaces are all chrome and in general you feel like you’re on board a spaceship, and Spock is about to appear around the corner with his signature gesture, then this is a high-tech style. He can be quite sweet, and you have to love him - something tells us that he is the future.

Classic style

A classic - it is a classic in Africa too. Everything here is very solemn and luxurious. Wallpaper with curls, columns, furniture that is scary to sit on (what if something happens), paintings on the walls - just like at a royal reception. Instead of the king, of course, you. And here’s what’s convenient: in such an interior no one will notice that the king is naked.

Modern

If you have a strange feeling that, on the one hand, you are inside a Salvador Dali painting, and on the other, in a confession in a Catholic cathedral, there is nothing wrong with you - you did not have too much wine tonight. It's just modern - a style dominated by S-shaped lines and stained glass. It's so cozy.

Pop Art

Andy Warhol, Monroe and all sorts of cans on the walls, chairs and tables made of plastic, and the bright colors dazzle your eyes - no, you are not at a contemporary art exhibition. Your friend decided to renovate his apartment in pop art style. Well, there is no arguing about tastes.

Ecostyle

You can just as easily live in a tent in the forest, but designers have come up with an eco-style. Bamboo, clay, wood, water - everything is as it should be, environmentally friendly and healthy. And there is hot water with heating. It's a shame we can't do barbecue.

Classic, baroque, modern, minimalism - in any style you should follow the basic rules for constructing a living space, one for everyone. They come from the psychology of human perception of information. And, like the laws of nature, they remain unchanged and omnipresent.

The influence of the environment cannot be overestimated. Our state of mind and even health directly depend on this. A person who lives in the right, comfortable environment can be immediately distinguished from a thousand. He walks down the street and feels good. Riding the subway, sitting at work, the first thing you can see in this is that the person feels good. He has time to “charge” himself at home for the whole day. Why is he like this? You will immediately understand this if you visit. It's so good there that it takes your breath away. Walls, floor, ceiling - everything is as usual. If separately. And together the entire interior fills the soul with wonderful feelings.

Let's study. Create beauty. And live beautifully.

Golden ratio rule

When we look at a picture, or at the wall of a room, the information is first processed by the right hemisphere, the “technical” one. For multiple and clear proportions, repetition of identical elements. Then, if the right does not find anything interesting for itself, the left, the “humanitarian”, enters. It is responsible for the associative series, fantasy, and other lyrics. If an artist paints the most beautiful landscape in the world, but the horizon line in the picture divides it exactly in half, no one will simply see this beauty. The viewer's brain will not perceive any beauty, because the “humanitarian” hemisphere will not even “turn on”.

The golden ratio rule states: no even or multiple divisions. Only asymmetry and irrationality. Do you need to combine two colors of wallpaper on the walls a third of the way up? Measure out a third and a little more.

Psychology of visual information perception

Let's analyze things and phenomena from the very thick of everyday life. Whether you like the picture or not. Convenient, cozy in the room or not so much. Only the result enters consciousness, while the head does a really great job of analytical work.

When looking at a painting, we run our gaze from the upper left corner to the lower right. Always. With no exceptions. Right-handed and left-handed. Then we begin to wander around the picture with our eyes, stopping first simply at the bright spots, and then at the elements that carry a semantic load.

Let's look at how the head works using geometric shapes as an example.

Arabs read from the lower right corner to the upper left. And their entire perception of visual information occurs exactly the opposite.
Just imagine - there are people living next to us who perceive the world literally inside out.
I keep thinking - maybe it’s the same in their music? Do these languid, mournful minor songs invigorate them?

Here the large square “hangs” over the ball. It's like it's about to crush you. The round, soft shape and smaller size of the ball associate it with small and good. The angular square here is “evil”, dangerous.

And here the ball “floats”, as if flying away from the square. The square now gives us a feeling of confidence, solidity, peace.

The relationships between these geometric primitives can be quite dramatic. Depending on their position, the image of a square and a circle acquires any emotional sound.

And all because we look at the picture from the upper left corner to the lower right, and we perceive the figures in turn, which means in time, which means in action.

Energy and its absence

The line is a goner. Well, she has no strength left.

Here it's a different matter. There is nothing wrong with the energy of this line.

One is in minor, the second is in major. One flops around limply. The second - energetically, in an arc, strives upward.

Major-minor

We all know very well what it is. We just can’t explain it. What means can you use to express emotional coloring in the interior? First of all - color. Cold ones are a minor. Warm - major. And by combining the colors of individual elements, like an orchestra, we express deep and rich emotional states.

An equally important carrier of emotions is form.

In a minor key painting, the horizon line ALWAYS descends from top to bottom.

Major - the horizon line rises.

Shape and color are inextricably linked. If in painting artists subconsciously use all these techniques to express an emotional and mental state, then in we reasonably limit the emotional components. Imagine an environment that constantly stimulates laughter. I can’t help but remember the joke about a girl who had a brick fall on her head at a construction site. She just laughed. He still walks like that - laughs.

And also, using these expressive means, we can fill the interior with rich, rich taste. Or, for gourmets, on the contrary - sophisticated.

I am begging you. Do not start renovating until you have thought through the entire project, right down to the furniture. Finalize the color of the floor or walls after you choose cabinet furniture and the colors of the upholstery on the sofas. Kitchen. Let the preparatory stage drag on a little. But everything will work out well. I confess to you that I myself made a mistake, from which I now warn you.
In the fall I did it in an apartment, in a modern style. In the living room I decided to use a solution like "Invisible furniture". I suggested light fronts on the cabinets. I bought wallpaper there in the color “natural linen”. The time had come to order furniture - and I realized with horror that if I hung light-colored facades, the whole room would become too white. Boring. I currently live with furniture without doors. I'm thinking what to do. I probably use doors in the color “bleached oak”. It's almost no different from my wallpaper. The result will truly be “invisible” furniture. “Sits” on the walls like a glove. So it goes.
And how many cases have we had when clients still applied new wallpaper after purchasing furniture!

The non-decorative role of painting in the interior

The work of a true artist, not a craftsman, works wonders. You can just look at another picture in the morning instead of exercising. And that’s it - he’s already woken up and ready for labor feats. Why is this happening? We will not go into parapsychological implications and any unprovable mysticism. You encounter another manifestation of this mysterious energy many times every day. This is the "feeling of looking". Look at the back of a passerby on the street. Or a companion on the subway. The man will turn around. And you, without noticing it, respond to other people’s eyes a hundred times a day.

These are the main rules. Even though we only skimmed the top, galloping across Europe, you already got the general idea. We will return to this topic more than once. If our reasoning really interested you, then you will certainly be interested in Wassily Kandinsky’s book “On the Spiritual in Art” (electronic version of the book here >>) This is one of the few programmatic works on the theory of painting. It is no longer possible to find it in paper form.

Hello, friends! Today I will talk to you about curtain rods. What size should I choose, what color, what tips? Modern or classic? Wooden, metal, or something else?

Cornices can frame the room, or they can, on the contrary, be discreet to visually dissolve. Generally speaking, they should be chosen for contrast in my opinion. Think of them like eyeliner: they frame the room and give it depth without stealing all the attention.

Two years ago, I invited two of my designer friends—both of whom primarily specialize in kitchen interior design—to a holiday party at my house. Also present was one of my good friends and his wife (who were about to update their old kitchen). During the course of the evening, they individually asked each designer which countertop material they preferred and would recommend.

Hello dear friends! As you know, each specific color has many different properties (lightness, saturation, hue, halftone, etc.). You also probably know that color can be clean or dirty, warm or cold, light or dark. But few people know how these listed properties and subtleties are determined for each specific color. And today our conversation will focus on exactly this.

The difference between an experienced colorist and a novice is not that an experienced colorist can see the subtleties of color without comparison, but that he knows that without comparing colors it is impossible to see these same subtleties.

Every twenty to thirty years, the design world experiences the return of some forgotten style, but in a more improved form. Whether in the world of fashion, color or interior design, retro style is an eclectic mix of old styles and new shapes, or new shapes and old materials or finishes. From the psychedelic prints of the seventies through to the fifties passion for oversized lighting fixtures and spherical shapes, retro interior design has returned at its best.

Below you will find useful tips on how to create the desired retro look of the interior even in a modern house or apartment.

I apologize in advance for criticizing everyone's favorite color, but I still believe that crisp white is the most overrated. It is mentioned very often in various interior design magazines, and the question arises - why?

I wonder why blind companies don't provide samples that would perfectly match this color? Is this a bad idea?