Substantiation of the dissertation topic. Creative project on technology Brief rationale for choosing the topic of master's dissertation research

Work on any dissertation begins with the definition of topics. The task is not difficult. It is necessary to determine the scope of one's own scientific interests, compare it with the already available abstracts of scientists and find some unique subject of research, or give a new sound to the problems already disclosed by other authors. The chosen topic should be discussed with the supervisor, and the importance and necessity of the issue under study should be justified at a meeting of the leading department.

What is the substantiation of the dissertation topic

Substantiation of the subject of the candidate's thesis is a document that is the basic basis for the entire qualifying work. It is from this moment that work on the study begins.
A formal approach to justification will not lead to the desired result.

But careful preparation of the substantiation of the topic will allow the researcher to better understand the issue under study, as well as predict the results of his work.

This document is mandatory for admission to graduate school. The topic of the scientific work of an already enrolled graduate student must be approved by the leading department, and then by the Academic Council of the university. The corresponding mark of the Academic Council will appear in the individual curriculum of the postgraduate student.

How to substantiate the topic of the dissertation

It is worth working on the main issue of the candidate only together with the head. It is he who will tell you which issues will sound more advantageous in defense, from what angle it is worth considering this or that scientific issue.

Before meeting with the curator, try to study existing scientific research.

Pay attention not only to Russian sources, but also foreign ones. Find weaknesses in the study of the selected issue, think of something new you can say on this topic. All these points should be reflected in the substantiation of the dissertation work.

Stages of substantiation of the dissertation topic

The subject of scientific work should be substantiated according to a certain template. This document should contain the following parameters:
topic wording,

• its relevance,
• goals and objectives of the study,
• alleged novelty
• and practical significance.

Theme wording

The success of future qualifying work depends on a competent formulation. It cannot be expressed in a free form, it must meet the requirements of the Passport of specialties of the Higher Attestation Commission and clearly display the perspective content of the candidate's thesis. The initial wording of the topic may be changed during the research process.

Relevance of the topic

The topic should be not only clearly formulated, but also relevant, meeting the needs of the time. In other words, the applicant must clearly understand whether the scientific study of the problems proposed by him is in demand. Thus, it is imperative to emphasize the relevance of the issue under study.

Definition of the purpose and objectives of the study

The document should also reflect the purpose and objectives of the study. There can be only one goal, and it must follow from the subject and relevance. The definition of the goal contains an answer to the question: how exactly will the problem of qualifying research be solved? Objectives are specific steps that will help you achieve a specified goal.

Suggested novelty of the study

Another important parameter is scientific novelty. At this stage, you need to state what unique results the author plans to achieve and with the help of what non-standard methods.

Assumed practical significance

In practical terms, it is necessary to justify what applied tasks this research can solve, how it can be useful in the real activities of enterprises and institutions. This block in the document should show that the Ph.D. is not exclusively theorized.

Sample substantiation of the topic of a Ph.D. thesis

There are several examples of substantiation of qualifying works. Most of them will be built according to the standard template.
The sample is filled in by the applicant, signed by him and the curator. Then the main question of the research is submitted to the meeting of the department, to which the future candidate of science is attached.

After discussion in the teaching staff, the topic may be subject to adjustment and changes are made to the rationale.

The finished document is submitted for approval to the rector of the educational institution. The given example is not universal, it is best to prepare a document according to the template that exists at the applicant's department.

Sample "Justification of the topic of a Ph.D. thesis" SibGUFK

Rationale
PhD thesis topics
«_____________________________________»
topic name

Speciality: __.__.__ - ___________________________________________.
(example: 13.00.08 "Theory and Methods of Vocational Education")
Completed by: graduate student/applicant ___ year of full-time/correspondence education __________________________________________________________________.
(Full name (full name)
Supervisor: _____________________________________________.
(academic degree, title, full name)

The relevance of research:

Research problem:

Object of study:

Subject of study:

Research hypothesis:

Purpose of the study:

Research objectives:

Methodological basis of the study:

Research methods:

Organization of the study:

Scientific novelty of the research:

Theoretical significance of the study:

Practical significance of the study:

Artist's signature:

Supervisor's signature:

An example of substantiating the topic of a doctoral dissertation

For a doctoral thesis, the subject is substantiated according to a similar example, as for a candidate's thesis. The template can also include such parameters as the object and subject of research, methods and stages of work, as well as planned publications.

Topics for term papers are offered by the graduating department.

However, the topic can be proposed by the student himself, based on his scientific interests, experience, as well as the continuity of the course work with the final qualifying work. In all cases, the student must, when presenting the topic, justify the expediency and relevance of its development. For a student who, for some reason, did not report to the department about the choice of a topic within the established time frame, the head of the department appoints a leader who gives the student a task at his own discretion.

The chosen topic is registered at the graduating department. After the expiration of the time limits set for the choice, a change in the topic is allowed only in exceptional cases upon a reasoned application of the student with the permission of the head of the graduating department.

Methodology of work on the chosen topic. The initial phase of the course work is the selection of textbooks, psychological, pedagogical, scientific, methodological and special literature, as well as information from periodicals (newspapers and magazines), Internet sources on the problem under study. It is recommended to use dictionaries, encyclopedias, reference books, etc. This will allow the student to understand the history of the issue and its current state, the relevance of the problem and the urgent need to solve it, the degree of development in theoretical research and the practice of teachers.

The student must select the necessary sources independently.

When reading the literature, it is necessary to make extracts and in the future, presenting the material in the term paper, the student must approach the information critically, comprehend it in the conditions of the present time and perspectives, and have his own point of view.

The study and analysis of information sources lead to specifying the purpose and objectives of the work, the object and subject of the course research.

In the process of working on a term paper, the plan may change due to clarification or more complete mastering of the material, however, these changes should not divert from the coverage of the issues stated in the topic.

It is advisable to draw up a calendar work schedule that determines the sequence and timing of the individual parts of the course work.

The structure of the course work

The structural elements of the course work, as a rule, are the following elements:

· title page;

introduction;

· the main part, consisting of sections;

· conclusion;

a list of sources used;

applications.

Introduction.The purpose of the introduction is to characterize the relevance (modernity, significance, degree of importance) of the problem to which the course work is devoted. For greater persuasiveness, the student can give a motivated assessment of the accepted direction of research, both from a scientific and methodological point of view.

In the introduction must be specified purpose, tasks, object and subject of research.

The purpose of the course work is formulated briefly using verbs, for example: "define ...", "consider ...", "find out ...", "justify ...", "develop ...", etc.

Coursework tasks (no more than 3) reflect the sequence of disclosure of the stated topic. Among them, it is advisable to indicate the task associated with the study, analysis, generalization and systematization of the material on the problem under study.

Object of study is a process or phenomenon to be studied.

Subject of study- this is a certain aspect of the study of the object (what is within the boundaries of the object).

Main part. The main requirement for the main part of the course work is as follows: the generalized and systematized material must be presented in such a way that the teacher can clearly see what the author (student) is writing about and for what purpose.

The structure, content and volume of these sections, as well as their number, depend on the specifics of the topic of the work.

Good for the main body select 2-3 sections and do not divide them into subsections . It is necessary to ensure that the volume of sections is also proportionate to each other, for example, section 1 - 6 pages, section 2 - 7 pages, etc.

Sections should have meaningful and concise (short) headings that reflect the main essence of the section content.

First section can be of a general pedagogical analytical nature. When analyzing theoretical material, the following mistakes should be avoided:

mechanical connection of unprocessed passages from different sources;

continuous quoting without analysis and generalizations.

Next Sections can be devoted to the methodological aspects of the problem under study. The text of these sections depends on what is to be investigated: the implementation of the principles of teaching technology, planning the content of educational material or methods, forms, application of TCO, development of didactic tools, monitoring student achievement, etc.

In the course work, it is necessary to provide for the development of outline plans for various types of lessons or fragments of technology lessons, setting goals, establishing links with other academic disciplines, motivating the choice of an object of work for schoolchildren, methods and forms of organizing educational work, safety rules, workplace organization, materials used , tools, equipment and fixtures, etc. The used didactic materials (task cards, control cards, images of visual aids, etc.) must be attached to the outline plans.

Each section of the course work should have a conclusion, which emphasizes the peculiarity of the information systematized in it. For the conclusion, it is advisable to use the words: "Thus, ...", "So, ...".

Conclusion. In conclusion, a brief summary of all the material presented in the course work is given, and the results obtained are evaluated. This assessment is given from the point of view of the compliance of the completed research with the goal and objectives.

List of used sources. The list should contain information about the sources used in the course work, including publications of all types.

Applications. Almost every course work completed has auxiliary (secondary) material containing, for example: tables, graphs, drawings, instructions, descriptions of diagrams, illustrations, photographs, etc. However, when included in the main sections, this material clutters up the text, distracts from the main thoughts. Therefore, it is advisable to put such information in applications that are drawn up as a continuation of the course work on subsequent sheets, arranging them in the order in which links appear in the text.

Applications are given at the end of the work, after the list of sources used.

Justification of the topic of scientific research, whether it is a master's, candidate, or doctoral dissertation, includes the following sections:

1. Relevance of the topic– in this section, you must justify why the topic you have chosen is relevant and worthy of consideration. First of all, the chosen topic should solve some important scientific or national economic problem that is relevant today.

2. The degree of scientific development- in this section, you need to group, analyze and critically comprehend the works of other scientists whose scientific research, one way or another, intersects with the topic of your research.

3. Object and subject of research- in this section, it is necessary to consecrate how the chosen object and the subject of scientific research correlate. If you want to know what is the object and subject of scientific research, you can find such a section on our website.

4. Goals and objectives of the study– the research should clearly define the goal to which you will strive in the process of performing the dissertation research. The tasks set should reveal the goal. Tasks are a kind of movement plan towards the disclosure of the general goal of the dissertation research.

5. Research methods– when writing a dissertation, as well as substantiating its topic, it is very important that you choose the right methods of scientific research. Since there are general scientific methods that can be used in any science. And private methods that correspond to a highly specialized scientific direction, for example: economics, pedagogy or psychology.

6. Research hypothesis Quite often, scientific supervisors, when preparing the rationale for a dissertation topic, require that a hypothesis be included in the justification. This is a general idea of ​​the work. The hypothesis states that if we do some action in scientific work, it will lead to such and such results. In the course of work, the hypothesis put forward must be confirmed or refuted.

If you do not have enough time to write a dissertation, or you simply do not want to deal with this issue, we advise you to entrust this work to professional authors!

1.Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...3

2. Petersburg in the works of N.V. Gogol………………………………………………..7

2.1. First impressions of N.V. Gogol about St. Petersburg and their reflection in “The Night Before Christmas”……………………………………………………… .........7

2.2. Petersburg in the St. Petersburg stories of N.V. Gogol……………………….9

2.2.1.Petersburg in N.V. Gogol's story "Nevsky Prospekt" ………...10

2.2.2. Petersburg in the stories of N.V. Gogol "The Nose", "Portrait", "Overcoat" and "Notes of a Madman"…………………………………......... ........fourteen

2.3.Petersburg "Inspector"……………………………………………………………………………. ......nineteen

2.4.Petersburg "Dead Souls"……………………………………………...20

3.Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………………..23

4. Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

INTRODUCTION

In Russia, there are many places depicted in literary works and associated with the life of writers. And, of course, one of the central roles belongs to St. Petersburg. The point here is not in some kind of superiority, not in the special importance of this city, but in a special attitude towards it. In those works that, one way or another, are connected with St. Petersburg, we will find the widest range of feelings and moods. Love and hate, delight and curse are intertwined here, but only one thing is missing - indifference. No matter how Petersburg is depicted, the writer's fascination with this city was always felt. That is probably why it has so many faces in literature. Creating his image, the writer puts his soul into it, all his ideals and thoughts. Literature gradually revealed this majestic city to readers through the eyes of the masters of the pen. And here the role of Russian literature is simply invaluable precisely because it depicts the city alive and integral in its eternal variability and inconsistency. Writers always find something new and unknown in it, no matter how well-traveled and explored the city may seem. This question can be approached in different ways, depending on which main idea is chosen as a guide.

Very interesting are the studies of the writer-historian N.P. Antsiferov in his book “The Soul of St. Petersburg”, where a connoisseur of the city and literature about it reveals St. Petersburg to the reader as a city of “tragic imperialism and the great struggle”. Of course, being the capital for two centuries, St. Petersburg is the center of political intrigues. But there is also another side to it. This amazing city is the result of the commonwealth of Russian and European talents, the concentration of cooperation in science, education, and industry. All its contradictory features are reflected in the works of Russian writers. But each of them represented St. Petersburg in his own way and lived in it only with his own life.

Petersburg is a special city. I would like to present it to you in all its colors, since it is their simultaneous combination and inconsistency that create that inimitable atmosphere that is peculiar only to him and which is directly reflected in Gogol's Petersburg.

This is a very colorful city. The Baltic changeable sky now hangs heavily overhead, then easily rises. Its color contrasts from black to white, sometimes creating smooth transitions of orange, lilac or blue tones. Changes are added by capricious weather with a wet snowfall in May and a cold downpour in December, with June starry nights, January thaws, March sunny frosts.

It was impossible for literature not to notice and capture such an original face of the city. But the reflection of all this beauty, unfortunately, cannot be found in the works of N.V. Gogol. N.P. Antsiferov wrote: “Before us is a city of great struggle. The mighty strength of the people who created it, but the enormously grandiose tasks that lie before it, one can feel the struggle with anguish. A great catastrophe wafts over him like the spirit of inexorable fate. The judgments of this historian are original and profound. But it is not necessary to blindly agree with him. And it is not required to take this or that point of view on faith. Everyone is able to develop their own position, but for this it is necessary to analyze the literature that expresses the attitude towards St. Petersburg.

Many poets and writers addressed the topic of St. Petersburg. In Russian literature, from the moment of its inception, this city was perceived not only as a new capital, but also as a symbol of the new Russia. The theme of St. Petersburg, as a particularly important philosophical and social theme, was first put forward in Russian literature just in the 30s by A.S. Pushkin. In "The House in Kolomna", "The Queen of Spades", "The Bronze Horseman" A.S. Pushkin highlighted various aspects of the St. Petersburg theme, while already touching on some of those aspects that were in the focus of N.V. Gogol's attention in his works . In Pushkin's perception of St. Petersburg, the feeling of its unique beauty and splendor was closely connected with the analysis of Russia's historical and social contradictions. The images of heroes new to Russian literature outlined by the poet - an official, a city poor - all this largely prepared and determined the ways for the further development of the theme of a big city in the stories of N.V. Gogol.

aim my abstract is the study of the image of St. Petersburg in the works of N.V. Gogol.

Tasks: find out how N.V. Gogol saw this city, and what contributed to the formation of just such a point of view of the great writer; to determine what worried him, and what Petersburg was for N.V. Gogol.

Justification for the choice of the topic of the essay.

At one time I read the works of N.V. Gogol, and I was interested in the vision of St. Petersburg through the eyes of N.V. Gogol. I live in St. Petersburg relatively recently, the beauty and originality of the city struck me, I had a desire to compare the perception of this city by me and a writer of the 19th century. I can do this by studying the image of St. Petersburg in the works of N.V. Gogol.

Re-reading them, I realized that I had not noticed much in the works of this writer before. For him, the world of things is of great importance in the development of the plot. They are, one might say, personified. The most incredible events are connected with things. If N.V. Gogol gives them a soul in order to mock them, then he takes away the soul from people for the same purpose.

Throughout his life in St. Petersburg, N.V. Gogol felt lonely. It seemed to him that his contemporaries did not understand him. The writer was pursued by continuous life failures. In the circle of aristocrats, N.V. Gogol was not his own, his service career did not work out, his efforts to become an actor or artist ended in failure, and the professorship did not work out.

Petersburg in the life and work of N.V. Gogol was a turning point. He left this city twice, leaving for Hamburg and Rome, fleeing from an incomprehensible longing. Petersburg broke the writer's heart, and irony in his works is perceived as a means of self-defense. It is not laughter that dominates, but fear. The work of N.V. Gogol strikes and surprises: the funny is intertwined with the tragic, the fantastic with the real. It is worth paying attention to the artistic techniques that the writer uses to enhance his images.

It is interesting to note that the world of things is of great importance in the development of the plot of N.V. Gogol's stories. They can be said to be personified, personified. The most incredible events are connected with things.

Therefore, it is necessary to carefully study the works of N.V. Gogol and get acquainted with the statements of writers and critics of that time about him and his work. The correspondence between N.V. Gogol and his mother is interesting. Reading it, we easily discover the mood of the writer, we also see where he took the images of many of his St. Petersburg heroes and various situations that happen to them and are taken from personal life experience. He experienced a lot in a big northern city.