Independent development of India

The powerful upsurge of the national liberation movement in India after the end of World War II forced the British to grant her independence. In 1947, the British Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act. According to this law, the former colony was divided into two dominions - the Indian Union and Pakistan. Divided along religious lines, both states were hostile to each other from the very beginning. Their irreconcilable confrontation led to armed conflicts in 1947-1948, in 1965 and 1971 (the result of the last Indo-Pakistani conflict was the creation of the state of Bangladesh in East Pakistan).

In 1950, India declared its full independence. According to the adopted constitution, India became a federal state (its 25 states were created according to the national-territorial principle) and a parliamentary republic. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first prime minister of independent India. After gaining independence, the Indian National Congress (INC) became the ruling party of the country. A course was taken to create a mixed economy. The public sector and planning were given an important role in the development of the country while maintaining the private sector.

J. Nehru managed to lay the foundations for the stable development of the country. During the entire period of independent development of India, there were no coup d'état, no military regimes. For a long time, the Nehru clan was in power - J. Nehru himself (until 1964) and members of his family: daughter Indira Gandhi (1966-1977, 1980-1984) and his grandson Rajiv Gandhi (1984-1989). They all headed the INC, which was the ruling party. In the 1990s, a real multi-party system began to take shape in India. The period of domination of the INC in the political life of the country is over. The strengthened opposition parties successfully withstood the competition with him in the parliamentary elections. In the 1990s, for the first time in the history of the country, coalition governments began to form without the participation of the INC.

During the years of independence, India has achieved significant success. It has created a great industrial potential. Transformations in the agricultural sector made it possible in the 70s to abandon the import of food grains. But by the end of the 1980s, it became clear that the existing market-command system had exhausted its possibilities. India lagged behind the rest of the world. Its economic development took place mainly due to the modern sector. Over 40 years of independence, by the beginning of the 90s, real per capita income grew by only 91%.

Therefore, since 1991, the government has moved to the implementation of economic reform. State control over private business was weakened, taxes were reduced, trade was liberalized, and some state-owned enterprises were privatized. This attracted foreign investment and contributed to the improvement of the financial situation in the country. The pace of development of the Indian economy has noticeably increased. At present, however, India remains a country of contrasts, where the latest advances in science and technology (including nuclear and space industries) exist in parallel with economic backwardness. In terms of the number of specialists with higher education, it occupies one of the leading places in the world, but literacy in the country barely exceeds 50%.

The main socio-economic problems of modern India are overpopulation (in 2000 the population reached 1 billion people) and the low standard of living of the Indians. Most of the country's population does not participate in modern production, and therefore does not enjoy its benefits. Only 20% of Indians belong to the "middle class", about 1% are wealthy, while the other part is poor. Relative social stability is maintained thanks to the caste system, the traditions of which are extremely tenacious. The majority of the country's population belongs to the lower castes, therefore they perceive the existing inequality as a social norm and do not pretend to redistribute income.

The internal political situation was complicated by the aggravation of intercommunal relations, primarily between Hindus and Muslims, as well as between Sikhs and Hindus. In the 1980s and 1990s, there was an increase in Hindu nationalism, objectively aimed at restricting the rights of other religious denominations existing in the country. Intercommunal clashes led to colossal human casualties and created a very real threat to the territorial integrity of the country.

Declaration of Independence
June
1947
was
reached
final
agreement,
allowing
British
Parliament
enact the Indian Independence Act,
which entered into force on August 15-August 1947. In
this document set out the principles
section, according to which a number of areas
provided
possibility
make up your mind - join the Indian Union
or Pakistan and the right of each of these dominions to self-government was declared
with the right to withdraw from the Commonwealth.
stopped
also
suzerainty
English monarchy over Indian
principalities,
a
also
action
agreements concluded with them. Population
East Bengal and West Punjab
made a choice in favor of Pakistan, and
residents of West Bengal and East
Punjab voted for joining
composition of the Indian Union.
Proclamation
independence
India after independence

Partition consequences

Immediately after gaining independence in
India
It was
formed
government headed by Prime Minister J. Nehru. There have been
unprecedented clashes between
Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs.
Happened dilo
massive
resettlement
Muslims to Pakistan, and Hindus to
India. To intercommunal hostility and
clashes were added economic
and
political
difficulties,
caused
section.
iron
and
highways and systems
irrigation canals were cut
state
borders,
industrial enterprises are cut off
from
sources
raw materials,
disunited
civil services, police and army,
necessary
for
ensure
normal government of the country and
security of citizens. January 30, 1948
when violations of public order
go to decline, was a Hindu fanatic
killed by Gandhi.
Effects
section
Jawaharlal Nehru

Partition consequences

The rulers of 555 principalities were to
decide whether to join them as a member of India
or Pakistan. Peaceful integration
the vast majority of small
principalities did not cause complications. But
Muslim deputy heading
the richest and most populous
principality of Hyderabad, where numerically
dominated by Hindus, declared his
desire to rule an independent sovereign country. In September 1948 in
Hyderabad were introduced by Indian
troops, and under pressure from the central
Nizam of the Indian Government
signed an agreement to join
composition of the Indian Union.
Principality of Hyderabad

Partition consequences

A serious situation arose in the north,
where the ruler of Jammu and Kashmir,
territory
with
predominantly
Muslim
population
was
Hindu Maharaja.
Pakistan
rendered
economic pressure on the principality,
to achieve its connection. AT
October 1947 about 5,000 armed
Muslims entered the borders of Kashmir.
In dire need of the help of the Maharaja
signed a document on the inclusion of the principality in India. obvi-nila india
the Pakistani side in aggression and
referred the question of Kashmir to the discussion in
United Nations Security Council. The UN had
decided
recognize
in
quality
demarcation line actual
ceasefire line according to its condition
on January 1, 1949. November 17, 1956
The Constituent Assembly of Kashmir was
the Constitution was adopted, in accordance with
which the state of Jammu and Kashmir was declared an integral part of India.
Partition consequences
Disputed territory of Kashmir

Partition consequences

Relations with Pakistan became the main
issue of Indian foreign policy.
The protracted dispute over Kashmir interfered
India to take a leadership role in the Movement
non-alignment. When the prime minister
India J. Nehru refused to cooperate with
USA in the fight against Soviet expansion,
The Americans entered into a military alliance with
Pakistan. This made the Indian
management expand contacts with
China and the USSR. Indian-Soviet ties
noticeably
got stronger
after
conclusions
major trade agreement of 1953 and
exchange of visits of the heads of the two
states.
the USSR
welcomed
Indian Non-Aligned Policy,
which coincided with his strategic
line to limit US influence in
Afro-Asian region.
Partition consequences
1954 Meeting J. Nehru.
On the left I. M. Kharchenko.

Development and reforms

January 26, 1950 India was proclaimed
republic. The constitution of 1950 reflects
cautious
position
guides
and
achievements achieved over time are consolidated
independent
development
countries.
Relatively
simple
procedure
amending the constitution on the basis of
majority decisions in parliament
expanded
opportunities
further
implementation of reforms. Under J. Nehru,
who was also head of the planning commission, three five-year plans were implemented. Industrial policy
focused on creating a mixed
economy and opened up prospects for
cooperation with private capital,
although in leading
industries allowed
only state property.
This rule affected enterprises of the defense industry, ferrous metallurgy, heavy engineering,
mining, etc.
Development and
reforms
Flag of India
Emblem of India

Development and reforms

Well
on the
stimulation
development
industry was combined with politics
cautious reforms in the agrarian sector.
Planned
commission
us-too
recommended to the states
guarantee
for-shield
right
land users,
in
particular
limit rental rates,
install
"ceiling"
for
area
individual
land-holdings
and
reorganize on a cooperative basis
credit and sales system, and in more
distant
future,
possibly,
and
agricultural production.
With
1953
started
implementation of the community development program,
which set, in particular, the task of organizing
network of distribution agencies in
advanced agricultural village
experience, as well as the creation in the countryside
cooperative associations and panchayats.
Development and
reforms
Peasants

10. Moderate course boundaries

The government delayed the achievement
compromise on the issue of re-organization
territorial-administrative
divisions on a linguistic basis, and
when in 1956 based on the dominant languages
14 states were formed, manifested
dissatisfaction with other ethnic communities. AT
1960 serious unrest in Bombay state
forced the central authorities to go
meet the demands for its separation
into two new states, Gujarat and
Maharashtra. Sikhs managed to achieve
success when the Punjab was divided in 1965
to the state of Punjab, where the Sikhs
formed the majority, and the state of Haryana, with
predominantly Hindu population.
The ethnic problem arose even more sharply in
northeastern border strip, where
some local tribes demanded
independence and raised for this purpose
armed uprisings.
The borders of moderate
course
New administrative divisions

11. Moderate course boundaries

Compromise with leading castes seriously
limited the ability of the government to
carrying out social transformations in
village. agrarian reform laws,
approved by the states, contained
significant gaps that allowed, with one
side, to drive tenants off the land, and from
the other is to bypass the position of the upper
limit of the area of ​​land-holdings. Slow
deployment of transformations led to
chronic shortage of agricultural products,
rising food prices and cutting government subsidies. At the beginning
In the 1960s, the financial crisis deepened.
Economic stagnation, in turn,
limited the ability to maneuver
INC.
The classic caste model
hierarchy

12. Moderate course boundaries

The authority of Nehru in October 1962 was
significantly undermined after the invasion
Chinese troops on the territory of the North-Eastern Border Agency and in
the limits of the mountains of Ladakh in Kashmir. striving
to provide links between the Xinjiang-Uyghur
and
Tibetan
autonomous
areas, China tried to force
India
refuse
from
right
on the
strategically important Aksaichin plain
in the east of Ladakh in Kash-mir.
The Chinese armed forces inflicted several
Indian army strikes and occupied
territory area of ​​37.5 thousand square meters. km.
By the time China announced
withdrawal of troops from all occupied areas,
apart from Aksaichin, Nehru was forced to
seek military assistance from the United States.
The borders of moderate
course
Ladakh
Ladakh on the map of India

13. Nehru's Successors

who replaced Nehru as
Prime Minister Shastri was nominated
to this post by a group of party leaders
called "sindy-kat", which
supported by large landowners and
entrepreneurs.
AT
1965
experts
World
jar
determined
providing
financial owl
help
holding
complex
economic
reforms. For a year and a half of stay on
Prime Minister Shastri accepted
decisions to reorient the main stream
public investment with heavy
industry for agriculture; accent
for intensive farming and land reclamation;
stimulation with the help of the price system and
allocation
sub-sidian
rustic
farms capable of modernizing
production; increasing the role of private and
foreign investment in industry. The economy has become especially
dependent on financial receipts from abroad, when the country fell
additional burden of military spending in
during the second war with Pakistan in 1965.
Nehru's successors
Lal Bahadur Shastri

14. Nehru's Successors

Losses suffered by the INC at the parliamentary
elections in 1967, did not deprive him of victory with
by a small margin on the national
level, but led to defeat in 8
states. In the states of Kerala and Western
Bengal INC was removed from power
coalition led by the Communist
party of India. Leftists in both states
governments have restricted activities
police, and protests unfolded there
tenants
and
agricultural
the proletariat against the landowners and
factory workers - against management
enterprises. Revolutionary-minded
the communists supported the armed
peasant riots in several states,
where the KPI operated. Late 1960s
they organized performances of small
peoples in Andhra Pradesh and members
scheduled tribes and castes in
Western
Bengal,
which
were
crushed by the army.
Nehru's successors
Parliament building in India

15. Indira Gandhi

The next prime minister of the country is Indira
Gandhi could no longer rely on the old
party leaders and teamed up with
small
youth
group
socialists and former communists.
resolute
actions
premiere
on
nationalization of the largest commercial
banks linked her name to the new policy,
focused on helping the poor
population. Popularity of the Prime Minister
reached its zenith in 1971 as a result of the victory
in the third Indo-Pakistani war. With
the emergence of Bangladesh, India turned out to be
in dominant positions in the South Asian region. Moreover, in May 1974
she is
spent
nuclear
tests,
demonstrating increased military
the power of the country.
Indira Gandhi
Indira Gandhi

16. Political crisis

In 1971 the government restored the right
parliament
bring in
changes
in
constitution,
canceled
in
1967
resolution
Supreme
court.
AT
the 26th Amendment, which stated that
any law must comply
fundamental articles of the Constitution,
proceeding from the principles of social and
economic justice. When in
April 1973 amendment was rejected
by the Supreme Court, the government deposed
the three oldest judges who voted
against her, and appointed chairman
court of one of its members, who
spoke in favor of the amendment. Leaders
all opposition forces, except for the KPI, saw
in this act the threat of establishing
authoritarian
mode.
leader
opposition was J. Nara-yan, the oldest
follower of Mahat-my Gandhi. Narayan
launched a campaign in
Gujarat, which led in January 1974
to the resignation of ministers and the dissolution
state legislature. So
a vigorous campaign was carried out in
Bi-hare.
Political
a crisis
Mahatma Gandhi

17. Political crisis

On June 2, 1975, Gandhi was accused of
"corruption
practice"
gave
her
opponents the opportunity to organize
movement to remove the prime minister.
In response, Gandhi imposed a state of emergency in India.
a situation that resulted in mass arrests
political opponents and wide
censorship. In the parliamentary elections in
March 1977 new Janata Party,
which was a bloc of opposition groups, won a landslide victory
and repealed the law on emergency
position. However, soon the government
Janata became a victim of internal
intrigue. Its head M. De-sai filed
resignation in June 1979, and held in
January 1980 Gandhi parliamentary elections
came back to power.
Political
a crisis
Morarji Desai

18. Political crisis

Participation of the electorate in the 1980 elections
decreased to about 55% with an increase in the number of conflicts during
electoral
campaigns.
AT
Western
Bengal, Kerala and Tripura won
KPI.
Central
government
encountered
with
revival
separatist movements in the northeast,
with a number of religious and communal unrest in
Uttar Pradesh. In all cases for
restoring order had to resort to
military force. In June 1984, after the outbreak
Sikh terrorism in Punjab, army
units stormed the shrine of the Sikhs -
Golden Temple in Amritsar, which led to
death of Sikh leader Bhindranwale and hundreds of
his adherents who took refuge in the temple.
The decisive action of Gandhi was met with approval in other parts of India, but
rebuilt against the prime minister of the Sikhs. 31
October 1984 I. Gandhi was killed by two
by their guard-me-sikhs. At the post
heads of government and as leader
INC was succeeded by her son, Rajiv Gandhi, who
called parliamentary elections to an end
1984 and won them a convincing victory.
Political
a crisis
Rajiv Gandhi

19. Political crisis

In the 1989 elections, the parties that spoke
against the INC (I), united around
former Finance Minister V.P. Singh,
who then led the government
minorities. Singh Government
relied on the party created in 1988
Janata gave and supported the Hindu
nationalist Bharatiya Janata
par-ti (BDP) and two communist
parties. The coalition broke up in November
1990, when the BJP came out of it. Following
Chandra Sekha-ra's government went into
resignation four months later,
because INK (I) did not approve the project
state budget.
Political
a crisis
Coat of arms of the BJP

20. Political crisis

Rajiv Gandhi was killed by a bomb thrown
Sri Lankan Tamil terrorist in May
1991. It was an act of revenge for entering
Indian troops in the north of Sri Lanka in
1987 to counter Tamil
separatists there. New prime minister
nara simha
Rao
spent
in
1992
decisive economic reforms,
called
modernize
industrial and scientific and technical
country base. Was less successful
activities of the Rao government in
prevention
intercommunal
collisions
arose
after
destruction by orthodox Hindus
mosques in Uttar Pradesh in December 1992.
Political
a crisis
Narasimha Rao

21. Political crisis

Elections in April-May 1996 led to
distribution of seats in parliament
between three major factions: the INC
(136 deputy mandates), BJP (160) and
coalition
left
orientation,
called the United
front (111 mandates). After
BJP refused to enter the government
majority, new prime minister
H.D. Deve Govda attracted to participate in it
INC. The basis of the government was
representatives of the regional and left
parties.
Sonia Gandhi, INC leader

22. Political crisis

In April 1997, the INC refused to support the coalition led by Gov-da, and
the prime minister was forced to file
resignation. His place was taken by the appointed
president
and
approved
Parliament Inder Kumar Gujral,
which
continued
well
his
predecessor
on the
liberalization
economy
and
growth
economic
indicators, but refused further
reducing social spending.
intensified
foreign policy
dialogue between India and Pakistan and China. Care
retired Gujral government
led to early parliamentary
elections in March 1998. Came to power
a coalition consisting of 18 parties, in which the leading position was occupied by the BJP.
Political
a crisis
Trilateral meeting of foreign ministers
China, India and Russia

23. Political crisis

The main task of the new Prime Minister
Atal Bihari Vajpayee was saving
coalition government led by
BJP.
AT
April
1999
happened
government
a crisis,
and
government was forced to withdraw
resignation. The lower house was dissolved
parliament. New parliamentary elections
took place in October 1999. Despite
active participation in the election campaign
Indian
national
congress
majority
in
Parliament
got
National Democratic Alliance,
led by the BJP. premier mi nistrom
again became Vajpayee. Conducted by India
nuclear
tests
os-lied
her
relations with most states
peace.
AT
modern
unstable
environment
factor-rum
stability
remains the figure of the president, who in
1997 for the first time in the history of the country was elected
representative of the former "untouchable" caste Kocheril Raman Narayanan, formerly
served as vice president of
Sh.D.Sharmay, who belonged to the caste
brahmins.
Political
a crisis
Atal Bihari Vajpayee

24. Conclusion

After independence before India
many paths of national development emerged. Effective development of the state
interfered with a number of internal problems: a strong social
differentiation, the presence of castes and dogmas, the problem
national minorities, the struggle of the Hindus and
Muslims. But despite the difficulties and obstacles in
development, India has managed to reform and strengthen
social, economic and other spheres
society. Now India is modern,
dynamically developing state, actively
participating in the solution of international problems.

Ticket number 16.India after World War II

During the Second World War, India officially supported the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition, but its politicians behaved differently. The Indian National Congress made claims to the British government: they promised to support England in the war only if the British government officially recognized India's right to self-determination, convene a constituent assembly and form a responsible government (they demanded independent government). The British government did not agree and from 42 to 44 the Indian National Congress was banned. => during these years the Indian National Congress fought on two fronts against both Hitler and the British government. By the end of World War II, England's position softened. The main problem remained the relationship between the Congress and the Muslim League (their divergence point is the sequence of granting independence. The Indian National Congress demanded first to grant independence, and then to draw a territorial demarcation between Muslims and Hindus, the Muslim League, on the contrary, was afraid to remain part of India without the English presence)

In 1944, the congress begins normal political activity. After the end of the Second World War, in June the Viceroy Archibald Wavell provides a plan to grant India independence (actually a protectorate):

1. 1. dominion status
2. 2. Hindu right to their own constitution
3. 3. Giving Indians all seats in the executive council (government), with the exception of the post of viceroy (head of the council) and commander-in-chief (The troops are under the authority of the metropolis)
4. 4. Law of External Relations
5. 5. Separate representation in the council of caste Hindus

Nobody liked this plan. The Indian National Congress demanded that the representation of the caste Hindus be behind it. The Muslim League demanded that it alone provide Muslims, not recognizing the right to represent Muslims for the Indian National Congress. (Further, the new Labor government is trying in every possible way to speed up the granting of independence, and the Indians cannot distribute the sequence of obtaining it)

In 1946 there is a division into various zones in which a vote on the creation of various states should take place. East-west (now Pakistan and Bangladesh) - majority of Muslims and north (Hindustan, Rajputana, Bidar, Bengal) center (Dean) south. It is assumed that the first two zones (west and east) will be united into one state, and the rest - a separate Hindu state. But several problems arise:

• Punjab problem (Half Muslims and half Hindus)
• The Jamma and Kashmir issue
• Hyderabad issue (significantly assimilated by Muslims)

Attlee (Prime Minister of Great Britain, Viceroy of India) cannot resolve these issues. In February 1947, he already issued the 3rd declaration, which speaks of the withdrawal of England no later than 1948.

In March 1947 Attlee was replaced by Mountbatten (the last Viceroy of India). He provides the Mountbatten plan (If Hindus and Muslims do not agree among themselves within 47, he will transfer power to the provinces) => begin to stir, 1947 - the formation of 2 dominions: Pakistan (lasted until 1956) and India (lasted until 1950).

On August 15, 1947, Mountbatten's plan for the independence of India comes into force. The English king continues to be the head of India for 3 years, Jawaharlal Nehru becomes the prime minister.

From 1947 to 1949, 555 principalities (there were 601 in total) joined India, they entered on different grounds. But in general, not the most favorable period for India (+ the period of skirmishes, hostilities between Muslims and Hindus, who wandered around problem areas and did not know where to settle). The princes of problem areas were left with the right to decide the issue of accession on their own Hyderabad issue: the ruler of Hyderabad had to decide whether he would join India or Pakistan, so the Indian troops stood around the perimeter of Hyderabad and asked to decide as soon as possible => the Raja of Hyderabad decided to join India. The Jamma and Kashmir issue: the rajah was a Hindu, and the population were Muslims. Indian troops entered Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan considered this an act of aggression => a war began, which continues to this day.

India - a multi-ethnic country - it was decided that for 15 years the state language, along with Hindi, would be English (it has remained so to this day). In 1950, a constitution was adopted, according to which three groups of states with different legal status were created in India:

1. Former provinces of British India. Governance: State Governor, State Government and Local Bicameral Parliament.
2. former principalities. Governance: the prince became governor and has a unicameral assembly
3. Former commissioner provinces—provinces that had administration—reported directly to the central government. Administration: State Governor or Presidential Commissioner appointed by the government.

Since 1950, India has been declared independent. . The leading political force is the Indian National Congress, which has various currents. The main current was Jawaharlal Nehru(left and centrist wing) - a formally mixed economy (in fact, the dominance of the public sector), a planned economy, agrarian reform. In foreign policy, formal neutrality, in reality, inclination towards the political orientation of the Soviet Union. Right wing - represented by Deputy Prime Minister Patel + an influential figure - the chairman of the Congress Tandon - freedom of enterprise, the creation of a modern market, integration into the international capitalist system.

After declaring independence from the Indian National Congress, various parties begin to sprout:

• Peasant Workers' Party
• Congress Socialists => Socialist Party
• Dominated by Jawaharlal Nehru – congress socialism and Gandhian socialism

In the first elections of 1951 The Indian National Congress was opposed by the Jan Sangh (People's Union). The Jan Sangh is an ally of the Communalist Party (traditional Hindu organizations like the Hindu Mahasabha and Rashtriya swayamsevak sanghan) - defended the interests of Hindus . The head is Mukherjee. The program is the building of true nationalism, (the slogan of the Indian National Congress was secularism - the separation of religion from the state), the demand for a change in secularist politics, patronage of the Hindus and ensuring their priority. The Indian National Congress wins the elections (75 seats in parliament).

Nehru's course begins to be implemented:

1. Providing yourself with everything you need, creating an import-substituting industry.
2. The program of the National Congress provided for the creation of ethnolinguistic states. In 1956, a state reorganization law was passed, according to which homogeneous ethnolinguistic communities should exist in 19 states and union territories (which again raised the problem of a single language - it became clear that the introduction of Hindi as the state language was being postponed)
3. In the first term of the Indian National Congress, subcongressional socialism was revealed - the restriction of acquisitive instincts and possessive aspirations
4. It was believed that it was necessary to fight caste restrictions (the abolition of the untouchables)
5. Creation of conditions for the development of backward peoples and tribes
6. Emphasis on statism and the mixed economy

In the second elections of 1957 - again the victory of the Indian National Congress, but with less support from the people (it decreased especially in the regional regions). This election also saw the rise of the Jan Sangh.

In 1959, a group comes out of the congress that is dissatisfied with the course of Nehru - Swatantra (a more right-wing organization), which adjoins the Jan Sangh, they are also going to build true Hindu socialism.

In 1957, the Republican Party was created, which expressed the interests of low-caste and non-caste Indians.

Parties are created on the basis of various sects: Rajputs, Brahmins.

1962 - third election . One can see a significant loss of authority of the Indian National Congress (lost 6 million voters). The right Svatantra and Jan Sangh are getting stronger. A factional struggle is unfolding in the Indian National Congress, if earlier Jawaharlal Nehru represented both leftists and centrists, now only centrists. The left gets its new leader - Mallaviya, the right remains Patel and Desai. => factions within the Indian National Congress oppose the officially nominated congressional candidates. In 1963 Morarji Desai and Patel form a group within the congress called the Syndicate and in 1969 they withdraw from the Indian National Congress.

Jawaharlal Nehru dies in 1964 Lal Bahadur Shastri becomes prime minister– cannot overcome congressional divisions; disintegration continues.

In India, in fact 5 communist parties:

• ・Communist Party
• Marxist Communist Party
• The Central Party of Marxist Intellectuals
• Marxist-Leninist Communist Party
• The Naxalite movement

During this time, the 1964-65 war with Pakistan. The reconciliation of the parties takes place in Tashkent. In 1967, Lal Bahadur Shastri realized that he could not cope with the management of the Indian National Congress and with India => gradually eliminated from long. In 1967, as a result of an internal political struggle, Indira Gandhi came to power in the Indian National Congress.

1967 - fourth election , in which the Indian National Congress loses a significant number of seats in Parliament (19 seats in the House of the People). In 1969, Morarji Desai comes out and a split occurs:

• Indian National Congress with Indira
• Indian National Congress Syndicate (organization) with Desai

At this time, on the one hand, the state is developing in the country. sector and heavy industry, the latest technologies are being created, agrarian reform is underway (due to the redistribution of land between large landowners and the poor), and at the same time, there is wild poverty in the country, 70% of the country are in extreme poverty. All economic successes take place in a smaller part of the population.

Fifth election 1971-72 took place against the backdrop of a strong foreign policy success of India, there was a split in India's traditional adversary - Pakistan (in 1971 Pakistan lost its eastern half and Bangladesh was formed). => The Indian National Congress received an absolute majority and the ability to change the constitution.

Against the backdrop of the success of the Indian National Congress, the opposition forces unite: Swatantra, Jan Sangh, the Indian National Congress Syndicate, the United Socialist Party and the Regional Congress - they are trying to resist the Indian Congress.

1974-75: the situation escalates, the Indian People's Party (agrarian) is formed, which is based on the expression of the interests of the rich sections of the village (dissatisfied with the agrarian reform)

In 1975, a trial was initiated against Indira Gandhi, she was accused of electoral fraud, violation of state laws. Ram is nominated for the post of prime minister. In 1975, a state of emergency was introduced in India, and the Indian National Congress tried to stabilize its social base with the help of emergency measures. A youth movement led by Indira's son, Sanjay Gandhi, a supporter of tough problem-solving methods, is advancing into the political arena => puts forward a program:

1. Elimination of illiteracy (going to the people, education of the masses + along the way explaining to them how good the policy of Indira Gandhi is)
2. The fight against caste (elimination of untouchability) - the rise of lower castes
3. Cancellation of the dowry
4. The fight for the cleanliness of the streets (demolition of old houses and the construction of new ones from which they made a profit)
5. The fight against the birth rate was reduced to the sterilization of the male population.

In January 1977, the state of emergency was lifted, and elections were scheduled for March. A popular front (Jarata front) was created by the Apposition, led by Morarji Desi, whose main task was:

1. Restoration of democratic freedoms (Indira was accused of authoritarianism)
2. Carrying out agrarian reform is not of a social nature, but carrying out a “green revolution” and introducing new technologies to increase productivity.
3. Employment
4. Limiting the public sector and providing more freedom to entrepreneurs (+ there were even privatization projects in the lans of the Popular Front)

Sixth Election 1977 - the first defeat of the Indian National Congress. Jarat is in power at the front, represented by a conglomeration of various parties. They tried to make a party out of the front => May 1977 - Jaratah party, but as soon as they united, they begin to grind. Various parties begin to emerge from the Jarat front => in fact, it is disintegrating. All this leads to destabilization, disruption of control. =>

In the seventh election 1980 Indian National Congress wins again. (Changes have taken place within the congress during this time - there has been a desire to retreat somewhat from the course of Gandhian socialism)

At this time, national oppositional movements are activated in the country:

• Sikhs - announce their desire to create their own state of Khalistan
• Tamils ​​- trying to form an independent state of Tamil Eelam
• Jammu and Kashmir - openly secret military operations are being conducted

Internal struggle leads to serious consequences. Indira Gandhi's guard consisted of Sikhs => October 1984 - they killed Indira.

In the eighth elections 1984 wins Indian National Congress headed by Rajiv Gandhi (he completely changes the political course):

1. Retreats from Gandhian socialism
2. Privatization begins, the share of state property decreases. sectors
3. India is leaning towards the US, Germany and Japan - the internal and external course changes sharply

At the same time, Rajiv Gandhi's government is under attack for corruption, which is drastically undermining the credibility of the Indian National Congress. A group of members comes out of it again in 1988.

The ninth election in 1989 is the second defeat of the congress. The congressional government resigns and the national front (Rashtriya Morcha) comes to power, led by Vishwanath Pratap Singh. => There is no stability, from 1989 to 1991 various political forces continue to flog (from among the right: a pariah is formed on the basis of the Jarat front - Bharatiya Janata Party).

1991 tenth election (between rounds of elections, Rajiv Gandhi is killed) => Compassionate Hindus vote for the Indian National Congress. In India, the new prime minister is Narasimha Rao, in his program:

1. Denationalization
2. Change from an import-substituting economy to a licensed one

1990s - sharp growth and modernization of the economy. Eleventh election 1996 Indian National Congress loses(the problem of privatization, enrichment, the transition to friendship with America is not originally a policy of Congress, there are those who do it better).

In the twelfth elections 1996 winsBharatiya Janata Party. Comes to powerAtal Bihari Vajpayee (serves as Prime Minister for a short time - May 16, 1996 - June 1, 1996 )

+ A new organization appeared - the United Front ( headed by Deve Govda,which since June 1, 1996 served as Prime Minister of India from the United Front (a coalition of 13 centrist and leftist parties). The Government of Deve Govda resigned on April 21, 1997 ) - technocrats, people representing mainly regional interests (focused on settling relations with China). In fact, they pursued the policy that The Indian National Congress in 1991-95, but they did it better and with more certainty - they are following the path of development of capitalism (private enterprises are being sold, privatization is underway). But they lack certainty (either Gandhian socialism or true nationalism) => The result of a parliamentary compromise between the Congress and the United Front, who did not want to hold early general parliamentary elections after the resignation of the government of H.D. Virgin Govda, became the government of I.K. Gujrala (Janata Dal Party - Prime Minister April 21, 1997 - March 19, 1998).

Thirteenth Election 1998 - again the success of the Bharatiya Janata Party. PremierAtal Bihari Vajpayee, in During Vajpayee's premiership, India conducted its first nuclear test at a test site in the state of Rajasthan. (Sharp economic growth, development zones stand out - India stands out among the leading countries) All this cannot but disturb that part of society that is committed to the ideas of Gandhism (the Gandhi family at that time was headed by Italian Sonia Gandijena Rajiba.

Fourteenth Election 2004 - victory Indian National Congress and the problem arises whether to make an Italian prime minister or to act differently. As a result, the Hindu - Manmohan becomes the prime minister Singh.

In 1947 came the end of British rule in India. In August 1947, the country was divided into two parts on religious grounds: India, most of which is inhabited by Hindus, and Pakistan, whose population professes Islam. In the north of the diya of the Hindustan peninsula, in Kashmir, which was ceded to India, although Muslims live here, as a result of this:

1. A territorial dispute arose between India and Pakistan. Since 1948, there have been military clashes several times (1965, 1987, 1988, 1997) for the mastery of the principality of Kashmir. At the same time, India relied on the help of the USSR.
2. In turn, Pakistan split into East and West Pakistan. In 1971, a broad movement for autonomy unfolded in East Pakistan. With the intervention of Indian troops, the independent state of Bangladesh was formed. In 1974, Pakistan recognized the sovereignty of Bangladesh.

In 1950, India was declared a republic. According to the constitution, it became a federal, and according to the form of government - a parliamentary republic. The basic principles of India's domestic and foreign policy were prepared by J. Nehru. The basis of the “Nehru course” was:

• non-alignment with military blocs;
• peace protection and cooperation;
• planned development of the national economy.

The Republic of India is called "the largest democracy in the world." It is multinational, multi-confessional, with a large number of illiterate rural population. Despite the fact that most of the population lives below the poverty level, India pays great attention to weapons, and the Indian launch vehicle even launched a communications satellite into space orbit. India has been manufacturing tactical and ballistic missiles since the 1990s.

AT India- the richest colony of Great Britain began the rise of the anti-colonial movement. To weaken it, in 1946 a decision was made to elect elections to the Central Legislative Assembly. The victory of the secular Indian National Congress (INC), which did not express the interests of certain religious groups, caused the displeasure of the Muslims, who refused to trust the Hindus and demanded their representation in power. The INC, unwilling to meet the demands of the Muslims, emphasized its desire to become the only national party representing the interests of both Hindus and Muslims.

It was this that prompted the Mu-Islamic League under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah to break with the INC and embark on the path of separatism, which led to the emergence of the state of Pakistan. In August 1947, an independence law was passed, providing for the creation of two states. The former colony was divided along religious lines into India, in which the majority of the population professed Hinduism, and Pakistan, in which the Muslim population predominated. On August 14 in India and on August 15, 1947, Independence Day was celebrated for the first time in Pakistan.

Massacre in India (1947)

But before the holidays were over, the tragedy began. During August and September 1947, up to 500,000 Muslims were killed as they left the Indian half of the eastern Punjab (Pyatirechye). Militant Sikhs (representatives of a religious doctrine that differs from Islam and Hinduism) did not spare even women and children, stopped trains overflowing with refugees, and killed everyone in cold blood. Killings of Hindus also took place in Pakistan, but on a much smaller scale. The Muslim League tried to survive the Sikhs and Hindus who found themselves in Pakistan. Seeking safety, millions of refugees crossed the border in both directions, maddened by the horror of intercommunal warfare. 9-10 million Muslims fled from India; there were very few Hindus left in West Pakistan, but in East Pakistan there were about 30 million. Inter-communal clashes and killings occurred later, but never reached the horrendous proportions of 1947.

Murder of M. Gandhi

The transfer of power in India from the British to the national government turned into a catastrophic massacre. Among the victims was the founder of the Indian National Congress, M. Gandhi, who was killed in January 1948 by a Hindu extremist. A certain share of the blame for this bloodshed lies with the former colonial administration, which did not have a clear concept of a multinational state, and the new authorities, which, through irresponsible statements or inaction, contributed to the tension.

India is coping with food difficulties, it has entered the top ten countries in the world in terms of industrial production.

Unlike India, Pakistan was proclaimed an Islamic republic with a strong presidential power. Pakistan's disagreement with the terms of territorial demarcation, which believed that a number of Muslim regions mistakenly became part of India, became the cause of repeated armed conflicts between the countries.