Heating of atmospheric air. §33. Air heating and its temperature How atmospheric air is heated

Heating a room with an appliance that is not designed for this purpose can be deadly. Short circuits in houses, electricity, gas leaks - this is not a complete list of problems that can arise and lead to great difficulties.

Experts say: owners of gas stoves need to be especially careful. It just seems that an open fire heats better. In fact, it significantly spoils the air, making the situation even worse.

What to consider

Heating a room with an oven is quite easy. However, it is worth considering that if you open an electric oven, your stove will immediately start working harder, because. it will have to heat a much larger surface than the one for which it is designed. And this leads to increased energy consumption, faster wear of the furnace, and the likelihood of a short circuit. After all, if the wiring is old and weak, it simply may not withstand such abuse.

Putting something in an open oven to cook (so that the oven supposedly works as intended) is not an option. After all, she does not have enough power to perform her direct duties.

As for gas stoves, the situation is even more serious. After all, such furnaces emit nitrogen dioxide into the atmosphere, and at a fairly high level. And this is a rather dangerous carcinogen, leading to very unexpected consequences. For example, it can worsen asthma in children prone to this disease. Preschool children are especially affected.

If the ventilation system in the house also does not work well, you risk getting serious poisoning with the help of such heating of the premises.

And no amount of ventilation will help and you can’t heat the room with an oven. Moreover, opening the window and turning on the gas oven does not provide the required level of heating. And as a result, you poison yourself more than you insulate your room.

What to do

The only sensible option that can be offered to those who like to warm themselves by the stove is the purchase of an air conditioner or heater. Electrical appliances create a comfortable room temperature in a matter of minutes. Moreover, they are completely safe for humans and do not cause the development of serious diseases such as asthma or other respiratory problems.

If possible, it is better to make a fireplace in the room. Let it be small, but real. Firewood does not emit toxic substances when burned, as a result of which the room is heated and does not cause harm to health.

And be sure to contact your housing office to resolve the issue with the room temperature. Perhaps your housing office will reconsider the conditions for supplying heat if the whole house is suffering just like you.

Section III SHELLS OF THE EARTH

§ 29. How atmospheric air is heated

Remember what device is used to determine air temperature. How does the air temperature change during the day?

Sun rays in the atmosphere. You know that the sources of energy for all processes occurring on the surface of the Earth are the Sun and the interior of our planet. The sun is the main source. One two-billionth of the energy emitted by the Sun reaches the upper boundary of the atmosphere. However, even such a small fraction of solar energy does not completely reach the Earth's surface.

Some of the sun's rays are absorbed, scattered in the troposphere and reflected back into outer space, and some reach the Earth and are absorbed by it. is spent on heating it.

Heating of atmospheric air. The temperature of the lower layers of atmospheric air depends on the temperature of the surface over which it is located. The sun's rays, passing through transparent air, almost do not heat it; on the contrary, it dissipates through clouds and impurity content, losing some of the energy. But, as we have already noted, the earth’s surface heats up, and the air warms up from it.

The heating temperature of the surface depends on the angle of incidence of the sun's rays.

On our planet, the surface heats up according to the same pattern. In the morning and evening, the Sun illuminates the earth's surface at an acute angle, and therefore the sun's rays seem to glide over the earth's surface, almost without heating it. At noon, the angle of incidence of the sun's rays increases, and the surface warms up more. In addition, the sun's rays in the atmosphere in the morning and evening, through a small angle of incidence, travel 35 times longer than at noon, which determines their scattering and absorption by the atmosphere.

So, during the day the temperature changes significantly. The lowest temperature is observed in the morning before sunrise, and the highest in the afternoon.

The angle of incidence of the sun's rays depends on the geographic latitude of the area. The area at the equator warms up the most, since the angle of incidence of the sun's rays approaches 90° throughout the year and decreases towards the poles, so these areas are the coldest.

The color and composition of the earth's surface (scientists call it the underlying surface) also greatly influence its heating. A dark surface heats up faster, and a light surface heats up more slowly, because light colors reflect some of the sun's rays without absorbing the thermal energy that bononese does (Fig. 75).

Rice. 75. Dependence of heating of the underlying surface on the angle of incidence of solar rays

The terrain also affects air temperature, since the southern slopes of the mountains warm up better than the northern ones.

The water surface heats up more slowly than dense soil, but also cools more slowly. In addition, winds, movements of air masses, transparency of the atmosphere, cloudiness, precipitation, altitude above sea level, the presence of reservoirs, and the like all influence temperature. Due to this, the distribution of heat on the earth's surface is very uneven, even in areas close to each other.

Due to the fact that the atmosphere is heated mainly due to the energy absorbed by the underlying surface, the air temperature decreases as it rises. In the troposphere it decreases by an average of 6° with an increase in altitude by 1 km.

Heat distribution on the Earth's surface. As you already know, the amount of solar energy falling on the earth's surface depends on the angle of incidence of the sun's rays. Our planet, revolving around the Sun throughout the year, alternately turns toward it with either the Southern or Northern hemisphere. This is explained by the fact that the earth's axis is tilted at an angle of 66° 33 to its orbit and the sun's rays illuminate different parts of the earth differently. The most illuminated period is in the summer (June-August) in the Northern Hemisphere, and in the winter (December-February) in the Southern Hemisphere. On a climate map, places with the same temperature are connected by lines called isotherms. they are plotted on the map in two colors: the coldest month - January - in black, and the warmest month - July - in red.

Tropics and polar circles. June 22 The Sun is at its zenith above the parallel 23° 30 north. w. This parallel is called the Tropic of the North. In the Northern Hemisphere, this is the time when the longest day is observed, which is called the summer solstice. To the north of parallel 66° 33, polar day reigns in summer, that is, the Sun does not set beyond the horizon at all from 40 days at the Arctic Circle to 189 days at the pole.

Parallel 66° 33 north. w. called the Arctic Circle. At this time, south of parallel 66° 33 n. sh., that is, beyond the Antarctic Circle, the polar night is observed.

After the summer solstice, the Sun continues to move in orbit. The day is getting shorter. Finally comes September 23rd, when the length of day and night is the same. This day is called the autumn equinox. The sun is at its zenith above the equator. In the Northern Hemisphere it is autumn, in the Southern Hemisphere it is spring.

Describe on your own the movement of the Earth around the Sun and its consequences, starting with the winter solstice.

Thermal zones. Heat zones are stripes with certain air temperatures that differ from each other in the amount of heat coming from the Sun. their boundaries are determined by the lines of the tropics and polar circles. We found out that the Sun can be at its zenith throughout the year, in the territory limited by the Northern and Southern tropics. This area warms up best and is therefore called the hot thermal zone. The annual temperature amplitudes here are small, and at the equator there is almost no change of seasons at all.

The areas between the tropics and the polar circles in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres are called the southern and northern temperate thermal zones. There is a clear change of seasons here, and the length of day and night changes depending on them. The differences between summer and winter temperatures reach tens of degrees. In summer, the Sun is high above the horizon, but the angle of incidence of the sun's rays does not reach 90°.

Between the poles and polar circles the northern and southern cold zones are defined. Within these zones it is cold even in summer, and in winter there are severe frosts and winds. There is little precipitation. The annual amplitudes of temperature fluctuations are relatively small. There is a change of polar day and night.

Consequently, five thermal zones are defined: one hot, two moderate and two cold (Fig. 76).

Rice. 76. Distribution of solar heat on Earth

Rice. 77. Thermometer

Rice. 78: a) graph of daily temperatures: 6) graph of annual temperatures

Why is air temperature measured? Air temperature is measured with a thermometer (Fig. 77), which is placed at meteorological stations in special buildings protected from direct sunlight. Air temperature observations are carried out here at least three times a day. To compare the temperature of different days, the average daily temperature is determined. It is the arithmetic average of temperature readings during the day. Average monthly and average annual temperatures are also calculated. Based on temperature observations, temperature graphs are drawn up (Fig. 78).

The difference between the highest and lowest temperatures over a given period of time is called the amplitude of temperature fluctuations. Daily, monthly and annual amplitudes are determined.

The daily temperature range on Earth is not the same. Large daily temperature fluctuations in the tropics are explained by the significant transparency of the atmosphere. At the poles, during the polar day, the temperature remains almost unchanged during the day. The sun remains in the sky throughout the day. The amplitude is also insignificant over the oceans and at the equator.

Explain why.

Observations of air temperature are of great importance for the study of climate change. The climate map reflects information about the temperature regime of the territory (isotherm) and maximum and minimum temperatures in individual places.

Practical work 5

Solving problems on changes in air temperature and atmospheric pressure with altitude and humidity

1. Determine the air temperature at the top of Goverla, if at its foot (absolute height 800 m) it is 18 °C.

2. Determine the approximate height of the mountain if the air temperature at its foot was +16 °C, and at the top - -8 °C. What are these mountains called (low, medium, high)? Give examples and mark them on a contour map.

Practical work 6

Drawing up a graph of air temperature changes, cloudiness and precipitation diagrams, wind roses, and their analysis

Plot a graph of air temperature changes over a month using weather calendar data (optional).

Let's repeat the main thing

The heating temperature of the Earth's surface depends on the angle of incidence of the sun's rays.

The tropics are parallels of 23° 30 north and south latitudes, above which the Sun is at its zenith once a year.

The polar circles are parallels of 66" 33 northern and southern latitudes, along which the phenomena of the polar day and polar night occur.

Heat zones are stripes with certain air temperatures that differ from each other in the amount of heat coming from the Sun, the limits of which are determined by the lines of the tropics and temperate circles.

The tropics and polar circles are the boundaries of the Earth's thermal zones - hot, two temperate and two cold.

Based on temperature observations, a graph of temperature variations is drawn up over a day, month, and year.

The difference between the highest and lowest temperatures over a given period of time is called the amplitude of temperature fluctuations.

Isotherms are lines on a map connecting places with the same temperature.

Key terms and concepts

Average monthly and average annual temperatures, amplitude of fluctuations, isotherms.

Questions and tasks

1. What determines the heating of the Earth's surface?

2. Explain what determines the temperature of the Earth’s atmospheric air.

3. What are the average daily, average monthly, average annual temperatures? How are they determined?

4. What is the amplitude of temperature fluctuations?

5. What is the purpose of monitoring temperature?

6. What is called the underlying surface? How do the properties of the underlying surface affect the heating of atmospheric air?

7. Explain why air temperature decreases with height.

8. What are called the tropics? By what criteria are they identified?

9. What are the polar circles? What phenomena occur in the polar circles?

10. The sun is at its zenith over the Southern Tropic. What time of year is it at this time in the Northern Hemisphere, and what is it in the Southern Hemisphere?

Using the atlas maps, determine in which thermal zones the islands of Greenland and Madagascar are located.

Do the experiment. Direct the flashlight beam at a flat surface at a right angle. Pay attention to the illuminated area, and then change the angle of the light and notice in which case the surface is illuminated better. You will see that the more the angle of incidence of the flashlight beam approaches 90°, the more the area will be illuminated; The sharper the angle of incidence of the beam, the larger the illumination area and the blurrier the light spot.

At the boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere, the temperature varies from -83 to -53 C.

In the lower part of the stratosphere, the decrease in air temperature with height stops and it remains approximately constant, and above 25 km the temperature begins to increase again, reaching a maximum value of about 0 ° C at the boundary of the stratosphere and mesosphere (approximately 55 km).

The lowest temperature on Earth is 89.2 ° C (Antarctica), the highest temperature on Earth is +58 C (Tripoli (Libya, Africa).

The fireplace insert will heat not only the room where it is located, but thanks to ventilation the entire house. By combining hot air and hot water supply, you will not require gas or electricity for heating.

Choose cheap home heating.

In addition to heating a large living room with a classic fireplace, you can choose three other ways to heat your house or cottage. Technically more complex and a little more expensive hot water distribution system from the fireplace.Most often used hot air heating.Not as often, but more effectively use of a combined heating system. This means distributing hot water for heating radiators and heating with air.

And one fireplace is enough for this. You might be surprised how cheap this heating system is.

Heating with hot air.

It is cheaper and technically simpler to heat a house or cottage using a warm air distribution system. The big advantage over heating with hot water is that it is heated as soon as the fire starts. Summer residents will undoubtedly appreciate this when they come to a cold dacha. This heating method, together with modern thermal insulation of walls, high-quality windows and materials capable of accumulating heat, with a properly installed system, allows you to forget about heating with gas or electricity. To install this system, in addition to the fireplace insert, it is enough to buy ventilation, aluminum tubes, insulation and grilles for venting into the room and you can begin installing the system.

How it works.

Through the lower pipe, with the help of small fans, cold air from the room enters the fireplace insert. If the house is large, a ventilation system is installed. It is not recommended to bring in cold air from the street, because it stops circulating in the room - cold air settles near the floor, hot air rises to the ceiling. Cold air at room temperature is sufficient.

The incoming air quickly heats up to a very high temperature. Most inserts create a high temperature at the outlet, so only aluminum pipes are connected to the heater. They will withstand 300 degrees of heat. If a pipe with insulation intended for indoor distribution (insulation made of glass wool and foil) was connected to the heater, the foil would burn. These special tubes can withstand temperatures up to 130 degrees Celsius. The same applies to gratings.

After connecting the aluminum pipes, there are two solutions.

1. Complete the distribution system in the wall, for example, in the corridor, with a heat-resistant grille. This is the case if air circulation is used to further distribute heat throughout the house, for example, through the stairs to the first floor. This option can also be used in a combined system (water-air).

2. Connect the aluminum tube to the distribution system. Insulated distribution pipes have already been laid from it to individual rooms. These systems are mainly located in the floor on the first floors of buildings. If a ventilation system is connected to the distribution system, these pipes can be placed under the ceiling. But in this case, natural air circulation does not work.

Fireplace effect.

In order for the entire warm air distribution system to work only on the basis of thermals without a ventilation system, the so-called fireplace effect must be observed. In practice, it looks like this: warm air from the fireplace comes upstairs, passes through ventilation to the upper floor, and at the same time pushes cold air down. At the ground, he is pulled into the fireplace and the whole process is repeated. However, turning on the hood in the kitchen or open doors to the street will disrupt the entire process. Therefore, for greater efficiency, it is necessary to install a fan that forces the air to flow in the desired direction.

Ventilation.

Ventilation circulates air throughout the house. It blows cold air under the insert and warm air into the room. Each fan must be equipped with a speed controller. Regulates the noise level and the amount of air circulating throughout the house. A temperature sensor is also practical. If the fire goes out and the temperature drops below the set value, the fan will turn off and will not blow cold air into the house.

Combined fireplace insert.

If you want maximum gas and electricity savings, purchase a combined fireplace insert. It is equipped with a hot water heat exchanger and will simultaneously heat the room where it is located. The photo shows a combined boiler that will heat a space of 280-300 m3 with a thermal power of 11 kW for the room and 4 kW for water. Heat exchanger volume is 6 liters. The advantage is that the fireplace insert has only the main distributor, which is extended along the floor into the technical room. There is also the main equipment necessary for distributing hot water to the radiators.

They pass through the transparent atmosphere without heating it, they reach the earth's surface, heat it, and from it the air is subsequently heated.

The degree of heating of the surface, and therefore the air, depends, first of all, on the latitude of the area.

But at each specific point it (t o) will also be determined by a number of factors, among which the main ones are:

A: altitude above sea level;

B: underlying surface;

B: distance from the coasts of oceans and seas.

A – Since air heating occurs from the earth’s surface, the lower the absolute altitude of the area, the higher the air temperature (at one latitude). In conditions of air unsaturated with water vapor, a pattern is observed: for every 100 meters of altitude, the temperature (t o) decreases by 0.6 o C.

B – Qualitative characteristics of the surface.

B 1 – surfaces of different color and structure absorb and reflect the sun’s rays differently. The maximum reflectivity is characteristic of snow and ice, the minimum for dark-colored soils and rocks.

Illumination of the Earth by the sun's rays on the days of the solstices and equinoxes.

B 2 – different surfaces have different heat capacity and heat transfer. Thus, the water mass of the World Ocean, which occupies 2/3 of the Earth’s surface, heats up very slowly and cools very slowly due to its high heat capacity. Land heats up quickly and cools quickly, i.e., in order to heat 1 m2 of land and 1 m2 of water surface to the same temperature, different amounts of energy must be expended.

B – from the coasts to the interior of the continents, the amount of water vapor in the air decreases. The more transparent the atmosphere, the less sunlight is scattered in it, and all the sun's rays reach the surface of the Earth. If there is a large amount of water vapor in the air, water droplets reflect, scatter, absorb solar rays and not all of them reach the surface of the planet, its heating decreases.

The highest air temperatures are recorded in tropical desert areas. In the central regions of the Sahara, for almost 4 months the air temperature in the shade is more than 40 o C. At the same time, at the equator, where the angle of incidence of the sun's rays is greatest, the temperature does not exceed +26 o C.

On the other hand, the Earth, as a heated body, radiates energy into space mainly in the long-wave infrared spectrum. If the earth's surface is covered with a "blanket" of clouds, then not all infrared rays leave the planet, since the clouds delay them, reflecting them back to the earth's surface.

When the sky is clear, when there is little water vapor in the atmosphere, the infrared rays emitted by the planet freely go into space, and the earth’s surface cools down, which cools down and thereby reduces the air temperature.

Literature

1. Zubaschenko E.M. Regional physical geography. Climates of the Earth: educational and methodological manual. Part 1. / E.M. Zubaschenko, V.I. Shmykov, A.Ya. Nemykin, N.V. Polyakova. – Voronezh: VSPU, 2007. – 183 p.

Ivanova Nadezhda Ivanovna
Job title: geography teacher
Educational institution: MKOU Kumylzhenskaya Secondary School No. 1 named after A.D. Znamensky
Locality: Kumylzhenskaya village, Volgograd region
Name of material: Lesson summary
Subject: How air heats up
Publication date: 18.08.2016
Chapter: secondary education

Lesson on the topic “How atmospheric air heats up” Lesson objectives Educational: to continue to develop students’ knowledge about the atmosphere; create conditions for students to develop an understanding of the patterns of heating of atmospheric air from the earth's surface; introduce children to the concepts: air temperature, daily temperature range; teach to establish cause-and-effect relationships between air temperature, the height of the Sun above the horizon and the nature of the underlying surface; teach students to perform practical tasks on measuring air temperature. Developmental: create conditions for the development of cognitive interest, intellectual and creative abilities of students; promote the development of skills of independent work with geographical texts, textbooks, diagrams, make generalizations and conclusions; continue the formation of geographical thinking. Educational: continue to cultivate interest in the world around us; promote the development of communication skills; formation of an emotional and value-based attitude to the world, increasing interest in studying the subject. Planned results. Personal: awareness of the value of geographical knowledge as an essential component of the scientific picture of the world. Meta-subject: the ability to organize one’s activities, determine its goals and objectives, the ability to conduct independent search, analysis, selection of information, the ability to interact with people and work in a team; express judgments, confirming them with facts; mastering practical skills in working with a textbook. Subject: knowledge and explanation of the essential features of concepts, using them to solve educational problems. Universal learning activities (UAL). Personal: realize the need to study the topic. Regulatory: plan your activities under the guidance of a teacher, evaluate the work of classmates, work in accordance with the assigned task, compare the results obtained with the expected ones. Cognitive: extract, select and analyze information, extract new knowledge from ESM sources, process information to obtain the required result. Communicative: be able to communicate and interact with each other (in a small group and in a team). Lesson type – lesson on learning new knowledge. Forms of organization of student activities - group (the class is divided into 3 groups), individual, problem-based, practical assignments. Equipment for the teacher: - presentation for the lesson; computer, projector.
During the classes. 1. Organizational stage. Goal: emotionally - a positive attitude towards the lesson, creating an atmosphere of success and trust. We continue to study the Earth's geosphere. In the previous lesson we completed the study of the topic “Lithosphere”. Let's remember what it consists of? (earth's crust and upper mantle). The shell that we will begin to study today began to form from gases that were released from the earth's crust. What is this shell called? (atmosphere) This topic is familiar to you, because... it was studied in the first part of the “Elementary Geography Course”. We learned that atmospheric air consists of gases, determined the boundaries of the atmosphere, and examined its structure. We found out that the atmosphere ensures the existence of life on Earth and has a great influence on various aspects of people's lives. Question: Why do living organisms need oxygen? (oxidation of organic substances, release of energy). Energy is necessary for all life processes. 2. Setting goals and objectives for the lesson. Motivation for learning activities. The topic of today's lesson is also related to energy. Let's remember the sources of energy, thanks to which all processes on Earth occur (the internal energy of the Earth and the energy of the Sun). The atmosphere is a very mobile shell; everything that happens in it occurs thanks to solar energy. The sun is the main source, source of heat and light.
Lesson topic: “How air heats up”
Let's formulate questions on a new topic: 1. How does the air heat up? 2. Why do different parts of the earth’s surface heat up differently? 3. What factors influence air temperature? 4. How does the temperature change during the day? 5. What is the daily amplitude of temperature fluctuations? Purpose of the lesson: to study the patterns of air heating. To understand how air heats up, what property of air we must remember (transparency). Which statement do you think is correct: 1) The sun's rays heat the air; 2) The air is heated by the earth's surface. The sun's rays pass through the transparent atmosphere without heating it; they reach the earth's surface, heat it, and from it the air subsequently heats up. Pattern 1: atmospheric air is heated from the Earth's surface. 3. Primary assimilation of new knowledge. Teacher: It is known that about one two-billionth of the energy emitted by the Sun reaches the upper boundary of the atmosphere. But even such a small part of solar energy does not fully reach the Earth's surface. According to scientists, for each square centimeter of the surface located at the upper boundary of the atmosphere, approximately as much solar energy comes every minute as is necessary to heat 1 g of water by 2 ° C. This means that the amount of solar energy arrives at 1 km² of the surface of the upper boundary of the atmosphere , equal to the power of thousands of very large power plants. 3.1. Independent work to study new material. The next stage is research work in groups. Group 1 studies the distribution of solar energy (Fig. 73 p. 124) 20% of solar energy is absorbed and scattered in the troposphere, 31% is reflected from the earth's surface, 45% of the solar energy flow reaches the Earth and is absorbed by it, i.e. is spent on heating. Pattern 2: 45% of solar energy is spent on heating the earth's surface.
Group 2 answers the question: What is the underlying surface? How does it affect the distribution of solar heat? The surface of the Earth that interacts with the atmosphere, exchanging heat and moisture with it, is called
underlying surface.
Different areas of the earth's surface reflect and absorb different amounts of solar energy. Freshly fallen snow reflects - 70 - 90%, soil 5 - 10%, water up to 5%. Pattern 3: different parts of the earth's surface heat up differently. Group 3 answers the question: How does the amount of surface heating depend on the angle of incidence of sunlight? The amount of surface heating depends on the angle of incidence of the rays, because the same amount of heat falls on different surface areas. The greater the angle of incidence of the rays (i.e. the Sun is higher above the horizon), the greater the amount of heat and light that falls per unit surface area and the higher the heating temperature of the underlying surface. The height of the Sun above the horizon depends on geographic latitude. Question: How does the height of the Sun above the horizon change depending on geographic latitude? Pattern 4: Temperature changes from the equator to the poles. 3.2. Heating of atmospheric air. (students independently determine the pattern of temperature changes with height) Troposphere 1 km. – by 6 °C. At the boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere, temperatures range from -83° to -53°C. In the lower part of the stratosphere, the decrease in temperature with height stops, and it remains approximately constant above 25 km. t begins to increase, reaching a maximum value of about 0°C at the boundary of the stratosphere and mesosphere. Practical task: 1. Determine the geographical location of the Kilimanjaro volcano, its height. 2. Calculate the air temperature at the top, if at the bottom t + 25 ° C. 1000m - 6 ° C 5895m - ? 1) 5895 * 6:1000 = 35 ° 2) 25 – 35 = -10 ° C Pattern 5: Air temperature changes with altitude. The higher you are above the Earth, the less air there is: in the mountains at an altitude of 3000 m above sea level it is already difficult to breathe. Even trained climbers climb the highest peak of the planet Everest with oxygen masks. If a passenger on an airplane flying at an altitude of 10 km breathes air overboard, he will lose consciousness. Almost all the air in the atmosphere is concentrated in a layer up to 10-12 km above the Earth's surface.
Reference and information material

Some information about temperature
The maximum average annual temperature (+34.4° C) was recorded in 1960 in Danlole (Ethiopia). The minimum average annual temperature (-57.8° C) was recorded in 1958 at the Pole of Inaccessibility (Antarctica). The average annual temperature on Earth is +14° C (in the ground layer). The coldest permanently inhabited place on Earth (-68° C) is Oymyakon (Russia).
Items

Temperature
The hottest areas of the earth North America Death Valley (California) + 56.7 (07/10/1913) Africa Tripoli (North Africa) + 58 (09/13/1922)
The coldest works of the earth North America Greenland island - 66.1 Eurasia Verkhoyansk - 69.8 Eurasia Oymyakon - 72 (1933) Antarctica Vostok station - 88.3 (1958) Patterns of air heating Factors Atmospheric air is heated from the surface of the Earth Geographic latitude ( angle of incidence of solar rays) 45% of solar energy is spent on heating the earth's surface. Underlying surface Different parts of the earth's surface heat up differently. Altitude Temperature varies from the equator to the poles. Air temperature changes with altitude. The task is to establish cause and effect relationships. (establish the relationship between geographic latitude, the height of the Sun above the horizon, the underlying surface and air temperature). Geographic latitude > height of the Sun above the horizon > heating of the earth's surface > air temperature. Air temperature is one of the most important characteristics of weather and climate. Air temperature is the degree of heating of the air, determined using a thermometer. 3.3 Temperature changes during the day. Analysis of the table p. 126 (Daily variation of air t in Moscow on June 3, 2005 in cloudy weather). Moscow time 01:00 04:00 07:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 19:00 22:00 01:00 (04.06) Air temperature, ° C +10 +9 +8 +12 +14 +16 +15 +13 +12 Conclusion: At night the air temperature drops because... The earth's surface was not heated by the sun's rays. After sunrise, t continues to decrease, the heating of the earth's surface in the first hours of dawn is insignificant. The minimum daily variation t of air was recorded two hours after sunrise - +8 ° C, then the underlying surface began to heat up, the greatest heating of the earth's surface occurs at solar noon, when the height of the Sun is greatest. An increase in t occurs during 2-3 afternoon hours, when the underlying surface continued to give off its heat to the surface layer of air. Therefore, the maximum was recorded at 16.00 - +16 ° C. Then t began to decrease again.
Daily air t amplitude
is the difference between the highest and lowest air temperatures. A = 16 - 8 ° C = 8 ° C
3.4 Primary consolidation.
Questions
1) How is atmospheric air heated? 2) How does air temperature change with altitude? 3) How to find out the daily amplitude of air temperature? 4) Why are it colder in the morning and evening than during the day? 5) Why is it warmer in the tropics than at the poles? 6) In what weather - cloudy or cloudless - is the daily temperature range higher? Why? 7) Which of the following statements is true: a) air temperature increases with altitude, b) air temperature decreases with altitude? 8) Air temperature is determined using: a) barometer, b) thermometer, c) weather vane
Problematic question
In the central regions of the Sahara, for almost 4 months the air temperature in the shade is more than 40 ° C. At the same time, at the equator, where the angle of incidence of the sun's rays is greatest, the temperature does not exceed +26 ° C. How can you explain this? 3.5 Information about D/Z. § 24, workbook. On Saturday, observe the air temperature at 9:00, 12:00, 15:00, 18:00, 21:00. Enter the data into a table, calculate the amplitude t, and draw a graph. Hours 9 hours 12 hours 15 hours 18 hours 21 hours t 3.6. Reflection Summarize today's lesson. What new have we learned? Have all lesson objectives been achieved? Who do you think can be graded for the lesson today? What ratings would you give yourself?