Who invented the Internet? And for what? Tim Berners-Lee - creator of the World Wide Web

In May 1961, Kleinrock published a paper entitled "Information Flow in Broad Communication Networks." In 1962, American scientist Licklider became the first director Technical office information processing technology (IPTO) and proposed his vision of the network. The ideas of Kleinrock and Licklider were supported by Robert Taylor. He also proposed the idea of ​​​​creating a system that later became known as Arpanet.

This computer network became the prototype of the modern World Wide Web.

First steps

In the late 60s of the 20th century, the Internet began to develop. Summer 1968 working group chaired by Elmer Shapiro, discussed questions regarding how host computers can communicate with each other.

In December 1968, Elmer Shapiro and Stanford research institute published under the title “Exploring Computer Network Design Parameters.” This work was used by Lawrence Roberts and Barry Wessler to create the final version of the IMP.

BBN Technologies later received a grant to develop and create a computer subnet.

In July 1969, the creation of the Internet became known to the general public when the University of California, Los Angeles issued a press release.

In 1969, the first switch and with it the first specialized mini-computer were sent to the University of California, Los Angeles. In the same year, the first signal is sent from the switch to the computer.

The advent of email

The first email was sent in 1971 by programmer Ray Tomlinson. The first message was transmitted between two cars standing literally side by side. After the message was successfully sent, Ray Tomlinson sent emails to his colleagues explaining how to send such messages.

The instructions for sending e-mail concerned the fact that the “dog” character separates the user name and the name of the computer from which the message is being written.

This is how Ray Tomlinson became the creator of email.

Other inventions

After the creation of email, scientists continued to come up with new inventions.

In 1974, a commercial version of Aparnet appeared, called Telenet.

In 1973, engineer Bob Metcalfe proposed the idea of ​​Ethernet.

In 1977, Dennis Hayes and Dale Hetherington released the first modem. Modems are becoming popular among Internet users.

Tim Berners-Lee made a great contribution to the development of the modern Internet. In 1990, he invented HTML code, which greatly influenced appearance Internet.

Most modern internet browsers are descended from the Mosaic browser. It is the first graphical browser used on the World Wide Web and was created in 1993. Its authors are Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina.

The Internet today has firmly entered our lives. But few people know the name Tim Berners Lee. Meanwhile, this is exactly the person who created the Internet - the World Wide Web, without which many cannot even imagine their life.

Timothy's biography is quite simple: he was born in 1955, in the month of June, on the 8th. His homeland is London. Tim's parents were mathematician-programmers Conway Berners-Lee (father) and Mary Lee Woods (mother). Both parents worked at the same university (Manchester) to create an electronic computer, with RAM - “Manchester Mark I”.

It goes without saying that little Tim, seeing the adults doing things, played, constructing small computer models from empty boxes. Yes, and Tim drew mainly on computer punched cards - sort of cardboard with holes, the first storage media.

Years of study

Tim Berners studied at prestigious school Emanuel School, where his passion for design and mathematics, his success in studying, surprised everyone. His biography has the following entry: “Years of study at school – 1969-1973”

However, after graduating from school in 1973, upon entering King's College at the University of Oxford, Tim Berners decided to become a physicist.

And here Tim Berners-Lee’s childhood craving for computers awoke again - in the biography of the future Internet pioneer he appears interesting fact. Taking the Motorola M6800 processor and regular TV, Tim managed to solder his first computer from them.

Like the biography of any mischievous boy, the biography of Timothy John Berners-Lee has fascinating pages that reveal the personality from a not entirely attractive side. Actually, it was reckless to condemn the young man for hacking the university computer database - this was just a fact of curiosity and testing his strength. But as a result, Tim received a stern warning from the rector and a ban on using a computer at the university.

Job

In 1976, Timothy Berners-Lee graduated from Oxford University with honors and received a bachelor's degree in physics. Having moved to Dorset, the future creator of the Internet gets a job at the Plessey corporation. Here Tim Berners is programming systems for information transmission, transaction distribution and creating barcode technology.

In 1978, Timothy John Berners-Lee changed jobs. At D.G Nash Ltd, his responsibilities are also changing: Tim Berners now creates programs for printers and multitasking systems.

Tim Berners-Lee was invited to Switzerland in 1980, where the European Organization for nuclear research The future creator of the Internet works as a software consultant. It is in Switzerland that Tim Berners, after work, begins to work on the Enquire program - the basis of the World Wide Web.

In 1981, Tim Berners-Lee went to work at Image Computer Systems Ltd, where he successfully worked in graphic and communication software and architecture of real-time systems. Later, in 1984, the future creator of the Internet began to develop a real-time system that was designed to collect scientific information. At the same time, Tim Berners-Lee develops applications computer technology, accelerating particles, as well as other scientific equipment.

When asked what year the World Wide Web was created, the answer can be 1989. It was then that Tim Berners-Lee proposed to his management the idea of ​​the World Wide Web, which was based on the Enquire concept. This was the beginning of the invention of the Internet. He came up with the name “World Wide Web” himself, based on linking a variety of hypertext web pages using hyperlinks and a data transfer protocol. Previously, these protocols were used in the US military ARPANET network. This, as well as the university network protocol NSFNET, became the predecessors of the World Wide Web, thanks to which the Internet appeared.

And now the speech of the one who created the Internet in the video (in English, but with subtitles):

Birth of the World Wide Web

In the wonderful year of 1989, the protocol received a new field of activity: it began to be used for exchanging mail and real-time communication, for commercial purposes and reading newsgroups. The idea, which was proposed by Tim Berners-Lee, was accepted by director Mike Sandell. But Tim Berners did not receive large funds for his work, only an offer to conduct experiments on one of the NeXT personal computers.

Despite the difficulties, Tim Berners successfully copes with the task set for himself: he develops the first ever web server and the first web browser. The WorldWideWeb page editor, a standardized way of writing website addresses on the Internet, the HTML language and the application layer data transfer protocol owe their appearance to his talent as a developer.

The following year, Tim Berners-Lee received an assistant - the Belgian Robert Caillot. Thanks to him, the Internet project received funding. Also Robert took over everything organizational matters. Despite his active participation in the development and promotion of the project, the main creator of the Internet, Tim Berners-Lee, whose name is revered by all programmers in the world, went down in history. Robert Caillot did not reserve the right to charge fees for the use of the invention and was undeservedly forgotten.

Later, in 1993, Tim Berners-Lee created several browsers for different OS, which increased the share of the World Wide Web (WWW) in total Internet traffic.

An interesting fact is that the University of Minnesota previously developed the Gopher protocol, which could well become an alternative to the modern Internet. But Tim Berners-Lee disputes this fact, putting forward the opinion that that protocol would not have withstood competition with the World Wide Web (WWW) due to the fact that the creators of this project demanded a fee for its implementation.

Do you know at what speed I went online for the first time? 32 kilobits per second. Those who are younger probably won’t even be able to imagine this. It took me an hour to download one MP3 song; to access the Internet, I waited a minute until the computer through the phone with a creak (literally there was a creak) reached the World Wide Web; The popular search engines were not Yandex or Google. In general, let's plunge into history.

World Wide Web: common or draw?

The Internet is a global space, an unification of a system of computer networks. There are countless computers connected to it all over the world. Communication on social networks and online games have become commonplace. So familiar that we consider them not worthy of attention.

Meanwhile, the history of the Internet is an amazing thing. And immediately a discovery: the age of the first website is twenty-five years! (as of 2016), just admire it info.cern.ch. The Internet is a global network, this is clear: everyone uses it, from teenagers in Washington to shamans in Alaska.

Second amazing fact: The Internet belongs to no one! Separate local networks connected by a worldwide network, and network providers keep the networks up and running. The capacity of the World Wide Web is limited, and a constant increase in the growth of media traffic, according to experts, can lead to its collapse.

It is “nobody's status” that has become a problem for many states: it is impossible to introduce censorship on the global network. True, the Internet has recently been equated with the media, but... Information is transmitted using the Internet. It turns out that the World Wide Web is something similar to paper or a telephone.

How to apply censorship to paper? Sanctions can only be applied to individual sites. And no leader in the world is able to limit the Internet. So, the World Wide Web – global freedom!

Birth

The history of the Internet began in 1957 with the launch artificial satellite Soviet Union. In response to this, America decided to develop a computer network as reliable system data transmission: in case of war, the United States decided to protect itself.

Leading universities in the country took up the development. The network they created was given the name ARPANET, short for Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. Computers of that time were too far from perfect, and development progressed with great difficulty. The project was financed by the country's Ministry of Defense. Scientific development institutions united in networks in 1969.

The first communication session took place between the Stanford Research Center and the University of Los Angeles, separated by a distance of 640 kilometers. True, only the second attempt was crowned with success, but on this day, October 29, 1969, the Internet was born. The time of the first attempt is 21 hours, the second – an hour and a half later.

Only in 1971 did the Pentagon manage to launch the exchange of information with scientists at the country's universities using e-mail. By 1973, ARPANET became international, and in 1983 the name given to the project became the prototype of the modern Internet. 1984 is known as the year of the introduction of domain names, and with the introduction of IRC, Internet Relay Chat or “IRK”, real-time chatting became possible in 1988.

This file transfer protocol was developed in the 80s of the last century. At the same time, the well-known Usenet was born. A semblance of a modern forum appeared.

It took another ten years for the World Wide Web to cross the world's oceans. The idea of ​​creating a global network appeared in Europe in 1989. The ARPANET project spread across different industries. 1991 - creation of the first program for transmitting email over a network.

Tim John Berners-Lee: creator of Internet tools

And then it was time for the abbreviation www, World Wide Web. It is impossible to imagine the modern Internet without these letters. The world owes the appearance of the super-popular abbreviation to Tim Berners-Lee. The brilliant Englishman adopted hypertext with countless hyperlinks as the basis for organizing the storage and placement of information. After transferring the developments to the global network, the success was enormous: the first five years of work – registration of more than fifty million users!

The invention led to the creation of the HTTP data transfer protocol and HTML hypertext markup. It has become possible to store, transfer information and create websites. And again the problem: how to refer to documentary data? The solution was to develop URIs and URLs, universal resource identifiers and identifiers.

Finally, a program was born for displaying network requests on a computer, that is, a browser: an old friend Internet Explorer, verified Mozilla Firefox, reliable Google Chrome the beloved, albeit aging Opera – there are not many well-known and honored “names”. But the main assistants meet all our requirements. But more and more programs are appearing with the help of which we access the World Wide Web.

Timothy John Berners-Lee is the author of a grandiose creation, the main tools of the modern World Wide Web. The NCSA Mosaic browser for transmitting graphic information appeared later, in 1993. Thanks to the openness of the Internet standard, the browser has maintained independence from commerce. And the global network with photos, videos and pictures immediately became humanity’s favorite delicacy. By 1997, approximately ten million computers were connected to the Internet!

Berners-Lee did not make millions from his creation. Finance literally poured into this area much later. Billions are in the hands of the creators of Google and Yandex. I wrote about their creation history here.

I wonder if it occurred to the creators of the World Wide Web when they started working on the project that it would be possible to connect to the network through communication satellites, Cell phones and electrical wires and even televisions, that the term Runet will appear as part of the Internet?

Now there are national domains su, ru and рф. The birth of Russian networks occurred in 1990 thanks to domestic programmers and physicists. April 7, 1994 – registration of the first Russian domain ru. On May 12, 2010, the RF domain appeared. This is how the Cyrillic alphabet entered the modern network.

The modern network cannot even be compared with what came before. And many of us are sincerely grateful to the creators of the Internet.

Pavel Yamb was with you, subscribe to updates, write comments. Until we meet again, and fair winds in sailing through the Internet!

Before you start reading this article, we offer you a small survey, and after reading the article you can test your own knowledge of the history of the Internet. So, when do you think the Internet appeared?

Today, few people can imagine themselves without access to the Internet; each of us has a lot of gadgets, computers, tablets, smart TVs and many other devices that are firmly entrenched in our lives. And I’m also sure that many of us periodically wonder: when was it the internet was invented? In what year, by whom?

The first prototype of the Internet appeared in the United States of America back in 1969. All this happened in the strictest secrecy, development was carried out directly by the United States Department of Defense and the goals of its creation were far from those in which we now use the World Wide Web.

The APRANET network was created for the following purposes:

• studying ways to maintain stable communications in the face of a nuclear attack;
• conducting experiments in the field of computer communications;
• development of the concept of distributed control of military and civilian structures during war.
• combining the scientific potential of research institutions;

The abbreviation APRANET stands for Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. The first ARPANET server was installed on September 1, 1969 at the University of California, Los Angeles. The Honeywell 516 computer had 12 KB random access memory. By today's standards these are ridiculous numbers, but back then it was just a “beast”. At the beginning of its activity, the APRANET network looked like this:

However, progress did not stand still and by 1980 the network had transformed and expanded significantly.

By the end of the 1970s, various data transfer protocols began to develop rapidly, which were standardized in 1983. Jon Postel played a very important role in the development and standardization of network protocols. On January 1, 1983, the ARPANET completely switched from the NCP protocol to the TCP/IP protocol, which is still successfully used to connect networks. It was in 1983 that the term “Internet” was assigned to the ARPANET network.

But time does not stand still and competitors do not sleep; already in 1984, the ARPANET network had a serious rival, the US National Science Foundation (NSF), which founded its extensive inter-university network NSFNet (National Science Foundation Network), which was made up of smaller networks. This network had a much higher throughput than ARPANET, and within a year more than 10 thousand computers connected to this network. The title of the Internet network began to smoothly transition to NSFNet.

In 1989 in Europe, within the walls European Council Nuclear Research (Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, CERN) the concept of the World Wide Web was born. It was developed by the great British scientist Tim Berners-Lee, who, within two years, created the HTTP protocol (HyperText Transfer Protocol), the HTML language. A standardized document markup language on the World Wide Web. Most web pages contain HTML markup descriptions. HTML is interpreted by browsers; the resulting formatted text is displayed on a computer monitor or mobile device and URIs.

On December 20, 1990, Tim Berners-Lee, working in Switzerland, created and connected to the network the very first website in the world. The Briton simply wanted to make it a little easier for fellow scientists from CERN to find the necessary information for which purpose and invented a hypertext electronic page. The first site looked like a simple text page with a few phrases and links describing what the World Wide Web was and how to use it. By the way, this very first site in the world is still working today and is available for viewing at the link http://info.cern.ch

When did the Internet appear in Russia? In Russia, the first network connected to the Internet was the RELCOM network, created in 1990 on the basis of the Kurchatov Institute atomic energy in Moscow. The creators of the network - physicists - sought to obtain a channel for operational communication with their Western colleagues, primarily for conducting joint research. However, as often happens, the Russian Internet subnet they created soon acquired independent significance. In 1996, this network already had about 300 nodes and numbered tens of thousands of subscribers.

How many total users are there on the Internet? Today, more than 3.5 billion people around the world have access to the Internet. The majority of users are from developing countries - about 2.5 billion. The UN estimates that the total world population reached 7.3 billion in 2016.

Let's summarize - we can say with firm confidence that there is no clear answer to when the Internet appeared, but in our opinion, the most correct answer to this question would be this option:

I can no longer imagine my existence without communicating via the Internet. Social media, chats, forums, instant messaging programs, Email, video communication and much more - all this is united by a single network. But not everyone knows when the Internet appeared.

Meaning of WAN

The World Wide Web has spread throughout the world, connecting even the most remote parts of the world and providing people with the opportunity to communicate despite distances, as well as overcoming language barriers and other difficulties that arise in real world. The global network has taken root in our lives and has become necessary for each of us. But not everyone thinks about where and when the Internet appeared and what contributed to its emergence. It is developing and spreading at tremendous speed, and now we have the opportunity to use it at work, at home, on the street, in ground transport and even in the subway.

When did the first Internet appear?

In order to be able to urgently transmit information in the event of war, an international system was developed that runs on IP protocols and their routing. It was then that this system received the name “Internet”. The global network quickly entered people's lives. And the day when the Internet appeared marked a new revolution in the world and was etched in the history of the World Wide Web.

At a meeting of several universities of the US National Science Foundation (NSF) and DARPA, which took place in 1979, it was decided to create the Computer Science Research Network (CSnet for short).

How the Internet developed

A year after that meeting, the interconnection of CSnet with the ARPANET occurred, allowing CSnet networks to access the ARPANET gateway through the use of TCP/IP protocols. ARPANET became the first global network within the framework of military technologies. The best scientists worked on it, investing only modern technologies. Subsequently, others began to join this network. This is how the Commonwealth of Independent Networks emerged, which came to an agreement on a method of internetwork communication.

Then the Bitnet network arose, which made it possible to exchange news and messages through the mechanization of Listsery mailings. In action, it looked like this: the user selected suitable mailing lists from the lists that came to him and subscribed to them, after which the messages and news that he selected were sent to him.

Propagation of the global network

The popularity enjoyed by the Internet contributed to the emergence of new developments and technologies for convenience and greater user acquisition. Thus, in San Francisco, the FidoNet network, which appeared in 1984, acquired no less importance. Its origin is due to the fact that in 1983, Tom Jennings, using his own program, was able to implement a BBS system on personal computer. He called this system FidoBBS. Before the Internet appeared, FidoBBS had already gained its popularity and spread throughout the world. The invention of the FidoNet network package made it possible to connect two FidoBBS networks with each other using telephone line and a modem, after which users could create discussion groups and send messages to each other.

In 1987, the UUCP package was bundled with the IBM PC, which was originally developed for use in the UNIX environment. This made it possible to combine FidoNet and Usenet.

Today, one of the large-scale networks in the Internet community is NSFNET, developed by American scientists. This high-speed network supports the demands of communication quality standards.

Later, a document was released according to which anyone could use the NFS backbone high-speed backbone system as long as this use was not aimed at personal or commercial purposes.

The history of the emergence of the Internet in Russia

Computer communications and all developments related to it were used in the USSR only within the framework of the military-industrial complex to strengthen the country's defense capability. The main mention of this dates back to 1952.

In 1990, they developed the first union-scale network, which was given the name “Relcom”. When the Internet appeared, it was used only scientific organizations Leningrad, Kyiv, Moscow and Novosibirsk. In the same year, scientists made the first communication session via a modem, connecting a Soviet computer with a foreign one. The purpose for this was the need to organize a channel through which users could regularly transmit messages over the Internet.

In 1991, in the Soviet Union, when browsers had not yet been invented, the first network with the .su domain appeared. It was used mainly only by technicians. But when the Internet appeared, the idea of ​​​​creating a browser arose. The first was the WorldWideWeb, which made the network more convenient to use thanks to its colorfulness and clarity.

Creation of domain.ru

In 1992, the Relcom network was officially registered in the large organization of commercial networks EUnet, which made it possible to access Internet services. And in 1993, the administrative zone RU was registered, after which domain.ru was created. Russian-language websites began to appear.

When the Internet appeared, in Russia the number of users was limited to a narrow circle of scientists and military personnel. But after allocating IP addresses computer networks the number of ordinary users began to increase exponentially. Began mass use network, which gave impetus to its subsequent development.

The era of the Russian Internet began in 1994. It was then that domain.ru was officially registered with InterNIC, and administration rights were transferred to RosNIIROS.

Spread of the Russian Internet

Here is a chronology of events from the moment the Internet appeared in Russia and became available to most users:

1994 - the first hackers appeared;

1995 - the first web design studio opened;

1997 - the first online magazines appeared, the Yandex search system began working, and natural language searches for the Russian language were carried out for the first time;

1998 - free Russian service Mail.ru, which literally took a leading position in the number of users in just a few months and managed to maintain this position to this day;

2002 - a law came into force according to which an electronic digital signature in electronic documents is considered equivalent to a signature on paper;

2003 - opening of the .su domain, which was closed after the collapse of the USSR;

2006 - an office of the American company Google Inc, which is the owner of the famous Google search engine, opened in Moscow;

2007 - recognition of the largest wireless network in the world of the GoldenWiFi project, which provided wireless Internet services to Moscow residents;

2011 - more than 3.447 million names were registered in the .ru domain, and more than 894 thousand in the ".рф" domain.

Nowadays, almost every family has the Internet. We use it for entertainment, work, communication, online shopping and much more. Therefore, the story telling about when the Internet appeared has great importance for each of us. And we are obliged to preserve this information for our descendants.