Window and door openings. What are the standard sizes of window openings according to GOST; how it is installed and on what the height and width of the doorway depends Standard door and window openings during construction

What must be present in the design of any home? Of course, these are doors and windows. Planning, selection and installation of door and window openings has many nuances. We will tell you about some of them right now.

Standard sizes of windows and doors in a private house

The dimensions of these products largely determine the living comfort of residents. Too much narrow doors or small windows can cause many inconveniences. The sizes of windows for a country house, as well as the parameters of doorways, are regulated by building codes and state standards.

The adopted standards greatly facilitate the issue of building design, allowing for the creation of optimal operating conditions for residential premises.

Options for installing doors

The convenience of entering/exiting a room directly depends on two interrelated parameters:

1. Standard door opening dimensions.
2. Door leaf parameters.

Standard domestic doors have a height of 1.9 or 2 meters and a width of 0.4 to 0.9 meters. The parameters of European models are slightly different. The height of such products is 202 and 215 cm, and the width can be 62, 72, 82 or 92 cm.

If you are planning to install regular swing doors, the finishing opening for them should be 70-80 mm larger than the leaf itself. If your plans include installing sliding doors, arrange the opening 50-60 mm smaller than the door leaf parameters. It is worth noting that interior door openings, as a rule, are smaller than the entrance parameters.

Options for installing windows

Accepted standards for installing windows in a private house, as well as for balcony doors, are determined by state standard 11214-86. According to the standards, the width of a standard opening varies from 870 to 2670 mm, and the height ranges from 1160 to 2060 mm. The doors to the balcony have the same height (2755 mm), but may differ in width: 870, 1170 or 1778 mm.

The parameters depend on several factors:

• Room area.
• Necessary lighting.
• Architectural specifics of the room and the building itself.

Depending on what kind of window opening is planned in the house, the glazing system is determined, as well as required quantity sashes and transoms.

In addition, GOST regulates the height of window sills, which must be taken into account when organizing openings.

The window sill in the bedroom should be at a height of 700-900 mm, in the kitchen - 1200-1300 mm. Window sills for bathrooms and utility rooms also have their own standards. For the former, the height of the window sill should not be less than 1600 mm. For the latter, this value should be in the range from 1200 to 1600 mm.

Non-standard size of window opening in the house

Modern technologies and the preferences of owners make it possible to create house designs that use windows non-standard forms. Windows in a cottage, the sizes of which depend on the characteristics of the structure, can be triangular, trapezoidal, semicircular, round or arched shape. Such products give the house individuality, but their layout and installation have their own nuances.

Door and window openings for houses made of different materials

The layout of a private house largely depends on what materials it is built from.

Door and window opening in a wooden house

The organization of windows and doors in wooden buildings requires the preparation of a special structure (frame). Its task is to compensate for the shrinkage of the log house, which is characteristic of wooden buildings.

To install openings in log cabin required:

• Installing a block with a gasket for insulation onto a pre-prepared groove.
• Installation of casing box.
• Treatment of gaps with heat-insulating materials.
• Installation of a door leaf or window block into a casing.
• Decorative design: installation of ebbs and slopes.

When installing the casing, it is very important to leave a gap at the top in case the structure shrinks.

The size of the gap largely depends on the degree of humidity of the wood used, while not exceeding 6-7% of the entire height of the opening. A properly installed casing box will protect windows and doors from being “squeezed out” when the building shrinks.

Door frame and window opening in a timber house

The organization of windows and doors in timber structures is practically no different from installation window openings in a log cabin.

As in the first case considered, to install the products it is necessary to organize a casing structure.

The casing is installed without permanent fastening. To install it, a tongue-and-groove system is used. Thanks to this design, windows and doors do not deform when the timber house shrinks.

During installation, you must ensure that the mounting foam does not connect the casing to the wall. Otherwise, casing structure will not be able to fall along with the shrinkage of the house.

Doors and window opening in a brick house

Carrying out work in brick houses requires the installation of special floors. They can be used as steel profile, iron bars or reinforced concrete lintels.

A window in a brick house is installed at a height of 10 rows of brickwork. The doorway should be installed after 2 rows of brickwork. These parameters are recommended by the standards adopted in construction. However, they can be adjusted depending on the height of the structure being built.

Installation features for frame-type structures

If you are going to install window openings in a frame house, you need to take into account the material features of buildings of this type.

Build according to Canadian technology? This means you need to use double racks. This solution will allow you to correctly distribute the weight of the structure itself and the weight of the window without damaging the entire structure.

In Finnish frame houses, single window mullions are installed. A special element of a frame house - the crossbar - will allow you to optimally distribute the weight of the structure.

Other nuances of selecting window and door openings

As we said earlier, organizing openings for doors and windows requires observing a number of nuances.

Installing a balcony block also has its own characteristics. The top line of the balcony door should be in line with the top side of the window. And the exterior floor finishing should exceed the bottom line of the balcony opening by 10 cm.

We hope you found this information useful. Remember that for the implementation of any construction projects it is better to contact people with professional experience in such matters.

We wish you success in all your endeavors!
Zabaluev S.A.

Usually, until the construction of the house frame is completed, little attention is paid to how accurately the builders comply with the design dimensions. But shortcomings always appear during finishing work. Unfortunately, openings made with errors have to be corrected, for which the performers need to pay. This work also extends the construction time. If the openings are not redone, you will have to spend money on purchasing non-standard products made to order. Think about what is best for you to do.

Space in the wall

First of all, they control the alignment of window openings in the wall, especially paying attention to the level of their upper slopes. The elevation of the upper slope (bottom) is checked taking into account the design elevation of the finished floor. If the bottom of the lintel is higher than the design level, you can try to achieve the required height of the opening by covering its bottom with masonry.

The situation with doorways is more complicated. Their height is determined by the level of the finished floor and should not be less than 2 m, otherwise, when passing through the door, you will hit your head on the top crossbar. The lintel above the doorway that is too low will have to be removed and reinstalled at the required level. But do it already finished wall quite troublesome.

If the door or window opening is higher than provided by the project, you can order higher windows and doors. But here it is necessary to take into account that all lintels above the windows of the same floor on the facades must be at the same level. Consequently, the correction of one window opening will entail the correction of all others located in the same wall.

Opening sizes

The dimensions of the openings must be larger than the overall dimensions of the boxes specified in the joinery specification. This will make it easy to install the box in the opening, but, most importantly, there will be mounting gaps between the box and the wall. On the sides of the box and above it, this gap is 2-3 cm, and at the bottom - 5-6 cm. The size of the lower gap is designed for installing a door threshold strip. Therefore, the height of the opening is 7-9 cm greater than the height of the box, and the width is 4-6 cm wider than the box.

The correct shape of the opening is checked by measuring the width, height and both diagonals (it is clear that this does not apply to windows of irregular shape - triangular, arched or trapezoidal: they are always made to order, and small deviations do not matter).

If the diagonals are equal to each other, and the height and width coincide with the design ones, this means that the opening is made correctly. But this does not always happen. Let's consider three cases.

If the openings have diagonals of different lengths. In this case, all sides are not perpendicular to each other, and the side slopes are not vertical. On a slope with an acute angle, such a mistake can sometimes be corrected by trimming its side. In this case, a wider, more uniform opening is obtained. Correcting the opening by trimming is not recommended for walls made of ceramic stones or large-format blocks of porous ceramics. But this can easily be done in a wall with a fold of brick or cellular concrete.

Uncorrected openings complicate installation and require the use of special fasteners and protective strips. When installing the box, it is moved closer to the skewed slope, but one must strive to maintain the required width installation gaps.

If, with equal diagonals of the opening, the dimensions of its side slopes are different and do not correspond to the design. Such an opening cannot be expanded, since there is a lintel above it, which must have a certain depth of support on the wall. When the side slopes expand, the depth of support will decrease, which can increase the deflection of the lintel, weaken its load-bearing capacity and cause the appearance of cracks in the wall.

Reducing the opening is also not very desirable, since there is a risk of deterioration in thermal parameters around the perimeter of the window. But this method is justified for internal doors, where it is not the issue of thermal insulation that is important, but the reliability of installation. An opening that is too wide can be reduced by making a narrow piece of masonry connected to the wall with anchors. It is better to order windows for very large openings with a wider frame or an expanding window profile.

If opening dimensions that do not correspond to the design are left. This forces us to order non-standard windows and doors. More and more manufacturers of windows and doors are moving away from the concept of “standard windows” and consider their products to be made to order, even if they are of standard sizes. Ordering windows from such manufacturers does not involve additional payment for wider or lower frames, since they calculate the element with specific dimensions. This allows the joinery to be adjusted to the openings without the need to alter them.

As for doors, the problem remains - in this case, standards are still the basis. But even here you can save the situation by choosing the right boxes and adjusting deviations during their installation.

Thoughtful changes

Preventing possible problems. When checking the correctness of doorways, it doesn’t hurt to think about the layout of the room and the arrangement of furniture.

It may turn out that reducing the width of the door by only 10 cm will allow you to place furniture more rationally and make the passage through the door more convenient.

Increasing the distance between doorways on adjacent or opposite walls will prevent possible inconvenience when moving around the room and have a beneficial effect on its layout.

Window and sink. Sometimes a design decision forces you to change the size of window openings. For example, when arranging kitchen furniture under the opening of the frames, the mixer above the sink should not interfere (unless, of course, it is a special mixer with a movable tilting spout). Therefore, when choosing this option for kitchen layout, it is necessary to measure the opening radius of the sash, and, if necessary, reduce the height of the window by raising its lower edge higher. The standard countertop height for kitchen cabinets is 85-95 cm, add to this the average height of the mixer - 20-30 cm.

It turns out that the lower edge of the window frame should be at a height of 105-125 cm above the level of the finished floor (this must be indicated in measurements). However, the edge of the already completed window opening may be several centimeters lower than required for such a layout.

Changing the size of the opening will disrupt the overall appearance of the facade, since the remaining windows will maintain their original level. The same applies to increasing the height of the window in order to use the window sill as a seating area. And in this case, one long window on the facade can disrupt its overall appearance. That's why similar experiments It is better to carry out this only on those facades where there are no other windows, and only after consultation with an architect.

Be careful with reduction. Sometimes it seems that the designed openings are too large, and there is a desire to reduce them.

However, we should not forget that after installing the windows, the clear glazing area will be significantly reduced. From the dimensions of the opening, you need to subtract the width of the installation gaps between the frame and the slope and the thickness of the box. This is at least a few centimeters. An ill-considered reduction of openings leads to the fact that a large area of ​​the opening will be occupied by window profiles rather than glass, and the window will take on an unsightly appearance. But, first of all, it will not provide sufficient lighting to the room. The glazing area should remain in proportions of 1:7-1:8 in relation to the floor area of ​​the room.

Additional openings. A special issue is the installation of windows or doors in a place on the wall where they were not provided. In partitions, this is quite simple to do, because it is easy to lay a lintel in them from a rolled steel profile, and make an opening under it. But an additional window in a load-bearing wall makes changes to the overall structure of the building and requires appropriate reinforcement of the wall depending on the size of the opening. Its placement is not always possible. In any case, you cannot make such a decision on your own. A constructive solution for constructing an opening in a load-bearing wall must be developed by a specialist.

With or without permission

If the desire to change the size of window openings appears during the construction process, these changes will be considered minor deviations from the project, and there is no need to officially include them in the project. It is enough to attach the relevant information or an additional drawing with changes to the project.

It is somewhat more difficult to change openings in the walls of an already finished house. To do this, you need to invite a specialist designer who will determine the possibility of performing this work and offer the necessary solution. This is due to the fact that in load-bearing walls that are under load, the installation of lintels over the opening to be broken can only be done after installing a temporary system of unloading structures that will take the load from the opening. And that's pretty hard work, which can only be entrusted to a qualified performer.

"Windows are the eyes of the house." That's what he once said a wise man, hinting to the young housewife that the windows should be clean. But this article will not talk about detergents for windows, but about their size.

What are standard dimensions for a private house and for an apartment? And what mistakes to avoid when measuring windows?

Standard window size for residential premises

In a private house

Window opening standards exist to regulate light in private homes and more.

The characteristics of window openings come from what the room is intended for, but also provides:

Based on building codes, we calculate window standards. In addition, they are designed for cleaning twice a year, and for areas with poor ecology – 4 times a year.

Now they also provide number of glasses in the package and the distance between them - for each customer the refractive index of the beam will not be calculated, and the illumination will decrease.

If you take single-hung windows, then their usual width and height vary from 470Х470 mm to 1470Х870 mm. Naturally, everything here depends on the dimensions of the opening.

Let's look at double- and triple-hung windows. Double sash windows vary from 570Х1170 mm to 1470Х1470 mm. Window opening with three sashes varies from 1170Х1770 mm to 1470Х2070.

Do you know how to do plastic slopes for windows with your own hands? Details are in this article.

In the apartment

Now let's look at the standards of windows in an apartment panel building. Everybody is here depends on the type of house:

How to choose?

Don't trust standard sizes because they don't exist at all- the thickness of the walls and the height of the openings in all houses are different, and accordingly, the standards are different.

It is necessary to invite a measurer who will correctly measure the measurements, that is, height and width. However, preliminary measurements to calculate approximate cost finished design, you can produce it yourself.

In rooms where residents and their guests will stay for a long period of time, the ratio of windows to room area should be 1:8.

If the window is the only one in the room - place it in the center of a long wall and above- in this case, the light will fall evenly throughout the room and flow evenly. The upper slope should not be created too far from the ceiling.

When searching for the optimal size and shape for a window, you need to approach it wisely and take into account several features. One of these is the degree of illumination. In order to plan the dimensions of the openings well, and most importantly, correctly, The following rules must be observed:

1. The most comfortable lighting for a person is the kind of lighting in which the width of the windows is at least 55% of the width of the entire room.
2. According to the rules, the lowest illumination is achieved provided that the glazing area is at least 10-12.5% ​​of the total room area.

The most ideal proportions are considered to be a rectangle with a width to height ratio of 80x130 cm. Such windows are easy to use, and do not create unnecessary load on the fittings.

Standards according to GOST

There are regulations for window opening standards State standard number 11214-86. This standard also determines the dimensions for balcony doors. According to this GOST, the width of the windows varies 870 – 2670 mm, height 1160 – 2060.

The table below will introduce you to standard sizes windows according to GOST.

Regular window width calculated taking into account purpose of the building, for each room and premises, its location and dimensions, since the level of natural sunlight, depending on geographic location, determines the degree of illumination.

Standard frames manufactured according to GOST, since it is important for windows to provide the necessary amount of daylight in the house.

Thus, the dimensions for a two- and three-leaf window manufactured in accordance with GOST must be 1300Х1400 mm and 2050Х1400 mm.

On the value of these characteristics the following factors influence:

• the area of ​​this room;
• required degree of illumination;
• architectural features of the structure and the premises itself.

Based on generally accepted standards, the window area comes from the area of ​​the room, and the size of the house itself. What does the size of the opening affect? First of all, on the glazing of the window, how many sashes there will be and the shape itself.

As you can see, choosing window sizes is a rather labor-intensive task. It is necessary to prevent damage to the frame and materials. The best way out- hire a measurer, so that he does everything professionally. It’s better to overpay, but then enjoy well-placed and not crooked windows, than to suffer with the sizes.

Watch this video about optimal sizes window opening:

The choice of size of window openings determines the illumination and comfort of residents. And if residents of standard multi-storey buildings are deprived of the opportunity to choose the windows they need, then residents of private houses can easily experiment with increased window sizes. But there is a lot to consider building regulations and properties so as not to reduce the thermal efficiency of the building and not create a threat to the safety of residents.

Window blocks in the house

When choosing the final dimensions, you should clearly understand their dependence on the entire glazing area: when choosing large windows in wooden house it will be cold, if you choose small ones it will be dark, and this will lead to the constant use of additional light sources. You should find a middle ground and focus on building laws and regulations.

The choice of window size in a wooden house will directly depend on their purpose and location.

When choosing the ratio of wall area and glazing, the following principles should be taken into account:

• Shape and area of ​​the room. For long rooms, two or more windows are needed, but for small ones, one window in the center will be enough.
• The location of windows relative to the light sides. Place large windows on the western and southern sides - this will provide a larger maximum. In such rooms, house plants will feel very comfortable.
• Purpose of the premises. Large windows are installed in offices, offices and other rooms where people are regularly present and where it is required a large number of natural daylight.

As a rule, such rooms are located on the south-west side of the building when designing. For the bedroom, high-quality lighting is not particularly required, so it is located on the north or west side, and only one window block will be enough for it.

Finnish style in Scandinavian homes

Also with northern sides It is customary to place a kitchen and other storage rooms of a utility nature. Historical fact, earlier big windows installed in Scandinavian houses: because natural daylight improved mood and increased performance, which was important on short winter days. It was pleasant to stay in these rooms all the time: bright, natural daylight could additionally be enhanced by light and warm colors and a choice of white furniture.

Of course, it's ideal to copy Finnish style This is not always possible in Russian houses, but some elements can still be borrowed.

Standard parameters and properties of window systems

To manufacture plastic window structures, you will have to contact a construction company, or, if you prefer, directly to the manufacturer, and they will offer you a standard range.

As a rule, the sizes of windows in a frame wooden house are as follows:

Choosing a larger sash size is not entirely safe: glass is a fragile material and requires a special binding. If you are planning on the second floor, then the door dimensions will be standard (height 2100-2200 mm, width 700-900 mm).

All of the listed window sizes are produced by most construction companies, and if you want to make an exclusive order, the window set will be significantly more expensive.

Standard parameters of window structures are designed for the same type of multi-story openings panel houses, and the demand for them is quite high, but orders for custom sizes construction companies perform much less frequently. Therefore the cost is much higher. When designing, take into account the future location of all furniture and its dimensions.

Distance from window to floor

An ordinary standard window should be located at a height of 80 to 90 cm from the floor: this provides good review both sitting and standing man, and you can put a desktop or other piece of furniture under the window sill. The upper edge of the block is usually located at a height of 220 to 230 cm from the floor.

Special requirements apply to indoor windows wooden bath: a bath room does not require good lighting, but preserving and retaining heat is very important. Following these requirements, a standard bath window in a steam room is no larger than 600×600 mm, and in a relaxation room the window can be made larger, for example 1000×1200 mm.

Maximum size of plastic window structure

When choosing large individual window designs with increased sash area, you need to know existing requirements, fixed by special construction standards:

• The area of ​​the entire structure should not be more than 6 square meters. meters. Otherwise, it may not withstand the wind load, and in unfavorable times weather the glass unit may crack and crumble into fragments.
• You should not ignore safety rules: weather conditions in different regions Russia is changeable and unpredictable. Large blocks should have partitions, and the area of ​​the doors should not be higher than 2.8 square meters. m. Maximum permissible size sashes are 110×240 cm. When designing window openings, keep in mind that a large structure can quickly fail. A metal-plastic profile with a two-chamber (three-chamber) double-glazed window will be very heavy, and due to heavy weight the fittings will soon begin to bend and sag. In this case, the sash will wear out and it will begin to creak; using such a design will be inconvenient and even more unsafe. If you decide to install arched window, then its radius should not be less than 35 cm. The requirements for large sashes will be the same as for conventional rotary systems.

View of windows with panoramic glazing of a house

Failure to comply with these requirements may pose a threat to residents, so you should not ignore them even if. If you want to provide your home with good lighting, you need to order modern designs panoramic glazing made of special tempered glass or so-called triplex. Of course, their cost is much more expensive, but they are much safer and will provide all residents with a good view. When choosing what size window to order for your home, you should take into account the climate and wind load in your region. If winters are cold, then heat will escape faster through double-glazed windows, which means an annual increase in heating costs.

The size of the hole for the window block

Gap for a window in a frame house

The dimensions of wooden windows in a frame house will not coincide with the dimensions of the opening. They will be large; this tolerance is needed for the subsequent installation of the casing and window sill. From the planned height of the lower edge of the window you need to step back about 5 cm: 4 cm is the thickness of the window sill and 1 cm is the layer polyurethane foam. The width of the hole exceeds the window by 14 cm: 5 cm on each side for installation and installation of the casing and 2 cm on both sides for a layer of polyurethane foam for durable fastening.

The opening at the top is about 10 cm larger: this gap is left because it will fall over time. When making calculations and planning, it is worth taking into account the lower edge of the frame; it should not be located at a height of more than 1 m from the floor level. In this case, it is not very convenient to rest your hands on the windowsill, and the lighting in the room will not be enough.

Requirements for profiles and double-glazed windows

When choosing a window unit, you must also choose the right profile and double-glazed windows. It will be more difficult to choose if you bet metal-plastic frames: since the number of offers is construction market is growing, and you need to know exactly which criteria will suit you best.

Here are some basic and important requirements:

• The number of cameras in double-glazed windows. For houses dacha type or for rooms that will be used only in summer, you can install a single-chamber double-glazed window. However, in winter, such a package will not be enough. Will have to purchase double-glazed windows With air gaps, they will protect your home from freezing, although the cost will be significantly higher than single-layer bags.
• Number of cameras in plastic profile. The more cameras, the better profile keeps warm because air is the best heat insulator. For a capital project, it is customary to choose a 3- or 4-chamber double-glazed window.
• Selecting a seal. To choose from of this material pay very little attention, but thanks to the seal all cracks and drafts are eliminated. Cheap and rubber material will begin to “tan” and cease to perform its main functions. Some manufacturers offer transparent elastomer seals: their cost is higher, but the protection against cold is much better and of higher quality.
• Accessories. The main rule is that you shouldn’t skimp on it. Cheap locks, clamps, handles will quickly fail, and weakened hinges and a thin frame will certainly lead to distortion and sagging of all sashes. As a result, you will have to spend money on expensive repairs, so the savings do not justify the investment.

Choosing window systems for a frame house is a very complex and responsible task, and it is better to discuss its solution with craftsmen and professionals. The cheapest and affordable option– windows made of metal-plastic, they can be ordered from any construction company. Plastic window structures have a significant impact on environmental friendliness, so when choosing them, you need to decide in advance about quality, but at the same time they retain heat well and will last you much longer during operation. The rooms will be light, cozy and comfortable, and a well-calculated total glass area will give you a sufficient level of illumination.

Installation of openings in a frame house is a rather complicated matter, which is due to the complex design and multi-layer walls in similar buildings. Do-it-yourself window installation in already finished opening It won’t take much time, and installing the doors won’t be a problem either. But initially you will still need to make openings, the finishing of which takes a lot of time. They will be discussed in the article.

Finishing and arrangement of window openings in a frame house

Despite the fact that the theory of construction frame houses It seems extremely simple, but when it comes to practice, everything becomes significantly more complicated. This is especially true when it is necessary to do doorways and install windows yourself.

The main problem is that the frame walls are multi-layered. External walls prefabricated houses are distinguished by large layers (in standard– 9 layers, including thermal insulation, OSB boards, waterproofing and so on).

With partitions ( internal walls buildings) everything is somewhat simpler, since there are only 4 layers. It is for this reason that it is easier to install doorways with your own hands than to install a window opening. Finishing the openings is an optional, but desirable procedure.

Diagram of a standard window opening in a frame house

Sometimes it happens that the owner of a building, who carries out construction with his own hands, makes the openings uneven, which is why they have to be leveled using cement mortar.

The external walls of prefabricated houses are multi-layered, usually consisting of 9 layers.

It is also worth adding that the installation and finishing of the door and the opening under it, in its technology, is no different from the same work on creating window openings. So, it’s worth considering only the issue of installing windows and openings under them, and only then this practice can be used to install a door.

Frame features

The frame of a prefabricated house almost always consists of wooden elements(extremely rarely - from metal profile). For these reasons, it is imperative to calculate the maximum permissible load on such elements, especially on the corner parts of the structure.

In order to ensure an even load on the foundation, it is customary to make both the upper and lower framing of the frame, and the pitch of the racks will be about 1 meter.

An example of arranging openings in a Canadian frame house using a header

This is very important, since this parameter determines, for example, whether it is possible to install a plastic window with “ warm double glazing” or not (the main problem of such windows is that they greatly increase the load on the house, especially if the latter is a lightweight panel house, as small country houses often are).

And if a person is going to make a frame house with panoramic windows, then the main thing here is that the frames are level, which is quite difficult to do with your own hands. This applies not only to window recesses, but also to those where the doors will stand.

So, as noted above, the pitch of the racks should be about 1 meter, but where they will be located various holes for windows, this step must be wider. Important point: if a person wants to install windows whose length exceeds 120 centimeters, he should know that such windows in a frame house will complicate the design too much.

Installation of side supports in window opening frame house

Firstly, this will require significant additional costs, and secondly, do it yourself similar designs you can't install it for sure. Yes, and it will take quite a lot of time.

Finishing of holes can be done in 2 ways:

1. using a device such as a crossbar (we are talking about Finnish technology construction of frame houses);
2. using a device such as a header (we are talking about Canadian technology for constructing frame houses).

In Russia using Canadian technology frame houses They practically don’t build, preferring Finnish ones using crossbars.

Crossbar and its structure

As already noted, the Finnish way of organizing openings for windows is based on the use of a crossbar. Crossbars are large supporting beams, and all other structural elements of the house rest on these beams, including windows and doors.

Diagram of a doorway in a frame house

Interestingly, the support beam can be both upper and lower, however, only one is used. Most often, the Finnish method is used if there is a need to install a plastic window that has a relatively large weight.

If we consider a frame house specifically, then the crossbar in it will be a board that stands, as it were, on an edge and is embedded in the upper part of the frame post. The function of this board comes down mainly to the fact that it evenly distributes the load from the floor beams to the window openings, and the same applies to the door. Most often, the crossbar is not solid, but consists of several different parts.

The fact is that boards longer than 6 meters are not used in the construction of frame houses, and the wall of the house, as a rule, is longer than 6 meters. Interestingly, the device is connected exclusively to the window stand, which makes the structure itself much more reliable.

Opening in the wall of a frame house

However, there is one nuance: when building a house with your own hands, you must avoid the situation where the crossbar is connected to the rack in the place where there is already a joint in the top trim. Otherwise, the structure will simply be unstable, which can lead to the plastic window simply falling.

By the way, experts recommend not using plastic frames in frame houses, but give preference to wooden ones. On the other hand, finishing wooden frame– the task is also not an easy one, and it will have to be maintained constantly. It’s quite easy to make a crossbar with your own hands, by the way.

Hider and his device

Finishing window openings using the Canadian method involves the use of a header and double racks. The racks themselves consist of one main and a second additional one (for this reason they are called double).

Window racks are also installed both above and below the window opening, their pitch is the same as usual for the frame. In walls where there are no windows or doors, the load from top harness is evenly transmitted through the racks to the foundation. But where there is a hole, the distance between the main and additional posts is quite large.

Crossbar in the frame wall of a Finnish house

For this reason, a header is installed in houses built using Canadian technology. Usually it consists of a double (in rare cases, even a triple) beam; its height can range from 100 to 130 centimeters, but no less and no more.

Specific dimensions from this range will depend on the size of the window itself and the cross beam (meaning floor joists). The header takes the entire load upon itself and distributes it evenly across the racks and onto the foundation. In general, it performs exactly the same function as the crossbar, so you can do both with your own hands.

True, experts say that installing a header is not so popular, since it requires more labor than installing a crossbar. However, if the finishing of the holes is carried out by specialists, then this does not matter much. Finishing will cost approximately the same, regardless of whether it is carried out using Canadian or Finnish technology.

Diagram of the pediment of a frame house

The height of the header can vary from 100 to 130 cm.

Tips and recommendations for arranging openings in a frame house

What you should pay attention to when arranging holes:

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SECTION 7. WINDOWS AND DOORS

Windows are designed for lighting, insolation and ventilation of rooms. For normal lighting of living rooms, the window area is taken to be within the range of 1:8 - 1:5.5 of the floor area.

The shape and location of windows depends on the architectural design of the building. In addition to the above, windows are subject to thermal, acoustic, and environmental requirements, as well as ease of use.

Elements that fill the opening left in the wall, and sometimes in the roof, are called filling the light opening. It consists of a window frame, glazed window sashes, a window sill board, an external drain and glazing (Fig. 7.1). The set of elements filling the light opening in assembled form is called a window block. The vertical side edges of the window opening are beveled inward for better illumination.

Rice. 7.1. Window filling elements:

1 - window box; 2 - binding sash; 3 – transom; 4 - window sill board; 5 – impost; 6 – mullion; 7 - external weir; 8 - glass

Elements for filling a window opening can be made of various materials: wood, metal (steel and aluminum profiles), wood-aluminium, plastic (with and without reinforcement, from various synthetic materials). Each material has its own application characteristics, has positive properties and disadvantages. For example: metal ones - strong, durable, easy to use, but they are heavy and require a lot of metal consumption. Filling openings with synthetic materials are: light weight, do not rot, beautiful appearance, but expensive, to ensure the required durability, their material must correspond to climatic conditions. Minimum guarantee period on plastic windows according to GOST - 3 years. Wooden – light, beautiful, resistant to temperature changes and direct influences sun rays, are environmentally friendly, but do not provide a tight connection of the vestibules, require periodic painting to prevent rotting, etc.

Wooden window blocks for civil buildings are produced in accordance with GOST, which provides two options for blocks: with separate external and internal sashes (P series), and with paired sashes (C series), where both sashes are connected to each other by bolts and can only be separated to remove dust (Fig.). Paired bindings found wide application in modern mass construction. */1 Windows with separate sashes are typical for buildings old building and for buildings built according to individual projects. */2

Plastic windows are mainly made with paired sashes. In addition to traditional opening, plastic windows have tilt-and-turn sashes, controlled by one handle.

Rice. Separate-paired wooden casement with triple glazing.

a - vertical section; b- horizontal section along the impost.

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*/1.Note: Modern windows with paired wooden sashes and double glazing have a heat transfer resistance of 0.38 m 2o C/W, which is insufficient, since the required heat transfer resistance (according to SNIP II-3-79 and SP No. 232/13 ) should be about 0.60 m 2o C/W for the central part of Russia.

*/2. For new construction and major renovations with the replacement of window units, window units must be used that provide the required heat transfer resistance (0.60 m 2o C/W). This design is: paired sashes with triple glazing (Fig. 4). For thermal reasons, wood is preferable as a box material (metal and plastic conduct heat strongly and condensation can form on them), but the use of technologically advanced extrusion profiles (plastics with a steel core or aluminum alloys) is also allowed. More durable and durable than profiles made of PVC and aluminum are profiles made of polyurethane and polyolefins.

Rice. Wooden window blocks with separate and sashes

a - ordinary; b – with floating;

1- glazing bead; 2- drip trench; 3- low tide; 4- floating;

Rice. Wooden window blocks with paired sashes.

a- ordinary; b- wood-aluminum; 1 – window frame; 2- glazing beads for fastening glass; 3- slot for condensate drainage; 4- insulation pad; 5- floating; 6 – internal binding; 7- outer binding; 8- clamping screw; 9- screws; 10 – aluminum facing profiles.

Window sashes consist of opening, fixed or combined sashes. The number of sashes determines the type of window. Depending on the number of sashes, the bindings can be single-leaf, double-leaf, or three-leaf. In some cases, windows are combined with balcony door. Window sashes consist of vertical elements - sashes and horizontal elements - transoms. The shutters and transoms open into the room; this creates convenience and safety for hanging them, as well as changing and wiping glass; open doors are not damaged by rain and wind; broken glass does not fall onto the street. Opening the doors in different sides only permissible in one-story buildings.

If there are no opening transoms to ventilate the rooms in cold weather, vents are installed in the doors, at least one in each room. With separate bindings, vents represent an independent element and are hung directly on window box. (Rice.)

Depending on the number of glasses, windows can be single, double or triple glazed. Triple glazing improves the thermal and sound insulation properties of windows (for example: they can be used in residential buildings facing a railway or a busy highway with a high noise level and also to provide the required heat transfer resistance).

Rice. Window blocks for residential and public buildings.

a – single-leaf; b – double doors (with a window); c- two-leaf (with unequal doors); d- double-leaf (with transom); d – tricuspid; e - blind with non-opening doors and ventilation valve; 1- leaf; 2- window; 3- narrow sash; 4- transom; 5- louvered grille; 6- box; 7 - door for ventilation.

Used for glazing windows ordinary glass 2-6 mm thick. or glass with special properties, for example, patterned, tinted, ultraviolet-transmitting, armored, etc. in accordance with the requirements of the premises in which they are installed.

*/Note: windows with paired sashes provide more light, save 30% of wood, are 10% cheaper and 1.5 times lighter in weight than separate sashes, but have more heat loss up to 25%.

Designs for filling window openings.

Wooden window frames installed in the window opening are nailed to antiseptic embedded parts in the window openings stone walls. The gap between the frame and the masonry of the opening is carefully caulked with tow soaked in gypsum mortar.

Plastic windows are attached to the opening, and the gap is sealed with construction foam. The design of the transom doors consists, as a rule, of four contour bars that form a frame. The bars are connected at the corners with through tenons on glue and fastened with wooden dowels. Sometimes slabs are introduced into designs - narrow intermediate bars that reduce the size of individual glasses. On the room side, the frames and slabs are given rounded bevels, and on the outside they have quarters for inserting glass (rebates). The glass is inserted onto the putty, and on top of the second layer of putty is reinforced with wooden glazing beads (trapezoidal strips). In the lower bars of the external sashes and transoms, ebbs are provided to drain rainwater flowing from the glass.

According to the cross-sectional shape of the bindings, bindings can be overlaid (Fig.) and simple (Fig.). Fused is the protruding edge of the binding that closes the gap between the binding and the box. In order to seal the perimeter of the internal sashes and transoms, gaskets made of porous rubber or half-woolen cord are reinforced. The same gaskets should be used in the vestibules of internal bindings without overlap. Fused bindings are more expensive than simple ones, but have low airflow and are easier to use (do not require putty for the winter).

In paired sashes (Fig.), the inner sashes are hung on the window frame, and the outer sashes are hung on the inner sashes. The doors are fastened with special screws.

Rice. .Window blocks for residential (a) and public (b) buildings.

1- window box; 2- vertical impost; 3- horizontal impost; 4- sashes of bindings; 5- window; 6- croakers; 7 – transom.

Rice. .Sections of separate bindings

a, b - with fusion; c, d - simple; 1- external transom; 2- internal transom; 3- outer binding; 5- bars of horizontal impost; 6- glass; 7- low tide; 8- glazing bead; 9- floating; 10- sealing gasket; 11- transom loop; 12- flashing; 13- croakers; 14- block; 15- window trim.

Rice. . Sections of paired bindings.

a, b - vertical section; c - horizontal section; 1- inner binding; 2- outer binding; 3- slot for water drainage; 4- sealing gasket; 5- loop; 6-window sill board.

Standard GOST window blocks for individual and brick buildings not suitable for chopped walls. The design of the window frames should fasten the crowns of the log houses at the openings. Such boxes are called wells; they are much more massive than GOST ones. On the back sides of the side and bottom bars of the box, grooves are selected, which are put on the ridges at the ends of the logs that form the side faces of the opening, and in the bottom log of the opening. The window block must be greater than the thickness of the walls by the thickness of the internal and external cladding (if provided, see the wall).

Binding supplies window appliances. These include hinges (hinges), window latches (top and bottom), brackets (handles), window wraps, devices for opening and closing transoms, etc.

Window sill boards in windows with wooden filling are made of wood or reinforced concrete with a textured front surface. The overhang of the window sill board from below must have a drip groove to remove condensation moisture from the walls. Window sill boards are installed in the opening on a layer of gypsum mortar with a slight slope towards the room.

The designs of steel frames are similar to those used in industrial buildings.

Instead of wooden ones, it is possible to use window frames made of precast reinforced concrete (Fig.), which makes it possible to partially or completely abandon the installation of lintels and window sill boards. To attach window frames to such boxes, they are equipped with embedded wooden plugs.

Rice. Reinforced concrete window frame.

Dormer windows

For lighting attic premises Windows located in the plane of the roof can be used. They give 30-40% more light than dormer windows the same size. An example of such a window would be skylights, developed by VELUX (Fig).

Rice. .VELUX window in the attic roof.

The design of the window block consists of a window frame and window frame, made of high quality wood with a painted aluminum exterior. The frame is a double-layer glass unit with the ability to rotate 180° when opening (Fig.). Installing a window unit in mansard roof shown in Fig.

Rice. .The window can be opened 180 degrees.

*/Note: A double-glazed window consists of two glasses with the space between them hermetically filled with dry air.

Rice. Installation diagram of a VELUX window in a mansard roof.

1-window block; 2, 3-waterproofing apron.

These windows are intended for use in roofs with a slope from 15° to 90°. Fastening the frame windows to the load-bearing roof structures (rafters) is carried out using mounting angles with screws.

Rice. . PVC windows

1- leaf; 2- four chamber frame; 3- seals; 4-multi-chamber double-glazed window without additional profile; 5- reinforcement with corrosion-resistant steel profiles; 6-figure glazing bead.

*/Note: To ensure sufficient illumination, a window to floor area ratio of 1:10 is recommended.

Glazing of large surfaces of public buildings (shops, sports facilities) is carried out using glass display cases. They can be the entire height of the floor or form strip glazing. (Rice. .)

Rice. . Showcase. General form.

Special display glass is used for display cases. They are thicker than regular windows (6-8m) and can have special properties, for example, being mirrored, bulletproof, etc. They are installed in wooden, metal and plastic frames. Metal bindings are the most common for display cases, as they are strong, durable, and easy to use. The design of showcases should provide winter time absence of condensation, fogging and freezing of glass (Fig.).

Rice. . Shop window.

a - vertical section; b- glass fastening parts; 1,2- vertical

imposts; 3- mounting angles; 4- display glass; 5- rubber gaskets; 6- welded rivets; 7- screws.

A special type of filling of window openings is masonry made of glass hollow blocks. These blocks have good light transmission, but are not transparent, as they have a corrugated surface. They are used in sports medical institutions and industrial construction. They are laid on cement mortar and form a transparent filling of the window opening with the thickness of a glass block. (Rice. .)

Rice. . Filling windows with glass blocks.

Based on their location in the building, they are distinguished between external and internal. External doors are divided into entrance and balcony. The filling of the doorway consists of a door frame and opening door leaves. Doors can be single-leaf, double-leaf or one-and-a-half - with two leaves of unequal width. Based on material, door leaves are divided into wood, glass and metal. Wooden ones are divided into panel and paneled ones and can be made solid or glazed to illuminate auxiliary rooms with second light; for the same purpose, they are sometimes made with a transom installed in a common door frame. Balcony doors are always glazed (Fig. .).

Panel sheets are solid or hollow panels with a thickness of 30-40mm. with or without perimeter linings (Fig. a). Solid panels are glued together from wooden slats or made from particle boards. Hollow panels usually have a frame-sheathing structure. The outside of the door panels is lined on all sides with veneer, plywood or solid fiberboards.

a) d)

b) c)

Rice. Door panels.

a - general view of single-field panel door; b- also a double-leaf panel door; c - also a double-leaf panel door; d – also a paneled door.

Paneled door leaves (Fig. b) consist of a frame, one or more mullions and panels, i.e. shields filling the frame formed by the trim and mullions. Panels can be glued from boards or plywood.

Doorways are filled with door blocks, consisting of a frame with hanging leaves, equipped with devices. Door sizes are selected taking into account the required throughput and the dimensions of furniture and equipment. Blocks internal doors are standard and manufactured in accordance with GOST. (Fig. .)

Rice. . Installation of door blocks.

a- in the openings of stone walls; b- in the openings of the partitions; 1-balcony slab; 2-door frame; 3- roofing felt pad; 4- antiseptic wooden liner; 5- partition; 6- block framing the opening; 7- platbands.

The door frame consists of a frame with quarters for hanging the door leaf. If there are transoms, a horizontal impost is inserted into the box. In interior door frames bottom beam strapping (threshold), as a rule, is absent. Balcony door frames, the leaves of which are made double for thermal reasons, are made like window ones.

Installation of door frames in openings of stone walls with quarters (in external walls) and without quarters is shown in (Fig.). When installing door frame in the partition, the width of its strapping is made equal to the thickness of the partition. The boxes are fastened with nails to the vertical bars framing the opening or (with stone partitions) to wooden plugs embedded in the masonry. The seams between the frame and the partition for sound insulation are caulked and covered with platbands (profiled boards).

Rice. . Door frame elements.

a- sections of bars and sections of the door frame; b-detail for installing the box in openings with quarters; c - the same in openings without quarters; 1- upper beam; 2- impost (with transom); 3- lower beam (threshold); 4- board (in the absence of a threshold); 5-door frame; 6- wooden plug; 7-caulking.

*/Note: Installed for internal door leaves standard sizes: height 2000 and 2300 mm, width for single-leaf doors 600, 700, 800, 900 and 1100 mm, and for double-leaf doors 1200, 1400 and 1800 mm.

Glass doors are used in public buildings (shops, cinemas). They are made from thick tempered glass 10~15mm. without strapping. Such doors are installed on metal thrust bearings, which, like door handles, secured to the glass with bolts. Metal doors are fireproof and made of 1 or 2 layers of sheet steel. The frames and frames of such doors are made from rolled profiles or tubular sections. Fire-resistant ones include one, two, three-layer fabrics with asbestos gaskets and cladding on all sides with roofing steel. The frames of such doors are also sheathed with roofing steel. Fireproof and non-combustible doors are installed in firewalls, from stairwells to the attic, and metal entrance doors are also now widespread.

Door devices are: hinges (hinges), mortise and rim locks, halyard locks that combine mortise locks and handles in one device, staples (handles) of various shapes and sizes, mortise latches for holding one half of a double-leaf door in the closed position, etc.