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Study of complex heterogeneous properties.
Unconventional exploration targets, especially shale plays, often have complex and highly variable properties, making it very difficult to select the most promising targets to drill and assess the quantity and quality of reserves. To understand all the features of a site, specialists need to integrate all available surface and subsurface data. Using the DecisionSpace® environment, site teams can accumulate and share GIS, geological, geophysical and engineering data to characterize and evaluate potential sites. With Dynamic Frameworks to Fill™, professionals can create and update closed-loop structural models for asset assessment.

Identifying potential risks.
Incorrect determination of key seismic attributes and production parameters at the exploration stage can lead to accidents at later stages of unconventional field development. Landmark's integrated DecisionSpace environment helps asset teams collect and share accurate seismic and log data on shale intervals, facies heterogeneity, faults, and basin-scale maps of tectonic structure and depositional systems. Seismic inversion and pre- and post-stack analysis tools allow you to quickly and more accurately evaluate seismic attributes, saving time and reducing potential risks to gas, condensates or liquids in the reservoir.

Evaluation and development

Collectively develop detailed plans for field exploitation. Low permeability reservoirs, such as those containing shale and coalbed methane, may require development plans with several thousand wells to ensure productivity and profitability. Since each such well costs significantly more than a conventional well, before starting field development, facility teams need to determine the prospects of the object and optimize the location of well clusters. Landmark software enables site teams to quickly move from detailed environmental models to accurate and efficient well trajectories using collaborative modeling, measurement and site optimization tools. Integrated real-time planning allows you to update plans as work progresses, and automated scenario-based planning allows your team to quickly and accurately create plans for large fields.

Stay in the zone of maximum oil and gas saturation.
Reservoirs with coalbed methane, shale gas and tight sandstones have a zone of maximum oil and gas saturation that is smaller than that of traditional oil reservoirs, and in this case, accurate and adaptive geosteering is required for optimal well placement. While logging, technicians need to quickly integrate microseismic data and other geophysical and petrophysical data into the well path planning process. Landmark's geosteering application uses real-time data, including logging while drilling (LWD) data, to more accurately determine well trajectories and dynamically update target maps.

Uncertainty management.
Since developing unconventional reservoirs is much more expensive than developing conventional reservoirs, it is important to evaluate all possible reservoir development scenarios to ensure safe and profitable exploration and production. Experts can use DecisionSpace® Well Planning and DecisionSpace Earth Modeling software to prepare alternative scenarios and corresponding well plans for the entire field. This will allow you to evaluate all possible scenarios before drilling begins. Drillers can use the DecisionSpace InSite® platform to quickly optimize their drilling plan using real-time drilling data.

Development and production
Produce more hydrocarbons in less well life. It is very important for specialists to optimize production time and use the experience gained for future wells, since unconventional fields have a much shorter well life. The DecisionSpace® environment allows asset teams to cross-plot all attributes by zone and identify production-impacting diagnostic factors, including well placement and spacing, fracturing, fracturing and completion techniques. Well report management tools allow you to highlight underperforming wells based on criteria you select, helping technicians focus on more productive wells and reducing wasted time.

Monitor more wells.
Unlike conventional plays, shale plays require hundreds of properly spaced wells over a large area to produce efficiently. To effectively track production from each well, facility teams need an automated solution. Landmark's powerful, state-of-the-art multi-well planning technologies quickly harness geophysical data to help position each well, analyze field history faster, and make more accurate decisions.

Managing a heterogeneous database.
Unconventional fields are complex in nature, resulting in a huge amount of data contained in various repositories. This data is of varying quality and there is no common technology to process it. Our enterprise data management solution, OpenWorks®, helps you get the most out of your data. OpenWorks software is the industry's only business rules-based repository that consolidates data into a single database that is dynamically shared across multiple teams and projects. This solution reduces the number of data sets that need to be managed, synchronized and maintained, allowing you to eliminate data duplication, improve project collaboration and information sharing to optimize future projects.

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Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

FEDERAL STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

NATIONAL MINERAL RESOURCES UNIVERSITY

"MOUNTAIN"

Department of Geology and exploration of mineral deposits

Essay

by discipline« Geology of oil and gas» .

Subject: "Unconventional types and sources of hydrocarbon raw materials and problems of their development»

Checked by: Associate Professor. Archegov V.B.

Completed by: student gr. RM-12 Isaev R.A.

St. Petersburg 2016

• Introduction
• 1. Unconventional types and sources of hydrocarbon raw materials
• 2. Review of alternative sources of hydrocarbon raw materials
• Shale fields
• Fischer-Tropsch process
• Offshore fields
• 3. Gas hydrates
• Gas hydrates in nature
• Conclusion
• Literature

Introduction

Hydrocarbons are special compounds of the widespread elements hydrogen and carbon. These natural compounds have been mined and used for thousands of years: in the construction of roads and buildings as a binding material, in the construction and manufacture of waterproof ship hulls and baskets, in painting, to create mosaics, for cooking and lighting. At first they were mined from rare outcrops, and then from wells. Over the past two centuries, oil and gas production has reached unprecedented levels. Now oil and gas are sources of energy for almost all types of human activity.

The 21st century has long been predicted as the century of depletion of the bulk of hydrocarbon resources, first oil, and then gas. This process is inevitable, since all types of raw materials tend to develop reserves, and with the intensity with which they are mastered and sold. If we consider that modern world energy needs are provided mainly by oil and gas - 60% (oil - 36%, gas - 24%), then all types of forecasts about their exhaustion cannot give rise to doubt. Only the timing of the end of the hydrocarbon era of humanity is changing. Naturally, the time to reach the final stage of hydrocarbon development is not the same on different continents and in different countries, but for most it will come at current oil production volumes in the range of 2030-2050, subject to a sufficiently noticeable reproduction of their reserves. However, for about 20 years, oil production in the world has outpaced the growth of its reserves.

The concept of traditional and unconventional hydrocarbon resources does not have an unambiguous definition. Most researchers, realizing that natural processes and formations often do not have clear boundaries, propose using such concepts as hard-to-recover reserves and unconventional hydrocarbon resources when defining unconventional reserves and resources. Hard-to-recover reserves, the production potential of which is practically not used, are not much different from traditional oil and gas reserves - except for the deterioration of their geological and production characteristics. Unconventional hydrocarbon resources include those that are fundamentally different from traditional ones in physical and chemical properties, as well as in the forms and nature of their placement in the host rock (environment).

1. Unconventional types and sources of hydrocarbon raw materials

Unconventional hydrocarbon resources are that part of them, the preparation and development of which requires the development of new methods and methods for identification, exploration, production, processing and transport. They are concentrated in clusters that are difficult to develop, or are scattered in unproductive environments. They are poorly mobile in the reservoir conditions of the subsoil, and therefore require special methods of extraction from the subsoil, which increases their cost. However, the progress achieved in the world in technologies for the extraction of oil and gas raw materials allows the development of some of them.

At the initial stage of research, it was believed that their reserves were practically inexhaustible, given their scale (Figure 1) and wide distribution. However, many years of study of various sources of unconventional hydrocarbon resources, carried out in the second half of the last century, left only heavy oils, oil sands and bitumen, oil and gas-saturated low-permeability reservoirs and gases of coal-bearing sediments as viable for development. Already at the 14th World Petroleum Congress (1994, Norway), unconventional oils, represented only by heavy oils, bitumen and oil sands, were estimated at 400-700 billion tons, 1.3-2.2 times more than traditional resources - . Water-dissolved gases and gas hydrates turned out to be problematic and controversial as industrial sources of gas, despite their wide distribution.

Figure 1 - Geological hydrocarbon resources

2. Review of alternative sources of hydrocarbon raw materials

Heavy oil and oil sands

The world's geological resources of this type of raw material are enormous - 500 billion tons. Reserves of heavy oils with a density are more successfully developed. With modern technologies, their recoverable reserves exceed 100 billion tons. Venezuela and Canada are especially rich in heavy oils and tar sands. In recent years, the volume of heavy oil production has been growing, amounting, according to various estimates, to about 12-15% of the global total. Back in 2000, only 37.5 million tons were produced from heavy oils in the world. in 2005 - 42.5 million tons, and by 2010-2015. according to the forecast, it may already be about 200 million tons, but with world oil prices not lower than $50-60/bbl.

Oil Sands have been successfully developed in Canada since the 60s of the last century. Today, approximately half of the oil produced in this country comes from oil sands. Oil sand actually refers to a mixture of sand, water, clay, heavy oil and natural bitumen. There are three oil regions in Canada with significant reserves of heavy oil and natural bitumen. These are Athabasca, Peace River and Cold Lake. All of them are in the province of Alberta.

Two fundamentally different methods are used to extract oil from oil sands:

1) Open pit method and 2) Directly from the reservoir.

The quarry mining method is suitable for shallow deposits (up to 75 m deep) and deposits that go to the surface. It is noteworthy that in Canada all deposits suitable for open-pit mining are located in the Athabasca region.

Quarry mining means that oil sand, simply put, is loaded onto dump trucks and transported to a processing plant, where it is washed with hot water and thus separates the oil from all other material. It takes approximately 2 tons of oil sand to produce 1 barrel of oil. If this seems like a rather labor-intensive way to get 1 barrel of oil, then you are right. But the oil recovery factor with this production method is very high and amounts to 75%-95%.

Rice. 1 Quarry method of extracting oil sand

To extract heavy oil directly from the reservoir, thermal extraction methods, such as steam-gravitational stimulation, are usually used. There are also “cold” extraction methods that involve injecting solvents into the formation (for example, the VAPEX method or N-Solv technology). Methods for extracting heavy oil directly from the reservoir are less effective in terms of oil recovery compared to the open-pit method. At the same time, these methods have some potential for reducing the cost of oil produced by improving its production technologies.

Heavy/high viscosity/bitumen oil is attracting increasing attention from the oil industry. Since the cream of the crop in global oil production has already been skimmed off, oil companies are simply forced to switch to less attractive heavy oil deposits.

It is in heavy oil that the world's main hydrocarbon reserves are concentrated. Following Canada, which added heavy/bitumen oil reserves to its balance sheet, Venezuela, which has huge reserves of this oil in the Orinoco River belt, did the same. This “maneuver” brought Venezuela to first place in the world in terms of oil reserves. There are significant reserves of heavy oil in Russia, as well as in many other oil-producing countries.

Huge reserves of heavy oil and natural bitumen require the development of innovative technologies for production, transportation and processing of raw materials. Currently, operating costs for the production of heavy oil and natural bitumen can be 3-4 times higher than the costs for the production of light oil. Refining heavy, high-viscosity oil is also more energy-intensive and, as a result, in many cases it is low-profit and even unprofitable.

In Russia, various methods for extracting heavy oil were tested at the well-known Yaregskoye high-viscosity oil field located in the Komi Republic. The productive formation of this field, located at a depth of ~200 m, contains oil with a density of 933 kg/m3 and a viscosity of 12000-16000 mPa s. Currently, the field is using a thermal mining method of extraction, which has proven itself to be quite effective and economically justified.

At the Ashalchinskoye super-viscous oil field, located in Tatarstan, a project is being implemented for pilot testing of steam-gravity technology. This technology, although without much success, was also tested at the Mordovo-Karmalskoye field.

The results of developing heavy, highly viscous oil fields in Russia do not yet inspire much optimism. Further improvement of technologies and equipment is required to increase production efficiency. At the same time, there is potential to reduce the cost of heavy oil production, and many companies are ready to take an active part in its production.

Shale fields

Shale oil is a “fashionable” topic lately. Today, a number of countries are showing increased interest in shale oil production. In the United States, where shale oil production is already underway, significant hopes are associated with it to reduce dependence on imports of this type of energy resource. In recent years, the bulk of the increase in American crude oil production has come primarily from the Bakken shale fields in North Dakota and the Eagle Ford shale in Texas.

The development of shale oil production is a direct consequence of the “revolution” that occurred in the United States in shale gas production. As gas prices collapsed as gas production soared, companies began switching from gas production to shale oil production. Moreover, the technologies for their extraction are no different. For this, as is known, horizontal wells are drilled followed by multiple hydraulic fracturing of oil-containing rocks. Since the production rate of such wells drops very quickly, in order to maintain production volumes it is necessary to drill a significant number of wells along a very dense grid. Therefore, the costs of producing shale oil are inevitably higher than the costs of extracting oil from traditional fields.

While oil prices are high, shale oil projects remain attractive despite high costs. Outside the United States, the most promising shale oil deposits are the Vaca Muerta in Argentina and the Bazhenov Formation in Russia.

Today, shale oil production technologies are still in their early stages of development. The cost of the resulting raw materials, although tending to decrease, is nevertheless significantly higher than the cost of traditional oil production. Therefore, shale oil remains rather a promising reserve for the future and is unlikely to significantly affect the existing oil market. The same “revolution” that happened in the gas market in connection with the development of shale gas production cannot be expected in the oil market.

hydrocarbon gas hydrate petroleum fuel

Fischer-Tropsch process

The Fischer-Tropsch process was developed in the 1920s by German scientists Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch. It consists in the artificial combination of hydrogen with carbon at a certain temperature and pressure in the presence of catalysts. The resulting mixture of hydrocarbons closely resembles petroleum and is usually called synthesis oil.

Rice. 2 Production of synthetic fuels based on the Fischer-Tropsch process

CTL (Coal-to-liquids)- the essence of the technology is that coal, without access to air and at high temperatures, decomposes into carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Next, in the presence of a catalyst, a mixture of various hydrocarbons is synthesized from these two gases. Then this synthesized oil, just like regular oil, undergoes separation into fractions and further processing. Iron or cobalt are used as catalysts.

During World War II, German industry actively used Coal-to-liquids technology to produce synthetic fuels. But since this process is economically unprofitable and also environmentally harmful, after the end of the war the production of synthetic fuel came to naught. The German experience was subsequently used only twice - one plant was built in South Africa and another in Trinidad.

GTL (Gas-to-liquids)- the process of producing liquid synthetic hydrocarbons from gas (natural gas, associated petroleum gas). Synthesis oil obtained as a result of the GTL process is not inferior to, and in some characteristics superior to, high-quality light oil. Many global producers use synthetic oils to improve the characteristics of heavy oils by blending them.

Despite the fact that interest in technologies for converting first coal, then gas into synthetic petroleum products has not waned since the beginning of the 20th century, currently there are only four large-scale GTL plants operating in the world - Mossel Bay (South Africa), Bintulu (Malaysia), Oryx (Qatar ) and Pearl (Qatar).

BTL (Biomass-to-liquids)- the essence of the technology is the same as coal-to-liquid. The only significant difference is that the starting material is not coal, but plant material. Large-scale use of this technology is difficult due to the lack of a significant amount of starting material.

The disadvantages of projects for the production of synthetic hydrocarbons based on the Fischer-Tropsch process are: high capital intensity of projects, significant carbon dioxide emissions, high water consumption. As a result, projects either do not pay off at all or are on the verge of profitability. Interest in such projects increases during periods of high oil prices and quickly fades when prices fall.

Offshore fields

Oil production on the deep-sea shelf requires high capital costs from companies, ownership of relevant technologies and carries with it increased risks for the operating company. Just remember the latest accident at the Deepwater Horizon in the Gulf of Mexico. BP managed to avoid bankruptcy only by a miracle. To cover all costs and related payments, the company had to sell almost half of its assets. The liquidation of the accident and its consequences, as well as compensation payments, cost BP a tidy sum of about $30 billion.

Not every company is ready to take on such risks. Therefore, oil production projects on the deep-sea shelf are usually carried out by a consortium of companies.

Offshore projects are successfully implemented in the Gulf of Mexico, the North Sea, on the shelf of Norway, Brazil and other countries. In Russia, the main hopes are pinned on the shelf of the Arctic and Far Eastern seas.

Arctic sea shelf although little studied, it has significant potential. Existing geological data predict significant hydrocarbon reserves in the area. But the risks are also great. Oil production practitioners are well aware that the final verdict on the presence (or absence) of commercial oil reserves can only be made based on the results of well drilling. And so far there are virtually none of them in the Arctic. The method of analogies, which is used in such cases to estimate the reserves of a region, may give an incorrect idea of ​​the actual reserves. Not every promising geological structure contains oil. However, the chances of discovering large oil deposits are assessed by experts as high.

The search for and development of oil deposits in the Arctic is subject to extremely high environmental protection requirements. Additional obstacles are the harsh climate, distance from existing infrastructure and the need to take into account ice conditions.

3. Gas hydrates

Gas hydrates in nature

Gas hydrates (also natural gas hydrates or clathrates) are crystalline compounds formed under certain thermobaric conditions from water and gas. The name “clathrates” (from the Latin clathratus - “to put in a cage”) was given by Powell in 1948. Gas hydrates belong to non-stoichiometric compounds, that is, compounds of variable composition.

Most natural gases (CH4, C2H6, C3H8, CO2, N2, H2S, isobutane, etc.) form hydrates, which exist under certain thermobaric conditions. The area of ​​their existence is confined to sea bottom sediments and to areas of permafrost. The predominant natural gas hydrates are methane and carbon dioxide hydrates.

During gas production, hydrates can form in well bores, industrial communications and main gas pipelines. By depositing on the walls of pipes, hydrates sharply reduce their throughput. To combat the formation of hydrates in gas fields, various inhibitors are introduced into wells and pipelines (methyl alcohol, glycols, 30% CaCl 2 solution), and also maintain the gas flow temperature above the hydrate formation temperature using heaters, thermal insulation of pipelines and selection of operating modes, providing the maximum temperature of the gas flow. To prevent hydrate formation in main gas pipelines, gas drying is the most effective - cleaning gas from water vapor.

Geography of distribution of gas hydrates

Most of the hydrates are apparently concentrated on the continental margins, where the water depth is approximately 500 m. In these zones, water carries out organic material and contains nutrients for bacteria, as a result of which methane is released. The usual depth of occurrence of SLNG is 100-500 m below the seabed, although they have sometimes been found on the seabed. In areas with developed permafrost, they may be present at shallower depths, since the surface temperature is lower. Large SLNGs have been detected offshore Japan, in the Blake Ridge area east of the US maritime boundary, on the continental margin of the Cascade Mountains region near Vancouver [British Columbia, Canada], and offshore New Zealand. Evidence of SPGG from direct sampling is limited worldwide. Most of the data on the location of hydrates was obtained indirectly: through seismic studies, GIS, from measurements during drilling, from changes in the salinity of pore water.

So far, only one example of gas production from LNG is known - at the Messoyakha gas field in Siberia. This field, discovered in 1968, was the first field in the northern part of the West Siberian Basin from which gas was produced. By the mid-1980s, more than 60 other fields had been discovered in the basin. The total reserves of these deposits amounted to 22 trillion. m 3 or one third of the world's gas reserves. According to an estimate made before the start of production, the reserves of the Messoyakha field were equal to 79 million m 3 of gas, of which one third was contained in hydrates overlying the free gas zone.

Apart from the Messoyakha field, the most studied are the NGVs in the Prudhoe Bay-Kiparuk River region in Alaska. In 1972, the ARC0 and Exxon 2 North West Eileen exploration well on the North Slope of Alaska collected hydrate samples in sealed cores. From pressure and temperature gradients in the region, the thickness of the zone of steady state or stability of hydrates in the Prudhoe Bay-Kiparuk River region can be calculated. According to estimates, hydrates should be concentrated in the range of 210-950 m.

Areas of modern exploration for hydrates

Specialists from the Geological Survey of Canada (GCSJ, the Japan National Petroleum Corporation (JN0CI), the Japan Petroleum Exploration Company (JAPEX1, the US Geological Survey, the US Department of Energy and several companies, including Schlumberger, conducted a study of the gas hydrate reservoir (GH) in the Mackenzie River delta ( Northwest Territories, Canada) as part of a joint project. In 1998, a new exploration well, Mallick 2L-38, was drilled near an Imperial Oil Ltd. well that encountered a hydrate accumulation. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the properties of the hydrates. in natural occurrence and evaluate the possibility of determining these properties using downhole wireline tools.

Experience gained during research at the well. Mallik, proved to be very useful for studying the properties of natural hydrates. JAPEX and its associated groups have decided to begin a new hydrate drilling project in the Nankai Trench offshore Japan. About a dozen areas have been assessed as hydrate prospects based on the presence of BSRs (bottom-like reflectors).

The problem of industrial development of the gas hydrate form of hydrocarbon accumulation

Stability of the seabed. The decomposition of hydrates can lead to disruption of the stability of bottom sediments on continental slopes. The base of the HGT may be the site of a sharp decrease in the strength of the sedimentary rock strata. The presence of hydrates can prevent normal compaction and consolidation of sediments. Therefore, free gas retained below the HRT may become under increased pressure. Thus, any technology for developing hydrate deposits can be successful only if additional reduction in rock stability is excluded. An example of the complications that arise from the decomposition of hydrates can be found off the Atlantic coast of the United States. Here the seabed slope is 5°, and with such a slope the bottom must be stable. However, many underwater landslide scarps are observed. The depth of these benches is close to the maximum depth of the hydrate stability zone. In areas where landslides have occurred, BSRs are less distinct. This may be an indication that the hydrates are no longer present because they have moved. There is a hypothesis according to which, when the pressure in the SPTT decreases, as it should have happened when the sea level dropped during the Ice Age, the decomposition of hydrates at depth could begin and, as a result, the sliding of sediments saturated with hydrates could begin.

Such areas were discovered off the coast of the North. Carolinas, USA. In the zone of a huge underwater landslide 66 km wide, seismic studies revealed the presence of a massive SPTT on both sides of the landslide scarp. However, there are no hydrates under the ledge itself.

Subsea landslides caused by hydrates can affect the stability of offshore platforms and pipelines.

Many experts believe that frequently cited estimates of the amount of methane in hydrates are exaggerated. And even if these estimates are correct, the hydrates may be dispersed in sedimentary rocks rather than concentrated in large clusters. In this case, extracting them can be difficult, economically unprofitable and dangerous for the environment.

Conclusion

The state of knowledge of non-traditional types of raw materials and their development in the world is still low, but along with the depletion of traditional reserves, countries with a deficit of hydrocarbons are increasingly turning to their non-traditional sources. Most of the activities, as well as proposals to stimulate production, are aimed exclusively at a group of hard-to-recover oils and gases. Actually, unconventional hydrocarbon resources are beyond the attention of both oil and gas companies and government subsoil management authorities.

Thus, in relation to the modern situation, the main types of unconventional hydrocarbon resources can be divided into a group prepared for industrial (or pilot-industrial) development, a group that requires study, evaluation and accounting on the balance sheet, and also for which the development of technologies involving the development of long term, and a group of problematic and hypothetical objects.

If it is possible to involve unconventional hydrocarbon resources in development, they can be divided into three unequal groups. Hard-to-recover (heavy, highly viscous) oils, bitumen and oil sands are already of practical importance as hydrocarbon raw materials among unconventional sources of hydrocarbons. In the medium term, this group will include gases and oil in shale.

Oil companies have not yet shown any interest in natural gas hydrates. At the same time, a new product will soon appear on the technology market, based on the property of natural gas to form solid compounds under certain conditions (by the way, until now this property has brought nothing but trouble and expense, since thanks to it, gas pipelines often cause problems in winter gas hydrate plugs). Several large companies are involved in the development of this product, including Shell, Total, Arco, Phillips and others. We are talking about converting natural gas into gas hydrates, which ensures its transportation without the use of a pipeline and storage in above-ground storage facilities at normal pressure. The development of this technology was a by-product of ten years of research into natural gas hydrates in Norwegian scientific laboratories.

In general, unconventional hydrocarbon resources are a significant reserve for replenishing the raw material base of oil and gas for many countries.

Literature

1. Makogon Yu.F. “Natural Gas Hydrates”, Nedra, 1974

2. Bazhenova O.K., Burlin Yu.K. “Geology and geochemistry of oil and gas”, Moscow State University 2004

3. Yakutseni V.P., Petrova Yu.E., Sukhanov A.A. “Unconventional hydrocarbon resources - a reserve for replenishing the raw material base of oil and gas in Russia”, VNIGRI, St. Petersburg, 2009, 20 p.

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Phenomena and objects created naturally, regularly used by people to improve the quality of their level of existence, and the formation of material wealth, as well as creating conditions for the life of the human community, are called natural resources.

Existing types of natural resources are systematized into:

1. Exhaustive.
2. Restorative (soil, water, biological, recreational resources).
3. Non-renewable (mineral, technical, chemical, etc.).
4. Inexhaustible (energy of ebbs, flows, sun, wind, etc.).

Formed according to fundamental qualities:

• sources of origin;
• application in production;
• degree of exhaustion.

Due to resources have a great impact on the economy , and also taking into account their natural origin, an appropriate systematization was developed.

1. Natural (genetic)- which includes the entire supply of natural resources, including minerals; soil, water, forests; energy reserves. Combining plant and animal resources, we get another term - "biological resources".
2. Ecological- based on the properties of exhaustibility and renewable resources.

If we consider the classification in the direction of a protected natural area, then there will be a certain significance when dividing in the direction of the level of their depletion. According to the ecological position, the depletion of natural resources is an inconsistency regulating the balance between the withdrawal of natural resources from the soil of the earth and the needs of society.

When calculating the stock of resources, taking into account the volume that can be withdrawn for use, the concept is used "exhaustibility". According to this characteristic, resources can be:

1. Inexhaustible. Constant human consumption of this type of resource does not lead to a significant decrease in their supply either in the present or in the future. For example, solar energy, natural forces - wind, tide, etc.
2. Exhaustible. Inventories that have restrictions on quantitative consumption. However, some of these resources are capable of recovery if natural pathways are available or with human support.
3. Recoverable, non-renewable. Constant human consumption of this type of resource carries the possibility of reducing their supply to a level where their further use is impossible, since this process will become impractical from the perspective of the economic approach. In addition, these resources cannot be restored in a period proportional to the period of use (mineral resources).
4. Drawable, renewable. Such resources are characterized by their ability to recover using the method of reproduction. However, this process is quite lengthy. This group should include flora, fauna, and water resources.

Economic systematization of resources

This group classification of resources is formed at an angle probable economic use. The current distribution order presupposes application-oriented groups in terms of technical potential(real, potential) and rational economic consumption(replaceable, irreplaceable).

Systematization of resources from the angle of geological study

In maintaining the country's economy to an acceptable extent, the availability of natural resources will be an important factor. A significant role in human life is assigned to such a resource as mineral raw materials.

Mineral resources are classified according to the degree of geological research into categories - A, B, C1, C2. The division into groups is directly proportional to the degree of reduction in the level of detail of knowledge and the accuracy of determining the territorial location of the field.

In addition, according to the level of economic importance, minerals are divided into:

• balance sheet(assume rationality of operation);
• off-balance sheet(assume a lack of rational operation for various reasons).

The division of natural resources, taking into account features that reflect the significance in the field of economics and management, is often used classification by direction and types of economic consumption. This taxonomy is based on the criterion of correlating resources to different areas of material production or non-production sphere. According to these properties, there is a natural division of natural resources - industrial And agricultural consumption.

The pooling of resources towards industrial consumption includes all kinds of categories of natural raw materials that are used in industry. As for the area of ​​​​a non-productive nature, such resources can include those reserves that are taken from the surrounding world, from the territory of nature reserves.

Other types of classifications

Today we can distinguish another classification system of resources, formed according to the principle sources of origin:

1. Biological resources.
2. Mineral resources.
3. Energetic resources.

To the concept "biological resources" include all living cells of the biosphere that are capable of creating a habitat. This includes plants, animals, microorganisms that contain genetic material.

To the concept "mineral resources" include all elements of the lithosphere that can be used for economic use, as mineral raw materials or energy sources.

To the concept "energetic resources" include solar and space energy, as well as nuclear, fuel and thermal energy sources.

To summarize, the logical conclusion suggests itself that humanity has access to almost all the resources provided by nature, including also resources of climatic and cosmic origin, resources of the World Ocean, and continents. However, society should think about the growth of consumer demand, which does not take into account such a concept as “resource availability”.

Hydrocarbon resources in the subsoil are enormous, but only a small part of them, classified as traditional, is being studied. Outside the scope of research, search and development, there remains a reserve of resources of unconventional hydrocarbon raw materials, the volume of which is 2-3 orders of magnitude larger than the traditional one, but still little studied. Thus, the resources of methane in the hydrated state, dispersed only in the bottom sediments of the World Ocean and shelves, are two orders of magnitude (in oil equivalent) higher than traditional hydrocarbon resources. About 8-10 4 billion tons of oil. e. methane is contained in water-dissolved gases of the underground hydrosphere, and only in the zone of accounting for hydrocarbon resources - to depths of 7 km. The volumes of virtually explored oil sands resources are enormous - up to 800 billion tons of oil equivalent. e. in certain regions of the world - Canada, Venezuela, USA and others.

Unlike the traditional part of oil and gas resources that is mobile in the subsoil, extracted by modern technologies, unconventional resources are poorly mobile or immobile in the reservoir conditions of the subsoil. Their development requires new technologies and technical means that increase the cost of their search, extraction, transport, processing and disposal. Not all types of non-traditional raw materials are now technologically and economically accessible for industrial development, but in energy-deficient regions, as well as in basins with depleted reserves and developed infrastructure, certain types of non-traditional raw materials can become the basis of modern efficient fuel and energy supply.

The main increase in traditional oil and gas reserves in the world and, especially, in Russia is now taking place in territories with extreme development conditions - the Arctic, shelves, geographically and climatically unfavorable regions remote from consumers, etc. The costs of their development are so high that, during the transition to new raw material bases, the development of unconventional reserves of raw materials will be not only inevitable, but also competitive.

The importance of a comprehensive and timely study of unconventional hydrocarbon resources is especially obvious if we consider that more than half of all oil reserves recorded as traditional in Russia are represented by their unconventional types and sources. Consequently, the level of provision with oil production reserves in Russia, which is currently considered on the basis of the sum of traditional and unconventional reserves, cannot be considered correct, since significant volumes of them do not meet the conditions for profitable development.

During development, any oil and gas province approaches the stage of depletion. Timely preparation for the development of additional reserves in the form of unconventional hydrocarbon sources will make it possible to maintain production levels with profitable economic indicators for a long time. Currently, the depletion rate of most large developed fields in Russia generally exceeds 60% and approximately 43% of total production comes from large fields with a depletion rate of 60-95%. Modern oil production in Russia is carried out in regions with a high degree of depletion of reserves. The transition to the development of new raw material bases in the Arctic and eastern waters requires a reserve of time and excess capital costs, for which the Russian economy is currently not ready. At the same time, in all oil and gas basins, even with deeply depleted reserves, there are significant reserves of unconventional hydrocarbon resources, the rational and timely development of which will help maintain production levels. The progress achieved in the world in technologies for the extraction of oil and gas raw materials allows the development of unconventional types and sources of hydrocarbons, with a cost equivalent to the cost of raw materials on the world market.

VNIGRI studies have shown significant reserves of oil and gas resources in unconventional sources and reservoirs. Their study and development will make it possible to fill the inevitable pause in ensuring oil and then gas production, which will inevitably arise before the development of new raw material bases in regions with extreme development conditions. .

Currently, we consider the following types and sources of unconventional hydrocarbon raw materials to be of priority for development:

1. Heavy oils;

2. Combustible “black” shale;

3. Low-permeability productive reservoirs and complex unconventional reservoirs;

4. Gases from coal basins

Heavy (ρ>0.904 g/cm 3 ) viscous and highly viscous ( >30 mPa-s) oil occupy a special place among non-traditional hydrocarbon sources. Their accumulations are best studied by methods of oil and gas geology, up to production drilling and industrial development, and reserves in many deposits are assessed in high (A+B+C 1) categories. Industrial reserves of heavy oils (HE), amounting to several billion tons, have been identified in all major oil and gas production areas of the Russian Federation with falling oil production - Timan-Pechora (16.6% of total reserves), Volga-Ural (26%) and Zapadno -Siberian (54%). Significant reserves (3%) are also available in the regions of the Northern Ciscaucasia and Sakhalin. The total resources (reserves + predicted resources) of fuel oil in these regions are also significant, reaching several tens of billions of tons.

In total, 480 TN deposits have currently been discovered in Russia, of which 1 is unique in terms of reserves (Russkoye in Western Siberia), 5 are the largest, 4 are large, the rest are medium and small.

The fields are located in a wide range of depths - from 180 to 3900 m. The temperature within them is 6-65 ° C, reservoir pressure is 1.1-35 MPa. Most deposits are confined to anticlinal structures. As a rule, they are multi-layered. The height of the deposits ranges from several meters to a few hundred meters.

As with conventional oils, they are characterized by a high degree of concentration of reserves in large and largest fields. 90.5% of the fuel reserves of this province are concentrated in them, in the West Siberian Oil and Gas Province, and 70.5% in the Timan-Pechora Oil and Gas Reserve. Volga-Ural region - 31.9%, in the Northern Ciscaucasia - 52%, in Sakhalin - 38%. A similar pattern is typical for the entire Russian Federation - 72%. The main reserves of TN are concentrated at depths of less than 1.5 km in 1-2 deposits of large and largest fields. This asymmetry is caused by the development of exclusively terrigenous reservoirs in Western Siberia and the Sakhalin region. In the remaining oil and gas reservoirs, the reservoirs are terrigenous and carbonate, and reserves are distributed approximately equally in them.

In terms of phase, most TN deposits are purely oil. The exception is Western Siberia, where almost all deposits (about 90% of reserves) belong to the category of oil and gas or gas with an oil rim. The presence of condensate is noted in the gas of the most submerged deposits, while the gas of shallower deposits is predominantly “dry” methane.

The degree of development of HP deposits is the highest in the Krasnodar Territory and the Sakhalin Region, where the accumulated production of HP amounts to 66-72% of recoverable reserves. Accordingly, the accumulated production for the fields of the Volga-Ural oil and gas field is 22%, the Timan-Pechora oil and gas field is 15%, and the West Siberian oil and gas field is 3%. Maximum development is observed in those regions where reserves of light and less viscous oils are most developed.

The quality of HP reserves in general is such that they can be effectively developed with the current level of technology for their extraction.

First of all, this applies to relatively light oils with a density of up to 0.934 g/cm and a viscosity of up to 30-50 mPa-s. But heavier and more viscous oils are no less promising.

The economic effect of using fuel oil will be determined not only by the cost of field development, production and transportation of oil, but also by the quality of the oils themselves and the depth of their industrial processing, including processing at the point of receipt. The deeper the processing, the wider the range of products obtained and the smaller the amount of waste usually used as boiler fuel. TN is a complex mineral resource. Only from these oils are products with specific properties obtained, such as various high-quality oils and petroleum coke, used in non-ferrous metallurgy and the nuclear industry, as well as raw materials for petrochemical production. Vanadium, nickel and other metals can be extracted from them on an industrial scale. And all this despite the fact that the entire range of products typical of conventional oils can be obtained from fuel oil.

Shales are a source of combustible gas. In 2009, the United States took first place in the world in terms of the volume of gas produced and sold. Transoceanic “blue fuel” in such large volumes began to be obtained from shale through deep and high-tech processing.

The American shale breakthrough is worthy of careful consideration. According to the US Department of Energy, in January - October 2009, gas production in the states increased by 3.9% compared to the same period in 2008 - to 18.3 trillion cubic feet (519 billion m 3). The Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation estimates all Russian natural gas production for the same period at 462 billion m 3. According to preliminary estimates, for the whole of last year the United States produced 624 billion m 3. In Russia, production volumes decreased to 582.3 billion m3 (644.9 billion m3 were produced in 2008).

A return to a previously tested, but recognized as “ineffective” method of producing gas from shale indicates that new technologies have appeared in the United States. In 2008, gas production from shale accounted for only 10% of all American gas production, with another 50% coming from other unconventional fuel sources. A year later, shale produced almost more “blue fuel” than the entire Gazprom /St. Petersburg, 02.02.2010./.

“Gas innovations” provide an opportunity to build the world gas market in a new way. Now natural gas is transported through pipes, i.e. sold only to those customers to whom the “pipe” is connected. There is currently no exchange trading of gas in large volumes.

If some large and technologically developed country learns to make “blue fuel” in isolation from gas fields and instead of pipelines invests in the production of liquefied gas, then the market for this raw material will become the same as the oil market. Prices will be market prices!

In Russia, they are still looking at all this “from afar.” Technological lag in the raw materials industries can cost the Federation dearly. You cannot rely only on the gas resources of the fields of Western Siberia and the continental shelf of the Arctic and Far Eastern seas.

Russia has experience in obtaining energy raw materials from non-traditional sources. They learned to synthesize shale gas a long time ago, and in 1950, “blue fuel” was supplied to Leningrad from the Estonian field in Kokhtla-Jarvi. In the Russian Federation, resources and reserves of oil shale are quite large. In the Leningrad region alone, proven reserves of shale amount to more than 1 billion tons. A major source of “blue fuel” is gas dissolved in oil. Recently, the Surgutneftegas company began developing the West Sakhalin field, located almost 100 km from Khanty-Mansiysk. The main problem of this field was the utilization of associated petroleum gas, which was successfully solved in 2009, when a gas piston power station was built. Surgutneftegaz utilizes 95% of associated petroleum gas.

Thus, the practical use of non-traditional sources of energy raw materials and, first of all, the production of combustible gas is very relevant.

Non-traditional reservoirs ( HP ) oil and gas These are isolated effective containers, the placement of which is independent of the modern plicative structure.

As an example, let us take one of the largest gas condensate deposits in Western Siberia in the Berriasian lens Achz-4 (more than 700 billion m 3 of gas and 200 million tons of condensate) east of the Urengoy gas condensate field, which is located in the lower, steepest part of the extended slope . The deposit is controlled not only by the sand body, which occupies several times the area, but also by the effective reservoir inside it. This and other nearby reservoirs are preserved because they serve as paths for pulsed hydrocarbon flows from the lower oil-gas complex to the upper one through the regional seal, which is clearly visible from the distribution of formation pressures. In the crest of the Urengoy field, where there are no cross-flows, the reservoir pressure anomaly coefficients reach 1.9 or more, and in the unloading zone they drop to 1.6-1.7, which makes it possible to trace it. These flows became especially intense in the later stages of development, when the Nizhnepursky megaswell began to grow rapidly, and it was thanks to the powerful unidirectional unloading that the unique Cenomanian gas deposit was formed.

The composition of deposits in an unconventional Berriasian reservoir is associated with the specifics of formation - from the initial gas condensate, gas passes more easily through the sealing fluid, and in the accumulated fluid the condensate factor gradually increases (up to 600 cm3/m3), and then oil rims often separate.

It is also important to emphasize that in Western Siberia, in the Timan-Pechora and Volga-Ural oil and gas fields, in the Ciscaucasia, the bulk of oil and gas production is located at depths of 3-4 km, poorly illuminated by drilling even in old oil and gas producing areas. The relatively better study of unconventional reservoirs in the Leno-Tunguska province is explained by the fact that, firstly, there are simply no other reservoirs in it, and secondly, their depths are much less due to intense late uplifts, reaching even in the richest areas of the Nepa-Botuobinskaya anteclise 1-1.5 km.

Energy processes in reservoirs and their morphology, parameters of reservoirs containing reservoirs, examples of objects, as well as percentage shares of predicted resources in different types of reservoirs and for each type - the degree of their exploration, nowhere exceeding 15%.

Conservation Tanks(55% of all forecast resources). By no means the most studied, but perhaps the most illustrative example is the Bovanenkovskoye field in Yamal. In the Cenomanian century, there were three paleo-uplifts located in the shape of a triangle, which at that time were the largest deposits with deposits in Jurassic sandstones. Then a giant anticline began to grow in the center of the triangle, straightening almost all three former anticlinal folds. The new anticline collected gas into an Albian-Cenomanian unconsolidated reservoir (4.5 trillion m3), but was almost empty in the Jurassic. Deposits in Jurassic deposits were discovered on the flat North Bovanenkovo ​​anticline - a remnant of a higher amplitude paleostructure.

Yamal is taken as an example also because it is one of the most striking cases of such an “inversion of oil and gas content” - those anticlines that collected oil and gas in the middle and end of the Cretaceous were then partially or completely disbanded, and new ones (including deposits in Cenomanians) are mainly newly formed. Paleouplift control is only one of several types of control that must be considered when placing exploration wells.

The discharge reservoirs contain 12% of the predicted resources.

Leach Tanks(30% of predicted resources), isolated in carbonate strata; the leaching process plays a crucial role in increasing porosity and permeability in anticlinal objects, primarily associated with organogenic structures. Materials from Western Siberia indicate the widespread development of leaching reservoirs in polymict sandy rocks, which are also in most cases identified in anticlinal-lithological traps, but in the future they will become dominant in some unconventional objects. The main features of leaching reservoirs are the overwhelming distribution of porous-fractured reservoirs and a highly elongated (near-fault) shape.

Oil and gas generation reservoirs(3% of resources) have so far been well studied only in the western part of Western Siberia, where the formation of autochthonous deposits in the Bazhenov black shales continues to the present day (and with an increase). Reservoirs of this type are distinguished not only in the black shales themselves, but also in adjacent sandstones, since the very presence of giant deposits in them (for example, the Talinskoye field in the Krasnoleninsky region) is determined by the enormous scale of generation and emigration of hydrocarbons from black shales. Reservoirs in both shale and adjacent sandstones (above, below and within the regional seal) represent a single hydrodynamic system (in a geological sense), and seismic interpretation must become the same single mechanism.

The distribution of temperatures and reservoir pressures and the structural features of the regional fluid seal are extremely important, that is, what determines the main paths of hydrocarbon migration. Fractured-pore reservoirs predominate, which are characterized by a complex patchy distribution.

A rational complex of inflow intensification is of utmost importance for the development of deposits in the NR. The leading place, due to the predominance of fractured reservoirs, is, of course, occupied by hydraulic fracturing. This is followed by a thermal effect on the formation, which, among other things, leads to the formation of aggressive acids, which often contributes to the redistribution of mineral cements and increased permeability. Acid treatments themselves give more complex results, and, for example, in many polymictic sandstones they lead not to an increase, but, on the contrary, to a decrease in permeability.

Petroleum geological practice is increasingly faced with low-permeability reservoirs (LP) and, accordingly, with the development of methods for their study and technologies for increasing their oil and gas recovery.

Gases from coal basins. On the territory of Russia there are 24 coal basins, about 20 coal-bearing areas and regions, as well as many individual coal deposits. Most of them are gas-bearing. The volumes of gas released during coal development in large coal-industrial regions are large enough to at least partially cover their gas needs. For example, the annual import of natural gas into the Kemerovo region is ~ 1.5 billion m 3, and the annual release of hydrocarbon gases during development Kuznetsk basin - 2.0 billion m3, incl. 0.17 billion m3 is sucked off by degassing systems. For every ton of coal produced in Russia, an average of 20 m 3 of methane is released. In 2009, for the first time in Russia, industrial utilization of coal methane began in the Kemerovo region.

The gas content of coals is, in fact, methane content (the composition of the gas is predominantly methane, dry); in a number of basins it reaches 30-40 m 3 /t (Pechorsky, Kuznetsky, etc.). A distinctive feature of coal gas is the form of its content - predominantly sorption in monolithic coal seams, and free in fracture zones of coal seams and in the surrounding rocks. High gas content in coal basins, on the one hand, is the cause of accidents during coal mining, and on the other hand, they represent a significant reserve of gas raw materials for industry, especially in energy-deficient regions. Repeated alternation in the section and area of ​​productive deposits of various forms of gas content, which predetermine differences in its production technologies, is a factor that creates difficulties in the development of coal gases.

Predicted gas resources in coal seams calculated for 18 coal basins within the depths of assessment of coal reserves and resources (< 1800 м) и составляют в сумме около 45 трлн. м", при колебаниях от еди­ниц млрд. м 3 (Угловский, Аркагалинский, Кизеловский, Челябинский) до 13-26 трлн. м 3 (Кузнецкий, Тунгус­ский). Оценка ресурсов газов в свободных газовых скоплениях выполнена только по двум бассейнам - Печор­скому и Кузнецкому, и составила в сумме ~ 120 млрд. м 3 . Около 90% всех общих ресурсов приходится на кате­горию Д 2 . Однако по отдельным бассейнам долевое участие ресурсов более высоких категорий может состав­лять 50-70% (Минусинский, Улугхемский, Кизеловский и др.), что связано с превышением запасов углей над ресурсами в этих бассейнах. Наиболее богатыми регионами России по ресурсам угольных газов являются Вос­точная и Западная Сибирь ~ 58 и 29%, соответственно, от общего объема ресурсов, в то время как в Европей­ской части сосредоточено не более 4% .

In terms of their qualitative and quantitative characteristics, coal gases are in no way inferior to hydrocarbon gases from traditional deposits.

Currently, more than 3 thousand coal mines around the world emit about 40 billion m3 of methane per year, of which about 5.5 billion m3/year is captured in 500 mines, and 2.3 billion m3 is utilized. World experience in the utilization of coal gas indicates the prospects and economic feasibility of involving it in the local fuel balance. In 12 countries of the world, captured gas is considered as an associated mineral resource, and in some countries - as an independent one (USA). In the first case, the cost of its development does not exceed the cost of traditional gas production, in the second - slightly higher (1.3-1.5 times).

In Russia, methane is extracted from coal-bearing strata in a volume of 1.2 billion m 3 /year by various degassing systems in the fields of 132 operating mines. It is utilized in two basins - Pechora and Kuznetsk in the amount of 100-150 million m 3 /year. Technologies have been developed that make it possible to profitably extract and profitably use gas from coal-bearing strata.

The most promising for gas development are the Pechora and Kuznetsk coal basins, where a feasibility study has already been completed and there is positive experience in gas production. In addition, associated gas production is possible in a number of Far Eastern basins - Partizansky, Uglovsky, Sakhalinsky. The Tunguska and Lena basins represent large reserves of gas raw materials in the future.

In general, unconventional hydrocarbon resources represent a reserve of opportunities to expand the raw material base of oil and gas in Russia, especially for provinces with depleted reserves, but they need targeted research and, most importantly, the development of new principles of theory and practice, both their identification and exploration and production .

Introduction. 3

Unconventional types and sources of hydrocarbon raw materials. 4

Heavy oils and oil (tar) sands. 4

Low-permeability productive reservoirs. 6

Water-dissolved gases.. 6

Gas hydrates.. 7

Conclusion. 11

List of used literature:. 12

Introduction

The 21st century has long been predicted as the century of depletion of the bulk of hydrocarbon resources, first oil, and then gas. This process is inevitable, since all types of raw materials tend to develop reserves, and with the intensity with which they are mastered and sold. If we consider that modern world energy needs are provided mainly by oil and gas - 60% (oil - 36%, gas - 24%), then all types of forecasts about their exhaustion cannot give rise to doubt. Only the timing of the end of the hydrocarbon era of humanity is changing. Naturally, the time to reach the final stage of hydrocarbon development is not the same on different continents and in different countries, but for most it will come at current oil production volumes in the range of 2030-2050, subject to a sufficiently noticeable reproduction of their reserves. However, for about 20 years, oil production in the world has outpaced the growth of its reserves.

The concept of traditional and unconventional hydrocarbon resources does not have an unambiguous definition. Most researchers, realizing that natural processes and formations often do not have clear boundaries, propose using such concepts as hard-to-recover reserves and unconventional hydrocarbon resources when defining unconventional reserves and resources. Hard-to-recover reserves, the production potential of which is practically not used, are not much different from traditional oil and gas reserves - except for the deterioration of their geological and production characteristics. Non-traditional hydrocarbon resources include those that are fundamentally different from traditional ones in physical and chemical properties, as well as in the forms and nature of their placement in the host rock (environment).

Unconventional hydrocarbon resources are much more “expensive”. Therefore, when assigning raw materials to one or another group, not only purely geological and geological-technical reasons are often considered, but also, for example, geographical-economic, social, market situation, strategic, etc.

In general, if we talk about the system of unconventional hydrocarbon resources of all types, they are huge. In total, according to rough estimates, they exceed 105 billion toe, but these volumes are not indisputable, because These are dispersed hydrocarbons in an unproductive environment, i.e. Even in the long term, not all of them will be able to be mastered.

Unconventional types and sources of hydrocarbon raw materials

Unconventional hydrocarbon resources are that part of them, the preparation and development of which requires the development of new methods and methods for identification, exploration, production, processing and transport. They are concentrated in clusters that are difficult to develop, or are scattered in unproductive environments. They are poorly mobile in the reservoir conditions of the subsoil, and therefore require special methods of extraction from the subsoil, which increases their cost. However, the progress achieved in the world in technologies for the extraction of oil and gas raw materials allows the development of some of them.

At the initial stage of research, it was believed that their reserves were practically inexhaustible, given their scale (Fig. 1) and wide distribution. However, many years of study of various sources of unconventional hydrocarbon resources, carried out in the second half of the last century, left only heavy oils, oil sands and bitumen, oil and gas-saturated low-permeability reservoirs and gases of coal-bearing sediments as viable for development. Already at the 14th World Petroleum Congress (1994, Norway), unconventional oils, represented only by heavy oils, bitumen and oil sands, were estimated at 400-700 billion tons, 1.3-2.2 times more than traditional resources - . Water-dissolved gases and gas hydrates turned out to be problematic and controversial as industrial sources of gas, despite their wide distribution.

Rice. 1 Geological hydrocarbon resources.

Heavy oils and oil (tar) sands.

The world's geological resources of this type of raw material are enormous - 500 billion tons. Reserves of heavy oils with a density are more successfully developed. With modern technologies, their recoverable reserves exceed 100 billion tons. Venezuela and Canada are especially rich in heavy oils and tar sands.

In recent years, the volume of heavy oil production has been growing, amounting, according to various estimates, to about 12-15% of the global total. Back in 2000, only 37.5 million tons were produced from heavy oils in the world. in 2005 - 42.5 million tons, and by 2010-2015. according to the forecast, it may already be about 200 million tons, but with world oil prices not lower than $50-60/bbl.

There is a lot of heavy oil in Russia, and their concentration in unique deposits is important. 60% of heavy oil reserves are concentrated in 15 fields, which simplifies their development. These include Russkoe, Van-Eganskoe, Fedorovskoe and others in Western Siberia, Novo-Elokhovskoe and Romashkinskoe in the Urals-Volga region; Usinsk, Yaregskoe, Toraveiskoe and others in the Timan-Pechora region. The main reserves of heavy oils in Russia are concentrated in Western Siberia (46%) and the Ural-Volga region (26%). In 2010, their production volumes amounted to 39.4 million tons, but many of the deposits are still being developed.

In many fields, heavy oils are metalliferous, especially in European oil and gas fields, and contain significant reserves of rare metals. In particular, they are a potential source of vanadium raw materials, the quality of which is significantly superior to ore sources [Sukhanov, Petrova 2008]. According to our estimates, the geological reserves of vanadium pentoxide in heavy oils only in the largest deposits in terms of vanadium reserves amount to 1.3 million tons, extracted along with oil 0.2 million tons (Table 1).

Vanadium is extracted in the world on a large scale, mainly by ash collectors at large thermal power plants operating on fuel oil, as well as in cokes at refineries during deep oil refining. The addition of such cokes to a blast furnace ensures the frost resistance of rolled rails.

Thus, heavy oils are complex hydrocarbon raw materials, which are of interest not only as an additional source of hydrocarbons, but also as a source of valuable metals, as well as chemical raw materials (organosulfur compounds and porphyrins).

Table 1

Assessment of vanadium reserves in heavy metalliferous oils of the Russian Federation

The main obstacles to large-scale development of heavy oils in Russia are:

Insufficient fundamental research aimed at creating effective technologies for their development and complex processing, adapted to the characteristics of specific development objects;

The need to modernize and build new refineries for deep processing of heavy and, especially, high-sulfur heavy oil.

Low-permeability productive reservoirs.

There cannot be clear standard permeability parameters for predicting their oil and gas recovery, since it depends not only on the structure and quality of the reservoir matrix (porosity, fracturing, hydraulic conductivity, clay content, etc.) and on the quality of the raw material (density, viscosity), but also on thermodynamic conditions in the deposit (temperature and pressure). For the bulk of oil reserves located in the depth range of 1.5-3.0 km, a reservoir with less permeability already creates certain difficulties in extracting them from the subsoil, especially significant if the oil in the deposit is characterized by high density () or viscosity (> 30mPa*s). The share of oil reserves in such reservoirs is (according to various estimates) from the global reserves and 37% of their total reserves recorded in Russia. They are especially common in Western Siberia, and their share is large in deposits with unique reserves (Salymskoye, Priobskoye, etc.). In the forecast resources of Western Siberia there are even more than 65% of them (Fig. 2), which is extremely unfavorable, since it is the permeability of reservoirs that mainly determines the flow rates of wells, i.e. scale of production and its cost.

Water-dissolved gases

Water-dissolved gases have predominantly methane, methane-nitrogen or methane-carbon dioxide composition. The industrial development of water-dissolved hydrocarbon gases has a theoretical basis and positive practical examples. The resources of gases dissolved in water and, according to various estimates, range from to. Typically, the volumes of water-dissolved gas in formation waters at moderate depths, up to 1.0-1.5 km, average 1-2 gases per cubic meter of water, at 1.5-3.0 km 3-5, but in deep troughs of geosynclinal areas reach 20-25, especially under conditions of low salinity of formation waters [Kaplan, 1990]. Highly gas-saturated reservoir

waters lie at depths of more than 3.5-4.0 km, are accompanied by high pressure pressure with an anomaly coefficient of up to 2 atm., often gush out, but quickly spontaneously degass when the pressure drops.

In addition, if gas-saturated formation waters have increased mineralization and there are no conditions for their discharge, surface or deep, then environmental problems also arise, in particular soil salinization and surface subsidence. Prices for water-dissolved gas vary from $75-140 per 1000, but if the water is used as a hydrothermal raw material or for heating, it drops to $50.

Rice. 2. Share distribution (%) of oil in low-permeability reservoirs () in the reserves and resources of the federal districts.

Their industrial value lies in the fact that they do not contain harmful components and can be sent directly to the consumer without purification.

Gas hydrates

The discovery of large accumulations of gas hydrates in permafrost regions in the Arctic, as well as under the seabed along the outer continental margins of the World Ocean, is causing increased interest in them around the world.

Gas hydrates are solid structures formed by water and gas that resemble compressed snow in appearance. They are a crystal lattice of ice with gas molecules inside it. For their formation, gas, water and certain thermodynamic conditions are required, which are not the same for different gas compositions. Gas molecules (parts) fill the cavities in the framework of the water molecule (host). Moreover, 1 water can contain up to 150-160. To date, three types of gas hydrates have been identified (I, II and III). -Type I gas hydrates are the most common: they are represented mainly by molecules of biogenic methane. Types II and III gas hydrates may contain larger molecules that make up thermogenic gas.

Research by scientists around the world suggested that huge reserves lie in the bottom sediments of the shelf and ocean. But research has shown that this is not the case. In vast areas of the deep ocean platform, in its thin bottom sediments, there is practically no methane, and in the rift zones where it is possible, the temperature is too high, so there are no conditions for gas hydrate formation. Bottom sediments saturated with gas hydrates are widespread, mainly on shelves and especially in zones of active underwater mud volcanoes or dislocations.

However, even if the presence of enormous volumes of gas in gas hydrates is confirmed, significant technical and economic problems will need to be overcome in order to consider gas hydrates as a viable source. Although large areas of the world's continental margins are underlain by gas hydrates, their concentrations in most marine accumulations are very low, posing challenges to the technology for extracting gas from widely scattered accumulations. In addition, in most cases, marine gas hydrates are identified in unconsolidated sedimentary sections enriched in clay, which causes little or no permeability of the sediments. Most gas production models require reliable pathways to move gas to the well and inject fluids into sediments containing gas hydrates. However, it is unlikely that most marine sediments have the mechanical strength to support the formation of the necessary migration routes. Research by American scientists has shown that the use of inhibitors in gas production from gas hydrates is technically possible, but the use of large volumes of chemicals is expensive, both from a technical and environmental point of view.

As can be seen from the above, unconventional hydrocarbon resources are an important part of their balance, especially those that can be developed at the present time. They are distributed throughout the Russian Federation, however, the proportion of their species for different regions is unequal, which predetermines the priorities in their development for each region (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. The predominance of hydrocarbon resources in unconventional facilities in the regions of Russia

The need to study various types of unconventional hydrocarbon resources and the feasibility of improving technologies for the development of certain types of them is dictated by the following fundamental provisions, especially relevant in connection with the shortage of investments, which excludes a wide turn of highly capital-intensive geological exploration work in undeveloped, inaccessible, but promising regions:

The obvious exhaustibility of active hydrocarbon reserves within the territories available for economically efficient development. The degree of depletion of oil reserves in Russia is already 53% or more in a number of regions, which entails an inevitable drop in production;

The steady increase in the cost of traditional hydrocarbon reserves prepared for development, due to the extreme geographical, climatic and economic conditions of work on the shelf (mainly Arctic) and great depths on land; in undeveloped territories significantly removed from consumers, lacking transport infrastructure;

The presence of significant volumes, including explored industrial reserves of oil and gas in unconventional sources in regions with developed field and transport infrastructure, the development of which is hampered not so much because of technological difficulties, which are quite surmountable, but because of the absence of tax legislation RF real market mechanisms for their cost-effective preparation and development.

The preparation and development of unconventional sources of hydrocarbon raw materials will partially cover the emerging deficit in its reserves in the Russian Federation. This requires very moderate appropriations that make it possible to maintain hydrocarbon production volumes in the first years of the post-crisis period, aimed mainly at research and development, namely:

Conduct a regional audit of the resources, reserves and quality of all types of unconventional hydrocarbon raw materials at a new information level, taking into account the progress achieved in their production technologies, as well as the economic, social and environmental consequences of their development. Their condition must be clearly reflected in government balance sheets;

Carry out fundamental research to create effective technologies for the development and complex processing of unconventional types of hydrocarbon raw materials, adapted to specific domestic objects of their priority development;

To improve the taxation system for the production of unconventional types of hydrocarbon raw materials through their differentiation in accordance with the quality and specifics of the development of individual types.

Conclusion

The state of knowledge of non-traditional types of raw materials and their development in the world is still low, but along with the depletion of traditional reserves, countries with a deficit of hydrocarbons are increasingly turning to their non-traditional sources.

Most of the activities, as well as proposals to stimulate production, are aimed exclusively at a group of hard-to-recover oils and gases. Actually, unconventional hydrocarbon resources are beyond the attention of both oil and gas companies and government subsoil management authorities.

Thus, in relation to the modern situation, the main types of non-traditional hydrocarbon resources can be divided into a group prepared for industrial (or pilot-industrial) development, a group that requires study, evaluation and accounting on the balance sheet, and also for which it is necessary to develop technologies involving the development of long term, and a group of problematic and hypothetical objects.

If it is possible to involve non-traditional hydrocarbon resources in development, they can be divided into three unequal groups. Hard-to-recover (heavy, highly viscous) oils, bitumen and oil sands, as well as oil and gases in low-permeability reservoirs, are already of practical importance as hydrocarbon raw materials among unconventional hydrocarbon sources. In the medium term, this group in Russia will also include gases in shale and gases in coal-bearing deposits (sorbed and free). Water-dissolved gases and gas hydrates are unlikely to become the subject of targeted assessment and development in the next 20-30 years.

In general, unconventional hydrocarbon resources are a significant reserve for replenishing the raw material base of oil in the Russian Federation, not only in the “old” developed oil and gas reservoirs, but also in Western and Eastern Siberia, where they account for more than half of the predicted hydrocarbon resources.

List of used literature:

1 Kaplan E.M. Resources of unconventional gas raw materials and problems of its development - L.: VNIGRI, 1990, pp. 138-144.

2 Anfilatova E.A. Article // Analytical review of modern foreign data on the problem of the spread of gas hydrates in the world's waters. (VNIGRI) 2009

3 Ushivtseva L.F. article // Unconventional sources of hydrocarbon and hydrothermal raw materials.

4 Unconventional sources of hydrocarbon raw materials / ed. Yakutseni V.P. 1989

5 Unconventional hydrocarbon resources - a reserve for replenishing the raw material base of oil and gas of the Russian Federation./Yakutseni V.P., Petrova Yu.E., Sukhanov A.A. (VNIGRI).2009

6 O.M. Prishchepa article/ Resource potential and directions for studying unconventional sources of hydrocarbon raw materials in the Russian Federation (FSUE VNIGRI) 2012