Reliability of technical systems and man-made risk. Types of investment risks

Effective entrepreneurial activity in many cases is associated with the development new technology and technologies, increasing the level of labor productivity. However, the introduction of new equipment and technologies is associated with the emergence man-made disasters that cause damage environment, means of production, as well as the life and health of people. All this gives rise to technical risk.

Technical risk is a risk caused by technical factors. Technical risk is a comprehensive indicator of the reliability of the elements of the technosphere and expresses the likelihood of an accident or catastrophe during the operation of machines, mechanisms, implementation technological processes, construction and operation of buildings and structures.

Technical risk is determined by the degree of organization of production, the implementation of preventive measures (regular maintenance of equipment, safety measures), the possibility of repairing equipment on our own enterprises.

Technical risks include the probability of losses:

• due to negative results of research work;
• as a result of failure to achieve planned technical parameters during design and technological developments;
• as a result of low technological production capabilities, which does not allow the development of new developments;
• as a result of the occurrence of side or delayed problems when using new technologies and products;
• as a result of equipment failures and breakdowns, etc.

One of the varieties of this risk is technological risk – the risk that as a result of technological changes existing systems production and sales will become obsolete and thereby have an impact negative impact on the company’s capitalization level and limit its ability to make a profit. At the same time, modernization and improvement (complication) technical means, an increase in the number of technical elements also contributes to a decrease in their reliability and, accordingly, an increase in risk.

In any new technological and constructive development there is a technical risk, i.e. the likelihood that a developed technology or design will fail and something else will be required technical solution or refinement, fine-tuning. Such fine-tuning is especially labor-intensive in cases where the automatic line is unique, its operating technology and most design solutions are original, not having close, well-studied prototypes.

Technical risks arise due to:

• design errors;
• technology shortcomings and wrong choice equipment;
• erroneous determination of power;
• shortcomings in management;
• lack of qualified labor;
• lack of experience working with new equipment;
• disruption of supplies of raw materials, construction materials, and components;
• failure to meet deadlines construction work contractors (subcontractors);
• increases in prices for raw materials, energy and components;
• increasing equipment costs;
• rising wage costs.

Safety studies of technical objects indicate that danger is inherent in any systems and operations. In practice, it is impossible to achieve absolute safety from a technical point of view, and from an economic point of view it is impractical. This is due to the fact that reliability technical systems cannot be absolute. Risks associated with unreliable systems can be reduced as a result of testing and modification of equipment in order to improve its quality and reliability.

In addition, technical risks accompany the construction of new facilities and their subsequent operation. Among them are construction, installation and operational risks. Construction and installation risks include the following:

• loss or damage building materials and equipment due to adverse events - natural disasters, fires, explosions, criminal actions of third parties, etc.;
• disruption of the functioning of the facility due to errors in its design and installation;
• receipt of physical injuries by personnel involved in the construction of the facility.

Technical risk belongs to the group of internal risks, since an enterprise can directly influence these risks and their occurrence, as a rule, depends on the activities of the enterprise itself.

Due to the development scientific and technological progress, an increase in capital intensity of production, an increase in the production process specific gravity technological equipment, as well as due to the increase in the volume of construction and installation work, the negative impact of technical risks increased significantly, which, in turn, contributed to the emergence of a separate insurance industry (, etc.).

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Good afternoon Today the blog site will tell you about what types of investment risks exist. The material provides examples of classifications.

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Some experts believe that it is enough to consider risks by source and this will be enough to make an investment decision.

Exist different types risks that may affect your capital. Some of them can be shortened accessible ways, others need to be taken as is and taken into account during investment decisions. In general, there are two main types of risks. These are systematic and unsystematic risks.

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Systematic risks are risks that cannot be reduced or predicted in many cases. Thus, you need to understand that it is impossible to either predict or protect yourself from this type of risk.

Examples of such risks include: increases in various interest rates, as well as changes in legislation. The most logical way to manage such risks is simply to be aware that they may arise and consider their impact on your investment.

Unsystematic risks– these are risks that affect certain components of assets and can be reduced using known methods diversification. An example of this type of risk could be a strike by workers or a change in the course of management decisions.

As you noted, risks at the macro level (read -) can have a significant impact on investments. But there are also micro-risks that are also important if we're talking about about the price of shares or bonds. This type includes:

Business risks. Uncertainty in the level of income, which is associated with the nature of the company's existence in the market, measured by the amount of operating profit. This means that the less confidence you have in a firm's income streams, the less return you will receive as an investor. The source of business risks is:

• A product or service that a company produces.
• Types of property owned by the company.
• Industrial equipment that is used in business.
• Market position.
• Quality management and more.

An example of different levels of risk in business would be two companies. The one that is busy recycling waste and producing metal. A junk company will have low risks compared to a steel company, where sales and earnings fluctuate. Steel production depends on the need for the product.

Liquidity risks. Uncertainty caused by the existence of companies on the market with short-term financial obligations. For example, an investor decided to purchase some financial assets. He intends to sell them after some time to make a profit. This is called investment - the possibility of implementation at a certain date. Typically, as you move up the asset allocation table, the liquidity risk of an investment increases.

Financial risks. Financial risks are the risks that shareholders face due to the firm's debts. If a company increases capital through borrowing, it will have to pay that money back in the foreseeable future, along with interest. This increases the level of uncertainty about the company because it raises questions about whether there is enough income to pay off the debt.

Risks associated with exchange. Uncertainty about whether investments in foreign assets will return as profits upon conversion. This is important for those investors who have large assets consisting of foreign assets and constantly sell them for foreign currency and exchange it for national currency. If this type of risk is high, then the profit received from the sale may evaporate during conversion.

Risks associated with strange. This type of risk is also determined by political processes. It is connected with the fact that you are investing in another country, where, in general, there may be a completely different situation in the economic and political plane. This could devalue your investment and reduce your profit margin. If you have to deal with such risks, then you will face an unstable economic as well as political arena.

Market risks. These are price fluctuations or prices that move the markets higher or lower on a daily basis. This type of risk can appear on any instrument, and it does not matter where the rate moves up or down. In general, greater volatility within the market can either increase or decrease your invested capital.

So, we got acquainted with two types of classification of investment risks: by sources of occurrence and by the globality of consequences. There are other ways.

By sphere of manifestation

• Economic. They influence the economic component of investment activity in the country. Economic risks include factors that generate. Among them: the state of the economy; tax, investment, financial, budget policy; market conditions; cyclicality economic development and phases economic cycle; economic dependence; the possibility of non-fulfillment of obligations by the state, and so on.
• Political. They are related to the fact that there are elections at various levels in the state, changes in political course, political pressure, restrictions on investment activities, foreign policy pressure, freedom of speech, separatism, possible deterioration of the international climate associated with the state.
• Social. This is social tension, various strikes, the implementation of many special programs. This component appears on the basis of people’s desire to create connections and help each other, and the desire to adhere to obligations. This factor is influenced by the role they play in society, employment relationships, material and moral incentives, as well as existing and potential conflicts. The ultimate risk that affects this group is the inability to predict the behavior of individuals in the process of life.
• Environmental. These are risks associated with environmental pollution, radiation, various specialized disasters, programs and movements.
• Technical and technological risks. They influence the technical component of the activities during the implementation of the project.
• Legislative. Associated with changes in legislation; inconsistency, inadequacy, incompleteness, incompleteness of the legislative and legal framework; legislative guarantees; lack of independence of the judicial and arbitration systems; incompetence or excessive importance of certain groups of persons during the adoption of legislative acts; inadequacy of the taxation system;

By investment form

• Real investing. May be associated with interruptions in the supply of materials and equipment; rising investment prices; selection of a low-quality contractor and other factors that delay the commissioning of the facility. They can also reduce operating income.
• Financial investment. These include: incorrect choice of financial instruments; unforeseen changes in investment conditions.

Here is another type of classification of investment risks:

Inflation risk. The likelihood of suffering losses that one is capable of experiencing economic entity due to the depreciation of the value of investments and the loss of assets of their original value. Depreciation of income and profit from investments in conditions of inflation growth exceeding the rate of increase in investment income.

Deflationary risk. This is the probability that you will suffer a loss as a result of the reduction money supply with the withdrawal of part of it, for example, by increasing taxes and interest rates, as well as reducing budget expenditures and increasing savings, and so on.

Functional investment risk. The likelihood of incurring losses due to errors in the formation of investment portfolios of financial instruments.

Selective investment risk. This is the probability of choosing the wrong investment object compared to other options.

Risk of lost profits. This is the likelihood of collateral financial damage due to the failure to implement an activity, such as insurance.

Risk classificationThere are more than 40 different criteria
risks and more than 220 types of risks
Main criteria:
time of occurrence
risk tolerance
main factors of occurrence
nature of accounting
nature of the consequences
area of ​​origin
2016
2

Risk classification

Operating (related to
production and market
activities of the company)
Financial (dependence of the company
from interest, rates and prices
market)
2016
3

Risk classification

“Known” - defined, assessed
"Unknown" - not
identified, not
predicted
Objective – do not depend on
project participants
Subjective - internal,
characteristic of the organization
2016
4

Risk classification

By region
occurrence:
2016
Production
Marketing
Financial
Technical
Political
Legal
Specific,
Force Majeure
Depending on the
uniqueness:
Are common
Standard (for
certain
groups of projects)
Specific
(for specific
project)
5

Domestic
External
2016
6

INTERNAL RISKS

Choosing the optimal marketing
strategies, policies and tactics
Production potential
Technical equipment,
Level of specialization
Labor productivity level,
Safety precautions.
2016
7

EXTERNAL RISKS

Direct environment
impact
1. Suppliers
2. Trade unions
3. Competitors
4. Government agencies
2016
Environment of indirect
impact
1. NTP
2. Political environment
3. Economic
Wednesday
4. socio-cultural
Wednesday
5. International
events
8

External risks of the company

Competition
Natural risks;
Currency risks;
Legislative risks
Litigation and arbitration risks;
Risks of execution of legal proceedings
solutions
Industry risks
2016
9

External business risks

Country risks
Currency risks
Tax risks
from the standpoint
entrepreneur and
states
2016
10

Currency risks

The amount of currency
risk associated with loss
purchasing
currency abilities =>
The gap matters
in the time between
term of imprisonment
transactions and moment
payment.
2016
11

Tax risks

Tax risk of an entrepreneur
-changes in tax policy
(emergence of new taxes, elimination
or reduction tax benefits and so on.),
as well as changes in the amount of tax
rates.
The tax risk of the state consists of
possible reduction in revenues
budget as a result of change
tax policy and/or amount
tax rates.
2016
12

Risk of force majeure

floods,
earthquakes
storms,
climatic
disasters, wars,
revolutions, putschs,
strikes, etc.
that interfere
entrepreneur
carry out its
activity.
2016
13

Criterion: time of occurrence

retrospective
current
promising
Criterion: degree of acceptability
Acceptable risk
– threat of loss
entrepreneur
profit in
smaller size
expected
arrived. Deal
remains
economically
expedient
2016
Critical risk - threat
losses in the amount
expenses incurred for
implementation of this type
entrepreneurial
activity or individual
transactions.
Catastrophic
risk - threat of loss
in an amount equal to
or exceeding
all property
state
enterprises. He
can lead to
bankruptcy
companies
14

Pure (statistical, systematic)
risks:
have a relatively constant
the nature of the manifestation and are determined
factors that management can influence
companies, as a rule, cannot.
expect to receive negative or
zero result.
These risks include natural environmental, political, transport and
part of commercial risks (property,
production, trade).
2016
15

Criterion: possible result

Speculative (dynamic,
unsystematic)
Reflects accepted by the company management
solutions and manifest themselves in areas
activities related to market
market conditions.
Expressed in the possibility of receiving as
positive as well as negative
result.
These risks include financial risks.16
2016

Natural and environmental risks risks associated with the manifestation
elemental forces of nature (hurricanes,
earthquake, flood, etc.) and
risks associated with pollution
environment.
2016
17

Criterion: main cause of occurrence

Political risks are associated with
political situation in the country and
state activities
include: the threat of war and
nationalization, social
conflicts, government resignation,
change of political system and related
with this changes in economic
policy, impossibility of implementation
economic activity due to
aggravation of internal political
situation in the country, unfavorable
changes in legislation, introduction
currency restrictions, etc..
2016
18

Criterion: main cause of occurrence

Transport risks - risks,
related to the transportation of goods.
Commercial risks pose
poses a risk of losses in the process
financial and economic activities
companies
2016
19

Commercial risks

Property risks - risks,
implying the possibility
causing damage to property
entrepreneur (for example,
due to fire, under the influence
human factor).
2016
20

Commercial risks

Production risks - risks,
related to opportunity
causing damages in case of
interruptions in production
process.
2016
21

Commercial risks

Trading risks are risks arising from
the process of selling goods and services,
produced or purchased
entrepreneur.
Reasons: decrease in sales volume
due to changes in market conditions or other
circumstances, increase in purchase price
goods, loss of goods in the process
circulation, increased distribution costs and
etc.
2016
22

Commercial risks

Financial risks - probability
loss of income, capital, credit and
solvency, financial
sustainability and even cost
companies due to volatility and
financial uncertainty
activities
financial
Systematic
arise due to independent
from company reasons
2016
Non-systematic
depend on the actions of the enterprise
23
and are amenable to diversification

Types of business risks

Insured
Uninsured
2016
24

Insurance risk - probable
event or set of events,
in case of occurrence of which
insurance is provided.
Taking over the uninsurable
risk is potential
source of profit
entrepreneur
2016
25

Losses as a result
insurance risk
covered by
insurance payments
company, and losses in
result
uninsurable risk
reimbursed from
own funds
entrepreneurial
companies
2016
26

Main conclusions: RISK = RESOURCE = CAPITAL

Correct risk management
produces surplus value and
risk management service is the source
arrived.
Risk management is more than
insurance.
Risk management is a science and
art.
2016

Let's consider some of the primary risks given in the classification scheme of business risks, which is presented in Fig. 3.4.

Technical and technological risks. One of the most dangerous components of entrepreneurial risk, in terms of the degree of influence on the final results of entrepreneurial activity, are technical and technological risks. Their effect is manifested in causing damage to the enterprise (firm) due to disruption of normal operations production process as a result of failures of machinery and equipment, and in the most severe cases - the occurrence emergency situations. This can happen as a result of an explosion, fire, breakdown of machinery and equipment, etc.

The reasons for such manifestations may be: wear and tear of buildings, machinery and equipment, errors in design and installation, personnel errors, damage to equipment during construction and repair work etc. Here we do not consider the action of natural forces and malicious actions, which relate respectively to natural-climatic and criminal-legal risks, as causes.

It should be noted here that damage from technical and technological risks manifests itself not only in damage or loss production equipment, transport and buildings, as well as in the stoppage of production and the reduction or cessation of production volumes. In the most severe cases a significant part of the costs is the onset of civil liability for damage to the environment, enterprise personnel, and third parties. At the same time, material losses to society from accidents and disasters are steadily increasing.

B are given following examples manifestations of technical and technological risks in different countries and various industries, as well as the losses caused by them.

1974, Flixborough (UK). Explosion of a cyclohexane cloud at a polyethylene production plant: complete destruction of the plant, 28 dead, more than 400 injured.

Losses amounted to about 200 million US dollars in modern prices.

1984, Bhopal (India). Toxic gas leak at pesticide plant: 2,300 dead, 20,000 injured.

US$470 million was paid in compensation.

1985, Chernobyl (Ukraine). Accident on nuclear power plant: an area inhabited by 6.5 million people is infected.

According to Belarusian scientists, losses reach 700 billion rubles. in 1992 prices (according to foreign experts, they amount to 100–150 billion US dollars).

1988 Piper Alpha (North Sea). Explosion and destruction of a drilling platform on the North Sea shelf: 167 dead.

Losses – 1200 million US dollars. The platform was insured for $800 million.

These examples could be continued. But, in our opinion, they convincingly confirm the conclusion that, characteristic of the twentieth century, accelerated growth and an increase in the scale of material production and consumption, active use natural resources sharply increased the number and scale of industrial accidents and disasters. Therefore, issues of ensuring the safe operation of technical facilities come to the fore.

IN last years received in the world greatest distribution two concepts of risk and safety – the concept of absolute safety (As Low As Practically Achievable) and the concept of acceptable risk (As Low As Reasonably Achievable).

At the same time, as practice has shown, at present the concept of absolute security has become inadequate to the internal laws of the technosphere. Zero probability of an accident is achieved only in systems devoid of stored energy and chemically and biologically active components. At other facilities (the majority of them), accidents are still possible. That is, as noted earlier, despite the measures taken by society aimed at reducing the likelihood of industrial accidents and disasters and reducing the amount of damage they cause, the random events that cause them remain possible, they cannot be eliminated by the most expensive engineering measures.

Analysis of the effectiveness of capital investments shows that in many cases it is possible to reduce Negative consequences the onset of technical and technological risk if more attention is paid to actions in the event of an accident. Because even the most advanced technical systems for preventing it still do not provide absolute guarantees.

In conclusion, it should be noted that in the constructed scheme for classifying business risk, technical and technological risk is considered as simple - one that currently cannot be further divided. This situation is a significant simplification of reality. Thus, the composition of technical and technological risks should include environmental risks in their narrow sense, when as a result of man-made factors that led to harm to the environment, a business entity not only incurs losses, but at the same time is the main bearer of potential danger and civil liability. At the same time, the above analysis and examples indicate that risk factors are fires, explosions, breakdowns of mechanisms and equipment, transport accidents, etc. Here, for example, difficulties arise with the name of individual risks, in particular, the fulfillment of the previously discussed requirement, so that the adjective to the word “risk” answers the question “what risk?” The lack of agreement among experts regarding the name, definition and content of the corresponding risks does not allow us to consider technical and technological risks as composite ones. This can only be done if the opinions of experts on these issues are agreed upon in the future.

Natural and climatic risks associated with the manifestation of elemental forces of nature. These, as you know, include earthquakes, floods, storms, storms, hurricanes, as well as other unpleasant natural phenomena, such as frost, ice, hail, thunderstorm, drought, etc. These natural phenomena can have a serious negative impact on the results of business activities and become a source of unexpected costs.

Natural and climatic risks refer to force majeure circumstances – force majeure circumstances that cannot be prevented or eliminated by any measures. Since the occurrence of force majeure circumstances does not depend on the will of the entrepreneur, in accordance with Art. 79 of the UN Convention on Sales Contracts, the parties are released from liability under contracts in the event of force majeure.

Compensation for losses caused by force majeure is carried out, as a rule, by insuring transactions in specialized insurance companies.

The concept of “force majeure risks” is widely used in the literature, which is one of the ways to divide or group risks. Here, a sign of division is the ability of the entrepreneur to prevent or eliminate the causes causing the occurrence of risk events. Since force majeure by definition includes natural disasters ( natural disasters), floods, earthquakes, storms and other climatic disasters, wars of revolution, coups, strikes, etc., which interfere with business activities, this group may also include country, social and other risks.

It should be noted that, as in the case of technical and technological risk, natural and climatic risk is also considered as simple, which is also a simplification of reality. The reasons here are the same - the lack of consistency in the opinions of specialists regarding the name, definition and content of the corresponding risks. Consideration of this risk as a composite one can also be carried out subject to further agreement on the opinions of specialists on these issues.

Country risk. Country risks are directly related to the internationalization of business activities. They are relevant for all participants foreign economic activity and depend on the political and economic stability of importing and exporting countries.

Country risk may be caused by instability state power, features of government structure and legislation, ineffective economic policies pursued by the government, ethnic and regional problems, sharp polarization of interests of different social groups in the state, etc.

The results of business activities may be influenced by government-sponsored trade and currency regulation, quotas, licensing, changes in customs duties, etc.

Currently, there are a number of organizations that, based on systematized and clearly standardized principles, techniques and operations (methods), regularly analyze the level of country risk.

The most well-known systems for assessing country risk include the ratings of Institutional Investor, Business Environment Risk Index (BERI), Euromoney.

One of the recommended ways to analyze the level of country risk is the BERI index. Its determination is carried out by about 100 experts, who, four times a year, with the help of various methods expert assessments carry out an analysis that allows you to get an idea of ​​all aspects of the political and economic situation in the country - partners in foreign economic activity.

The BERI rating evaluates political stability, attitude towards foreign investment, nationalization, devaluation, balance of payments, economic growth rates, expenditures on wages, labor productivity, infrastructure, conditions for short-term and long-term lending and etc.

Such analysis is carried out regularly, twice a year, by Euromoney magazine. The analyzed private indicators include:

Economic efficiency, calculated based on the projected average annual change in the state’s GNP;

Level of political risk;

The level of debt, calculated according to World Bank data, taking into account the size of the debt, the quality of its servicing, the volume of exports, the balance of foreign trade turnover, etc.;

Availability of bank loans;

Availability of short-term financing;

Availability of long-term loan capital;

The country's creditworthiness level;

The amount of outstanding obligations to repay external debt.

Thus, all aspects of the political and economic situation in the partner country are analyzed.

The results of the analysis are presented in the form of a database characterizing the assessment of the degree of investment risk and the reliability of business relations of various countries, presented in the form of a ranked list of countries with integral point and partial risk assessments.

A fragment of the corresponding database as of March 2004 is given in Table. 3.1 (www. euromoney.com).

As can be seen from this table, Russia has made significant progress in the ranking of investment attractiveness and reliability of business ties. During the period from March 2000 to March 2004, its position changed from 133rd to 66th place. This progress will be even more noticeable compared to September 1999, when Russia occupied 159th place in the list of 188 countries.

During long period there is no tangible progress in the ranking of investment attractiveness and reliability of business relations of most member states former USSR. As the analysis shows, compared to 1993, Ukraine, Turkmenistan, Armenia, Moldova, Belarus, Georgia and Uzbekistan only slightly improved their positions. Have gotten worse

TO technological risks include errors in measurements, calculations and (or) accounting, violation of deadlines for submitting information, failures in software, loss of the database, as well as any other violation of technological conditions related to the performance by CMO of its services under the contract (agreement). Let's consider the following classification.

Operational risks arise due to imperfect organization of processes, personnel errors, and unfavorable external events.

Technical risks are consequences technical faults, poor quality repairs, physical and moral wear and tear of equipment.

Business continuity risks are caused by violations of the normal execution of ECM business processes during such a period of time when there is a possibility of its non-compliance with the technological conditions of the contract (agreement). These risks require special study and cannot be predicted from the results of the activities of Russian CMOs due to the lack of representativeness of the available information.

Operational and technical risks are associated with the use of measuring and information systems. In this case, the so-called “scale effect” is observed, when specific difficulties arise when integrating a number of local relatively simple systems V complex system. Creating powerful IT support for the activities of CMOs and connecting more and more new AIIS CUEs to databases entails the risks of the emergence of new effects that could not be foreseen when designing the information system.

The risk of liquidation of the OKU due to improper performance of the functions of the main activity

It can be realized due to miscalculations in the organization of EMOs, gross errors in operational activities, as well as in the absence of an adequate response to changes in market rules. An unfavorable event in the area of ​​the main types of CMO business cannot happen instantly, therefore, with proper work with customers, the risk is easily manageable. However, constant monitoring is required here external environment(legislation, economic situation in the country, progress in the electricity sector reform) and the quality of services provided.

Risk management system

It is advisable to build EMO risk management on an integrated basis. It should include the following controls:

internal control environment – ​​increasing employee awareness of risk management and the control system. The internal control system must become part of the corporate culture;

identification of risks and control objectives – timely identification of risks, distribution of powers to manage them and establishment of clear control objectives;

information and awareness – obtaining timely, reliable and adequate information on risks. Control information should be communicated to predetermined management recipients;

internal control procedures – procedures that ensure complete and accurate accounting of transactions, compliance with the requirements of laws and regulations, reliability of data processing and integrity of information;

monitoring and adjustment

– identifying changes in external and internal conditions activities requiring appropriate modifications to internal control procedures, identification of deficiencies and implementation of adjustments.

When determining the effectiveness of the internal control system, it is necessary to take into account not specific methods and technologies, the number of checks performed or errors identified, but the actions (or inaction) of management and owners of EMOs aimed at introducing internal control into all business processes, timely assessment of risks and the effectiveness of control measures applied to mitigate their impact.

To build a risk management system, it is advisable to use a set of measures that includes the following main components.

1. Formation of a risk management policy at the level of the board of directors with determination of risk tolerance in the main areas of activity of the CMO, associated with the management hierarchy and company resources.

2. Typology, identification and ranking of risk groups in the main areas of activity at the top management level

3. Assessment of the main risk groups and determination of risk management methods (avoidance, compensation, minimization, etc.) at the level of executive management.

4. Formation of integrated maps of powers and responsibilities for risk management throughout the management hierarchy and various functional divisions of the company.

provision to sales, network and generating companies special conditions when providing services;

implementation of only economically justified investment projects on the development of AIIS KUE and IT support;

implementation of measures to reduce costs in the provision of services;

creation of a personnel recruitment system with several stages of testing, interviews and other activities that will allow the most trained specialists with work experience and the necessary skills to be hired at the EMO;

creation of a system for training employees, improving their qualifications, and annual certification;

introduction of modern information support on electricity metering based on advanced IT solutions;

change tracking regulatory framework and prompt changes in work patterns with customers;

development effective system regulatory documentation, including provisions on divisions, job descriptions, operating regulations indicating the tasks, functions and responsibilities of managers for the timeliness and correctness of decision-making to minimize risks in the area of ​​their competence;

expansion of the client base (grid organizations, power supply companies, civil companies, NP "ATS", SO and companies providing heat, water and gas supply);

expansion of the range of services offered (commercial metering of gas, water, thermal energy, communication services)