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Fourth state of water
Remember: "Eureka! Eureka!"
The wise Archimedes discovered the concept of water density. Since then, the density of water has been adopted as the density standard by which the density of all other substances is determined. The density of a substance is the amount of mass contained in a unit volume, for example 1 cm3. The density of water is taken as unity. This means that 1 cm3 can contain exactly 1 g of mass. And this value has remained unshakable since the time of Archimedes.
But the inviolability of the density of water was shaken. It started with noctilucent clouds, an amazing and fabulous natural phenomenon. They can only be observed in northern latitudes shortly after sunset or before dawn. Noctilucent clouds, sifting the rays of the sun invisible from the earth, emit a gentle silvery glow.
Ordinary clouds do not rise above 10 km. Silver ones soar at altitudes of 80-90 km. Until now, there was a belief that they were a collection of tiny ice crystals. Studying them, analyzing the absorption and refractive power, the young Soviet astrophysicist Oleg Vasiliev made an interesting discovery. Sun rays behaved as if they were passing not through ice crystals, but through droplets of water.
Water at an altitude of 90 km, where the cold already reigns outer space, cannot remain ordinary water there, it must be in some other state. Which one?
In 1959, Associate Professor of the Kostroma Textile Institute N. N. Fedyakin managed to develop a technology for manufacturing ultra-thin glass capillaries with a radius of up to 0.000017 mm. Observing the expansion of columns of water in these capillaries when heated, he obtained a strange pattern. In capillaries with a radius of more than 1 μm (0.001 mm) in the intervals from 0 to +4 °C, the water anomaly known to us manifested itself - the column shortened. At + 4°C its length became the smallest, and with further heating everything went as it should - the column began to lengthen, the density of the water decreased. But in the narrowest capillaries the water changed its “mysterious” anomaly. Here, the column elongation occurred over the entire temperature range, and the expansion coefficient remained constant (Fig. 6). Further research was carried out in the department surface phenomena Institute physical chemistry USSR Academy of Sciences under the leadership of B.V. Deryagin.
The scheme for obtaining "Deryagin" water is shown in Fig. 7. When air is pumped out of the Dewar flask, water from a test tube placed in a thermostat evaporates. Ordinary water I condenses on the walls of vessel 1, and water II condenses in the capillary.
It turned out that in ultra-narrow capillaries water, remaining chemical composition still the same H2O, dramatically changes its physical properties. It was called water II.
First of all, it turned out that water II is almost 1.5 times denser than ordinary water I. Its viscosity is 15-20 times higher. In its viscosity, water II resembles Vaseline - dip your finger in it, and it will follow it like resin. Water II does not freeze at 0°C; at -100°C, without forming ice, all of it immediately, due to an even sharper increase in viscosity, goes into a glassy state, and boils only at +300°C. When the temperature reaches 700-800°C, its vapors disintegrate, turning into vapors of ordinary water I.
The announcement of the discovery by Soviet scientists was met abroad with obvious distrust. Only 7 years later, after the publication of B.V. Deryagin’s work, at the end of 1969, the laboratory of the English company Univeler confirmed the experiments of N.N. Fedyakin and B.V. Deryagin. Now there are dozens research institutions in the USA, Great Britain, Belgium, France they are studying “Deryagin” water II.
The nature of water II still remains a mystery. There are several conflicting points of view. Some researchers believe that the impurities inevitably present in the water are to blame. Others argue that when vapor condenses on the surface of glass or quartz, catalytic processes take place that contribute to the transition of water to a state that cannot be obtained on the surface of other substances. Still others, including B.V. Deryagin, believe that in ultrathin capillaries the polymerization of water molecules occurs, the formation of chains like (H 2 O)n. Many people abroad call water II polywater.
Our sympathies are on the side of the latter, and not only because our compatriot and discoverer of water II belongs to them. The Polymer Hypothesis of B.V. Deryagin brings all the most fantastic predictions about the possible transformations of Ordinary Water closer to real embodiments.
Not freezing, not giving ice, boiling at the red-hot temperature of steel, water II will find the most wide application in modern technology. We have no doubt that mastering the process of water polymerization will make it possible to create a completely new branch of big chemistry - plants for the production of fiber from water-based polymer threads. This will be the most amazing fabric. Firstly, we can assume that the potentially latent super-strength in water will be revealed to some extent in the H2O polymer threads. Secondly, since water threads will be super strong, they can be made thinner than the thinnest modern nylon or nylon threads. And finally, thirdly, the water tissue will retain many of the anomalous properties of water: its enormous heat capacity, high dielectric constant, etc.
In short, we undertake to assert that in the near future humanity will put on clothes that most people have never known. fairy tales peoples of the world: infinitely thin, infinitely durable, sheltering from any heat and from any cold. In such clothes, people will be able to walk equally under the scorching rays of the Sahara sun and among the 80-degree frosts of Antarctica. A light suit made of water fabric will free the astronaut from a heavy and bulky spacesuit and allow him to be in outer space without any additional protection.
As for the raw materials for our magical fabric, the textile industry (as well as the metallurgical industry) will never experience a shortage of it.
In the meantime, isn’t it water II, decorating our horizon with silvery clouds? However, it seems, not only the horizon of the Earth. By studying the reflected light from the clouds of our cosmic neighbor Venus, it was established that these clouds contain droplets of water with a refractive index of 1.5. This is precisely the value of the refractive index of “Deryagin” water and noctilucent clouds.
Soviet astronomer V. Bronshten and American Donahue independently made the same assumptions that droplets of polymer water in the atmosphere of Venus condensed on tiny dust particles - products of weathering of Venusian rocks.
How did these droplets get to the clouds of Venus and the noctilucent clouds of the Earth? From the surface of the planet? Hardly. Another assumption seems more likely - this is purely cosmic water, a product of the synthesis of hydrogen protons falling from space with electrons and oxygen atoms in the atmosphere of both planets.
I think everyone knows the 3 main states of matter: liquid, solid and gaseous. We encounter these states of matter every day and everywhere. Most often they are considered using the example of water. The liquid state of water is most familiar to us. We constantly drink liquid water, it flows from our tap, and we ourselves are 70% liquid water. The second physical state of water is ordinary ice, which we see on the street in winter. Water can also be easily found in gaseous form in Everyday life. In the gaseous state, water is, as we all know, steam. It can be seen when, for example, we boil a kettle. Yes, it is at 100 degrees that water passes from liquid state into gaseous
These are the three states of matter that are familiar to us. But did you know that there are actually 4 of them? I think everyone has heard the word " plasma" And today I want you to also learn more about plasma - the fourth state of matter.
Plasma is a partially or fully ionized gas with equal densities of both positive and negative charges. Plasma can be obtained from gas - from the 3rd state of aggregation of a substance by strong heating. The state of aggregation in general, in fact, completely depends on temperature. The first state of aggregation is the most low temperature, at which the body remains solid, the second state of aggregation is the temperature at which the body begins to melt and become liquid, the third state of aggregation is the highest temperature, at which the substance becomes a gas. For each body, substance, the temperature of transition from one state of aggregation to another is completely different, for some it is lower, for some it is higher, but for everyone it is strictly in this sequence. At what temperature does a substance become plasma? Since this is the fourth state, it means that the temperature of transition to it is higher than that of each previous one. And indeed it is. In order to ionize a gas, a very high temperature is required. The lowest temperature and low ionized (about 1%) plasma is characterized by a temperature of up to 100 thousand degrees. Under terrestrial conditions, such plasma can be observed in the form of lightning. The temperature of the lightning channel can exceed 30 thousand degrees, which is 6 times higher than the temperature of the surface of the Sun. By the way, the Sun and all other stars are also plasma, most often high-temperature. Science proves that about 99% of all matter in the Universe is plasma.
Unlike low-temperature plasma, high-temperature plasma has almost 100% ionization and a temperature of up to 100 million degrees. This is truly a stellar temperature. On Earth, such plasma is found only in one case - for thermo-nuclear fusion experiments. Controlling the reaction is quite complex and energy-intensive, but uncontrolled reaction is quite early - behaved like a weapon of colossal power - a thermo-nuclear bomb, tested by the USSR on August 12, 1953.
Plasma is classified not only by temperature and degree of ionization, but also by density and quasi-neutrality. Collocation plasma density usually means electron density, that is, the number free electrons per unit volume. Well, with this, I think everything is clear. But not everyone knows what quasi-neutrality is. Plasma quasineutrality is one of its most important properties, which consists in the almost exact equality of the densities of the positive ions and electrons included in its composition. Due to the good electrical conductivity of plasma, the separation of positive and negative charges is impossible at distances greater than the Debye length and at times greater than the period of plasma oscillations. Almost all plasma is quasi-neutral. An example of a non-quasi-neutral plasma is an electron beam. However, the density of non-neutral plasmas must be very small, otherwise they will quickly decay due to Coulomb repulsion.
We have looked at very few terrestrial examples of plasma. But there are quite a lot of them. Man has learned to use plasma for his own benefit. Thanks to the fourth aggregate state of matter, we can use gas-discharge lamps, plasma televisions, zoo-rami, arc-electric welding, laser-rami. Conventional gas-discharge fluorescent lamps are also plasma. There is also a plasma lamp in our world. It is mainly used in science to study and, most importantly, see some of the most complex plasma phenomena, including filamentation. A photograph of such a lamp can be seen in the picture below:
In addition to household plasma devices, natural plasma can also often be seen on Earth. We have already talked about one of her examples. This is lightning. But in addition to lightning, plasma phenomena can be called the northern lights, “St. Elmo’s fire,” the Earth’s ionosphere and, of course, fire.
Notice that fire, lightning, and other manifestations of plasma, as we call it, burn. What causes such a bright light emission from plasma? Plasma glow is caused by the transition of electrons from a high-energy state to a low-energy state after recombination with ions. This process results in radiation with a spectrum corresponding to the excited gas. This is why plasma glows.
I would also like to talk a little about the history of plasma. After all, once upon a time only such substances as the liquid component of milk and the colorless component of blood were called plasma. Everything changed in 1879. It was in that year that the famous English scientist William Crookes, while studying electrical conductivity in gases, discovered the phenomenon of plasma. True, this state of matter was called plasma only in 1928. And this was done by Irving Langmuir.
In conclusion, I want to say what is interesting and mysterious phenomenon, like ball lightning, which I have written about more than once on this site, this, of course, is also a plasmoid, like ordinary lightning. This is perhaps the most unusual plasmoid of all terrestrial plasma phenomena. After all, there are about 400 different theories about ball lightning, but not one of them has been recognized as truly correct. In laboratory conditions, similar but short-term phenomena were obtained by several different ways, so the question about the nature of ball lightning remains open.
Ordinary plasma, of course, was also created in laboratories. It used to be difficult, but now similar experiment is not difficult. Since plasma has become firmly established in our everyday arsenal, a lot of experiments are being done on it in laboratories.
The most interesting discovery in the field of plasma was experiments with plasma in zero gravity. It turns out that plasma crystallizes in a vacuum. It happens like this: charged plasma particles begin to repel each other, and when they have a limited volume, they occupy the space that is allotted to them, scattering in different sides. This is quite similar to a crystal lattice. Doesn't this mean that plasma is the closing link between the first state of matter and the third? After all, it becomes plasma due to the ionization of the gas, and in a vacuum the plasma again becomes solid. But this is just my guess.
Plasma crystals in space also have a rather strange structure. This structure can only be observed and studied in space, in the present vacuum of space. Even if you create a vacuum on Earth and place plasma there, gravity will simply compress the entire “picture” that forms inside. In space, plasma crystals simply take off, forming a three-dimensional three-dimensional structure of a strange shape. After sending the results of observing plasma in orbit to scientists on Earth, it turned out that the vortices in the plasma strangely repeat the structure of our galaxy. This means that in the future it will be possible to understand how our galaxy was born by studying plasma. The photographs below show the same crystallized plasma.
That's all I would like to say on the topic of plasma. I hope it interested and surprised you. After all, this is truly amazing phenomenon, or rather the state is the 4th state of aggregation of matter.
I am very interested in how we got the 11 state of aggregation of water.
Dear karungold!
All substances in nature, according to the laws of thermodynamics, can exist in three states of aggregation - solid, liquid and gaseous. Water, in turn, can exist in the form of liquid, steam and ice. Ice, in turn, has 14 modifications, most of which, however, were obtained under conditions close to space ones. Transitions between them are accompanied by an abrupt change in the series physical properties(density, thermal conductivity, etc.).
Plasma is often considered the fourth state of matter, although plasma has nothing to do with water. The term plasma (from the Greek πλάσμα “fashioned”, “shaped”) was introduced in 1929 by American scientists I. Langmuir and L. Tonks, possibly due to the association with blood plasma, which is essentially not true.. In the physical sense plasma is the fourth state of matter.
Plasma differs from ordinary gas in that it exhibits simultaneous interaction large number particles. In addition, the influence of electric and magnetic fields on plasma leads to the appearance of spatial charges and currents in it. The vast majority of matter in the universe is in the plasma state: stars, galactic nebulae, and the interstellar medium. Near Earth, plasma exists in the form of solar wind.
Plasma is a partially or fully ionized gas that is formed as a result of thermal ionization of atoms and molecules during high temperatures, under the influence of electromagnetic fields of high intensity, when gas is irradiated by streams of charged particles of high energy.
Rice. Plasma
In laboratory conditions, plasma is formed in an electrical discharge in a gas, in the processes of combustion and explosion. When the laser beam was focused by a lens, a spark flashed in the air in the focal area and plasma formed there.
Plasma can be either quasi-neutral or non-quasi-neutral. The word “ionized” means that at least one electron has been separated from a significant portion of the atoms or molecules. The word “quasineutral” means that, despite the presence of free charges (electrons and ions), the total electric charge of the plasma is approximately zero. Presence of free electric charges makes plasma a conducting medium, which causes its significantly greater (compared to other aggregate states of matter) interaction with magnetic and electric fields.
The transition of a substance from one state of aggregation to another does not lead to a change in its composition, but is accompanied by a change in its structure.
It should be noted that this division states of aggregation does not reflect substances internal structure substance, the degree of ordering of its particles.
There is also the so-called liquid crystalline (mesomorphic) state of matter, the properties of which are intermediate between the properties of a solid crystal and a liquid.
Rice. 1. Liquid crystals
For example, some substances (glasses, resins) have properties characteristic of both solids and very viscous supercooled liquids. In particular, some organic materials transition from a solid to a liquid state, undergoing a series of transitions that include the formation of a new phase, which is called the liquid crystalline state (liquid crystal).
Liquid crystals are substances that simultaneously have the properties of both liquids (fluidity) and crystals (anisotropy). In structure, liquid crystals are jelly-like liquids, consisting of elongated molecules, ordered in a certain way throughout the entire volume of this liquid. Most characteristic property LC is their ability to change the orientation of molecules under the influence of electric fields, which opens ample opportunities for their use in industry. Based on their type, liquid crystals are usually divided into two large groups: nematics and smectics. In turn, nematics are divided into nematic and cholesteric liquid crystals.
Currently, hypotheses have emerged about the existence of very stable liquid crystalline formations in water. The ability of water molecules to form certain structures is based on the presence of so-called hydrogen bonds. These bonds are not of a chemical nature. They are easily destroyed and quickly restored, which makes the structure of water extremely variable. It is thanks to these connections that unique water associates, its structural elements, continuously arise in individual microvolumes of water. The bond in such associates is called hydrogen. It is very weak and easily broken, unlike covalent bonds, for example, in the structure of minerals or any chemical compounds.
So, according to the hypothesis of S.V. Zenin's water is a hierarchy of regular volumetric structures, which are based on a crystal-like "water quantum", consisting of 57 of its molecules, which interact with each other through free hydrogen bonds. In this case, 57 water molecules (quanta) form a structure resembling a tetrahedron. The tetrahedron, in turn, consists of 4 dodecahedrons (regular 12-sided faces). 16 quanta form a structural element consisting of 912 water molecules. Water consists of 80% of such elements, 15% are tetrahedral quanta and 3% are classical H 2 O molecules. It is not individual H 2 O molecules that move chaotically, but structural elements. Note that the structure of water is associated with the Platonic solids (tetrahedron, dodecahedron), the shape of which is associated with the golden ratio. The oxygen nucleus also has the shape of a Platonic solid (tetrahedron).
This structure is energetically favorable and is destroyed with the release of free water molecules only at high concentrations of alcohols and similar solvents [Zenin, 1994]. “Water quanta” can interact with each other due to free hydrogen bonds protruding outward from the tops of the “quantum” with their edges. In this case, the formation of two types of second-order structures is possible. Their interaction with each other leads to the emergence of higher order structures. The latter consist of 912 water molecules, which, according to Zenin’s model, are practically incapable of interaction due to the formation of hydrogen bonds. This explains, for example, the high fluidity of a liquid consisting of huge polymers. Thus, water environment is a sort of hierarchically organized liquid crystal. Change in the position of one structural element in this crystal under the influence of any external factor or a change in the orientation of surrounding elements under the influence of added substances provides, according to Zenin’s hypothesis, high sensitivity information system water. If the degree of disturbance structural elements is not sufficient to rearrange the entire structure of water in a given volume, then after the disturbance is removed, the system returns to its original state after 30-40 minutes. If recoding, i.e. transition to another relative position structural elements of water turns out to be energetically favorable, then the coding effect of the substance that caused this restructuring is reflected in the new state [Zenin, 1994]. This model allows Zenin to explain the “memory of water” and its information properties [Zenin, 1997].
It is interesting that free, unassociated water molecules are present in water only in very small quantities. Basically, water is a collection of random associates and “water crystals”, where the number of molecules linked in hydrogen bonds can reach hundreds and even thousands of units.
Rice. An associate of six water molecules
"Water crystals" can have the most different shapes, both spatial and two-dimensional (in the form of ring structures). The basis of everything is the tetrahedron (the simplest pyramid with four corners). This is exactly the shape that the distributed positive and negative charges in a water molecule have. When grouped, the tetrahedra of H 2 O molecules form a variety of spatial and planar structures. And out of all the variety of structures in nature, the basic one, apparently (only an assumption that has not yet been precisely proven), is only one - hexagonal (six-sided), when six water molecules (tetrahedra) are combined into a ring. This type of structure is characteristic of ice, snow, melt water, and cellular water of all living beings.
Sincerely, Ph.D. O.V. Mosin