Error in the use of numerals. Elimination of morphological and stylistic errors when using numerals. error in constructing a sentence with indirect speech

Morphological norms for the use and formation of numerals- these are the rules necessary for constructing correct literary speech, which is necessary not only for written or official communication, but also for informal oral communication. That is why the program Unified State Exam in Russian includes tasks on the use and formation of numeral forms. This can cause difficulties changes and declinations of numerals by case, as well as their compatibility with nouns.

Compound ordinal numbers.

Compound ordinal numbers- these are numerals that indicate the order of nouns, and consist of several words: twenty-first year old, forty-fifth house. When declension of compound ordinal numbers changes their last part, which, when declensed, takes on forms that coincide with the form of full adjectives: first, first, first, etc.

The rest of the compound ordinal noun remains unchanged for all types of declensions, and any changes to it are considered a morphological error: twenty-first lunar day - on the twenty-first lunar day.

Compound and complex cardinal numbers.

According to the rules of the Russian language, every part and every word that makes up compound and complex numeral, inclined separately: pay with twenty-five rubles. The main part of numerals is declined according to the third declension, but, as we know, from almost every rule of the Russian language there is exceptions:

• In accordance with morphological norms of the modern Russian language, numeral "thousand" Declined not according to the third, but according to the first declension: pay a thousand rubles. However, a very typical mistake is when this numeral, like all others, is declined according to the third declension - thousand.
• Numerals "one hundred" And "fourty" in indirect cases they have only one form: one hundred and forty. But when "one hundred" is part of complex numerals, it is declined according to the archaic type: with five hundred, about two hundred.
• When compound numerals are used together with animate nouns, only the noun is declined, and the numeral does not change: caught twenty-five butterflies, herded forty-three sheep at the same time.

Rules for declension and use of collective numerals.

There are several cases in which it is used collective nouns:

1. With nouns people, children and names of baby animals: seven kids, two kittens, five children.
2. With nouns denoting male persons: four brothers, three friends.
3. With nouns that are used only in the plural form (paired or compound objects): three gate, five days, seven sleighs.
4. With nouns that name persons and have a substantivized type: Three people entered the room; today there were two on duty in the class.
5. With personal pronouns: There will be three of us, five of them will come.
6. The following phrases will be correct: three students and three students. But in no case can one say: three students, although this error is also often found in common parlance.

Fractional numbers.

There is only one rule here without any exceptions - when Declension of the fractional numeral noun all its parts change. The numerator of the fraction is declined as a separate whole number, and the denominator takes on the corresponding form of an adjective in the plural (like a singular adjective, the denominator of the fraction is declined, where the numerator is unit): about two wow rubs their, approaching four eat gray hair dark.

Numeral "one and a half", "both", "one and a half hundred".

• Numeral "one and a half" has two gender forms (both masculine and feminine), which are used depending on the gender of the noun: one and a half thousand, one and a half dozen eggs. In indirect cases this numeral also has the form "one and a half": about one and a half thousand dollars.
• The same situation is observed with the numeral “both”: both fingers, both countries.
• Like a numeral "one and a half", "one and a half hundred" also has a special form in oblique cases: about one and a half hundred guardsmen.

Features of declension of phrases with numerals.

• Using phrases “numeral + noun” the numeral in the nominative case controls the genitive case of the noun: the country was ruled by three hundred Spartans.
• At formation of indirect cases The main thing in the phrase becomes the noun, and the numeral: kill two birds with one stone.
• Numerals "ten", "hundred", "thousand", "million", "billion"" etc. always retain control of the noun in the genitive case: a dozen eggs, about a million rubles.

A noun that does not have a singular number.

When a noun does not have a singular form (scissors, day, etc.), it is often difficult to form numeral form, more than 20, which would correctly agree with the following numeral: forty-three days? forty-three days? How to say it correctly? The correct option would be: forty-three days. Only numerals ending in one or five can be combined with such nouns: twenty one days. In order to denote the number of other collective nouns (for example, scissors, panties, eyes), you can use the word "thing" or "pair": forty-eight pairs of eyes, twenty-two pairs of panties, seven pieces of scissors.

The use of the number of nouns with numerals.

• If numeral denotes a quantity of up to five, then the noun is used in the singular: three boilers, one nail. When the quantity that the numeral denotes is equal to or exceeds five, then the noun is already used in the plural: five floors, eight trees.
• Numerals "one and a half" and "one and a half hundred" requires a noun in the nominative and accusative case in the singular, and in other cases - in the plural: one and a half dozen - one and a half dozen.

Peculiarities of using date designations.

There is only one rule here - the numeral always controls the genitive case of the noun : by the twentieth of March (not March), the thirteenth of July (not July).

Task 25. Speech. Language means of expression. TRAILS 1. Metaphor– using the word figuratively. The bow of a ship, the leg of a table, a hail of bullets, the sunset blazing, speech flowing. An extended metaphor is based on several associations of similarity and includes several words (two, three, four). 2. Metonymy – using the name of one object instead of the name of another object based on an external or internal connection between them. A) the connection between an object and the material from which the object is made. If not on silver, I ate on gold. B) the connection between content and contained. I ate three plates! C) the connection between the action and the instrument of action. His pen breathes revenge. D) the connection between the author and his work. Readily read Apuleius, but did not read Cicero. D) the connection between a place and the people in that place. The teacher entered the classroom and the class froze. 3. Personification – depicting an inanimate object as animate. What are you howling about, night wind? 4. Synecdoche – special case metonymy: The management is unhappy ( instead of boss); All flags will visit us(in meaning ships) 5.Comparison- a figure of speech, which consists in the fact that one object is likened to another on the basis of some common characteristics. Comparison can be shown in different ways: a) instrumental case: And the dew shines silver on the grass. B) comparative degree of an adjective or adverb: Raise a stream of lighter azure... c) comparative turnover with unions: The air is clean and fresh, like a child's kiss. D) using words similar, similar: Pyramid poplars are similar to mourning cypresses. 6. Epithet – an unusual colorful definition that gives the expression figurativeness and emotionality. An epithet can be not only an adjective, but also a noun ( cheerful wind, black melancholy, hoary old times, frost-voevoda). 7.Hyperbole – a means of artistic representation based on exaggeration ( the sea is knee-deep, tears flow like a stream). 8. Litta – a figurative expression containing an exorbitant understatement of the size, strength, or significance of any phenomenon. You have to bow your head below the thin blade of grass. 9.Periphrase (periphrase) – a descriptive figure of speech used to replace a word ( Lion is the king of the animals). 10.Allegory – depiction of an abstract concept or phenomenon through a concrete image (cunning - a fox, deceit - a snake, greed - a wolf). eleven. Irony – subtle mockery expressed in a hidden form. Where are you, smart one, wandering from, head? 12. Pathos – a way of expressing feelings that are characterized by emotional elevation and inspiration. 13. Sarcasm- one of the types of satirical exposure, caustic ridicule, the highest degree of irony. FIGURES OF SPEECH (TECHNIQUES) 1. Anaphora – repetition of consonances or identical words at the beginning of a poetic line or prose phrase. 2.Antithesis– contradiction, opposition. You are rich, I am very poor. 3.Gradation – arrangement of words in a sentence in order of increasing or decreasing meaning. He whispered, he spoke, he shouted. 4. Inversion– arrangement of sentence members in a special order, violating the usual, direct order, in order to enhance the expressiveness of speech He wrote a wonderful story. 5. Syntactic parallelism– identical syntactic construction of adjacent sentences or segments of speech. Your mind is as deep as the sea. Your spirit is as high as the mountains. 6.Epuphora – a stylistic figure opposite to anaphora and consisting in the repetition of the same elements at the end of each parallel series (verse, stanza, sentence). I would like to know why I am a titular councilor? Why am I the titular adviser? 7. Rhetorical question – a stylistic figure consisting in the fact that a question is posed to attract the attention of the reader or listener to the subject of speech. Who is not affected by novelty? 8. Rhetorical exclamation - a stylistic figure that represents an exclamatory sentence containing special emotionality, elation, and strong feelings. And there are so many miracles in the world! 9. Rhetorical appeal- a stylistic figure consisting of an emphasized appeal to someone or something, not so much to name the addressee, but to express an attitude towards the subject of speech, characterize it, and enhance the expressiveness of speech. Dreams! Dreams! Where is your sweetness? 10.Parcellation – such a division of sentences in which the content of the statement is contained not in one, but in two or more sentences. He entered the audience indifferently. I stood there for a while. I thought. Sat down. ( Wed. He indifferently entered the audience, stood, thought and sat down.) 11.Oxymoron – a stylistic figure consisting of a combination of two concepts that contradict each other, logically excluding one another, for example: bitter joy, ringing silence, eloquent silence, sweet sorrow, gray youth, hateful love, the night shines, poor rich man. 12. Alliteration– deliberate repetition of identical consonant sounds in order to create a certain image. The echo roars across the mountains, Like thunder thundering over thunder. ( G. Derzhavin. Waterfall. )The hissing of foamy glasses and blue flames of punch(Pushkin). 13. Assonance– repetition of the same vowel sounds in poetic speech to enhance the expressiveness of poetic speech. I hammered the charge into the cannon tightly and thought: I’ll treat my friend! 14. Lexical repetition– deliberate repetition in the text of a word to which special attention should be paid. SYNTACTIC MEANS OF EXPRESSIVENESS Exclamatory sentences, interrogative sentences, homogeneous sentence parts, introductory constructions, incomplete sentences, quotation, question-answer form, dialogue, rhetorical questions, rhetorical exclamations, rhetorical appeals, one-part sentences. LEXICAL MEANS OF EXPRESSION 1. Author's new formations – words invented by the author in order to create a bright, unusual, memorable image. Beautiful autumn trees are flying in the distance, but if they fall, their human wolves will gnaw them... ( Voznesensky ). 2. Antonyms – words that have opposite meanings. They are used in journalism as a means of expressiveness to create contrast. Good evil. 3. Contextual antonyms. Words that enter into antonymic relationships only in a certain context. Outside of context, they are not antonyms. Speeches are like honey, but deeds are like wormwood. 4. Archaisms– words or expressions that are obsolete for a certain era and have fallen out of use. The belly is life, the performer is an actor, the mirror is a mirror, shame is a spectacle. 5. Dialectisms – words that are outside the literary language and are used only in a certain area. Kochet is a rooster, pitching is a duck, gutar is talking, watermelon is a pumpkin. 6. Individual author's education- a word that is not in the explanatory dictionary, it exists only in the author’s context, but one can guess its meaning, since it is formed using known morphemes, i.e. suffixes, prefixes, roots. 7. Historicisms – obsolete words that fell out of use due to the disappearance of the objects they named. Boyar, guardsman, camisole, policeman, collectivization. 8. Book vocabulary. Words used in scientific literature, journalism, official business documents. View, factor, hypothesis, prerogative, ascertain, lose. 9. Polysemantic word - a word that has two or more related meanings. The sickle of the moon is reaped with sickles. Hand – grape brush, paint brush. 10. Neologism– a word or figure of speech created to denote a new object or to express a new concept. Computerization, PR, makeup artist, teenager, laptop. 11. Homonyms – words that belong to the same part of speech and sound the same, but have different meanings. Key - for the castle, key - spring; bathe guilt, bathe in the bath. 12. Assessment vocabulary: Expressive vocabulary. Words expressing a positive or negative assessment of the designated phenomenon. Expressive vocabulary can express affection, joke, irony, disapproval, disdain, familiarity, indignation... Edge, silly, rhymer, dunce, talker. Emotional vocabulary. Words expressing emotional experiences, moods, feelings. Scoundrel, cute, stuffy, bravo. Familiar vocabulary. Vocabulary characteristic of colloquial speech and having a too casual, unceremonious character. Lie, chatter, old lady, 13. Colloquial vocabulary - rude words, used mainly in everyday conversation and characterized by shades of vulgarity, contempt, ridicule, disapproval, etc. Huge, eat, sleep, head, get involved, hatch eggs 14. Professionalism – a word or expression characteristic of the speech of a particular professional group. Flask - “half an hour”- from the speech of sailors, issue to the mountain - “raise from the mine to the surface” - from the miners' speech. 15. Colloquial vocabulary – words characterized by ease, simplicity, familiarity and used primarily in oral speech. Arrogant, locker room, gobble up, chat, record book, emergency room. 16. Synonyms are words that are close or identical in meaning, expressing the same concept, but differing in shades of meaning or stylistic coloring, sometimes both. Hot, hot, burning, sultry, scorching, scorching. To waste, to waste books, to waste is simple. 17. Term – a word or phrase that accurately denotes a concept used in science, technology, or art. Prefix, positron, duet, accumulator. 18.Phraseologism – lexically indivisible, stable in its composition and structure, complete in meaning. To beat one's head, to keep a stone in one's bosom, to put a delicate question on the line, to win a victory, to suffer a defeat, day after day, before dawn, etc. 19. Lexical repetition– deliberate repetition in the text of a word to which special attention should be paid.

Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS	OFFERS
A) violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases	1) I.S. Turgenev subjects Bazarov to the most difficult test - the “test of love” - and thereby revealed the true essence of his hero.
B) an error in constructing a complex sentence	2) Everyone who visited Crimea took with them, after parting with it, vivid impressions of the sea, mountains, southern herbs and flowers.
C) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application	3) The work “The Tale of a Real Man” is based on real events that happened to Alexei Maresyev.
D) disruption of the connection between subject and predicate	4) S. Mikhalkov argued that the world of the merchant Zamoskvorechye can be seen on the stage of the Maly Theater thanks to the excellent acting of the actors.
D) violation of aspect-temporal correlation of verb forms	5) In 1885 V.D. Polenov exhibited ninety-seven sketches brought from a trip to the East at a traveling exhibition.
	6) The theory of eloquence for all types of poetic compositions was written by A.I. Galich, who taught Russian and Latin literature at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum.
	7) In I. Mashkov’s landscape “View of Moscow” there is a feeling of the ringing beauty of a city street.
	8) Happy are those who, after a long road with its cold and slush, see a familiar house and hear the voices of relatives.
	9) Reading classical literature, you notice how differently the “city of Petrov” is depicted in the works of A.S. Pushkina, N.V. Gogol, F.M. Dostoevsky.

Answer: 59321

In tests from 2016 to 2019, you will find this task number 6. The content of the task has not changed this year.

When completing the task, you need to select examples for five types of errors (9 sentences are given, 4 of them contain no errors at all).

There are 10 types of errors offered:
- an error in constructing a sentence with a participial phrase;
- an error in the construction of a sentence with an adverbial phrase;
- error in constructing sentences with indirect speech;
- incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition;
- violation of the connection between subject and predicate;
- error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members;
- violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application.
- an error in the use of a numeral;
-error in constructing a complex sentence;
-violation of the type-temporal correlation of verb forms.
These 10 types of errors are now combined in any combination, and in the task you need to find examples of 5 different types of errors. For each correct answer you will receive 1 point, so you can get from 0 to 5 primary points for completing the task.

How to decide?
1. Carefully read the 9 sentences in the second column and choose those 4 that have no errors.
2. Match the remaining 5 sentences with the errors indicated in the first column. Please note that the same error may have different names.
For example,
The jets of the fountain, which sparkled in the sun and seemed to hit the very sky, refreshed the air.

Obviously, this sentence without error would look like this: The jets of the fountain, which sparkled in the sun and seemed to hit the very sky, refreshed the air.

There was a mistake in the subordinate part of this sentence: the verb and the participle turned out to be homogeneous predicates.
What is it: an error in the construction of a complex sentence, an error in the construction of a sentence with a participial phrase, or an error in the construction of a sentence with homogeneous members? See which of these options is in the first column and is not “occupied” by other examples. Most likely, in this task there will be a more obvious sentence with an incorrectly formed participial phrase ("The pancakes my mother made were delicious") and with an incorrectly constructed complex sentence ("I was asked if I needed to study for a test").
So, we choose the option “error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members.”

Let's remember the types of errors.

1) violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases
A participle is a part of speech that denotes the attribute of an object by action, that is, it resembles both a verb and an adjective (playing boy = boy who plays).
Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases
a) Mixing of active and passive participles. This is a story about a man who returned to his hometown after the war. The returned exhibits are exhibited in museums.
b) The use of participial phrases instead of attributive clauses. From books and films we learn about the horrors experienced by our people during the war and Stalinist repressions.
c) The participial phrase is in isolation from the word it defines. These people did a lot for their country, giving their lives in the name of freedom.
d) Pile of participial constructions. Persons walking on grass growing behind the separating bars enclosing the lawn are subject to a fine.
Standard errors with participles:
a) There is a missing ball in the yard, forgotten by the child. (what ball? forgotten)
The participle agrees in gender, number and case with the word it defines. Algorithm: look for the word being defined, ask a question from it to the participle. The ending in the question is the ending of the participle (do not forget that O and ы in endings are often equivalent).
b) The pancakes my grandmother made were delicious. (what kind of pancakes did grandma make? Here the participial phrase was out of place: Pancakes cooked by grandma... - so correct)
c) there are no future participles, participles with the particle would and participial phrases that are attached to a sentence with the pronouns SUCH, SUCH, THAT, TA, TE: Grushnitsky is one of those people who do not have their own opinion.

2) violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases

A gerund is a special form of a verb that denotes an additional action. And if there is an additional action, then there must be a word that denotes the main action (look for the predicate). The subject must correlate with both the main and additional actions (one “doer” performs two actions).

The main types of errors when using participial phrases:

a) Error: Looking out the window, my hat fell off.

The main action is performed by the hat (the hat falls off). The additional action is performed by another “doer” (me). This means that the proposal is incorrect in that the two actions (main and additional) have different “actors”.

Correct: When I looked out the window, my hat fell off.

b) Error: Going out into the yard, I felt cold.

This is an impersonal sentence; it cannot have a subject, there is no “doer”. In this impersonal sentence, the adverbial phrase is not used.

Correct: When I went out into the yard, I felt cold.

c) In impersonal sentences, you can use the participial phrase if the predicate is expressed in an infinitive (= indefinite form): When going to the forest to pick mushrooms, you need to take a compass with you. There is no subject in this sentence. But the main and additional actions (“taking” and “going”) have the same “doer” (“you are going” and “you are taking”).

d) Lost in the forest, the boy was found.

This sentence is a passive construction. A boy got lost in the forest. Other people will look for him.

Correct: A boy lost in the forest was found.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Highlight the grammatical basis of the sentence.

2) Find the participle (answers the questions: what by doing? what by doing?)

3) If the sentence does not have a subject (the sentence is impersonal), try to reconstruct it using the predicate.

4) Match the subject with the gerund.

5) The option where the subject (“doer”) performs the action of both the gerund and the predicate is correct.

3) an error in constructing a sentence with indirect speech

a) The use of 1st and 2nd person pronouns in the subordinate clause is permissible only when conveying direct speech. Error: Condemning his contemporaries, M.Yu. Lermontov writes that “I look sadly at our generation.”

Correct:: Condemning his contemporaries, M.Yu. Lermontov writes: “I look sadly at our generation.” Condemning his contemporaries, M.Yu. Lermontov writes that he looks sadly at his generation.

b) the simultaneous use of the conjunction WHAT and the particle LI in the subordinate part of the SPP is unacceptable. Error: I didn't notice that he was in the room.

Correct: I didn't notice if he was in the room.

4) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

Pretext BY(= after) is used with the prepositional case: upon arrival in Moscow, at the end of the performance, after the expiration of the term, after end of the academic year; at the end of the event; upon arrival in the city.

Pretext TO AVOID used with the genitive case: to avoid trouble.

Prepositions THANKING, ACCORDING TO, CONTRARY, CONTRARY, SIMILARLY, TOWARD used only with the dative case (to whom? what?): according to (what?) order; contrary to (what?) opinion; thanks to your advice; went to meet (who?) brother.

Prepositions BY WAY, TO THE EXTENT, IN PART, WITH HELP, BY OCCASION, UNDER VIEW, LIKE, IN VIEW, IN VIEW, ABOUT, BY REASON, IN LINE, IN CONTINUATION, CONSEQUENCE, DURING, FOR THE LACK OF, EXCEPT are used with the genitive case (who? what?): with the exception of (who?) fifth graders.

Remember:

pay the fare, pay the fare

dress - who? What? (dress brother);

put on - ON someone (put on a jacket, boots, mask);

confidence (in what?) in victory;

faith (in what?) in victory.

5) violation of the connection between subject and predicate

The standard error, which demonstrates a violation of this rule, looks like this: “those who taught poorly have forgotten everything.” That's right - THOSE who taught poorly have FORGOT everything." TE is a plural pronoun, and the verb must be in the form of the corresponding number. Otherwise, we get an error in agreeing the subject and predicate.

6) error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

a) Using different parts of speech as homogeneous members of a sentence: " I like music and playing football".

b) Inclusion in a series of homogeneous members of words denoting heterogeneous concepts: " Ivan Petrovich came with his wife and a bad mood".

c) Incorrect use of coordinating conjunctions to connect homogeneous members: " The boy had a big forehead, but serious".

d) Incorrect attachment of logically heterogeneous secondary members to one main member: " They were lying in the boat crucian carp, carp, bream, fish".

e) Errors in agreeing homogeneous subjects with the predicate: " Anxiety and melancholy froze in her eyes".

f) Violations in the area of ​​homogeneous predicates:
- use of different types of predicates as homogeneous: " The sea after the storm is calm, gentle and sparkling with the rays of the sun";
- violation of the uniform design of compound nominal predicates: the use of different case forms of the nominal part of homogeneous compound nominal predicates: " Their father was an experienced fisherman and a brave sailor"; attachment to homogeneous verbal predicates of an addition, which is controlled by only one of the predicates: " Everyone is really waiting and worried about the soldiers."; the use of short and full forms of adjectives and participles in the nominal part: " My room has recently been renovated: whitewashed and painted".

g) Combining members and parts of different proposals with homogeneous rights: " Mushrooms, berries grow under the birch tree, snowdrops bloom in spring". "The children were waiting for their father and when his boat would appear".

7) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

A title enclosed in quotation marks given with a generic word (story, picture, etc.) is an inconsistent application and must be in the nominative case. If there is no generic word, then the name in quotation marks begins to change. EXAMPLE: In Ostrovsky's play "The Thunderstorm" the dark kingdom is exposed - the generic word "play", the appendix remains in the nominative case. In Ostrovsky's "The Thunderstorm" the dark kingdom is exposed - there is no generic word, therefore the name changes case.

8) error in the use of the numeral name
a) Non-declension or incomplete declension of complex and compound numerals is a violation of the literary norm. “Within a day and a half, the city was empty” (correct: “a day and a half”).

b) Errors in choosing the case form of a compound numeral ending in “two”, “three”, “four” in combination with an animate noun. In such constructions, regardless of the category of animation, the accusative case retains the nominative form, for example: “In total, thirty-two wounded were brought to the hospital this month” (and not “thirty-two wounded”).

c) In a compound ordinal number, only the last word is declined. Error: “Construction of the complex should be completed by two thousand and three” (correct: “... by two thousand and three”).

d) The use of collective numerals in combination with nouns related to official business vocabulary is not recommended. For example: “It is no coincidence that two senators ended up in this region at once” (correct: “...two senators...”).

e) The numerals “both” (masculine) and “both” (feminine) must be used in accordance with the gender of the noun. Error: “The conflict hinders the development of both countries” (correct: “... both countries”).

9) error in constructing a complex sentence
Errors in the construction of complex sentences
a) Semantic incompatibility of simple sentences as part of a complex sentence. We climbed to the top of the mountain, and it was hot below.
b) Using an adversative conjunction instead of a connecting one. The author expresses his attitude to the problem, but he gives the reader the opportunity to agree or disagree with him.
c) Tautology, (repetition) when using conjunctions. Parents and children often cannot find a common language, and they are offended by each other, and this is the main problem.

Errors in constructing complex sentences
a) Simultaneous use of coordinating and subordinating conjunctions in a complex sentence. When the heavy battle was already over, separate shots were still heard here and there.
b) Unjustified proximity of two subordinating conjunctions. They dreamed that when spring came, the old bird cherry tree would bloom again.
c) The use of an extra demonstrative word in the main sentence. She said that in life there is not only useful, but also beautiful.
d) Absence of an indicative word in the main sentence. We are grateful to them that we live under a peaceful sky.
e) Omitting part of a compound conjunction. He was late for lectures, because there was almost no transport due to ice.
f) Unjustified repetition of a conjunction or allied word (tautology). He saw a bird cherry tree growing in the yard of a house that did not survive the war.
g) The use of different types of tense forms of the verb in the main and subordinate clauses. When their son has changed a lot, the parents suffer.
h) The combination of attributive and participial clauses in one sentence. Galileo is shown as a man who sacrifices honor and continues to pursue science.
i) The subordinate clause is formalized as an independent clause. The author showed different people. Which each in their own way showed the beauty and richness of the inner world.

10) violation of the type-temporal correlation of verb forms.

Behind this complex formulation lies a simple rule: homogeneous verbs must be in the same tense (present, past or future) and aspect (perfect or imperfect). Otherwise an error occurs. For example:
The article shows the vices of modern society and caused a lively response from readers.

Explanation:

1. Collective numbers are used to a limited extent, namely:

With nouns male And general kind, naming persons male: two friends, three orphans . It should be noted that in some cases collective numerals introduce a reduced stylistic connotation ( two generalos V; should be said: two generals );

With nouns having plural forms only: two scissors, four days (for further counting, forms with cardinal numbers are preferred: five days );

With nouns children, guys, people , and also with a noun face in meaning " Human »: two children, three unfamiliar faces ;

With personal pronouns we you they : There are two of us ;

With substantivized (meaning nouns) numerals and adjectives denoting persons: two, three patients entered .

2. Collective numbers not used with nouns denoting persons female: three workers (Right: three workers ), as well as with nouns, denoting animal names: two bears (Right: two bears ).

3 . Using collective numbers both, both , it should be taken into account that

With nouns male numeral is combined both : both students were given books ;

The numeral is combined with feminine nouns both : both friends had to get up early ;

With feminine and masculine nouns - numeral both : brother and sister entered the audience. Both were late .

4. These numerals not used with nouns, not having a singular form, since they do not have a genus category. You can't say: at both gates (no nominative case form: both - both gates ), need to: at both gates.

5 . Sometimes using a compound numeral ending in two three four (twenty-three, thirty-four, etc. ) it is necessary to indicate the number of objects denoted by nouns that do not have a singular form ( scissors, day, sleigh, etc. ). In such cases, you should use synonymous expressions by replacing the noun or inserting another word (day - day , twenty four days ) or with case replacement ( within twenty two days ).

6. In compound cardinal numbers, all the words that form them are declined.

In complex numerals from 50 to 80 and from 200 to 900, both parts of the word are declined.

Case	50-80	200-400	500-900
I.p.	fifty	two hundred	five hundred
R.p	fifty	two hundred	five hundred
D.p.	fifty	two hundred	five hundred
V.p	fifty	two hundred	five hundred
etc.	fifty	two hundred	five hundred
P.p.	about fifty	about two hundred	about five hundred

Declension of numerals 40, 90, 100.

Case
I.p.	fourty	ninety	one hundred
R.p	magpie	ninety	hundred
D.p.	magpie	ninety	hundred
V.p	fourty	ninety	one hundred
etc.	magpie	ninety	hundred
P.p.	about forty	about ninety	about a hundred

Declension of compound cardinal numerals (using the example of 5764).

7. Word thousand declines as a feminine noun to -A-.

8. Words million And billion are declined as masculine nouns with a consonant as the stem.

9. In a mixed number, the noun is governed by the fractional part rather than the whole number. The noun is used in the singular genitive case: 7 and 2/3 kg. ( seven and two thirds kilograms , BUT: seven kilograms ).

10 . In all cases, except nominative and accusative, noun with numeral one and a half (one and a half ) is plural ( one and a half buckets; BUT : more than one and a half buckets ).

11 . Numerals one and a half And one and a half hundred have only two forms: for the nominative and accusative cases ( one and a half, one and a half hundred ) and for everyone else ( one and a half, one and a half hundred ).

Variable signs:

Note:

Don’t confuse the parts of speech: three, third, three are numerals

Troika - noun

Triple - adjective

Triple - verb

Three times, three times, three times - adverb

Lesson - lecture 3. The use of numerals in speech.

Options for collective and cardinal numbers

To denote quantity, they sometimes use not only cardinal numerals, but also collective ones(two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine).We practically don't use the last two. Collective numbers are used to a limited extent:

• With masculine and general nouns naming male persons:two friends, three orphans;
• With nouns that only have plural forms:two scissors, two jeans;
• With nounschildren, guys, people, face(meaning "person"):six children, three unknown faces;
• With personal pronouns we you they : There are two of us; there are five of them;
• With substantivized numerals and adjectives denoting persons:two or three guards came in.

In indirect cases with inanimate nouns, cardinal numerals are used:more than three days.Collective numerals with nouns denoting male persons sometimes introduce a reduced connotation (undesirable:two generals, three professors)

Collective numbers cannot be combined with nouns denoting female persons (you cannot say:three students, four friends).They also cannot be combined with masculine nouns denoting the names of animals (you cannot say: three wolves).

If it is necessary to indicate the number of objects denoted by nouns that do not have a singular form(scissors, day), using a compound numeral ending intwo, three, four (twenty-five, thirty-fouretc.), synonymous expressions should be used with the replacement of a noun or the insertion of another word(day - day, twenty-four hours) or case (within twenty-two days).

NOTE:

Masculine two students - two students three students – three students four brothers - four brothers

Feminine two students three students four sisters

SPEAK CORRECTLY:

PRACTICE

Use of numerals

Declension forms

remember the forms of oblique cases of some numerals

50-80 200-400 500-900
I.p. R.p. D.p. V.p. etc. P.p.	two two two two (uh) two two	four four four four(-ex) four four	eighty eighty eighty eighty eighty eighty	two hundred three hundred two hundred three hundred two hundred three hundred two hundred three hundred two hundred three hundred two hundred three hundred	five hundred five hundred five hundred five hundred five hundred five hundred	Thousand Thousands thousand a thousand thousand thousand
I. –V. R.D.T.P.	fourty magpie	ninety ninety	one hundred hundred	one and a half(s) one and a half	one and a half hundred one and a half hundred

Test 1. Note violations of the norms of declension of numerals.

I.-V. 1. eighty 2. forty nine 3. three hundred twelve

R. eighty forty nine three hundred twelve

D. eighty forty nine three hundred twelve

T. eighty forty nine three hundred twelve

P. about eighty forty nine three hundred twelve

I.-V. 4. eight hundred sixty seven 5. one hundred forty nine

R. eight hundred sixty-seven one hundred and forty-nine

D. eight hundred and sixty-seven one hundred and forty-nine

T. eight hundred sixty seven hundred and forty nine

P. about eight hundred and sixty-seven about one hundred and forty-nine

I.-V. 6. two thousand six hundred twenty 7. two hundred eighteen

R. two thousand six hundred twenty two hundred eighteen

D. two thousand six hundred twenty two hundred eighteen

T. two thousand six hundred twenty two hundred eighteen

P. two thousand six hundred twenty two hundred eighteen

Answers: 1357

Test 8. Note violations of the norms of declension of numerals.

1. in the one hundred and forty-ninth auditorium 5. on six hundred thousand hectares

2. in room two hundred and eighteen 6. with eight hundred schoolchildren

3. on page four hundred and one 7. eighty-five meters away

4. in the three hundred and fiftieth issue 8. to one hundred and seventy million

Answers: 156

Use of collective numerals

Collective numbers (two, three, etc.) can be used: With words denoting male persons (two brothers); With adjectives turned into nouns (three military men); With words that do not have singular forms. numbers (three scissors, two days, but: five, six....days); With the words “children, guys, people” (two guys); With words for baby animals (seven kids); With personal pronouns (there were five of them). Collective numbers are not used: With words denoting female persons (erroneously two sisters); With words denoting adult animals (erroneously three bulls).

Test 9. Check the correct option.

1. (a. Six, b. six) days train traffic was disrupted.
2. 2. Cars were allowed to enter only one of (a. four, b. four) gates of the stadium.
3. (a. Seven, b. seven) girls entered driver courses.
4. We were (a. three, b. three).
5. Among the members of the department there were (a. two professors, b. two professors).
6. Each (a. three people, b. three people) from the group must take part in the competition.
7. They returned (a. seven, b. seven).
8. (a. Two female chess players, b. two female chess players) have already played games.
9. The main characters of the film are (a. two, b. two) prisoners.
10. (a. Five, b. five) wolves looked at him with hungry eyes.

Answers: 1a2b3b4b5ab6ab7b8a9b10a

Test 10. Note violations of the norms of using numerals.

1. Anna is the mother of five children.
2. Yesterday at the same time there were three men here.
3. A case of theft of five million six hundred ninety thousand rubles is being investigated.
4. More than three hundred grams of gold were seized.
5. Three of them were found guilty.
6. It took seven days to solve the crime.
7. There were four men and two women standing at the bus stop.
8. Three boys and three girls performed a beautiful dance.

Answers: 3467

Numerals one and a half and one and a half hundred agree with nouns in indirect cases:

One and a half (not one and a half) x) hour ah (not hour ov),

one and a half hundred (not one and a half hundred x) kilometer ah (not kilometer ov).

At mixed arithmetic numbernoun is governed by a fraction rather than a whole number: 10.2 percent a (not percentage).

With composite numerals ending in two three four, the noun is used in the singular form: twenty-three young men and (not a young man to her).

Test 12. Note violations of speech norms.

1. In the springboard diving championship, the athlete took first place with a score of 125.55 points.
2. The winterers stayed on the ice for about two thousand seventy-four days.
3. The city is one and a half thousand miles from here.
4. On this day, the commission examined twenty-three students.
5. Air humidity is 76.5 percent.
6. 243 boys and girls took part in the competition.
7. The train traveled more than one and a half hundred kilometers.
8. A train arrived with two hundred and seventy-five competitors.

Answers: 14578

Distinguish!

Generalization test

Note violations of the norms of using numerals.

1. We were preparing for the Eighth of March.
2. Resellers exceeded the original price by up to one and a half times.
3. Two thousand thirteen graduates were issued certificates.
4. The pigeon had rings on both legs.
5. Five medal contenders reached the finals.
6. We have completed three quarters of the entire task.
7. The athlete ran 200 meters in 11.489 seconds.
8. The school library has two thousand four hundred and eighty books.

Answers: 124578