Pronouns qui que. Pronouns in French: les pronoms. Pronouns replacing indirect object
Pronomsrelatifssimple
Relative pronouns
Replaces a noun or pronoun, which is called the “antecedent”;
They have simple forms (qui, que, quoi, dont, où) and complex (lequel, laquelle,...).
Pronoun qui (which; who; that who)
- acts as the subject;
- may have as an antecedent
° noun:
C'est une fable qui lui plaît. It's a fable that he likes.
Voila mon chat qui se promène sur le toit. Here is my cat walking on the roof.
Regarde la maison qui Est sur ta gauche. Look at the house that is on your left.
° demonstrative or indefinite pronoun ( cecelui,quelquechose, rien,…):
Ce qui m'intéresse ne te semble pas intéressant. What interests me does not seem interesting to you.
Je le dirai à celui qui viendra. I'll tell whoever comes about this.
Il n'y voit rien qui vaille. He doesn't see anything worthwhile in it.
The antecedent, as a rule, is not expressed in proverbs and sayings:
Qui langue a à Rome va. Language will take you to Kyiv.
Qui bien commence, bien advance. A good start is half the battle.
Preposition + qui
Qui with preposition
- replaces only the name of the person;
- acts as an indirect complement:
Tu connais la jeune fille de qui je parle? Do you know the girl I'm talking about?
L'homme à qui il fallait s'adresser était absent. The person to whom one should have addressed was absent.
(which, which)
- replaces the name of a person or thing;
- has as an antecedent a noun or pronoun (demonstrative or indefinite):
Le role que je vais jouer lui déplaît. He doesn't like the role I'm going to play.
Voila sa photo que j'аi trouvée dans l'album. Here is a photograph of him that I found in the album. Ce que tu dis est drôle. What you say is funny.
Il a trouvé quelqu'un qu‘on pourrait interroger sur cette affaire. He found someone to ask about this matter.
- Que has two functions
° direct object (main function):
L'employé que vous cherchez est pris. The employee you are looking for is busy.
La rue que nous traversons n'est pas large. The street we are crossing is not wide.
° nominal part of the predicate:
Il n’est plus l’homme qu‘il a été encore hier. He is no longer the same person he was yesterday.
- has the shape qu‘ before a vowel or h mute.
✓ Quoi (what)
- replaces the name of an object or an entire sentence;
- used with prepositions as an indirect object;
- has pronouns as antecedent se, quelque chose, rien:
Je vais te dire ce à quoi je pense. I'll tell you now what I'm thinking about.
C'est ce de quoi on ne peut pas se passer. This is something you can't do without.
Il ne fait rien de quoi Il puisse avoir honte. He doesn't do anything that makes him feel ashamed.
- may have no antecedent:
Jean donne quelques coups de telephone, après quoi il sort. Jean makes several calls and then leaves.
(which)
- replaces the name of a person or thing;
- acts as an indirect object or definition with a preposition de;
Dont = de qui, de quoi, duquel, de laquelle, desquels, desquelles
- used as a supplement
° to verbs requiring the preposition de:
parler profiter avoir envie
couvrir avoir besoin avoir peur…
On m'a apporte le manuel dont j' avais besoin. They brought me the textbook I needed.
Chante la chanson dont tu m'as parlé. Sing the song you told me about!
° to adjectives:
Content ravi sûr
heureux fier responsable…
C'est le boulot dont il est responsable. This is the job for which he is responsible.
L'article dont tu es mécontent n'est pas si mauvais. The article you're unhappy with isn't that bad.
° to words with quantitative meaning (adverbs, numerals, pronouns):
beaucoup de trois plusieurs
peu de quelques-uns
Voici les problèmes dont tu as résolu plusieurs, (plusieurs de ces problèmes) Here are the problems, many of which you have solved.
Tu parles des films dont j'ai vu deux, (deux de ces films) You are talking about films, two of which I have seen.
° acts as a modifier for a noun:
C'est l'histoire dont j'ai oublié la fin. This is a story whose end I forgot.
Veux-tu m'expliker l'expression dont je ne comprends pas le sens? Explain to me an expression whose meaning I do not understand.
After dont direct word order:
dont + subject + predicate + direct object
Compare:
C'est l'article dont j'ai lu le d ébut .This is the article, the beginning which I read,
Dont not used
If the relative pronoun acts as a modifier of a noun with a preposition:
C'est le savant de la dernière découverte dequi on parle beaucoup. This is a scientist about the latter
the opening of which is much talked about.
Voici les mots au sens desquels vous allez réfléchir. Here are the words whose meaning you will think about.
After prepositions:
parmi devant en face de
Je m'approche du logis en face duquel il y a un kiosque. I approach a house opposite which there is a kiosk.
Où
Où (when, where) replaces a noun in a function
Temporary circumstance (after words with a temporary meaning):
Je me rappelle bien le jour où tu es revenu de Suisse. I remember well the day you returned from Switzerland.
C'est l'heure où Les enfants se couchent. This is the hour when children go to bed.
Circumstances of the place (sometimes with prepositions de And par):
Le bureau où elle travaille est vaste. The office in which she works is spacious.
C'était la ville d'où venait mon père. This was the city where my father was from.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS - LES PRONOMS RELATIFS
Unlike all other pronouns relative pronouns
perform a double function:
1) They relate to some noun or pronoun (called antecedent
) in the main clause and replace it in the subordinate clause, acting as a member of the sentence.
2) They introduce a subordinate clause ( subordonnée relative
), connecting it with the main sentence, and perform the role characteristic of conjunctions.
L"homme- antecedent of the pronoun qui , which replaces it in the subordinate clause, fulfilling the role of the subject (qui est entré = L’homme est entré).- L'homme qui est entré est notre professeur.
- The man who came in is our teacher.
Le livre- antecedent of the pronoun que , which replaces it in a subordinate clause, acting as a direct object (que vous cherchez = vous cherchez ce livre).- Le livre que vous cherchez est chez moi.
- I have the book you are looking for.
| Relative pronouns - Les pronoms relatifs | ||
| Role in sentence | pronoun | Usage examples |
| Subject | qui | - La fille qui
lit un livre - Girl, which read book - Le stylo qui écrit bien - Pen, which writes well |
| Direct object | que | - La femme que
je vois - Woman, which I see - Le texte que tulis - Text, which you are reading |
| Indirect additionwith a pretext de | dont | - Le livre dont
vous parlez - Book, about which you speak |
| Circumstance of place or time | où | - La maison où
j"habite - House, in which I live -Le jour où je l"ai vu - In that day, When I saw him |
| Indirect addition | quoi | -Voilà à quoi
je pence - Here, about what I think |
| Indirect object with preposition | level (laquelle) | -Voilà la porte par laquelle
nous entrons Here's the door through which we're going in |
| Relative pronouns connect the attributive clause with the main clause and usually correspond to Russian " which" in various cases. | ||
Relative pronouns are divided into:
2.Complex (pronoms relatifs compositions), changing in gender and number:qui,
que
quoi,
dont,
où.
They are formed by combining the definite article le, la, les and relative adjective quel and can be used with various prepositions:level,
laquelle,
lesquels,
lesquelles.
With prepositions de And à The definite article included in their composition forms fused forms:avec lequel,
sous laquelle,
pour lesquels,
derrière lesquelles, etc.
As a rule, relative pronouns are translated into Russian with the word which .duquel,
de laquelle,
desquels,
desquelles;
auquel,
à laquelle,
auxquels,
auxquelles.
Simple relative pronouns - Les pronoms relatifs simples
Relative pronoun qui
Pronoun qui without a preposition, it performs the function of the subject in a sentence and replaces all types of nouns (persons, animals, objects):Le garçon qui vous attend... - The boy who is waiting for you...
Le chien qui aboie... - The dog that barks...
The word order in such sentences is direct, i.e. the predicate follows the subject expressed by the pronoun qui :Le travail qui vous intéresse...- The work that interests you...
2. Qui with a preposition performs the function of an indirect object in a sentence and can only replace names of persons:- Il nous a parié de l’aventure qui lui était arrivée l’année passée.
- He told us about the adventure that happened to him last year.
Le garçon à qui je pense... The boy I'm thinking about...
La femme de qui je parle... The woman I'm talking about...
Nouns denoting an animal or object are replaced in this case by complex relative pronouns:Les amis avec qui je travaille... Friends I work with...
Le chien auquel je pense... The dog I'm thinking about...
Le voyage duquel je parle... The journey I'm talking about...
Les outils avec lesquels je travaille... The tools I use.
Relative pronoun que
Pronoun que is used mainly as a direct object and replaces all types of nouns (persons, animals, objects):Le camarade que vous cherchez... The comrade you are looking for...
Le chien que vous cherchez... The dog you are looking for...
In subordinate clauses introduced que The subject, expressed by a personal pronoun, always comes before the predicate:Le livre que vous cherchez... The book you are looking for...
Le train que vous attendez a du retard.
The train you are waiting for is late.
If the subject is expressed by a noun, then inversion is possible:Les faits qu'il nie sont pourtant évidents.
The facts that he denies are nevertheless obvious.
2. Que can also be used as a nominal part of a predicate:
Note!Il deviendra un grand musicien. → Dans les rêves, il se voit le grand musicien qu 'il deviendra un jour.
He will become a great musician.→ In his dreams, he sees himself as a great musician, which he will one day become.
Pronoun que before a vowel and h gives a truncated form to the dumb qu' .
Relative pronoun quoi
Pronoun quoi used as an indirect object with various prepositions. It is found mainly in written speech and replaces only the names of objects. It has a generalized or indefinite meaning and corresponds to the Russian relative pronoun that in indirect cases. Antecedent quoi is usually a demonstrative pronoun se or a whole sentence:- Voilà sur quoi il compte.
- That's what he's counting on.
- C'est justement ce à quoi je pense.
- That's exactly what I'm thinking about.
- Je leur dirai tout, après quoi je partirai.
“I’ll tell them everything and then I’ll leave.”
Relative pronoun dont
Pronoun dont performs in the attributive clause the function of complement with a preposition de . It replaces all types of nouns and is used in the meaning of the forms:Dont is more widely used than de qui because it can refer not only to persons, but also to objects:de qui,
de quoi,
duquel,
de laquelle,
desquels,
desquelles.
- l"homme de qui je parle→ l'homme dont je parle
- ce de quoi je parle→ ce dont je parle
Dont can be an addition to a verb, adjective, noun, quantitative adverb, numeral:- le livre duquel je parle → le livre dont je parle
- Le dictionnaire dont je me sers est très bon.
- The dictionary I use is very good.
Le dictionnaire dont je me sers = je me sers de ce dictionnaire
(dont- addition when verb).
- C’est son travail dont il est content.
- This is his job, which he is very pleased with.
Son travail dont il est content = il est content de son travail
(dont- addition when adjective).
- Je connais ce peintre dont nous avons vu les tableaux.
- I know this artist whose paintings we saw.
Ce peintre dont... les tableaux = les tableaux de ce peintre
(dont- addition when noun).
- Il a une grande quantité de livres dont beaucoup sont en français.
- He has a large number of books, many of which are in French.
Des livres dont beaucoup sont...= Beaucoup de ces livres
(dont- addition for quantitative adverbs).
1. Dont as an addition to verbs and adjectives requiring a preposition de , performs the function indirect object :- On nous a donné trois exercices dont j’ai pu faire seulement deux.
- We were given three exercises, of which I could only do two.
Ces exercices dont j'ai fait deux = j'ai fait deux de ces exercices
(dont- addition when numeral).
| Il parle | de ce travail →
Le travail dont | il parle |
| Il est content | il est content |
2. Dont as an addition to a noun expresses the meaning of belonging and performs the function definitions :- Les camarades dont vous avez besoin sont à la conférence.
- The comrades you need are at the conference.
La femme dont l'enfant = l'enfant de cette femme - son enfant
La chambre dont les fenêtres = les fenêtres de cette chambre = ses feêtres
Note!- Retenez ce mot dont l'orthographe est très difficile.
- Remember this word, the spelling of which is very difficult.
Dont cannot be used as an object to a noun with a preposition. In this case, you can use a complex relative pronoun duquel, de laquelle Andetc. (for all types of nouns)AndlAndform de qui (only for lAndc).
WedAVnAndTe:
Les feêtres de la chambre→ la chambre dont les feêtres;
Aux feêtres de la chambre→ la chambre aux feêtres de laquelle
Pronoun dont , introducing a subordinate attributive, necessarily requires direct word order after itself:BUT not: la chambre dont aux fenêtres.
Compare:1) dont +
2) subject +
3) predicate +
4) direct object, which does not always correspond to word order in Russian.
- This is the book I was talking about.
- C'est le livre dont j'ai parlé.
- I have a friend whose father is a doctor.
- J'ai un ami dont le père est médecin.
- This is my friend, whose family I know.
- C'est mon ami dont je connais la famille.
Relative pronoun où
Pronoun où performs the function of adverbs of place or time in the attributive clause, replaces only the names of objects and corresponds to complex relative pronouns dans lequel, auquel, etc.- L'institut où (auquel ) il fait ses études.
- The institute where he studies.
-Le pays où je vais.
- The country where I'm going.
- L'époque où nous vivons.
- The era in which we live.
Note!- L'heure où les enfants reviennent de l'école.
- The hour when children return from school.
On the impossibility of using the conjunction quand when translating combinations like:
since in this case the adverb of time correlates not with the verb, but with the noun.the day when;
hour when;
the moment when and so on.,
You should say:
Pronoun où can be used with prepositions de And par :le jour où,
l'heure où,
le moment où, etc.
- Parlez-nous du pays d' où vous venez.
- Tell us about the country where you came from.
Complex relative pronouns Les pronoms relatifs composés
Complex relative pronouns replace nouns denoting persons, animals, objects and are used mainly as indirect objects with various prepositions:- Voilà l'arbre sous lequel nous pouvons nous reposer.
-Here is a tree under which we can rest.
When we are talking about persons, we can use the pronoun as an indirect object level or qui with prepositions:- Voici les lettres auxquelles je dois répondre.
- These are the letters I have to answer.
| l"homme | à qui
| je pence |
| auque |
| les collègues | avec qui
| je travalle |
| avec lesquels
|
Pronoun qui in this case it is preferable. If we are talking about objects, only forms of complex pronouns are used:
Note!le problem auquel je pense is the problem I'm thinking about;
les outils avec lesquels je travaille - the tools with which I work.
With an excuse parmi a compound pronoun is always used ( lesquels, lesquelles ):
As a subject or direct object, complex pronouns are found very rarely in modern language, mainly when the use qui or que due to their lack of gender and number, may lead to ambiguity in the presentation:- J'ai rencontré un groupe d'étudiants parmi lesquels il y avait mes amis.
- I met a group of students, among whom were my friends.
Use qui does not provide sufficient clarity regarding the subject of the verb respecter - le fils or ma sour).- Je vous présente le fils de ma sœur lequel vous respecte beaucoup.
- I present to you my sister’s son, who respects you very much.
auxquels je suis abonné, (être abonné à)
- Le club auquel il est inscrit se trouve à Nice, (être inscrit à)
- DE + LEQUEL = DUQUEL
- DE + LESQUELS = DESQUELS
- DE + LESQUELLES = DESQUELLES
le long de, à partir de, au sujet de, en haut de, en bas de,
au milieu de, au fond de, en face de, à côté de, à cause de...
- Le fleuve le long duquel nous nous promenons est le Rhône.
- Voici les livres au sujet desquels tout le monde se dispute.
- Pronoms relatifs concernant des personnes
DONT- Il y a deux possibilités: C"est le collègue avec qui/avec lequel je travaille.
- Verbes construits avec « de»
- C "est un projet dont je suis content, (être content DE)
- Voici l "auteur dont je parle, (parler DE)
- Complement de nom
AVEC UN DÉMONSTRATIF- Paul est l"ami dont la mère habite en Colombie, (la mère DE Paul)
- C "est une société dont les bénéfices sont importants, (les bénéfices DE la société)
- Prends le livre qui est sur la table, que j"ai acheté, dont j"ai parlé→ Prends celui qui est sur la table, celui que j"ai acheté, celui dont j ai parlé...
LE PRONOM « OÙ» ( usage temporel)- J"ai peur de quelque chose. → Voici ce dont j"ai peur.
- Quelque chose ne va pas.→ Voici ce qui ne va pas.
- Il y a quelque chose que je ne comprends pas.→ Voici ce que je ne comprends pas.
- C'est le jour où nous sommes partis.
- La fois où ils ont price le TGV...
Mais: maintenant que je connais
les pronoms relatif, c"est plus facile!
Alain: Tu te rappelles le jour où nous sommes partis et où il neigeait?
Manon: Ah oui, c"est un voyage dont Je me souviendrai toute ma vie! Quelle adventure! La route par laquelle on était passés était bloquée par la neige. On a dû attendre que le chasse neige arrive, ce qui a pris plus d"une demi-journée
Alain: Finalement, on etait arrivés à Saint-Martin...un village minuscule dans level il n"y avait pas d"hôtel mais juste un petit bistrot
Manon: Un tout petit bistrot, dont le patron était très gentil.
Alain: Oui, il a telephoné à un couple qu"il connaissait, dont la maison était a la sortie du village. Ils ont spontanément proposé de nous héberger. C "est extraordinaire, cette solidarité en montagne, à laquelle nous ne sommes plus habitués en ville!
Manon: Et la façon chaleureuse dont ces gens nous ont reçus! Mais au fait, pourquoi est-ce que nous reparlons de toute cette histoire?
Alain: Eh bien, la raison pour laquelle je t"en reparle, c"est que, par hasard, j"ai entendu parler de ce couple adorable.
Manon: Ah bon?
Alain: Eh oui! Tu te souviens qu"ils avaient un fils dont l"entreprise fabriquait des meubles de bureau ? Figure-toi que c"est l"entreprise avec laquelle Mon patron a signé un contrat!
Manon: Ça alors! Le monde est petit!
2
C"EST QUELQU'UN SUR QUI ON PEUT COMPTER!
Carine: Tu vois, Damien, c"est quelqu"un sur qui je peux compter. Ce que j "apprécie le plus, chez lui, with est sa générosité. Tu imagines? Il a laissé le projet sur level il travaillait pour s"occuper de mon cas.
Florence: Quel projet?
Carine: Celui dom je t"ai parlé, tu sais. C"est un projet dont il s"occupe depuis longtemps et qui était urgent...
Florence: Maintenant que tu parles de Damien, ça me rappelle la fois où j"avais des problèmes avec mon telephone mobile et où il m"a aidée. C "est vrai qu"il est gentil, cet homme!
Carine: Oui, et c’est certainement la raison pour laquelle tout le monde le sollicite!
On the topic "pronouns in French", in this article we will study relative and interrogative pronouns in French.
Relative pronouns in French
Most relative pronouns in French do not change and perform strictly defined functions in subordinate clauses. Relative pronouns are allied words of a complex sentence; its parts are not always separated by a comma.
- Relative pronoun qui– who, which, which. Denotes animate and inanimate objects, without a preposition it is used as a subject:
c"est l"ami avec qui j"ai voyage- this is the friend I was traveling with
il y avait là un homme qui s"offrit à m"accompagner- there was a man who offered to accompany me
Note:
In French the relative pronoun " qui"can also be used with a preposition. In this case the pronoun " qui" performs the function of an indirect object and indicates only animate objects - who, which, which:
C'est un ami sur qui on peut compter- this is the kind of friend you can rely on
- Relative pronoun que– who, what, which, which. Before vowel and silent h takes shape qu". Pronoun " que"is used without prepositions as a direct object and indicates animate and inanimate objects:
le journal que nous licons- the newspaper we read
l"homme que nous avons suivi- the man we followed
- Relative pronoun quoi– what, which, which. Denotes only inanimate objects and is used as an indirect object:
ce à quoi j"aspire- what I strive for
ce sont des choses à quoi vous ne songez pas- these are things you don't even think about
- Relative pronoun dont– which, whose. In French, it is used only without prepositions as an indirect object, which replaces objects with a preposition. de, indicates animate and inanimate objects:
voilà l"homme dont je connais le fils- here is a man whose son I know
l"ami dont vous attendez des nouvelles- a friend about whom you are waiting to hear
- Relative pronoun où– where, where, when, which. Used without prepositions as a function of adverbial place or time:
la ville où nous avons passé cet hiver- the city where (in which) we spent this winter
la ville pour où il etait parti- the city to which (where) he went
l"âge où l"on se marie- the age when people get married
Note:
With an excuse de pronoun " où"is used in the meaning - from where, which:
d"où vient, d"où il suit que...- from where, from what it follows
With an excuse par pronoun " où"is used in the meaning – where:
Il m’a dit par où passer- he told me where to go
- Pronoun level– which, which. Relative pronoun level changes according to gender and number and forms fused forms with prepositions a, de:
|
Singular |
||
|
Feminine |
Male genus |
|
|
laquelle |
laquel |
|
|
With an excuse à |
à laquelle |
auquel |
|
With an excuse de |
de laquelle |
duquel |
|
Plural |
||
|
Feminine |
Masculine |
|
|
lesquelles |
lesquels |
|
|
With an excuse à |
auxquelles |
auxquels |
|
With an excuse de |
desquelles |
desquels |
Often this pronoun is used with prepositions as an indirect object and indicates animate and inanimate objects:
J'apprécie beaucoup les personnes avec lesquelles je travaille– I deeply respect the people I work with.
Interrogative pronouns in French
Interrogative pronouns in French qui, que, quoi, lequel differ from similar spelled relative pronouns in their meaning and functions in a sentence.
- Interrogative pronoun qui- Who. It is used without and with prepositions and can act as any member of a sentence:
Qui vient avec nous?- who is coming with us?
- Interrogative pronoun que- What. This pronoun is used without prepositions and can act as a direct object and a nominal part of the predicate:
qu"est ceci?- What is this?
qu"arrive-t-il?- what's going on here?/what happened?
- quoi- What. This interrogative pronoun in French is used with a preposition as a direct object:
à quoi pensez-vous?- What are you thinking about?
de quoi parlez-vous?- what are you talking about?
- level– which (of), which. This interrogative pronoun can be any member of a sentence, changes in gender and number, and indicates animate and inanimate objects:
voyons lequel des deux arrivera le premier- let's see which of the two comes first
Relative pronouns- these are pronouns that attach a subordinate clause, moreover, one that characterizes a certain object or object mentioned in the main clause.
I post here summary table of relative pronouns in French language, however, I don’t think that it is possible to begin studying these pronouns. Rather, on the contrary, it is needed to generalize knowledge.
Don't try to learn all the relative pronouns and all the nuances at once if you are not yet familiar with them. This is usually done gradually. However, sooner or later there comes a time when all knowledge should be combined into a single system. This article and table will help you with this.
What are relative pronouns?
In Russian, the main relative pronoun is which.
For example:
He lived in a house with windows whom went out onto the road.
Here the subordinate clause “... whose windows overlooked the road” characterizes the object we are talking about - a house.
A subordinate clause that characterizes a subject or object is called relative clause.
In Russian, the pronoun is mainly used to attach relative clauses which. In a sentence, this pronoun changes according to gender, number and case, for example:
He lived in a house with windows whom went out onto the road. (windows of what? at home)
He lived in a house which to him left as a legacy parents. (left what? house)
He lived in a house which was already quite old. (here “which” is the subject).
In French There are no cases, so for different parts of the sentence - subject, object without preposition, object with preposition - different relative pronouns are used, sometimes in combination with prepositions.
Therefore, it is obvious that in order to correctly choose relative pronouns, you first need to know well.
If a relative pronoun replaces the subject, then in French the pronoun is used qui.
He sees children which playing on the street.
Il voit des enfants qui jouent dans la rue. (qui - subject)
If we replace addition without preposition, pronoun is used que.
He sees children which he knows.
Il voit les enfants qu 'il connaît. (que is an addition without a preposition: il connnaît les enfants).
If we replace addition with preposition, the choice of relative pronoun depends on the preposition.
In addition, when replacing such add-ons important, animated is it, that is, are we talking about a person, or same about the subject ( inanimate).
Is it true, In French, animate objects can be replaced in the same way as inanimate ones.. But in practice, you can find both options, so let’s consider them.
For the animate:
when replacing we use the construction “ preposition + qui»
He sees children With which he played yesterday.
Il voit les enfants avec qui il a joué hier. (il a joué avec les enfants)
For the inanimate:
When replacing, the construction “ preposition + a relative pronoun that we choose depending on the gender and number of the noun we are replacing.”
| husband. genus | wives genus | |
| level |
laquelle |
|
| pl. h. | lesquels | lesquelles |
He bought books Without which can't work.
Il a achete des livres sans lesquels il ne peut pas travailler. (il ne peut pas travailler sans les livres)
M. r. pl. h.
He bought things Without which can't work.
Il a achete les choses sans lesquelles il ne peut pas travailler. (il ne peut pas travailler sans ces choses)
wives R. pl. h.
If we replace addition with the preposition à, then everything happens the same way as with other prepositions. However, relative pronouns for inanimate ones merge with the preposition à, . The following forms are used:
| husband. genus | wives genus | |
| auquel |
à laquelle |
|
| pl. h. | auxquels | auxquelles |
For example:
C'est mon ami à qui j'ai raconté cette histoire. (raconter à qn)
C'est le probleme auquel je pense. (penser à qch)
When replacing additions with the preposition de relative pronoun is used dont for animate and inanimate.
Voici le livre dont
Here's the book about which I told you.
Voici la personne dont je vous ai parlé. (parler de…)
Here's a man about which I told vakm.
However in some cases it is impossible to use a pronoun dont.
Firstly, when the preposition de included in a compound preposition, for example: le long de, au milieu de, près de, à côté de…
In this case, for the animate we use the design de + qui, and for inanimate the following forms:
| husband. genus | wives genus | |
| duquel |
de laquelle |
|
| pl. h. | desquels | desquelles |
For example:
Qui est cette femme pres de qui tu es assis?
Regarde cette maison pres de laquelle il y a un jardin!
The second case when it is impossible to use a pronoun dont- This when the object depends on a noun that is already used with a preposition.
For example, if we want to connect the following phrases:
He thinks about the problem. Scientists are working to solve this problem
it turns out like this:
He thinks about the problem and comes up with a solution. which scientists are working.
That is, the complement (problems), which we replaced with a relative pronoun which, refers to the word “decision”, which is used with the preposition “over”. In this case, you cannot change the object to the pronoun dont.
Il pense au problem à la solution duquel travaillent les scientifiques.
This is some basic information about relative pronouns.
Relative pronouns are used only in subordinate clauses and either replace a noun (in this case, “which” is usually translated), or serve to connect the subordinate clause with the main one (ce qui, ce que - “the one who”, “that which”, “ what”, etc.).
Have simple forms and complex ones.
Simple forms
Qui, que, quoi, dont, où, d’où. Où can play both the role of an adverbial adverbial place (where) and time (when) in a sentence.
Complex shapes
Lequel, auquel, duquel, etc. Formed from a combination of the definite article le, la, les and the interrogative adjective quel. Can be used with various prepositions. Please note that the prepositions à and de merge with complex plural forms. and m.r. units:
à + lequel = auquel
à + lesquels = auxquels
à + lesquelles = auxquelles
de + lequel = duquel
de + lesquels = desquels
de + lesquelles = desquelles
How to choose the right form of a relative pronoun
It is selected depending on which noun it replaces and what function it performs in the sentence:
| role in the proposal replaces → |
shower | inanimate | offer (in this case there is no noun in the sentence that is replaced by a pronoun) |
| subject in subordinate clause |
qui
La dame qui est venue hier… The lady who came yesterday... |
qui
C'est une histoire qui m'a emu. This is a story that shocked me. |
ce qui
Je me demande ce qui se passe. I ask myself what's going on. |
| direct addition opinion in the appendix exact proposal |
que
Le médecin que je vois régulièrement… The doctor I see regularly... |
que
Le film que je Suis allé voir la semaine dernière était excellent. The movie I went to see last week was great. |
ce que
Je ne sais plus ce que tu fais. I don't know what you're doing. |
| indirect complement pretext |
dont de qui Marc dont je te parlais tout à l’heure… Mark, who I just told you about... La personne de qui j'ai reçu ce livre est mon frère. The person I received this book from is my brother |
dont duquel, de laquelle, desquel(le)s Le football dont (duquel) il raffolle... Football, which he is crazy about... |
ce dont
Je ne comprends pas ce dont tu parles. I do not understand what you say. |
| indirect object | pretext+qui
La personne avec qui je suis venu... The man I came with... |
pretext+lequel/lequel/lesquel(le)s Le telephone par level je t'appelle... The phone number I'm calling you on... La cuillère avec laquelle je mange... Spoon, which (with which) I eat… |
preposition +
quoi / Je ne sais plus (ce) dans quoi j'ai mis le pain. I don't know where (what) I put the bread in. |
| circumstance of time | où
La ville où je suis ne… The city in which (where) I was born... Le jour où je suis partie... Day, at which (when) I have left… |