Linde Nikolai Dmitrievich — candidate of psychological sciences, professor.

Born in Moscow, graduated from the Faculty of Psychology of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov (1973). He studied at the postgraduate course of the Institute of Psychology of the USSR Academy of Sciences (currently - IP RAS). PhD thesis was defended under the guidance of Professor K.V. Bardin on the topic "Visual thresholds for detecting oscillatory motion" (1983).

He has been teaching at the Moscow University for the Humanities since 1987, as a professor since 2000, and was awarded the title of associate professor in 1993.

In the practice of counseling, he uses a new (developed by him) method of transforming images in the correction of emotional states. This technique allows you to quickly and effectively relieve people of a variety of psychosomatic problems, phobias, depression, the effects of stress, etc. Many students of Linde N.D. (there are already about 200 of them) successfully work in practical psychology, providing real help to people. Works by N.D. Linde is well known to professional psychologists for a series of publications in the journal "Bulletin of Psychosocial and Correctional and Rehabilitation Work", "Journal of a Practical Psychologist".

He regularly conducts seminars on emotional-imaginative therapy for practicing psychologists from various regions of the country on the basis of the consortium "Social Health of Russia".

N.D. Linde is president of the Linde N.D. Center for Emotional Imagery Therapy.

Books (3)

Fundamentals of modern psychotherapy

The textbook "Fundamentals of Modern Psychotherapy" presents a fairly complete picture of the various areas of modern psychotherapy.

Classical psychoanalysis 3. Freud, analytical psychology of C. Jung, individual psychology of A. Adler, behavioral psychotherapy, body therapy, gestalt therapy, humanistic psychotherapy, cognitive therapy, existential psychotherapy, neurolinguistic programming, transpersonal psychotherapy, psychodrama, emotional-figurative therapy, transactional analysis E. Bern, Dianetics and group therapy. The differences between the traditional medical and modern psychotherapeutic approaches to understanding the causes of mental illness and ways to treat it are considered.

Psychological counseling. Theory and practice

The manual gives a comprehensive understanding of the consulting process, its stages (gathering information, analyzing the request, concluding a contract, etc.).

Special attention is paid to the structure of the psychological problem and the creation of a therapeutic hypothesis. A distinctive feature of the publication is the consideration of particular theoretical models of certain problems and possible methods for their solution. The main task of the book is to show more clearly "how it's done", so it is full of examples from the practice of the author and other psychologists.

Emotional Image Therapy. Theory and practice

Emotional-figurative therapy is a relatively new and original direction of psychotherapy, which allows you to achieve very quick and valuable results in the field of psychosomatic disorders and in the correction of certain emotional disorders.

The main idea of ​​this direction is that an emotional state can be expressed through a visual, sound or kinesthetic image, and further internal work with this image allows you to transform the original emotional state. From a theoretical point of view, emotions are a manifestation of the individual's mental energy, aimed at performing certain actions, for example, fear makes a person shrink, and anger makes him attack. "Stuck" emotions are not realized in action, but give rise to many negative consequences, including psychosomatic symptoms and other chronic problems.

This direction allows using the theoretical and practical discoveries of various psychotherapeutic schools, from psychoanalysis to neurolinguistic programming.

ANNOTATION
This book is intended primarily for practicing psychologists, psychotherapists, students of psychological universities, but it may also be of interest to the most ordinary people who are interested in practical psychology and the possibilities of providing psychological assistance to themselves and other people.
Emotional-figurative therapy is a relatively new and original direction of psychotherapy, which allows you to achieve very quick and valuable results in the field of psychosomatic disorders and in the correction of certain emotional disorders. The main idea of ​​this direction is that an emotional state can be expressed through a visual, sound or kinesthetic image, and further internal work with this image allows you to transform the original emotional state. From a theoretical point of view, emotions are a manifestation of the individual's mental energy, aimed at performing certain actions, for example, fear makes a person shrink, and anger makes him attack. “Stuck” emotions are not realized in action, but give rise to many negative consequences, including psychosomatic symptoms and other chronic problems. We have discovered and systematized numerous methods of working with images that allow us to reveal the structure of a psychological problem and solve it with the help of inner work.
This direction allows using the theoretical and practical discoveries of various psychotherapeutic schools, from psychoanalysis to neuro-linguistic programming.

CHAPTER 1. Theoretical foundations of emotional-figurative therapy
CHAPTER 2. Methodological techniques of emotional-figurative therapy
2.1 Scheme of therapeutic work
2.1.1 Clinical conversation
2.1.2 Symptom clarification
2.1.3 Creating an image
2.1.4 Image research
2.1.5 Check for fixation
2.1.6 Transformation
2.1.7 Integration of the image with the personality (somatization)
2.1.8 Situational check
2.1.9 Environmental screening
2.1.10 Pinning
2.2 Basic techniques for transforming images in EOT
2.2.1. Contemplation
2.2.2 Mental action
2.2.3 Dialogue with the image
2.2.4 Interaction of opposites
2.2.5 Image replacement
2.2.6 Conveying a feeling
2.2.7 Tracing the fate of an image
2.2.8 Free fantasy
2.2.9 Expanding awareness
2.2.10 Magic
2.2.11 “Gift return”
2.2.12 Conversion of negative energy
2.2.13 “Opening the presser foot”
2.2.14 Paradoxical resolution
2.2.15 Counterinjunction
2.2.16 "Growing" a part of the personality (or energizing)
2.2.17 “Reallocation of shares”
2.2.18 Organization of a new relationship with a part of the personality
2.3 Additional tricks
2.3.1 Play with mud
2.3.1 Inhale emptiness
2.3.3 Allow the image to show its potential
2.3.4 Release the energy of feeling
2.3.5 Recognize the importance of the image
2.3.6 Contemplate the rain
CHAPTER 3. Advantages and features of the method
3.1 Advantages of the method.
3.2 Additional rules
3.3 Differences from related therapeutic schools
CHAPTER 4. Emotionally-imaginative therapy in practice.
4.1 EOT in the treatment of psychosomatic diseases.
4.1.1. Healing headaches, heart and other pains
4.1.1.1 Method of contemplation
4.1.1.2 Pain listening method
4.1.1.3 Smell method for pain
4.1.1.4 Method of mental action
4.1.1.5 Expression method
4.1.1.6 Dialogue method
4.1.1.7 Self-healing program
4.1.2 Working with PMS
4.1.3 Allergy management in EOT
4.1.4 Other psychosomatic problems
4.1.4. 1 Chronic rhinitis
4.1.4.2 Bronchial asthma
4.1.4.3 Gastric ulcer
4.2 EOT in the treatment of phobias
4.2.1 Trauma model
4.2.2 W. Frankl's model
4.2.3. Parental Prescription Model
4.2.4 The "unhappy inner child" or covert suicide model
4.2.5 The reverse desire model
4.2.6 Hysterical phobias
4.3 EOT in dealing with feelings of loss and emotional dependency.
4.4 EOT in conflict resolution
4.5 EOT in anger work
4.5.1 Response method
4.5.2 Imaginary twin method
4.5.3 Energization method
4.5.4 Aggressive energy conversion method
4.5.5 Method of releasing anger through imaginary sound or energy flow
4.6 EOT in work with depressive conditions
4.7 Dealing with severe trauma
4.8 Dealing with the consequences of birth trauma
CHAPTER 5
5.1 Introduction
5. 2 cycle of relaxation exercises
5. 2.1 Relaxation according to the yoga system
5.2.2 Exercise "Cozy place"
5. 3 Exercises multipurpose
5.3.1 Exercise 1. "Body drawing"
5.3.2 Exercise 2. "Journey on the bottom of the sea"
5.4 Exercises for working with bodily expression of emotional problems
5.4.1 General recommendations for the exercise
5.4.2 Exercise 1. "Sound of the body"
5.4.3 Exercise 2. "Emotions of the body"
5.4.4 Exercise 3. “Body breathing”
5.4.5 Exercise 4. "The flow of water in the body"
5.4.6 Exercise 5. “Body Light”
5.4.7 Exercise 6. “The body is a flower”
5.4.8 Exercise 7. “Inner space”
5.4.9 Exercise 8. Washing with energies
5.4.10 Exercise 9. Energy for Growth
5.4.11 Exercise 10. “Pendulum of the body”
5.5 A cycle of exercises for working with emotional problems
5.5. 1 Exercise 1 "Return of feelings"
5.5.2 Exercise 2 "Return of the heart"
5.5.3 Exercise 3: Introducing Anger
5.5.4 Exercise 4. “Fear has big eyes”
5.5.5 Exercise 4. "Circle of Joy"
5.5.6 Exercise 5. "Circle of happiness"
5.5.7 Exercise 6. "Circle of living life"
5.5.8 Exercise 7. Circle of Energy
5.5.9 Exercise 8. "Journey to a dark country"
5.5.10 Exercise 9. “Accusations”
5.5.11 Exercise 10. Guilt
5.5.12 Exercise 12. "Apathy, feeling of emptiness"
5.5. 13 Exercise 13. "Feeling insecure"
5.6 A cycle of exercises on existential topics
5.6.1 Exercise 1. "Searching for the meaning of life"
5.6.2 Exercise 2 Ending the eternal struggle
5.6.3 Exercise 3 "Being here and now"
5.6.4 Exercise 4: Let go of suffering
5.6.5 Exercise 5. "Free swimming"
5.6.6 Exercise 6: Relinquish Uniqueness
5.6.7 Exercise 7 "Company of friends"
5.6.8 Exercise 8. "Finding a family"
5.6.9 Exercise 9 "Tree"
5.6.10 Exercise 10 Sense of Duty
5.6.11 Exercise 11. Radiation of kindness
Brief Dictionary of Images
Recommended reading

Proc. allowance for university students. — M.: Aspect Press, 2010. — 255 p. — ISBN 978-5-7567-0529-4. The manual gives a comprehensive understanding of the consulting process, its stages (gathering information, analyzing the request, concluding a contract, etc.). Special attention is paid to the structure of the psychological problem and the creation of a therapeutic hypothesis. A distinctive feature of the publication is the consideration of particular theoretical models of certain problems and possible methods for their solution. The main objective of the book is to show more clearly "how it is done", so it is full of examples from the practice of the author and other psychologists. For psychology students of various specializations, psychologists already engaged in the practice of counseling, as well as for those who are interested in practical psychology and looking for answers to important psychological questions for him. Principles and stages of counseling.
Psychotherapy and counseling.
Man-subject and man-object.
Psychological problem, its structure and levels. Problem types.
Consultative conversation, its stages.
Collection of information in the process of counseling.
General principles for collecting information.
Gathering non-verbal information about the client.
Assessment of physique and body armor. - Facial features. - Facial expressions and pantomime. - Gestures. - Eyes. - Intonation and voice. - The manner of dressing, hair, perfume and cosmetics.
Psychologist toolkit.
Request types.
Unconstructive requests.
unrealistic requests. - Undefined requests. - Manipulative requests.
constructive requests.
Request for information. — Request for help in self-knowledge. — Request for help in self-development. - Request for transformation. - Request to remove a symptom.
Analysis of the request and conclusion of the contract.
Unacceptable contracts.
parent contract. - A contract to change others. - Game contracts. — Eternal contracts. - Hidden contracts.
Additional contracts.
Contracts with clients reluctantly.
Creation of a therapeutic hypothesis and its testing.
The process of forming a hypothesis.
Hypothesis testing.
Psychological models of problems and methods of solution.
Phobias.
Psychological models of the emergence of phobias.
trauma model. - V. Frankl's model. - Model of parental prescriptions. — Model of the unfortunate Inner Child, or covert suicide. — Model of "reverse desire". - Hysterical phobias. — Model of parental anxiety (emotional dependence).
Methods of dealing with phobias.
Trevora.
Psychological models of anxiety.
Anxiety as self-intimidation. — Model of psychological trauma. — Anxiety as a result of transference. - Anxiety as a result of training in the family (parental prescriptions). — Anxiety as the flip side of control. - Anxiety as restrained excitement. - Anxiety as a means of avoiding emotional conflict.
Methods for dealing with anxiety.
depressive states.
Psychological models of depressive states.
Depression as a consequence of suicidal intent. - Depression as a result of the suppression of strong feelings. - Depression as a result of guilt. Depression as a result of psychological trauma. - Depression as a result of the loss of the meaning of life. - Depression as a result of an inferiority complex. - Depression as a result of abandoning the Child Ego State. - Depression as a result of maladaptive thinking.
Methods of psychological work with depressed clients.
Sadness.
Psychological models of the emergence of sadness.
Sadness as a result of strokes for misfortune. - Sadness as a result of parental prescription. — Model of the influence of the surrounding culture. — Model of the birth myth. — Model of the loss of a beloved object.
Methods of dealing with the problem of sadness.
Anger.
Psychological models of the emergence of anger.
Model of family anger. — Anger as a tool to achieve the goal. - Anger as a "trigger". — Model of the origin of anger as a result of transference. Anger as compensation for feelings of inferiority. — Anger as a means of suppressing unwanted desires. — Anger as a protest against dangerous parental prescriptions. Anger as a result of early trauma. - Anger as a means of protecting the weak part of the personality.
Techniques for dealing with anger.
Accusations and insults.
Psychological models of accusations and insults.
Accusations as a paradoxical desire to receive love. - Teaching accusations in the parental family. - Resentment as a childish blackmail feeling.
Methods of dealing with accusations and grievances.
Jealousy.
Psychological models of the emergence of jealousy.
Jealousy as a consequence of an inferiority complex. - Jealousy as a result of parental prescriptions. - The transfer of childhood jealousy to today's relationships. - Jealousy as a projection of one's own sexual desires.
Methods of dealing with the problem of jealousy.
Shame and guilt.
Psychological models of shame.
Shame as a result of psychological trauma. — Parental prescriptions as a source of shame.
Psychological models of guilt.
Imaginary Guilt: Parental Prescriptions. — Imaginary Guilt: The Birth Myth. - Imaginary guilt: guilt before all the unfortunate. — Imaginary guilt: existential guilt. - Imaginary guilt: depression with delusions of guilt. - Guilt is real: guilt for constantly doing harm. - The real guilt is in the past.
Methods of dealing with the problem of shame.
Ways to deal with guilt.
Grief, loss.
Methods of psychological assistance in case of loss.
Emotional dependence.
Psychological models of emotional dependence.
Emotional dependence as a result of "investment". - Addiction as a result of psychological fusion.
Methods of working with emotional addictions.
Obsessive states.
Psychological models of obsessive states.
psychoanalytic model. - V. Frankl's model. — A model of obsessive actions as rituals "helping" avoid misfortune.
Methods of correction of obsessive states.
Psychosomatic problems.
Psychological models of psychosomatic problems.
Psychoanalytic (conversion) model. — Model of autonomic neurosis F. Alexander. - Psychosomatic symptoms as a result of parental prescriptions. - Psychosomatic problems as a result of the desire for profit.
Methods of correction of psychosomatic problems.
Suppressed and repressed feelings.
Psychological models of repressed and repressed feelings.
Suppressed and repressed anger. - Suppressed and repressed fear. - Suppressed and repressed sadness. - Suppressed and repressed feelings of guilt. — Suppressed and repressed shame.
Methods of working with repressed and repressed feelings.
Various areas of psychological counseling (brief description).
Phone consultation.
Family counseling.
Sexual counseling.
Counseling for children and parents.
Counseling for people with alcohol and drug addiction.
Business consulting.
Sports consulting.
Policy advice. Conclusion.
Additional literature.

N. D. Linde

PSYCHOLOGICAL

CONSULTING

THEORY AND PRACTICE

Textbook for university students

Section 1

SECTION I

PRINCIPLES AND STAGES OF CONSULTANCY

effectively conduct psychological counseling. Therefore those

psychologists who are not familiar with the theory and practice of psychotherapy,

we once again strongly refer to the relevant literature,

trainings, master classes, etc.

test questions

1. What areas of psychological counseling do you know?

2. What are the characteristics of psychological counseling

psychotherapy?

3. What topics does the current literature on psychological counseling deal with?

4. What do psychological counseling and psychotherapy have in common?

5. What kind of clients are eligible for psychological counseling and what are not?

one . Klassen IA Practical psychotherapy. M., 2004.

2. Kondrashenko V. T., Donskoy D.I. General psychotherapy. Minsk, 1993. 3. Linde ND Fundamentals of modern psychotherapy. M., 2002.

4. Osipova A. A. General psychocorrection. M., 2000.

s. The main directions of modern psychotherapy / Ed. A. M. Bokovikova. M., 2000.

6. Romanin A. N. Fundamentals of psychotherapy. Rostov n/a, 2004.

7. Sokolova E. T General psychotherapy. tyI., 2001.

8. Talanov V. L., Malkina-Pykh I. G. Reference book of a practical psychologist.

St. Petersburg; M., 2005.

--- --

MAN-SUBJECT AND MAN-OBJECT

Since in psychological counseling the client is considered as the subject of his psychological problems, his thinking, his feelings, it is necessary to dwell on this concept in more detail in the context of psychotherapeutic tasks.

A person can be both a subject and an object, and both at the same time: everything depends on the role that he plays in a certain interaction. For example, when he independently decides whether to go to the dentist or not, then he is the subject, but in the dentist's chair he is the object of treatment, despite the fact that he experiences very strong subjective experiences - this does not change his object role in the context of manipulation doctor.

It cannot be said that being a subject is always good and being an object is always bad, it all depends on the context. When we voluntarily allow the dentist to treat our teeth or the driver to take us in the car, there is nothing wrong with that. It is bad when a person is in the position of an object against his will, if, for example, he is limited by external circumstances or cannot solve his psychological problem, he is in a psychotic state.

A psychological problem (or a dead end) limits the manifestations of the personality as a subject, a person is not able to act freely, i.e. subjectively, even if he knows how to act. Note that we are talking about “subjectivity” as the ability to be a subject, in contrast to “subjectivity”, which emphasizes the subjective, i.e. individual, approach in perception, thinking, etc.

The task of the psychotherapist is to free a person from slavish dependence,

make him more of a subject in the context of the traumatic

tuations, which will allow him to find an adequate solution.

An analogy with a living butterfly planted on a needle is appropriate here. The butterfly is free everywhere and quite viable, except for one point where it is pierced and attached to the paper. because of points where it cannot overcome its objectivity, no matter how hard it tries to flap its wings

kami, her whole life activity suffers. The task is to take out the needle, return the lost subjectivity, and the butterfly will fly away.

Probably, the first person who raised the problem of the client as a subject in psychotherapy and created client-centric therapy was Carl Rogers, one of the founders of humanistic psychotherapy. The main thing that he postulated is the presence in the human subject of his own, internal forces of health and self-development. We share his humanistic position and believe that psychological counseling should free the human subject, relying on his own resources and capabilities.

For further presentation, it is necessary to expand the theoretical understanding of a person as a subject in his opposition to a person to an object. It has already been said that an individual can move from one state to another, but in a number of cases his state is stably fixed in the position of the object, and liberation can come only when the resources of the position of the person-subject are used. Let us indicate the following six differences between a person in the position of the subject and a person in the position

object, which will significantly clarify the essence of the advisory work.

1. The subject is autonomous. This is expressed in three main types of actions: a) initiative, i.e. in spontaneous, independent undertakings, proposals, etc.; b) decision making in particular choosing from a range of alternatives; c) self-realization, i.e. independent actions to implement their decisions and intentions.

A person in the state of an object, on the contrary, is not free in his actions, his behavior is determined, he is predictable, because he is devoid of spontaneity, is in a rigid dependence on something. Instead of showing initiative, he is in a state of eternal expectation of something, such as instructions and instructions from his superiors, advice from a friend, the second coming, a miracle, etc. Instead of making a decision, he is PRO-" shows ambivalence, a desire to transfer responsibility for making a decision to someone else, he himself does not know what he wants, makes a decision and immediately changes his mind, etc. Instead of self-realization, he demonstrates performing behavior, easily submits to circumstances or other people's influence, sometimes acts automatically and even to the detriment of himself.

2. The subject is authentic, i.e. is itself, not someone else

and makes decisions based on his own understanding of the situation, his interests, the consequences of his actions. He is well aware of his feelings, even if they are negative, and does not deceive himself. He is sincere, and what he says and does does not disagree with the content of his inner world (beliefs, feelings, etc.).

In the state of an object, the inner world of a person, as it were, remains out of the game, and if such a state begins to dominate in the life of an individual,

Yes, it's slowly degrading. The object state interferes with the understanding of the motives of one's own behavior and one's own feelings. There is a separation of consciousness and real behavior, a conflict arises between them: a person acts contrary to his internal goals, goes

against one's own conscience, etc. Or he lives like a biorobot,

following the rules and programs approved once and for all, without even thinking about their adequacy or compliance with reality.

3. The subject is self-transforming, he can form in himself

to yourself some new qualities, to change your behavior, it can be spontaneous and open to navam quality, navam apyt.

In the state of an object, a person, on the contrary, is not able to change

attitude to some problematic situation, his behavior is stereotyped, he does not perceive the new if it contradicts the established forms of behavior or established ideas. For example, a person assures everyone that. he needs to quit smoking, while doing nothing to really quit, but he smears a rosary to explain

to anyone who wants to help him, why any proposed method of weaning from smoking will not work for him. At the same time, in other atours, an retains its subjectivity and is able to change, into at

smoking remains as if paralyzed, immobile or

walks in a vicious circle.

4. The subject develops, i.e. capable of self-improvement and personal growth. This means that today he can cope with tasks more complex than he solved yesterday, and tomorrow he will solve even more complex problems.

more complex problems, which today he is not yet able to do. it

refers to intellectual and creative abilities, and to the personal development of a person. The latter is especially important for psychotherapy, because the personality has become constant on the path of its development.

kiBaeTcya With increasingly complex moral and emotional problems

mami And, solving them, she improves herself.

A person who is "stuck" In a dead end, to some extent loses his ability for personal growth and thus becomes like an object that does not develop. In this case, he implements reproductive rather than creative (productive) patterns of behavior. He may be capable of

changes, but often in order to solve a problem it is necessary, as it were, to grow

over yourself, and not use all new ways of the same

same type, i.e. you need to reach a new level of personal growth.

5. The subject in his current actions and decisions proceeds from some idea of ​​his future, builds some personal perspective. In particular, this is expressed in a sense of meaning

laziness of its existence. For the sake of the future, man is capable of

to endure enormous hardships “here and now”, but a sense of the prospect of life,

open horizon is a necessary condition for a healthy

it has the qualities of a subject, the ability to solve one's own problems on one's own.

The paradox is that usually a client comes to a psychologist in the hope of shifting the burden of responsibility for solving his problems onto him and preserving his state of the object in a different form.

HELP is to make a person stronger, freer,

so that he could himself get out of his psychological impasse, otherwise after some time he would fall into it again.

However, in order to effectively help in breaking out of such a deadlock, one must clearly understand how a person gets there. Therefore, let us consider the model of psychological impasse (problem

we), in which the client of the psychotherapist usually resides, as a result of which he finds himself in the role of the Suffering Object. From the following it will be clear how the transition from the state of the subject to the state of the object is carried out and in what direction it is necessary to work to release the client.

Test questions

1. What is the difference between a person-subject and a person-object?

2. Is it always bad to be an "object"?

3. Why the task of the consultant is to free the individual from the position of the object

4. What psychological parameters are characteristic a person-subject and what capabilities does he have?

5. Why is it sometimes beneficial to be an object?

disease unresolved psychological problem. However, even modern medicine considers neurosis-psychogenic and also reversible diseases.

Neurotic states and reactions become permanent (or they periodically return). These types of problems include

(or adaptations): obsessive fears (phobic neurosis), obsessive-compulsive neurosis (obsessive-compulsive neurosis), hypochondria, hysteria, anxiety neurosis, anorexia, bulimia, etc. At the same level of complexity, psychosomatic diseases can be placed, which usually include: asthma, hypertension, stomach ulcers, allergies, headaches, and many others, as well as problems such as alcoholism and smoking. This also includes the phenomenon of post-traumatic stress.

In all these cases, the "diseases" are based on deep psychological fixations, usually associated with the characteristics of the individual's childhood development (with the exception of post-traumatic stress). This can be a castration complex (according to Z. Freud), an inferiority complex (according to A. Apler), a non-adaptive life scenario (according to E. Berne) and

other psychological factors.

Fixations are strong both in the sense of their rigidity and in the sense of the strength of the fixed feelings themselves. Release from fixation is not amenable to conscious efforts, the person ALARMS his impotence in the face of the problem. He does not allow the true causes of fixation into consciousness, he uses defenses (in the psychoanalytic sense) to avoid understanding himself. May resist therapeutic help if it reveals the truth and is aimed at liberation from fixation.

Subjectivity is damaged in a vast area of ​​life,

consciousness is limited, stereotyping increases, muscular and psychological tension increases, and the mass of negative emotions increases. A feeling of impotence, helplessness and hopelessness develops (i.e., a state of objectivity).

6. The level of psychopathy (or personality disorders).

These include painful distortions of character; Those. here self-personality is already distorted. Schizoid, hysteroid, epileptoid, hyperthymic and other types of psychopathy are prominent. This level also includes sexual perversion and manic types of behavior. There are, for example, pathological liars, gamblers, and so on.

At the level of psychopathy, drug addiction can also be conditionally located.

The consciousness of such individuals is not so much clouded or narrowed,

how much is distorted. Their inner world is dominated by negative emotions: anger, fear, hatred, despair... Sometimes it is outwardly imperceptible, but in a critical situation these emotions erupt in a pathological form. Constant voltage manifests itself in a specific

logical problems that he encounters in practice, and not to take on tasks that are not within his competence. At the same time, he can advise on psychological problems even those individuals who are outside the mental norm, they also have psychological problems. In all cases, it should contribute to the release of the subject from one or another emotional fixation that limits him.

To control questions

1 . What is the structure of psychological problems?

2. What is the essence of psychotherapeutic problem solving?

3. What "solutions" to a psychological problem should be considered non-therapeutic or even anti-therapeutic?

4. What happens in the case of an adequate therapeutic decision in the subjective world of the client?. _

5. What are the levels of psychologicalR oblem it is possible to open?

6. How do the psychological properties of the subject change in the transition from one

level of problems to another?

7. What types of p<: psychological problems at different levels you can name?

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3. Grof C. Journey in search of yourself. M., 1994.

4. Kaplanr. I, Sadok B. J. Clinical Psychiatry. M., 1994. 5. Karvasarsky B. D.Psychotherapy. SPb., 2000.

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7. Comer R. Pathopsychology of behavior: Disorders and pathologies of the psyche.

St. Petersburg; M., 2005.

8. Perls F. Gestalt seminars. M., 1998.

9. Rogers K. Counseling and psychotherapy. M., 1999.

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12. Jung K. G. Analytical psychology. SPb., 1994.