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There are 6 tenses in German (1 present, 3 past and 2 future):

Present tense (Präsens):

This is the simplest tense in German. To construct the present tense, you just need to put the verb in the correct conjugation:

Example: machen - to do

Examples:
Hans geht zur Arbeit. - Hans goes to work.
Der Computer arbeitet nicht. - Computer does not work.

Past tenses:

There are 3 past tenses in German. However, in fact, 2 times will be enough for you. The first is called "Präteritum" and the second "Perfekt". In most cases, both tenses are translated the same way into Russian. In official correspondence and books, "Präteritum" is commonly used. In spoken language, "Perfekt" is usually used. However, the German language is not as strict with tenses as, for example, the English language. In fact, you can almost always use any past tense.

Präteritum:

Here we first encounter the concept of regular (strong) and irregular (weak) verbs. The forms of regular verbs change according to a certain pattern. Forms of irregular verbs need to be memorized. You will find a complete list of irregular verbs in.

Changing the regular (weak) verb in the tense "Präteritum": machen (Infinitiv) -> machte (Präteritum)
Conjugations of the verb machen in Präteritum:

Examples:
"Du machtest die Hausaufgabe!" - “You did your homework!”
"Du spieltest Fussball" - "You played football"

Irregular verb in "Präteritum": gehen (Infinitiv) -> ging (Präteritum)

Example:
"Du gingst nach Hause!" - “You were going home!”

Perfect

The second most commonly used past tense in German is "Perfekt". It is used very often in ordinary speech. To construct a sentence in "Perfekt", you need to use the auxiliary verb "haben" or "sein" (An auxiliary verb is a verb that does not carry a semantic load. It only indicates time). The sentence in "Perfekt" is constructed as follows:

Subject -> auxiliary verb "haben" or "sein" -> everything else -> semantic verb in the form "Partizip 2".

Conjugations of the verb "sein" and "haben":

In what cases should we use the verb "sein" and in what cases should we use "haben"?
The answer is simple: If the semantic verb expresses movement in space (run, ride, swim, ...), then the auxiliary verb "sein" is used. "sein" is also used when the verb expresses a change of state (fall asleep, get up, die, ...).
In all other cases, the auxiliary verb "haben" is used.

Building the "Partizip 2" form:
For regular verbs, "Partizip 2" is constructed as follows: the prefix "ge" and the suffix "t" are added to the root (machen -> ge mach t).
The "Partizip 2" form of irregular verbs must be learned by heart! All forms of irregular verbs can be found in.

Examples:
"Ich bin nach Hause gegangen." - "I was walking home."
"Ich habe die Arbeit gemacht." - "I did the work."

Future tenses:

In German there are "Futur l" and "Futur ll" for the future tense. "Futur ll" is not used at all in Germany, and "Futur l" is usually replaced by the present tense (Präsens) indicating a future specification.

Example: "Morgen gehen wir ins Kino." - "Tomorrow we are going to the cinema."

If you indicate a circumstance of the future tense (tomorrow, soon, in a week, etc.), then you can safely use the present tense to express plans for the future.

If we still consider the time “Futur 1”, then it is constructed as follows:

Subject -> auxiliary verb "werden" -> everything else -> semantic verb in the form "Infinitiv".

Example: "Wir werden ins Kino gehen." - "We'll go to the cinema."(verbatim: "We'll go to the cinema.")

Conjugations of the verb "werden"

In the German language, unlike in English, there are quite a lot of endings; mastering and consolidating the topic will require more than one hour of work. It is recommended to break all the material into blocks (they are given at the end of the article) and master them sequentially, moving on to the next one only after confidently mastering the previous one. Confident - this means: when constructing phrases, you can independently use the verb in the right tense, person, number, without hesitation, time to think, without looking at reference tables.

General rules in German

Declension of German verbs is carried out according to a simple scheme. To begin, isolate the constituent parts of the word: the stem and the ending (-en or -n). Examples:

1. Lernen (to study): lern - stem, -en - ending.
2. Lachen (laugh): lach - basis, -en - ending.
3. Lesen (read): les - base, -en - ending.
4. Meißeln (to hammer): meißel - base, -n - ending.

Now all you have to do is add the correct ending to the base. They vary depending on:

1. Persons (first, second, third).
2. Numbers (singular, plural).
3. Tense (German has five actively used tenses).

Strong or weak?

Strong verbs will have to be studied separately; they can be called exceptions. Special tables with conjugations of strong verbs are given in any German grammar manual, and in dictionaries such verbs are marked with an asterisk. Although there are certain patterns in their conjugation, deducing them is too laborious. When they are declined, the root vowel may change. Weak verbs are conjugated in the same way, according to the same pattern; they are the majority in the German language. It’s worth starting to study the declension of German verbs with weak ones.

Conjugation of weak verbs

The endings and conjugations of weak verbs in the present tense (prasens) are given in the table. For example, the following verbs are taken: read (lernen), werfen (throw), verzeihen (forgive).

A few more simple German verbs in the present tense in the table below:

Practice by trying to inflect the following weak German verbs (among the most common and popular): arbeiten- work, fragen - ask, antworten - answer, atmen - breathe, aussehen - look, bauen - build, bedeuten - mean, besuchen - visit, dauern - last, erzählen - tell, erinnern - remember, führen - lead, drive, heilen - to treat, kaufen - to buy, küssen - to kiss, kosten - to cost, lachen - to laugh, malen - to draw, pflanzen - to plant, pflegen - to look after, reden - to talk, sagen - to speak, spielen - to play, spazieren - to walk, sammeln - to collect , träumen - to dream, tadeln - to scold, vertrauen - to trust, warten - to wait, zahlen - to pay.

How to learn German verb conjugation

Rule #1 - don't overload yourself. When looking at the tables of declension of German verbs in reference books, many people experience a certain psychological phenomenon, which has not yet been well studied and has no name, but with very specific symptoms: too much and clearly overwhelming amount of work to be done reduces interest, motivation and, ultimately, impairs the learning of the material . The brain, even with a correctly structured learning pattern in the future, seems to begin to resist. Don't push. After reading the rules above, take pieces of new material that are feasible for yourself.

So, you need to master:

1. Varieties of verbs. There are five in total: regular, irregular, verbs with a separable or inseparable prefix, and verbs ending in -ieren. Each of these groups of verbs has its own conjugation features.
2. Groups of strong verbs. In each of these groups or subgroups, strong (irregular) verbs are inflected in the same way. It is more convenient to analyze one such group in one lesson than to study tables in which all strong verbs are given in a row.
3. Declension of reflexive verbs or verbs with sich. In general, it does not differ from the general scheme for conjugating weak verbs, but there are nuances.
4. Topic "Modal verbs".
5. Verbs with two conjugations. They can be declined as both strong and weak; pay special attention to verbs with two meanings (the type of conjugation is determined according to the meaning).
6. Declension of German verbs in the past tense (Präteritum, Perfekt, Plusquamperfekt). Many reference books list three popular forms: the infinitive, the simple past tense, and the participle used to form the perfect tense (Partizip II).
7. Declension in special forms of the German future tense (Futur I and Futur II).
8. Declension of German verbs in different moods (two forms of the subjunctive mood - Konjunktiv I and Konjunktiv II, and the imperative mood, that is, the imperative).

As an example, the table below shows the present tense conjugations of some strong verbs:

You should immediately become at least superficially familiar with the conjugation of modal verbs. They are widely used:

Declension of the verb to have

The declension of the German verb haben must be considered separately. This verb is one of the most commonly used. It is noteworthy that the two most important verbs, haben and sein, are inflected according to an individual pattern. By the way, this is typical for most Romance languages. For comparison, the table shows the weak verb machen (to do), inflected according to the rules, in parentheses. Forms are indicated only for the present, simple past and perfect tenses. Try to analyze the differences yourself - this is already enough to activate your memory and remember the non-standard forms of the verb haben.

A simple analysis shows that there are not many differences. To learn the conjugation forms of a verb, you just need to remember the forms in Präsens for the second and third person, in the past tense the stem itself changes, and in Perfect everything follows the standard pattern.

The verb haben is used:

1. On one's own.
2. As an auxiliary verb for perfect forms.
3. In the modal construction haben + zu + Infinitiv.

Declension of the verb to be

The declension of the German verb sein also needs to be studied separately. Table with forms (for comparison, the weak verb suchen - to look for) is given:

In addition to its direct purpose, the verb to be is used in German:

• as a linking verb (in Russian it is implied in such cases, but omitted);
• for constructing impersonal sentences;
• as an auxiliary verb to form the past tense;
• in the modal scheme sein + zu + infinitiv.

Considering the frequency of use, you should not devote much time to studying the conjugation forms of the verb sein: they are all well absorbed in the process of working on other topics.

Declension of the verb werden

He should also pay special attention. This trinity - haben, sein, werden can safely be considered the most important, because these verbs are used everywhere. Both as auxiliaries and independently. For comparison, the weak verb weinen - to cry is given.

The verb warden is used:

1. As an independent verb in the meaning of become.
2. As an auxiliary verb to form future tense forms.
3. For the formation of verbs in the subjunctive mood Konjunktiv I and Konjunktiv II.
4. To express assumptions.
5. To form the passive voice in all tenses.

Summary table of the most popular forms of the most popular verbs (currently):

Learning the declension of irregular verbs in German is much easier than it seems at first glance. There is no point in devoting serious time to studying the forms of these most popular verbs. It is enough to read them once, trying to remember them, and after that try to compose life phrases with each of the forms. Try to remember the required form yourself. Look at the reference book only after making a real effort to remember. Such efforts stimulate memory and form associative connections - this is much more effective than rote memorization. For most students, just one exercise is enough. Although it would not be superfluous to repeat it in a day. But, as a rule, in the future the material is consolidated along other topics, just do not forget to monitor the regularity and coherence (each subsequent topic contains at least a little bit from the previous one) of the lessons.

The situation is similar with strong verbs. Surprisingly, most of them are among the most popular. It is necessary to spend some time getting acquainted with them, but consolidating the material can be combined with studying other topics.

This is all you need to know to successfully start diving into the topic. Be prepared that you will still have to swim a lot. In any case, armed with this information, as well as a good reference book on German grammar, you will not drown and can move forward with confidence.

When learning the German (German) language, great attention has to be paid to verbs (verbs), since the verb. - this is the center of any mute. offers. He is often compared to a conductor in an orchestra, since the presence or absence of additional members and their place in the sentence depends on him.

Those who have recently begun to learn German may find it complex and confusing, and its verb system the invention of a rare misanthrope. For example, three forms (f-we) of German verbs. Many people wonder why there is one verb instead. (infinitive, which is given in the dictionary) you have to learn 3 forms at once. We hope our article will help you understand this.

So, everyone is mute. verb has three functions: infinitive, imperfect (Präteritum) and participle (Partizip II). Strictly speaking, every verb. has many more forms than these three, but these are the ones we will talk about. It will be a little easier for those who are familiar with English grammar, since these forms are similar in the two languages.

With the infinitive, everything is more or less clear, this f-ma is in the dictionary, from it all f-mas of the present and future tense are formed: machen, spielen, studieren, verkaufen, einkaufen.

Imperfect (Präteritum) is the past tense commonly used in written German. From the base of the imperfect (the second f-me), the personal f-me of verbs in this past tense are formed (using personal verb endings).

It is also formed from the infinitive using a special suffix -t- and endings. If a word has a separable prefix (adj.), then it is pronounced separately.

However, this is only true for weak verbs. As for strong verbs. and verb. mixed conjugation (irregular), then for them the imperfective form must be looked at in a special table (see below).

Mach-en – mach-t-e, spiel-en – spiel-t-e, studieren – studier-t-e, verkauf-en – verkauf-t-e, ein-kauf-en – kauf-t-e ein,

Accordingly, the 2nd form of these verbs: machte, spielte, studierte, verkaufte, kaufte ein.

Past participles (Partizip II) are used as independent parts of speech (passive participles), as well as to form the passive voice, past tenses Perfekt and Plusquamperfekt and future tense Futurum II.

These participles are also formed from the infinitive, using the adverb. ge- and the suffix –t.

Mach-en – ge-mach-t, spiel-en – ge-spiel-t.

NOTES!!!

• These phrases do not have verb endings.
• If in verb. there is a suffix -ier-, then adj. ge- is not added. Stud-ier -en – studier-t, buchstab-ier-en – buchstab-ier-t.
• If verb. begin with inseparable prefix (be-, ge-, er-, ver-, zer-, ent-, emp-,miss and some others), then adj. ge- is not added. Ver kauf-en – verkauf-t, be suchen – be such-t.
• If verb. begins with a separable prefix, then adj. ge- is placed between adj. and root. Ein -kauf-en – ein-ge -kauf-t, auf -räum-en – auf-ge -räum-t.

Accordingly, the third f-ma verb: gemacht, gespielt, studiert, verkauft, eingekauft.

That's all you need to know to form three f-we. verbs. Of course, a little more practice wouldn't hurt, but you already have the theory.

As for strong and irregular (irregular) verbs, it is easier to learn them in a table. You may find a table where there are only 3 forms, or a table where there are 4. Don't be alarmed, this is not some new confusing form. In fact, in such tables there is a separate column for the 3rd line. unit (i.e. f-ma for he/she/it). Just in the roots of some German verbs. alternation occurs, so it is easier for beginners to learn ready-made functions.

Because two verbs are used as auxiliaries in the past tense Perfect. haben and sein (for the verb movement, change of state and verb bleiben), then we recommend teaching the third form together with the auxiliary verb. All this is reflected in our table.

Verbs (verbs) in German vary according to persons, numbers and tenses. Changing verbs by person is called their conjugation. Verb. can be conjugated in all tenses, but in this article we will look in detail at the conjugation of German verbs in the present tense and briefly talk about the formation of personal forms in the past and future tenses.

Almost all verbs that we find in the dictionary (infinitive, or initial form (f-ma)) end in -en: machen, leben, spielen, wohnen, heißen... Accordingly, the part of the word without an ending is the stem of the verb. , to which personal endings are added.

Let us now understand what a face is and how it is expressed. A person is a grammatical category that expresses whether an action, event or state is related or not related to the participants in a speech situation. Verb. The first person expresses the attribution of the action to the speaker (or speakers), the second - to his interlocutor (or interlocutors), the third person refers to objects or subjects not participating in the conversation (speech situation). Those. The first person corresponds to the pronouns I (ich) and we (wir), the second - you (du) and you (ihr), the third - he (er), she (sie), it (es) and they (sie). Each of these f-m (in this case, a pronoun) corresponds to a special verbal f-m.

ATTENTION! In German, the third person singular pronoun – Sie – is used as a form of polite address to one person.

If the stem of the infinitive ends in -d or –t, then when forming the third person singular. between the stem of the verb. and the ending t appears as an intermediate vowel e. For example: schneiden, baden, arbeiten, bieten – er, sie, es, man schneid-e-t, bad-e-t, arbeit-e-t, biet-e-t.

Also, an intermediate vowel can appear after a stem ending in -n (in some words, especially if the n is preceded by a consonant): segnen (to bless) - er segnet, begegnen (to meet) - er begegnet.

Particular attention when conjugating German verbs. you need to pay attention to those whose stem ends in consonants -s, -ß, -x or –z: heißen, küssen, kratzen, wachsen (grow), etc. In them, the phrases of the second and third persons are singular. match up:

Irregular verbs are particularly difficult, since when forming personal phrases of the second and third person singular. at the root there is an alternation of vowels: sehen – du siehst, er sieht; wachsen – du wächst, er wächst; wissen – du weißt, er weißt. These verbs. you can find it in a special table, and on our website, of course, too.

We must not forget that when conjugating the verb. with separable prefixes, the prefix comes after the personal f-we verb. (the verb itself is conjugated as usual). Aufmachen, einkaufen:

Let us now consider the conjugation of auxiliary verbs. haben, sein, werden, since their personal phrases are used to form the phrases of the future and past tense. In addition, they can be used as full verbs.

Conjugation of German verbs. in the past time

1. I. Prä teritum, or imperfect. In this past tense, the same personal verb endings are used as in the present tense, only they are added to the imperfect stem (you can also read how this stem is formed on our website):

2. II. Perfect. To form the perfect, the personal forms of the verb haben + past participle (Partizip II) discussed above are used:

Ich habe gemacht.

Du hast gespielt.

Wie haben eingekauft.

Conjugation of German verbs. in the future tense

1. I. Futurum I.

To form the phrases of future tenses, the personal phrases of the verb werden + infinitive are used:

Ich werde Jura studieren.

Du wirst den Film sehen.

Ihr werdet das Zimmer aufräumen.

2. II. Futurum II. To form this tense, the personal forms of the verb werden are also used, but with the so-called. perfect infinitive:

Ich werde Jura studiert haben.

Du wirst den Film gesehen haben.

Ihr werdet das Zimmer aufgeräumt haben.