Standards for the design of stairs. SNP requirements for stairs in residential buildings and public buildings. Requirements for the equipment of emergency stairs

Stair Design Issues

The type of staircase and its location is determined based on the purpose of the building or room in which it is to be installed.

When designing stairs, as a rule, the following basic conditions and requirements are taken into account: what type of movement the stairs should provide, while being safe and convenient; what is the level difference; what size and what shape is the space for placing the stairs; what construction technology is applicable in these conditions; where and to what extent ladder structures can be supported; the loads that the ladder will take during operation must also be taken into account; as well as what aesthetic requirements the staircase must meet, depending on its functions and the surrounding interior.

Having chosen the type of staircase, its parameters are determined, namely: the number of marches, useful width, the length of the horizontal laying of each march, the number and length of landings.

Requirements for stairs are contained in a number of regulatory documents, here are excerpts from some.

Determines that the number of rises in one flight of stairs or on a level difference should be at least 3 and not more than 18. The smallest width and the largest slope of flights of stairs should be taken according to the table.

According to the number of rises in one march between platforms (with the exception of curved stairs) should be at least 3 and no more than 16. In single-flight stairs, as well as in one flight of two- and three-flight stairs within the ground floor, no more than 18 rises are allowed. The width of the flight of stairs in public buildings must be at least the width of the exit to the staircase from the most populated floor. As a rule, spiral staircases and winders, as well as split landings, should not be provided on escape routes.

For architects, it is taken for granted that the design of stairs should be carried out at the design stage of the entire building as a whole. But practice often turns out differently.

Designers and builders working in two-story apartments, private houses or multi-level offices often face the same problem. Customers remember that stairs are needed only during the period of finishing work, when general construction work has already been completed. But stairs are constructive part of the building. And only at the design stage of all parts of the building as a whole, it is possible to competently solve planning problems, as well as determine the ways of attaching stairs to supporting structures, determine the size and location of openings in interfloor ceilings. At the same time, comply with the requirements of regulatory documents for the slope, width of marches and platforms, the number of feet in the march, loads, etc., and also ensure the convenience of using the stairs.

And only having determined for himself the range of creative freedom, the designer can begin to solve aesthetic problems. Fulfill the wishes of the customer regarding the choice of style, material, color scheme, etc.

Only by linking the stairs with the overall design, planning and aesthetic solution of the entire structure, you can create really comfortable, safe, beautiful, durable and economically viable structures. A deviation from this rule will result in additional material costs for the customer at best (you will have to use inefficient expensive design solutions), or you will have to pay with the inconvenience of operating the stairs, which will turn out to be too narrow, with too much slope or with uncomfortable steps.

Safety

The stairs are a high risk area. Therefore, when designing, special attention must be paid to the steepness or slope of the stairs, fences, lighting, the location of the platforms, the size of the stairwells.

Permissible bias flight of stairs is determined on the basis of regulatory documents (see above). In this case, the slope should be constant and should not change along the middle line of the flight of stairs. The height of each step must be strictly the same; Uneven step heights are the cause of many stair injuries.

fences must withstand a side load of about 100 kg so that an adult can safely lean on them. The distance between the vertical posts of the railing should not exceed 150 mm, and if there are children in the house - 120 mm.

If there are children in the house, then it is also better to make stairs with a riser ("deaf"), because. the height of the steps is usually not less than 15-17 cm, and the child can be injured if he gets between them.

Particular attention must be paid lighting stairs, you need to think in advance so that the switches are accessible. The first and last step should be especially well lit. It is good if the light and shadow contrast sharply on the tread and riser. As a result, the border will become clearly visible, because most injuries occur due to slipping of the foot from the edge of the step. Convenient is a system that automatically turns on the light for a few minutes, enough to go up or down.

When calculating the stairs, it is necessary to take into account height between steps and ceiling (floor edge, beams, etc.). For ease of movement, it should not be less than 2 m. This requirement also determines the size of the stairwell.

The safety of the stairs also depends on the material from which the steps are made. If the stairs are lined with polished stone, then an additional anti-slip carpet is needed, which is fixed on the steps. Special stair mats are used not only for stone steps, they can be fixed on steps made of any material. They not only prevent slipping, but also protect the stairs, extending its service life. Rugs come in different materials: sisal, natural wool, polypropylene, polyamide or rubber. Each mat is firmly fixed on any surface, the latex rubber base does not allow sand, dirt, water to "leak"

For the manufacture of critical structures in construction, it is customary to use GOST standards. Metal stairs and railings belong to this type of construction, therefore certain standards are applied in the design and manufacture of these products.

The regulatory documentation and drawings must indicate the requirements for the material used in the manufacture of stairs, for the allowable dimensions and method of placing products in the building plan.

To describe the conditions for the manufacture and installation of metal stairs and railings, GOST was developed:

• GOST R 53254 - 2009. It accumulates standards for the production and installation of metal fire escapes and railings for these products at industrial and civil construction facilities;
• GOST 23120-78. Reflects the standards for the production of steel stairs;
• GOST 25772 83. Provides standards and design characteristics for railings used in the construction of flights of stairs and for organizing safety barriers on roofs and balconies;
• GOST 26887-86. The regulatory document allows you to determine the characteristics of attached metal stairs, platforms, stationary vertical products. In addition, it describes standards for portable ladders made of aluminum used in construction work.

Norms GOST 23120 78

This regulatory document provides for the arrangement of platforms, fences and metal stairs. GOST 23120 78 is mandatory when installing products at outdoor temperatures up to -65 С o.

In construction, when installing these elements, the following rules are used:

• elements of products must provide resistance to loads within 200-400 s;
• the angle of the flight of stairs to the opposite wall varies between 45-60 degrees;
• the width of the steps varies from 500 to 900 mm with a slope of 45 degrees;
• the width of the steps, with a slope of 60 degrees, should be from 500 to 700 mm;
• the maximum march height varies from 4.2 m for a slope of 45 degrees and up to 6.0 m for a slope of 60 degrees;
• the height of the fence varies from 1000 to 1200 mm;
• structural elements manufactured in the workshop are processed in such a way as not to cause injury to persons using this product;
• to prevent slipping of the human foot on the surface of the steps, their inclination should not exceed one degree.

The angles of inclination of the flight stairs.

Norms GOST R 53254–2009

This standard regulates the production and placement of metal stairs in places of installation for organizing evacuation and emergency descents in industrial and civil buildings, as well as for arranging portable structures.

In the manufacture of metal stairs Gosstandart provides for the following requirements:

• tread depth should not exceed 250 mm;
• the width of each step must be at least 900 mm;
• fence height - not less than 1200 mm;
• if the height of the flight of stairs exceeds 20 m, it is required to use only marching products;
• with a lifting height of less than 20 m, it is possible to use vertical products;
• if two flights of stairs are located in close proximity, an opening of 750 mm must be observed between them;
• fire escapes must be protected with anti-corrosion paints or varnishes.

Step sizes.

GOST for vertical metal stairs prescribes the following standards:

• to ensure safety, the lower flight of a stationary staircase must be retractable;
• in the places of installation of embedded parts for the installation of a vertical ladder there should be no cracks and chips that violate the integrity of the surface;
• fastening fire escapes must ensure the safe descent of an adult;
• each stage must withstand a vertical load of 180 kgf applied to the central point of the structural element;
• the degree of load for the fencing of the structure must be 54 kgf or more;
• the vertical distance between the extreme points of the steps is limited to 350 mm;
• indent from the supporting surface to the edge of the structure - from 300 mm;
• the distance from the lowest point of the extreme step to the ground is limited to 1500 mm;
• the size of the steps in width is allowed from 600 mm for structures without a fence, and not less than 800 mm for products with a fence;
• maintenance of stationary stairs according to building codes is carried out at least once every 5 years.

Dimensions of vertical stairs.

Norms GOST 26887-86

Requirements for metal stairs of inclined and vertical type are established by this standard. The standard takes into account the manufacture and use of various types of aluminum ladders.

The state standard contains the following rules for the production and installation of stairs:

• the width of the flight of stairs is set from 0.9 m;
• for one flight of stairs, the maximum number of steps is set - 18 pieces;
• the minimum step height is up to 160 mm, and the maximum one does not exceed 200 mm;
• the depth of the step (tread) for a vertical staircase should be 0.3 m;
• the tread depth for a spiral flight of stairs varies from 100 mm at the point of internal attachment, to 400 mm at the extreme point against the wall;
• with a flight of stairs more than 110 cm wide, it is necessary to provide for the installation of double-sided fences;
• the height of the fence for indoor spaces varies from 90 cm to 120 cm, with a handrail device with a width of 55-85 mm;
• if the ladder is installed in residential buildings where small children live, the fence is equipped with an additional handrail at a height of 450 mm;
• the gap between the vertical posts of the fence is allowed within 150 mm;
• when designing a flight of stairs in production, it should be taken into account that the fence must hold a resistance of more than 100 kg per rm.

Handrail height.

Requirements for fences in accordance with GOST 25772 83

This standard establishes standards for the arrangement of stair railings for marches equipped with more than three steps. It applies to balcony stairs and roof railings.

When installing iron fences of this type, the following rules should be followed:

• The resistance of the fence to loads must be at least 40 kgf with the application of efforts in any direction;
• The deflection of the rolled metal used under the specified load should not exceed 50 mm;
• The outer supports of the product are treated with special compounds that exclude the possibility of slipping;
• When organizing paired staircase railings, the span between the right and left bowstrings should not be less than 400 mm and more than 800 mm;
• Misdemeanor is recommended to be performed within 300-340 mm;
• The span from the site from which the ascent is carried out to the extreme step is provided for up to 0.4 m;
• When organizing vertical stairs with a height of more than 5 m, it is necessary to arrange a semicircular rear fence or provide for fastening a cable to attach a safety belt;
• The distance between the arcs of the semicircular fence is possible up to 800 mm. To strengthen this design, the use of three vertical ties is required. The distance from the extreme point of the arc to the inner surface of the march varies from 700 to 800 mm;
• Maintenance of steel fences is carried out once a year. When tested under load, the rigidity of the structure must be 20% higher than the standard.

Variants of execution of a surface of steps.

Compliance of fences and stairs with SNIP and GOST allows you to achieve a safe infrastructure in residential and industrial premises.

In order for the ladder structure to be safe and easy to use, it is necessary, when designing it, to adhere to the requirements of regulatory documents. Calculations are made according to SNiP - stairs in residential buildings, steps and railings must have the appropriate dimensions. It is necessary to take into account all the factors affecting the ladder structure, its functionality, as well as reliability. An important point is its appearance, the definition of style and constructive load. In addition, it is worth considering the age of the people who will live in the house and pay attention to the safety of the movement of children.

Primary requirements

Planning a ladder structure begins at the design and documentation stage. To do this, determine its location, the height of the room, the available area, the maximum loads, then select possible designs and materials, then make the necessary calculations. All this is done before the start of work on the construction of the house - on the drawings and in explanatory notes, called technical documentation. Installation of structures, including staircases, is carried out only after the final approval of the project by the customer.

Stair calculations should be made in such a way as to exclude the possibility of:

• destruction and damage that may lead to the termination of operation;
• the appearance of cracks and deformations affecting safety;
• non-compliance with the standard dimensions of structural elements.

According to the requirements of the relevant SNiP, stairs in residential buildings located between floors of two-level apartments cannot have a march width of less than 0.9 meters, and a slope of less than 1: 1.25. The same standards are provided for basement and basement floors. Marches installed on the stairwells of sectional buildings have slightly different parameters. Their width should be at least 1.05 meters, and the slope should not exceed 1:1.5 for two-story buildings or 1:1.75 for three- or more-story buildings. The SNiP states that the minimum width of the march of the corridor stairs should be 1.2 meters or more with a slope of 1: 1.75. It is worth noting that the width of the march is the distance between the railing, or the enclosing structure and the wall.

The norms also establish that when there is a difference in the levels of the base of the floor, the staircase can have at least three steps, and the interfloor march, with the exception of spiral staircases, can have no more than 18 lifts. With a larger number of treads, it is necessary to install intermediate platforms.

A very important indicator, which is also determined by regulatory documents, is the minimum height from the step to the ceiling. It should be at least 1.90-2.00 meters. A shorter distance will cause inconvenience when moving people who are taller than average.

Dimensions of steps and features of fences

The requirements for stairs are set out in two main documents:

• SNiP 2.08.01-89* "Residential buildings";
• SNiP 2.08.02-89* "Public buildings and structures".

The regulations stipulate that the dimensions of the steps within the same march should not differ from each other. This is a necessary requirement for the safety of the movement of people. Going down or going up, a person involuntarily puts his foot at the distance that preceded his next step. Therefore, with a different height or width of the step, he can stumble and get injured.

Designers consider the most optimal riser height for interior stairs to be 150 mm with a tread width of -300 mm. According to the norms, it is allowed to increase the riser up to 200 mm, but you cannot make it lower than 120 mm. The width of the treads can be reduced to 250 mm, although for attic and basement stairs it is allowed to make a step depth of 200 mm. Wedge-shaped, or running, treads on the narrow side must have a width of at least 100 mm, and in the middle - at least 250 mm. All these dimensions are provided in the current regulatory documentation.

In the design of rooms and buildings, stairs play a huge role both visually and functionally, therefore, quite serious requirements are imposed on such structures, especially those intended for general-purpose buildings, when developing a project. Due to the fact that in such places an enormous load is placed on the staircase structure (shopping pavilions, exhibition halls, residential buildings, buildings of higher educational institutions, hospitals, restaurants, etc.), the requirements for stairs and platforms should be calculated taking into account the expected maximum loads. Their device, the materials that are used for their environment (outside or inside public buildings), various other parameters for each type of building and stairs must be able to distinguish.

Standard requirements for the construction of stairs in public buildings

Stairs in buildings are always a risk zone due to the structure itself, therefore, when developing and designing it, absolutely all factors should be taken into account, even minor ones, for example, if children will use the stairs. Here you should consider both stairwells and the degree of illumination from natural and artificial sources. The task of the designer is to identify the shape, slope, size of the steps as close as possible to the comfort and idea of ​​the customer, taking into account the material from which it is planned to make the stairs, and, calculating the design of the stairs in accordance with its purpose, adhere to SNiP and GOSTs for the selected type.

If in the construction of buildings according to personal projects for private houses, small deviations from the norms are allowed due to a relatively small load, then for the design and construction of stairs in public buildings, compliance with standards, GOSTs and SNiP is mandatory, otherwise such a structure is simply unacceptable for use.

Classification of flights of stairs and their tasks

Let us first consider the classification of stairs according to their purpose and tasks that various stairs perform.

The primary task is to organize convenient access to the premises by equipping the floors of multi-storey buildings with flights of stairs. They usually have elevators, but stairs are needed in case the elevator is busy or out of order. The staircase must provide the main movement between floors, and its width and height must be built in accordance with the parameters that will allow the movement of a large number of people, bulky furniture and other cargo. This task in the building should be solved by the main staircase.

The existing other types of stairs solve many equally important tasks, so let's take a closer look at them.

Secondary stairs in general premises

An auxiliary staircase is a structure designed for technical, auxiliary rooms. This includes pantries, attics, basements, etc.

The service ladder is a structure intended only for employees (in hospitals, maternity hospitals, trading floors, buildings of culture and city services, buildings for production work, workshops in a factory, sports stadiums, etc.). Such a ladder for personnel is small in size and allows a small number of people to move.

An emergency ladder (spare, evacuation) is a structural element that can be located both inside the building and outside. In the event of a natural disaster or fire, such a staircase should ensure the evacuation of people if the main staircase is inaccessible for any reason.

A fire escape is a structure that leads to the roof of a building, it is intended for use by firefighters, sometimes it is an attached tool. In the event that an inclined staircase constructively interferes, it is possible to make it vertical in compliance with all the rules for access and security, that is, maintaining its direct purpose.

Requirements for the arrangement of stairs in public buildings

Designers developing the appearance taking into account the practicality of structural elements inside the premises, as well as builders of two-level apartments, multi-level floors in offices, must take into account the placement of stairs, their type and type even before starting work in order to correctly calculate all the loads and complete the project taking into account all the details . Here you need to calculate in advance the ways of attaching stairs to walls or other supporting structures, make the correct dimensions of the openings and determine their location in the ceilings between floors.
This also includes the basic requirements for regulatory documents regarding the slope, march width parameters, connecting platforms, and the number of steps in one march.

All kinds of requirements for stairs and platforms include standards for calculating loads that allow the operation of the stairs, and means that increase the safety and comfort of using the stairs: handrails, handrails for children, sufficiently high railings and smooth railings, narrow distances between filler strips in the staircase railing.

How it's done

Determining the planned type of stairs is easy. What the future building is intended for, and where the staircase should be located, the sketch will tell. When it is still at the design stage, attention should be paid to the following details: what intensity of movement of the mass of people will pass on the stairs, what is the planned difference in levels between which it will be installed; what size, shape is it supposed to have space for its placement, what technology will be used to build it, whether and where the supports will be located; what are the expected maximum loads during operation, and, of course, its external presentability. The last nuance generally depends on the purpose of the staircase being designed, but even the simplest options can be built with taste so that the ensemble of the building and all its elements as a whole harmonize and meet aesthetic requirements.
When the type of stairs is selected, you need to deal with its parameters. It is necessary to calculate the number of marches, their dimensions of length and width, the dimensions of interfloor platforms, their shape, and number.

Number of steps and parameters according to SNiP

SNiP require that in residential buildings the number of lifts inside one flight of stairs be from 3 to 18, as for the SNiP rules for public buildings and structures, they limit the number of lifts inside one flight of stairs from 3 to 16. Flights of stairs in public buildings with elements spiral staircases, winders, other decorative elements, if the use of this flight of stairs implies its evacuation purpose.
According to these rules, the size of the steps must also be taken into account. The standards say that the width should not exceed 0.25 m, and the height - 0.22 m. It is unacceptable to make the dimensions different, otherwise the injury risk of the stairs increases.

Calculation of the slope of the flight of stairs according to the requirements of SNiP

If a staircase in a one-story building can be made with a slope of 1:1.5, then in buildings above two floors (inclusive), the slope of the march should be 1:1.75. Evacuation and fire escapes allow a larger angle, the maximum slope of such stairs is 1:1.25.
The slope values ​​vary depending on the width and height of the steps on the stairs. The wider the steps, the smaller the angle of inclination, that is, the rise is more gentle, and the narrower the steps, the steeper the slope of the stairs.

On average, the slope angle for auxiliary stairs (fire, evacuation, firemen) is allowed up to 45 degrees, stairs in residential premises can be inclined from 30 to 45 degrees, stairs in public places - from 20 to 30 degrees, street - from 5 to 20 degrees .

Entrances for people with reduced mobility

According to the regulations, many shops, shopping malls, pharmacies should be equipped with ramps. The slope angle of the ramp should not exceed 5 degrees.
This moment is regulated by SNiP 35-01-2001, which means ensuring accessibility to public buildings for the elderly, for disabled people moving in a wheelchair and with a cane, for people with limited mobility. The dimensions of the ramp must ensure the movement and, in particular, the evacuation of people in a safe way, so the design of the ramps must meet the following standards:

• Width - 1.35 m and wider (if the ramp is wide, more than 2.5 meters, it is necessary to install dividing handrails, if it is one-sided, a width of 1 m is acceptable),
• The steps of the flight of stairs are strictly the same size,
• The height of the steps is a maximum of 15 centimeters and the width of the tread is not less than 30 cm,
• Rounded edges of steps, the presence of a side along the edge of at least 2 cm in height.

Only after the main calculations approved in the sketch, you can proceed to the choice of style and material for the execution of the main frame. Then auxiliary elements are selected. This is the material (glass, wood, metal), and color, and accessories for decoration, etc. Then the aesthetic solution will correspond to structures that meet the requirements of convenience, safety, beauty, durability and economic feasibility.

Requirements for stairs of various types

When developing a project for an architectural object, you should design the stairs in the house at the same time as the full project of the building, for a complete understanding of the emergency exit zones.
By appointment, different types of stairs must comply with special building codes and regulations (SNiP). They are established by executive authorities that regulate urban planning activities. As a rule, the main articles SNiP 4-14-84, SNiP 21-01-97, SNiP 31-02-2001, GOST 23120-78, GOST 25772-83 are used to regulate structural elements.

It should be noted that following GOSTs is a strict requirement for the structures of public buildings, and SNiP are only recommendations that should be followed.

However, the importance of these rules is still obvious. Work according to calculations in accordance with SNiP and competent design of stairs is guaranteed to create conditions in the room for the maximum possible safety of people's lives.

What are the general requirements for any kind of stairs in public buildings

The design should be as safe and convenient as possible, since the movement of people in public places is very intense. The least traumatic is considered a direct mid-flight design. And it is unacceptable to use screw structures, in particular, with winders, otherwise the safety requirements will be violated.
The reliability of the structure should not only concern the ability to withstand heavy loads (to achieve strength, only very strong materials are used: concrete, reinforced concrete), but also provide for reliable fences.
Stair elements such as railings and steps are one of the main reliability criteria if they are made in accordance with SNiP.

Stair railing

The railings are railings, and the maximum side load on them is at least 100 kg. The side railings must withstand such a weight, and the racks (balusters) must be located at a distance of 12-15 cm (and they cannot be reduced). How to fill them out is also specified in the GOST standards. It is possible to make the distance between the racks filled with metal, glass, plastic screen in public places (general buildings). For buildings where children are located (schools, kindergartens), only vertical elements can be used, that is, without installing a screen. The safety measure in this case is the good visibility of this option.

The staircase is equipped with railings on both sides, the height of each handrail is 0.85 m. If we are talking about sports stands, the height of the railing increases to 1 m. required, it is installed along the wall. Additional handrails are installed on stairs in kindergartens, theaters, elementary school buildings, with narrow railings at a height of 0.6-0.65 m. If the flight of stairs is wide (if its width is over 2.5 m), a central railing is installed in the center.

Steps and achievement of safety according to the stipulated rules of cases

As for the steps, they must be made of anti-slip material, or at least partially covered with it. These can be rubberized stickers, non-slip strips, grooves in the edges of steps lined with polished stone, or covering them with an anti-slip carpet with a rubber base that prevents the rug from sliding on the surface of the steps. Such coatings serve not only for stone stairs, but also for metal, glass, wooden stairs, and in the latter case, they extend the life of the stairs.

If the stairs are installed in a house or a general-purpose room where there are children, then it is recommended to make the steps deaf, with a riser. If a room for a large number of children, such as a theater or camp with stairs, where the steps are on average 15 cm high, children in mobile movement and inaccurate falls can be seriously injured if a limb gets caught between the steps.

Lighting is a significant factor in building stairs

Good staircase lighting should especially touch the top and bottom steps. It is also necessary to consider easy access to switches. If the staircase is equipped in such a way that the contrast of light and shadow is sharp enough on the steps, then the edge of the step will be clearly visible. And this means that the possibility of injury on the stairs will noticeably decrease, because the slipping of the foot from the edge of the step will be excluded. According to statistics, most injuries occur precisely because of poor visibility or merging shadows on the stairs.
If lighting is taken seriously, the automatic on-off light system has proved to be very convenient, lasting several minutes and reacting with a motion sensor to any movement up the stairs or entering the sensor’s visibility zone.
Windows, past which the level of the flight of stairs passes, if it is adjacent to the wall where the window is located, must be fenced in order to prevent falling out of the stairs into the window.

Types of flights of stairs allowed by SNiP

SNiP requires that in public institutions, multi-storey apartment buildings, residents use only a two-flight staircase. This option classically looks like this: two flights of stairs are constructed between two floors, interconnected by an interfloor platform. Options for making housing non-standard, but remaining within the framework of these rules, can be as follows:

• U-shaped spans connected by a rectangular interfloor platform,
• U-shaped spans connected by a trapezoidal landing (i.e. using winder steps to smooth and round the corner),
• L-shaped marches connected by a square interfloor platform,
• straight marches, following one after another in succession, but located in a straight line, connected by a small platform, etc.

Dimensions of flights of stairs according to SNiP

SNiP requires the design to comply with the correct dimensions. For example, it is recommended to make the stairs as wide as the width of the landing. There are restrictions on the minimum size. The staircase cannot be narrower than 1.05 m. If we talk about corridor stairs, structures of at least 1.2 m are acceptable. If we are talking about a basement structure, you can limit yourself to 0.9 m or more. If it is a fire escape, leave at least 0.7 m.

Emergency, fire and evacuation stairs and requirements for their equipment

Evacuation and fire escapes are prohibited if their design contains helical, curved structures, winder steps, different sizes of steps in one area.
These standards strictly meet the safety requirements for evacuation. As for fire safety, such a ladder must be made of fire-resistant materials. As a rule, these are reinforced concrete structures or metal stairs. All the requirements specified earlier in the form of parameters of steps, platforms, slope and illumination apply to fire escapes. Such stairs should lead people outside, to the street or to a separate room, protected by a door from fire and other emergency effects outside the emergency building.

Requirements for the equipment of emergency stairs

The geographical location and climatic zone where the building is built affects the choice of the type of emergency staircase.
In regions with a cold climate, such stairs are also allowed to be installed outside, but this cannot be done above the level of the second floor. An indispensable condition here is also that the building is not among the children's institutions.
External fire escapes mounted outside must ensure that the steps are not covered with snow, ice and hoarfrost, so that they can not retain dirt, sand, and precipitation on the steps. This is a very important requirement, since people who panic during an evacuation are in a hurry and behave carelessly.

Emergency ladders mounted outside buildings must be made of a very wear-resistant and anti-corrosion material, such as stainless steel or metal coated with an anti-corrosion compound.

Fire escapes located inside buildings can be made of metal with a special refractory coating or concrete. It is strictly forbidden to use materials that can release toxic substances during combustion to install ladders. Each element of such stairs (handrails, balusters, steps) must also meet the requirements of the rules.

Finally

It should be remembered that flights of stairs installed in public buildings should not include elements of spiral staircases, winders, decorative elements in the form of forging or other protruding parts, if this staircase is also planned to be used as an evacuation staircase.

Having fulfilled all the requirements of SNiP and GOSTs for ensuring safety inside or outside it, you can confidently begin the construction of a building with designed stairs without fear that the building will not pass commissioning or will ever cause disasters.

Having confidence that your staircase does not violate the requirements, pay attention to the design part, because this constructive element serves as one of the expressive interior items inside the room and an architectural component outside - and at least the same ones will significantly improve the appearance.

What are the options for arranging stairs at home? Let's discuss in the comments to the article, practical experience is always valuable and will be of interest to others.

Safety and reliability, durability and convenience of stairs is achieved through compliance with established rules and design standards. In the process of design development, all calculations are carried out taking into account SNiP, which allows for comfortable operation of structures in public buildings or other facilities. This process takes into account all the necessary factors that affect the functionality and characteristics of the structure. An essential point is the design, and the design of the appearance of the ladder should be optimally combined with the established standards and requirements for such structures. As a result of an integrated and correct approach, the design of the flight of stairs, the platform and the fences are safe and reliable.

Basic design standards

Established standards and foundations allow you to take into account all the features to achieve the safety and convenience of stairs. Both in public buildings and in a residential building, it is important to comply with the requirements regarding the dimensions of the structure. In the first case, there are also other features aimed at additional equipment of stairs. The main points of SNiP must be taken into account when designing flights of stairs, fences and platforms of any type. This approach is universal and ensures the creation of a durable, practical and convenient design that has an optimal design.

Before developing the project, it is necessary to determine the location of the structure. After that, calculations of parameters, design development, design of fences and marches, platforms and additional elements are carried out. This process requires a high level of professionalism, because the design must be reliable and durable. At the design stage, the main and additional standards, GOST and SNiP are taken into account. Such standards impose requirements on stairs and all constituent structural elements. For example, building codes control the following components:

• Height and number of steps and dimensions of ledges;
• The angle of the slope of the stairs;
• Construction march width;
• Parameters and height of fences, the presence of additional handrails;
• The height of the space above the marching structure;
• Dimensions of stairs.

There are basic design standards that are applied in the development of stairs located in public buildings or residential buildings.

Such rules are general in nature, but are mandatory.

Planning in this case is carried out at the stage of development of the building project, but first it is necessary to determine the type of stairs, location and main characteristics. This approach will ensure the creation of an optimal design that meets the norms of SNiP and established standards.

The basic requirements for stairs involve taking into account the main parameters of the future design.

The design process takes into account the area occupied by the stairs, as well as the height of the ceiling in residential buildings or other objects.

Significant attention is also paid to the expected load on the structure, the width of the march and the material from which the stairs and railings will be made. The established rules and requirements allow you to create a reliable, safe and high-quality design.

General requirements for stairs located in public buildings or residential buildings are as follows:

• The height of the opening above the staircase area, platforms and marches must be at least 1.9 meters;
• One march can include up to 18 steps, and with a larger number, an optimally sized landing is required;
• The height of railings and fences must be at least 90 cm, and if there are children in the building, then it is mandatory to install additional handrails and the height of the main fence is 1.5 meters;
• The width of the steps is no more than 25 cm, and the height is 22 cm, while the size of the protrusion of each step can be up to 3 cm;
• In buildings that have more than one floor, the slope of the staircase structure should be 1: 1.75, and in a one-story building - 1: 1.5;
• For institutions, it is important to equip an external staircase with a ramp for people with limited mobility of the limbs. The width of such an element must be at least 135 cm, and with a double size, a dividing fence, a handrail is required.

Each staircase structure at public facilities should be as convenient as possible, thought out and in accordance with the established norms of snip 21-01.

This takes into account all the parameters, for example, the width and size of the flight of stairs, which must be at least 90 cm for the free movement of one person.

Also an important factor is the width of the landings of the structure, which must be at least 1.3 meters. Established building codes and rules allow you to create a reliable, high-quality and safe lifting surface.

Trape-like structures for residential multi-storey buildings must also comply with norms and standards. All steps must certainly have the same dimensions, and fences can be standard, having a height of 90 cm. In this case, the maximum side load parameter can be at least 100 kg. The number of steps in one march cannot exceed 18, but an odd number is optimal, which makes it easier to move around the structure. The optimal slope of the march is in the range from 26 to 45 degrees. In this case, the distance from the door to the first step is from 1 meter.

Transforming structures and ladders cannot be used as interfloor stairs. Such devices are used for lifting to the attic or in the basement of residential buildings. In any case, compliance with the rules, established norms and other requirements is important.

In the process of developing a plan and design, it is important to consider every detail. For example, the load on the future structure is of primary importance, and attention is also focused on the type of stairs. Industrial, public or private constructions require compliance with the relevant requirements. At the same time, general rules and regulations that apply to each type of structure are important.

In public institutions, it is necessary to install a handrail on both sides. This requirement is relevant both in children's institutions and other social facilities.

The parameters of the flight of stairs in this case are calculated taking into account the availability of free passage for two or more people.

The minimum value is 1.3 meters. Established building codes and rules allow you to make an accurate calculation using special formulas. Such a process is carried out at the design stage.

When developing a project, it is important to consider safety requirements. Considerable attention is paid to the material of ladder structures. The surface of steps in public facilities should not be slippery, ideally smooth. The best option is a slightly rough coating that will ensure safe movement. Each structural element must have optimal dimensions, characteristics and dimensions. This approach will ensure comfortable operation, safety and ease of movement.