Brief information about the routes of Siberian explorers and travelers of the 18th-19th centuries, which ran through the territories of the middle Ob and Tom area. History of the study of Siberia and the Far East. Khabarov, Poyarkov Siberian fur trade

The systematic study of Siberia began under Peter I through the organization of expeditions. As part of these expeditions, along with the Russians, there were also German scientists who were invited to serve by the Russian government and made a great contribution to the study of the history of Siberia, its nature and natural wealth. The descriptions of their travel routes and the settlements they encountered on their way are in some cases the only source containing information about the existence of some settlements and their location.

The first foreign scientist invited by the reformer Tsar Peter I to Russia to study its natural resources was Daniil Gottlieb Messerschmidt, a German physician and botanist, a native of Danzig (09/16/1685–03/25/1735), doctor of medicine, doctor and naturalist, a good draftsman, philologist, who knew oriental languages. Messerschmidt arrived in Russia in April 1718. In November 1718, he was appointed head of the first scientific expedition, heading to Siberia to study and describe its natural wealth, history, geography, medicinal plants, minerals, ancient monuments, rituals, customs and languages indigenous peoples and in general all Siberian sights. The journey of the expedition led by Messerschmidt from St. Petersburg to Siberia and back lasted eight years, from 03/01/1719 to 03/27/1727. The expedition that left St. Petersburg for Tobolsk, in addition to himself, included: servant and translator Peter Kratz, cook Andrei Gesler and two Russian orderly soldiers. Messerschmidt did not know the Russian language, he needed educated assistants, and at his request in Tobolsk, captured Swedish officers who knew Russian were included in the expedition: Captain Philip Johann Tabbert (von Strahlenberg), who became Messerschmidt's chief assistant, non-commissioned officer Daniil Kapell and a draftsman Carl Gustav Shulman, nephew of Strahlenberg. The expedition also included a 14-year-old Russian boy Ivan Putintsev, bought by Messerschmidt in Yalutorovsk for 12 rubles to collect medicinal herbs, catch insects and climb trees to collect collections of bird eggs.

The expedition left Tobolsk on 03/01/1721 and through the Baraba forest-steppe headed east into the depths of Siberia and at the end of March 1721 arrived in the Chaussky prison. After a short stay in it, the expedition continued its journey to Tomsk. The route of her movement from the Chaussky prison to Tomsk ran along the left side of the river. Ob, where by the beginning of the 18th century a number of Russian villages and settlements already existed: Bazoi, Chilino, Elovka, Ekimovo, Voronovo, Urtamsky prison, with. Kozhevnikovo and roads suitable for the movement of horse-drawn vehicles appeared. On the right side of the Ob from the Chaussky prison in the direction of Tomsk for about 150 km. before the village of Zudovo in 1721 there were no settlements except for the Umrevinsky prison, naturally, in the wooded, uninhabited area there were no land roads suitable for the unhindered passage of horse-drawn transport. The first documentary information about the appearance of the settlements Oyash and Tashara on the above-mentioned section of the path dates back to 1734 in the description of the Tomsk district by G.F. Miller. The village of Dubrovina did not yet exist in 1734, naturally there was no crossing over the Ob in this place either. The first mention of the “Dubrovskaya winter hut” is contained on the Land Map of the Tomsk District, compiled by the surveyor Vasily Shishkov in 1737. crossing the Ob to Dubrovino - in the 40s of the 18th century. Academician I.G. Gmelin, returning from an expedition to Siberia in the summer of 1741, crossed the Ob in Tashara, and not in Dubrovino.

Messerschmidt's expedition crossed the Ob on ice on March 29, 1721 in the village of Kozhevnikovo (now the regional center of the Tomsk region). Further, crossing the river Tagan, the right tributary of the Ob, the expedition proceeded to Tomsk, where it arrived on March 30, 1721. On the right bank of the river. Tagan not far from its mouth in the travel diary of the expedition noted the Tatar village "Chatskaya" and the Russian village of Evtyushina and 5 km. from it Tatar yurts, in which those who migrated from the river lived. Chulym Tatars converted to Christianity in 1719.

During his stay in Tomsk from 03/30/1721 to 07/05/1721, Messerschmidt collected information on the history of the district, got acquainted with the life, language and rituals of the Tomsk Tatars and Ostyaks, researched and collected various antiques and coins, traveled to the outskirts of the city for collection of medicinal herbs, collected information about the presence of useful minerals. In Messerschmidt's diary on April 28, 1721, an entry appeared about the corner "between Komarov and the village of Krasnaya." The former villages of Komarova (Kemerova) and Krasnaya (Shcheglova, Krasnoyarskaya) are now part of the city of Kemerovo.

The route of movement of the Messerschmidt expedition from Tomsk to Kuznetsk was described in detail in his scientific work by the historian Igor Vyacheslavovich Kovtun. After thoroughly analyzing the diary of the expedition and the scientific information published earlier on this issue, he quite convincingly managed to prove that the Tomsk pisanitsa (“Pismagora”, as Messerschmidt called it), was first discovered and described not by Stralenberg, as previously thought, but by D.G. Messerschmidt.

On the morning of July 5, the boat expedition left Tomsk up the river. Tomy. D. Capell, who acted as quartermaster and supplier, left for Kuznetsk on horseback on July 2, to prepare an apartment and everything necessary for further travel. By 6 pm on July 7, the expedition arrived in the village of Tomilovo. From the moment of its foundation in 1670 and until about 1816, the village of Tomilovo was located on a short elevated section of the floodplain of the left bank of the Tom next to its channel, and due to the strong spring floods that periodically occurred on the Tom in the early 19th century. was relocated from the floodplain to the root bank, approximately 1 km. from the riverbed. Along the way from Tomsk to the village of Tomilovo, in Messerschmidt's diary, which was kept by Stralenberg in 1721, settlements encountered by expeditions along the banks of the Tom were noted. On the left bank - Takhtamyshpur (modern Takhtamyshevo), Mogilev (modern Kaftanchikovo), Barabinskaya yurt, the village of Zeledeevo. On the right bank of the Tom, the diary noted: the village of Spasskoye, the Kazan yurts, the summer yurts of the Tutal Tatars (they moved from the Chulym River, fleeing from their complete extermination by the Yenisei Kirghiz), the village of Yarskoye and Sosnovsky prison. For some unknown reason, the diary did not mention settlements that already existed in 1721 along the banks of the Tom from Tomsk to the village of Tomilovo: Kaltai, Alaevo, Varyukhino - along the left bank of the Tom, Baturino, Vershinino, Ust-Sosnovka, Konstantinov, Yurty-Konstantinov, Vesnina - on the right bank of the Tom. Perhaps this happened because these settlements are located at some distance from the main channel of the river. Tom and did not come into the view of the expedition members.

In the village of Tomilovo, the expedition was delayed until July 11, 1721. Here Messerschmidt measured the height of the sun, prepared letters for sending to Tobolsk, traveled to the right bank of the Tom in the region of Sosnovsky prison to collect medicinal herbs. From Tomilovo on July 11, 1721, the paths of Messerschmidt and Stralenberg diverged until they met in Abakan on December 22, 1721. Stralenberg, on 2 horses provided to him by the clerk of the Sosnovsky prison, went to Tomsk to continue collecting information on history, geography etc. Tomsk district. From August 6 to August 11, 1721, Stralenberg, with pastor Vestadius and cornet Bukhman, went on horseback to the village of Taimenka with stops and overnights in Kazan yurts, the village of Ust-Sosnovka and the village of Mugalovo. In the village of Taimenka, located on the right bank of the Tom, in the modern territory of the Yashkinsky district, Stralenberg and his companions arrived on August 8, 1721, where they stopped for the night. On the 9th of August they went back to Tomsk. cornet Bukhman fell ill and on August 11, by 6 pm, arrived in Tomsk. Thus, as follows from the diary of the expedition, above the village of Taimenka along the river. Tomi Stralenberg did not climb and personally did not get acquainted with the rock paintings of the Tomsk petroglyph. Returning from the village of Taimenki to Tomsk, Stralenberg continued to explore the district. By water along the Tom and Ob, he made a trip to Narym and back to Tomsk. On November 29, 1721, Stralenberg left Tomsk for the village of Zyryanskoye (now the regional center of the Tomsk region on the Chulym River near the mouth of the Kiya River) and further up the river. Kie to the river. Sert, further through about. Barsyk-Kul to the river. Urup, then through God's lake and steppes to the village. Bellyk on the river. Yenisei and further to Abakan, where he met with Messerschmidt.

Messerschmidt, after the departure of Stralenberg from the village of Tomilovo to Tomsk, with the members of the expedition remaining with him, continued his way up the Tom. Having passed the settlements that already existed in 1721 along the banks of the Tom, but were not noted in the expedition diary due to the fact that the diary in 1721 was kept by Stralenberg, who returned to Tomsk, Messerschmidt saw the Tomsk petroglyph, according to the calculations of I.V. Kovtun, this happened around July 15, 1721. According to historians D.N. Belikov and N.F. Emelyanov in 1721, settlements already existed along the banks of the Tom: on the left bank (Yurginsky district) - the village of Asanova, Ankudinova, Kuzhenkina, Ust-Iskitim, on the right bank (Yashkinsky district) - the village of Skorokhodova , Itkara, Salamatov, Korchuganov, p. Kulakovo, d. Gutova, Mokhova, Palamoshnova, Taimenka Malaya, Taimenka Bolshaya, with. Pacha. After examining the rock paintings of the Tomsk petroglyphs, Messerschmidt continued his journey up the Tom. Having passed the Verkhotomsky prison, the village of Komarova (Kemerovo), Krasnaya (Shcheglov) and other settlements of the Middle Tom region, the expedition arrived on July 30 in Kuznetsk. From Kuznetsk, the expedition set off up the Tom to its sources and then on horseback along the path through the Abakan Range and the Uibat steppe moved to Abakan. Above Kuznetsk along Tom at the mouth of the river. Abasheva, on August 9 or 10, Messerschmidt examined the burning coal seam (“fire-breathing mountain”) and took soil samples from this seam, which were examined by M.V. Lomonosov and confirmed that it was coal. Stralenberg himself was not personally in Kuznetsk and did not see the burning layer of coal, having learned about it from Messerschmidt or from members of the expedition, in his work, published in 1730, said that Messerschmidt took the burning layer of coal for a volcano. But historians doubt this message of Stralenberg, it is unlikely that such a prominent specialist, who later discovered the Tunguska coal basin, did not recognize in the collected by him at the mouth of the river. Abasheva samples of hard coal.

Messerschmidt was distinguished by his enormous capacity for work and diligence in his work. While traveling in Siberia, he collected a lot of material on the history, geography, archeology, ethnography and mineral resources of Siberia. He also collected large collections of plants, minerals, animals, insects, birds and ensured their delivery to St. Petersburg. Unfortunately, most of the materials and collections perished in a shipwreck during their transportation from St. Petersburg to Danzig and in a fire in St. Petersburg in 1747. Basically, only Messerschmidt’s travel diaries remained, which are scattered in archives and have not yet been fully studied by historians, his work in the benefit of Russia has not yet been appreciated.

A great contribution to the creation of the history of Siberia was made by its outstanding researcher, German scientist, academician Gerard Friedrich Miller. While traveling in Siberia as part of the Academic Detachment of the Second Kamchatka Expedition of 1733-1743, he compiled detailed historical and geographical descriptions of almost all districts of Siberia, including: “Description of the Kuznetsk district of the Tobolsk province in Siberia in its current position in September 1734.” and "Description of the Tomsk district of the Tobolsk province in Siberia in its current position in October 1734"

At the end of the survey of the Kuznetsk district, Miller on September 27, 1734 (according to the old style) went to Tomsk by land along the Tomsk road, which in its main direction coincided with the later equipped Tomsk-Kuznetsk Zemsky tract. The route of the Miller detachment ran through the territories of seven districts of the Kemerovo region, through the settlements that existed already in 1734, or in their vicinity: Kuznetsk-Bungurskaya-Kalacheva-Lucheva (modern Luchchevo) - Monastyrskaya (modern Prokopyevsk) - Usova (Usyaty) - Bachatskaya - Pine (modern Ust-Sosnovo) - Transverse Iskitim (from Transverse) - Ust-Iskitim-Tutalskaya (modern Talaya) - Elgino-Maltsevo-Zeledeevo-Varyukhino - and further, after crossing to the right bank of the river. Tom on the modern territory of the Tomsk region through the settlements: with. Yarskoye - the village of Vershinina - the village of Baturina - with. Spasskoye (modern Kolarovo) - Tomsk.

Approximately one hundred years after the journey of G.F. Miller, the road along which he traveled from Kuznetsk to Tomsk was finally equipped and received the status of the Tomsk-Kuznetsk Zemstvo tract. On the territory of the Yurginsky district, this tract changed its direction in some places compared to the former road. From Transverse Iskitim, the tract went to Zimnik, which appeared as a settled Tatar settlement in the first half of the 19th century. At the same time, the village of Ust-Iskitim remained aloof from the tract. From the village of Zimnik, the tract went to the village of Tutalskaya (Taluy) and further to the village of Bezmenovo and with. Proskokovo, where it connected with the Great Siberian (Moscow) tract laid here in the first quarter of the 19th century.

In conclusion about the journey of G.F. Miller, it should be noted that from Kuznetsk to Tomsk it lasted less than 6 days, from September 27, 1734 to October 2, 1734, according to the old style, according to the new style, this is mid-October, the period of autumn thaw in our area. According to the diary entry of S.P. Krasheninnikov on the day of the expedition's departure from Kuznetsk on September 27, 1734, it was snowing. The distance from Kuznetsk to Tomsk is about 400 km, the expeditionary group of G.F. Miller, who, apart from himself, consisted of several soldiers and an interpreter, overcame it in less than 6 days. I must say that the speed of movement of the detachment on horseback for the 18th century on bumpy roads, and even in the autumn thaw, was quite high.

Simultaneously with G.F. Miller on September 27, 1734, from Kuznetsk to Tomsk, the second part of the academic detachment set off along the river. Tommy on three boats. Academician I.G. Gmelin and student Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov, the future author of the book Description of the Land of Kamchatka. On behalf of G.F. Miller Krasheninnikov described the geographical objects and settlements of the Tomsk district along the banks of the Tom met on the way of the academic detachment.

On the modern territory of the Yurginsky district along the left bank of the river. Tom, Krasheninnikov noted the following settlements that already existed in 1734, and the rivers flowing into the Tom:

the village of Kolbikha at the mouth of the Kolbikha River;

the village of Ubion (Ubiennaya, the modern village of Novoromanovo) on the river. killed;

d. Pashkova (modern d. Mitrofanovo), Miller gave the second name of this village in 1734 - "Narymsky";

the village of Bruskurov (according to Proskurov's archival documents), the modern village of Verkh-Taymenka, Miller gave the second name of this village in 1734 - "Chukreva";

d. Popova (Popovka) at the mouth of the river. Suri (the modern name of this river is "Popovka");

v. Iskitimskaya (according to archival documents Ust-Iskitim, at the mouth of the Iskitim river);

the river Yurga, there were no settlements on this river at that time;

the village of Tala (modern Talaya) at the mouth of the Tala River;

the village of Kuzhenkina, 4 versts downstream of the Tom from the village of Tala, opposite the village of Mokhovaya (the village of Pyatkovo did not yet exist);

the village of Ankudinova, opposite the village of Itkara;

the village of Asanova or Silonova (Filonova), 3.5 versts from the mouth of the river. Swan;

between the village of Ankudinova and the village of Asanova, two Tatar yurts are indicated, apparently nomadic Tatars, who temporarily settled in this place;

v. Tomilova and in it the chapel of Peter and Paul. Due to the large shoals near the Sosnovsky prison, Krasheninnikov's detachment landed at the village of Tomilova to change the working people recruited in the Verkhotomsk prison. A messenger was sent to the Sosnovsky prison, who soon returned with a shift and the prison clerk, after which the detachment continued on its way to Tomsk;

with. Seledeevo (Zeledeevo) there is a wooden church in the name of Flora and Laurus;

d. Varyukhina, or Babarykina, against the mouth of the river. hype;

village Alaevo on the river. Little Black.

Further along the left bank of the Tom in the modern territory of the Tomsk region, villages and rivers are marked. Kaltai Russian village, Kaltai Tatar village, Baraba Tatar yurts, village of Koftanchikova (Mogileva), Muratov Tatar yurts, Tokhtamyshev Tatar yurts, Chernaya River, Tomsk.

On the right bank of the Tom in the modern territory of the Yashkinsky district, Krasheninnikov noted the following settlements that already existed in 1734, and the rivers flowing into the Tom:

the village of Irofeeva, according to Miller's updated information, this is the village of Erefiev (modern Kolmogorova);

d. Pisanaya at the river. Written, a little higher than the Written Stone;

with. Pacha on the river. Pace, in the village there is a wooden church in the name of John the Baptist;

Taimenka - a monastic village (at present, the village of Krylovo is located on this site);

d. Taimenka stands at the mouth of the river. Taimenki, the modern village of Nizhnyaya Taimenka, and the river has a new name "Kuchum";

v. Polomoshna on the river. Polomoshnaya (Miller, apparently, mistakenly called this river Monastyrskaya). At present, this river is called "Talmenka";

the village of Mokhova opposite the village of Kuzhenkina;

the village of Gutova on the left bank of the Gutova river, which flows into the Tom;

Kulakov churchyard (modern village of Kulakovo), in which there is a wooden church in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, Miller also gave the second name of this village, the village of Nikolskoye;

the village of Korchuganov, 1.5 versts from the Kulakov churchyard;

the village of Salamatova, 2 versts from the village of Korchuganova;

Itkara churchyard, there is a wooden church in the name of Peter the Metropolitan, Miller clarified the name - the village of Itkarinskoe;

the village of Skorokhodova, 5 versts from Sosnovsky prison, upstream of the Tom River;

Sosnovsky jail, there is a wooden church in the name of the Transfiguration of the Lord;

d. Visnikova, Miller clarified the name of the village "Vesnina" 3 versts from the Sosnovsky prison downstream the river. Tomy;

the village of Konstantinov and Konstantinovy ​​Yurts;

d. Sosnovka (modern Ust-Sosnovka), on the banks of the river. Sosnovki is not far from its mouth.

Further down the river. Tom, on the modern territory of the Tomsk region, Krasheninnikov indicated settlements: Yarsky churchyard (modern Yar or Yarskoye), in it there is a wooden church in the name of the Presentation of the Virgin. The village of Vershinin, Russians and Tutal Tatars live in it, then the village of Baturina, Kazan yurts, the village of Spasskoye (modern Kolarovo), there is a wooden church in the name of the Transfiguration of the Savior, Tomsk. The rivers flowing into the Tom from the right side are also indicated: Shumikha, Tugoyakovka, Basandaika and within the city of Tomsk, the river. Ear.

In the summer of 1741, the famous German scientist, explorer of Siberia, academician Johann Georg Gmelin was returning from an expedition to Eastern Siberia. The route of its passage from Tomsk to Chaussky prison (modern Kolyvan, Novosibirsk region) and further to the west ran through settlements located, among other things, in the modern territories of the Yurginsky and Bolotninsky districts.

Leaving the city of Tomsk, Gmelin crossed the river. Tom on the upper ferry (near the modern automobile bridge across the Tom). Further, its route ran to the border of the current Yurginsky district through the settlements: Burlakovs (Chernorechensky yurts), the village of Kaftanchikovu-Kaltaisky yurts, the Kaltai machine tool (stanets).

On the territory of the Yurginsky district, the route of Gmelin ran through the villages: Alaeva, Varyukhina, Kozhevnikova. At that time, the modern village of Kozhevnikova consisted of two villages: Lonshakova, founded in 1686 by the plowed peasant Grigory Pechkin, and the village of Zababurina (Kozhevnikova), Gmelin called this village Sankina or Panova.

Further, Gmelin's path ran through the current territory of the Bolotninsky district through the villages: Chernaya, in which there was a post station, the village of Elizarov, the village of Pashkov (modern Zudovo), the Elbatsky peaks (we are apparently talking about the peaks of the rivers Elbak and Chebulinsky Padun), etc. Zhukov or Oyash.

Further, the path of Gmelin ran outside the modern territory of the Bolotninsky district through the Umrevinsky prison, Tasharinsky village (machine) with a crossing over the river. Ob to its left bank and further through the Orsk yurts, the village of Skalinsky (village of Skala) to the Chaussky prison.

In the winter of 1773, the famous German scientist, doctor of medicine, professor of natural history, member of the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences and the Free Economic Society, member of the Roman Imperial Academy, the Royal English Assembly and the Berlin Natural Science Society Peter Simon Pallas was also returning from an expedition to Eastern Siberia. His route from Tomsk to Chaussky Ostrog, especially the route from Tomsk to the village of Zudovo, set out in Pallas’s scientific work “Journey through different provinces of the Russian state”, translated from German into Russian by Vasily Zuev, who accompanied Pallas on the expedition, is described so confusingly and it is incomprehensible that professional historians are still unable to reliably establish this route.

Here is a complete description of the Pallas route from Tomsk to Chaussky prison, translated by Zuev from German into Russian: “In Tomsk, I delayed until the 29th of Genvar, so as not to catch up with the carts sent from me and thus not have a shortage of horses to change. In the evening of the same day I left this city and continued my way to Tara along the ordinary road. The post road goes first on the right side of the river. Tom to the village of Varyukhina lying on the left bank of the river. Here we must leave the river and turn west towards the Ob. At the village of Kandinsky I moved Malaya, and at Chernorechinsk a large branch called Cherny, which, connecting with it, flows into Tom. In the last village there are 18 households, in which Tomsk philistines and peasants live. Here the Volok begins, lying between the Tom, on which there is only the village of Kanshura at the source. The first river that flows into the Ob, which must be passed, is called the Iska, after which the lying village was nicknamed after it. Then I rode through the villages of Elbak, Agash, Umreva, lying by the rivers of the same name, of which the first one flows into Isk, and the other into the Ob, and finally through the village of Tashara at the source of the same name lying. Then the road goes up the Ob through Dubrovina to a village called Orsky Bor, which lies more than forty miles away on a wooded island, which, on the left side of the flowing river, is a branch. On the 31st, in the morning, I arrived at the Cheussky prison, lying on the left bank of the Ob, into which the Cheus River flows here.

Some historians in their works devoted to the study of the history of the Great Siberian (Moscow) tract, for example, N.A. Minenko, in the book “Along the Old Moscow Highway” Novosibirsk 1990, describing the Pallas route from Tomsk to the village of Zudovo, is limited to a short message: “Having passed the portage between the Ob and Tom, the traveler arrived in the village of Iksu (modern Zudovo), from here he moved to the village of Elbak ... "and then there is a detailed description of the route of Pallas's movement to Tara, indicating all the settlements through which he passed. Grigoriev A.D., the first dean of the Faculty of History and Philology of Tomsk University, in his scientific work "The arrangement and settlement of the Moscow tract in Siberia from the point of view of the study of Russian dialects", published in 1921, described in most detail the route of Pallas from Tomsk to Tara . However, for some reason, he began describing the route of Pallas's movement from Tomsk to Tara from the end, i.e. from Tara and bringing his description to the village of Iksy (Zudovo), Grigoriev himself found himself in a difficult position in determining the further direction of the Pallas route. Here is an excerpt from the text of his description: “... - 29 days of Iksa (near Pallas Iska on the river of the same name, flowing into the Ob, modern Zudova): the village must be meant here, maybe it is the village of Shelkovnikova on the river Kanderep): 31 village Chernaya Rechka at the river. Bolshoi Chernaya, which had 18 households in which Tomsk philistines and peasants lived: - 32 village Kandinsky near the river. Malaya Chernaya (west of Kaltai: - 33 village Varyukhinskaya on the left bank of the Tom River, from where the postal road was already on the right bank of the Tom river, and not on the left, as now: - 34 Tomsk) ”. On the same page below, under a footnote (1), Grigoriev gave an explanation: “The tract from Oyash to Varyukhina during Pallas passed through other villages than now. Several villages cannot be exactly dated to the current names due to errors in the names of Pallas or his translator, as well as due to a change in the names of the villages.

(The numbers 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 denote the serial numbers of the settlements that Grigoriev marked on the Pallas route, starting from Tara).

But let's return to the description of Pallas' route from Tomsk to Chaussky prison, set out in his above-mentioned book in Zuev's translation, and note the key points in it:

– Pallas was returning from Eastern Siberia in winter, when, according to all travelers, travel along the Siberian roads was easier, more reliable and less tiring. And even in swampy places, the winter sleigh path did not cause difficulties.

- He was in no hurry to catch up with his previously sent convoy, so as not to have a delay in changing horses.

- From Tomsk, he went along an ordinary road, while writing in the road diary that the postal road from Tomsk goes first along the right side of the Tom to the village of Varyukhina, which lies on the left bank, from which the road turns west.

- In his description, Pallas also mentioned the drag between Tom and Ob, which begins at the Black River.

– It is noteworthy that Pallas did not mention settlements in his description: p. Spasskoe (modern Kolarovo), village Baturin, village Vershinin, s. Yarskoye, located on the postal road on the right side of Tom and further west from the village of Varyukhina, lying on this road to Zudova village: Kozhevnikov, Chernaya and Elizarov.

- Not mentioned in the description of Pallas and the settlements that lie along the road from Tomsk to Varyukhina on the left bank of the Tom village: Takhtamyshevo, Kaftanchikova, Kaltai and Alaevo.

All the above key points in the description of Pallas' route from Tomsk to the village of Zudovaya indicate that he left Tomsk on the same road as Gmelin in 1741. Having crossed the ice road across the Tom to its left bank near the city, he proceeded further through the village of Black River to the village of Kandinka, located on the river. Mind. In the area of ​​the Black River and the river. The mind began to drag between the Tomyu and Ob rivers. In the beginning, it was a riding path laid by the Chat Tatars in the 17th century. On the map of the Tomsk city from the “Drawing Book of Siberia” by S.U. Remezov shows the road from Tomsk to Urtam through the taiga, which originates from the river. Tom between the Black River and the river. Mind. At the time of Pallas, a long-developed road to the Urtamsky prison passed here, from which, in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bLake Kirek, a well-trodden winter road departed south to the village of Zudovaya. Tomsk coachmen, of course, knew this road well and took Pallas along it to the village of Zudovaya. The distance from Tomsk to the village of Zudovaya along this road is practically the same as along the postal road through the village of Varyukhina. In addition, in the event of a snowstorm, this taiga winter road is more reliable than the road through open (treeless) places along the Tom.

At that time there was only one village along this road from the village of Kandinka to the village of Zudova, which in the description of Pallas was called “the village of Kanshura”. However, “Kanshura” is a distorted name of the Kunchuruk River, which Pallas crossed on his way to the village of Zudovaya, and not the name of the village, as Pallas erroneously indicated or translated by Zuev. On the oldest map of the Tomsk Province, born in 1816 Kunchuruk is called "Kunchurova", consonant with the word "Kanshura" and, apparently, this is why there was confusion. And the mysterious “village” is the small village of Elizarov, which could not be bypassed on the way from Tomsk along any road, both along the postal road from the villages of Varyukhina-Chernaya, and along the forest road from the village of Kandinka, other roads at that time it just wasn't. The village of Elizarova was founded in 1715 and it has always been small, from the moment of its foundation until the end of the 19th century there were no more than 5 households in it. To the confusing description of the Pallas route, it is also necessary to make an explanation that the small and large branches of the river. Black, these are two different rivers: r. Um and R. black; Russians have lived in the village of Kandinka since its foundation, and Tatars have lived in the village of Chernaya Rechka. It must be borne in mind that the path from Tomsk to the village of Zudovoy Pallas made at night, and the description of this path was apparently completed later from memory, possibly in the Chaussky prison, according to the drivers who transported it, therefore this path is described so incomprehensibly and confusingly.

In conclusion, it should be noted that at the end of the 18th century, the village of Smokotina appeared on the route of Pallas from the village of Kandinka, and in the 19th century at the beginning of the 20th century. Zaimkas and villages arose: Klyuchi, Batalina, Kirek Birch River - in the Tomsk region; Barkhanovka, Krutaya, Krasnaya, Gorbunovka, Solovyovka, Kunchuruk in the Bolotninsky district. By the end of the 20th century, most of these villages had disappeared. On this road, through the mentioned villages in the 50-60s of the XX century, all year round in summer and winter, day and night, trucks and tractors were transported from the Tomsk region to the railway. station Bolotnaya pine forest and lumber. The forest was cut down and gradually most of the villages disappeared. In the 1950s, the author of these lines happened to drive along this road from the city of Bolotnoye, through the village of Zudovo, to the village of Barkhanovka (to the border of the Tomsk region) and back along a fairly well-maintained road. This road went mainly along sandy hills, overgrown with pine forests, crossing swampy lowlands, through which a “lezhnevka” was laid (logs fastened together, laid in each rut along the direction of the road). The village of Barkhanovka was located on a huge sandy hill (really on a dune), from a height of which the surrounding taiga was visible for ten kilometers and, on clear days, the smoke from the chimneys of steamers plying along the Ob.

Summing up the journey of Pallas, it should be noted that some historians referring to him in their scientific works, for example, O.M. Kationov in his monograph "The Moscow-Siberian tract and its inhabitants in the XVII-XIX centuries." It is reported that from the Chaussky prison the tract passed to Tomsk at that time through 11 settlements. However, this is not the case; in 1773 there were much more such settlements along the postal road from Tomsk to Chaussky prison: with. Spasskoe-d. Baturina-d. Vershinin-s. Yarskoye–d. Varyukhin–Kozhevnikova–Chernaya–Elizarova–Zudov–Elbak–Oyash–Umreva–Tashara–Dubrovino–Orsky pine forest, and also according to I.G. Gmelina d. Skala total 16 settlements.

In June-July 1868, Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich Romanov traveled through the Tomsk province. He began his journey through the province from the Altai mining district. Having familiarized himself with the work of factories, the sights of Altai, the life and way of life of the population, the Grand Duke visited the city of Kuznetsk. From Kuznetsk, he proceeded to the city of Tomsk along the Tomsk-Kuznetsk tract. On the territory of the Yurginsky district, its route ran through the settlements: Poperechny Iskitim-d. Zimnik-d. Tutalskaya (Taluy) - d. Bezmenovo and further along the Great Siberian Highway through the village. Proskokovo - d. Maltsev - with. Zeledeevo - d. Varyukhin - the village of Alaevo to the border of the Tomsk region.

The Grand Duke arrived in Tomsk on July 10, 1868 (according to the old style) at five o'clock in the evening. In the next two days, he rested and got acquainted with the sights of the city of Tomsk. This is how Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich described the further stay in the Tomsk province in his essay, Prince N.A. Kostrov: “... On the 13th, His Highness deigned to hunt black grouse 12 versts from Tomsk, and on the 14th he left Tomsk at 4 o’clock in the afternoon ... On the first day of his departure from Tomsk, the Grand Duke drove only 75 versts and stopped in the village of Proskokovsky. This completely insignificant village, fell to the lot of such happiness, which did not fall to the lot of any of the cities of the Tomsk province. In it, His Highness proposed to spend the day of his namesake, July 15th. To perform a prayer of thanksgiving on this solemn occasion, in sec. His Grace Alexy and the rector of the Tomsk Seminary, Archimandrite Moses, were already in Proskokovsky.

Until that time in the temple with. Proskokovsky has never yet performed a bishop's service.

The Grand Duke settled in the house of the postal station, the retinue and other persons who accompanied him, in the houses of the townsfolk.

On Monday, July 15, the day was unusually hot, from the early morning the village of Proskokovskoye began to fill with people who poured in crowds from the surrounding villages. Near the premises of his highness there was almost no possibility of crowding.

At half past nine, the Grand Duke graciously accepted congratulations, except for those who made up his retinue, from the Governor-General of Western Siberia, the Tomsk Governor and some others. At 9 o'clock after the prayer service, He arrived at the church and listened to the mass, which was performed by His Grace Alexy and Archimandrite Moses, the Archpriest who arrived from Tomsk and the local priest. After Mass, His Grace presented to His Highness the image of his ancestor and patron, the Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir. The people solemnly welcomed the Grand Duke. Now, after mass, the clergy, the Governor-General and the Governor were invited to tea with the Grand Duke, and at 3 o'clock His Highness had dinner.

Due to lack of indoor space at the post station, the dining table was prepared in the yard of a house adjacent to the station, under a shed arranged for hay folds.

The floor of the shed was covered with freshly cut grass, the walls were lined with birches and bird cherry.

For a long time they had not seen the Grand Duke in such an excellent mood. On this day, His Highness received a bunch of addresses from everywhere with congratulations.

Happy name day from His Imperial Highness, the Sovereign Grand Duke, Alexander Alexandrovich, and His wife.

Before leaving from Proskokovsky, His Highness presented his portrait of an orphanage located in Tomsk at the prison castle: over time, He allowed this orphanage to be called "Vladimir".

At about 10 o'clock the Grand Duke's train moved on. The night was moonlit, but rather cold... At 7 o'clock in the morning on July 16, the Grand Duke crossed the Ob near the village of Dubrovina, and at 11 o'clock he arrived in the provincial town of Kolyvan.

From s. Proskokovo to the village of Dubrovina, the Grand Duke's cortege proceeded along the Great Siberian Highway through the modern territories of the Yurginsky, Bolotninsky and Moshkovsky regions, covering a distance of 110 km in less than 9 hours. In 1868, this was the territory of the Oyashinsky volost of the Tomsk district, which also extended to the northeast from the village. Proskokov, about 60 km, including the settlements of the current Tomsk region and the Yashkinsky district.

In conclusion, it should be noted that the participants of all scientific expeditions organized by the Russian government in the 18th century to study Siberia, whose routes from the European part of Russia to Eastern Siberia ran through the city of Tomsk, necessarily followed the current territories of the Yurginsky and Bolotninsky regions.

In the second half of the 18th century, through the territories of the above-mentioned regions, expeditions proceeded to Eastern Siberia and back, which included famous scientists I.V. Georgi, I.P. Falk and other travelers. In the 19th century, travel routes of learned travelers ran through the same territories: G.I. Potanina, N.M. Yadrintseva, P.N. Nebolsin, as well as writers: A.P. Chekhov, I.A. Goncharova, N.G. Garin-Mikhailovsky and many others.

All scientific expeditions, travelers, civil servants, military teams, exiles (including the Decembrists), free settlers, mail and cargo traveling from the west of Russia to the east, from south to north (from Kuznetsk and Barnaul) and in the opposite direction from beginning of the 18th and until the end of the 19th century, before the construction of the railway, they necessarily crossed the territory of the modern Yurginsky district. On the territory of the district there is one settlement (junction station), through which all transportations have been going for almost two hundred years - this is the village of Varyukhino. The date of foundation of this village is considered to be 1682, however, given the fact that 10 years earlier, the equestrian Cossack Stepan Babarykin founded the village of Babarykina, which at the beginning of the 18th century. united with the village of Varyukhina, apparently it is more correct to consider 1672 as the date of foundation of the village of Varyukhino.

Literature

1. Emelyanov N.F. Settlement by Russians of the Middle Ob region in the feudal era. – Tomsk, 1981

2. Belikov D.N. The first Russian peasants - the inhabitants of the Tomsk region and different features in the conditions of their life and life. - Tomsk, 1898

3. Barsukov E.V. "Transportation" across the Ob River in the 17th century, geographical, historical and cultural aspects. // Bulletin of the Tomsk State University. History, issue 3, 2012

4. Kovtun I.V. Lettergor. Kemerovo: ASIA-PRINT, 20

5. Elert A.Kh. Expeditionary materials of G.F. Miller as a source on the history of Siberia. - Novosibirsk, 1990

7. Kostrov N.A. Journey through the Tomsk province of His Imperial Highness, Sovereign Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich in June-July 1868. - Tomsk, 1868

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Professional Lyceum №27

Examination essay on the history of Russia

Subject: “Development of Siberia and the Far East”

Performed:

Student 496 group

Kovalenko Julia

Checked:

Prokopova L.V.

Blagoveshchensk 2002

Introduction. 3

The campaign of Ermak Timofeevich and his death .. 4

Accession of Siberia: goals, realities, results... 5

Ivan Moskvitin's campaign to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.... 6

Poyarkov on the Amur and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.. 6

Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov. 7

Distant past.. 7

Pioneers of the Far East of the 17th century.. 8

Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov.. 9

Russian explorers in the Pacific Ocean (18th - early 19th centuries) 9

Khabarovsk Amur region in the second half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century 10

Expedition Popov-Dezhenev.. 10

Campaigns of Vladimir Atlasov to Kamchatka.. 11

The first Kamchatka expedition of Vitus Bering.. 11

Captain Nevelskoy. 12

N.N. Muravyov-Amursky.. 12

Settlement of the Amur.. 15

Early 19th century in the Far East.. 16

Russia's interests in research in the East.. 16

Continued research and development of territories.. 17

What gave the development of the Far East of Russia.. 18

BAM - construction of the century. eighteen

Conclusion.. 19

List of used literature... 20

“After the overthrow of the Tatar yoke and before Peter the Great, there was nothing more huge and important, happier and more historical in the fate of Russia than the annexation of Siberia, on the expanses of which old Russia could be laid several times.”

I chose this topic in order to learn more about how the development and settlement of Siberia and the Far East took place. For me, this topic is relevant today, since I grew up and live in the Far East and really love my small homeland for its beauty. I really liked the book “Russian Explorers” by N.I. Nikitin, in it I learned a lot about the explorers of that time. In the book by A.P. Okladnikov, I got acquainted with how the discovery of Siberia took place. The computer network Internet also helped me in compiling the abstract.

The Russian Empire had a colossal territory. Thanks to the energy and courage of the explorers of the 16th-18th centuries (Ermak, Nevelskoy, Dezhnev, Wrangel, Bering, etc.), the border of Russia was advanced far to the east, to the very coast of the Pacific Ocean. 60 years later, after Yermak's detachment crossed the Ural ridge, their sons and grandsons were already cutting down the first winter quarters on the shores of the Pacific Ocean. The first to reach the harsh coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk were the Cossacks of Ivan Moskvitin in 1639. Active development of the Far East by Russia began under Peter 1 almost immediately after the Poltava victory and the end of the Northern War with the conclusion of peace with Sweden in 1721. Peter 1 was interested in sea routes to India and China, the spread of Russian influence in the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean, reaching the “unknown part” of North America, where the French and British had not yet managed to reach. New Russian lands with their inexhaustible wealth, fertile soils and forests became an integral part of the Russian state. The power of the state has increased markedly. “Amazed Europe, at the beginning of the reign of Ivan the Third, hardly even suspecting the existence of Muscovy, sandwiched between Lithuania and the Tatars, was stunned by the appearance of a huge empire on its eastern outskirts.” And although this territory belonged to the Russian Empire, the way of life of the peoples who inhabited it from the Urals to Sakhalin remained at a level not far from the primitive communal one that existed among them even before they were colonized by Russia. Power was limited to the activities of the royal governors and the maintenance of small garrisons in any large settlements. The tsarist government saw in Siberia and the Far East primarily a source of cheap raw materials, and an excellent place for exile and prisons.

Only in the 19th century, when Russia entered the era of capitalist development, did intensive development of vast areas begin.

The patron of the Siberian kingdom was probably called Yermolai, but he went down in history under the name Yermak.

In 1581, in the summer, among many regiments, the Cossack squad of ataman Ermak took part in the campaign against Mogilev. After the conclusion of a truce (beginning of 1582), at the behest of Ivan IV, his detachment was relocated to the east, to the sovereign fortresses of Cherdyn, located near the Kolva River, a tributary of the Vishera, and Sol-Kamskaya, on the Kama River. The Cossacks of Ataman Ivan Yuryevich Koltso also broke through there. In August 1581, near the Samara River, they almost completely destroyed the escort of the Nogai mission, which was heading to Moscow, accompanied by the tsarist ambassador, and then sacked Saraichik, the capital of the Nogai Horde. For this, Ivan Koltso and his associates were declared "thieves", i.e. state criminals and sentenced to death.

Probably, in the summer of 1582, M. Stroganov concluded a final agreement with the ataman on a campaign against the “Siberian Saltan”. He joined his people with “leaders” (guides) who knew “that Siberian path” to 540 Cossacks. The Cossacks built large ships, raising 20 people each. with supplies. The flotilla consisted of more than 30 ships. River trip of a detachment of about 600 people. Yermak began on September 1, 1582. The guides quickly led the plows up the Chusovaya, then along its tributary Serebryanka (at 57 50 N), the shipping yards of which began from the rafting river. Baranchi (Tobol system). The Cossacks were in a hurry. Having dragged all supplies and small vessels through a short and even (10 versts) trail, Yermak went down the Barancha, Tagib and Tura to about 58 north latitude. Here, near Turinsk, they first encountered Kuchum's advanced detachment and dispersed it.

By December 1582, a vast area along the Tobol and the lower Irtysh had submitted to Yermak. But there were few Cossacks. Yermak, bypassing the Stroganovs, decided to communicate with Moscow. Undoubtedly, Yermak and his Cossack advisers correctly calculated that the winners were not judged and that the tsar would send them help and forgiveness for their previous “theft”.

Yermak and his chieftains and Cossacks beat the Great Sovereign Ivan Vasilievich with the Siberian kingdom they had conquered with a chape and asked for forgiveness for previous crimes. On December 22, 1582, I. Cherkas with a detachment moved up the Tavda, Lozva and one of its tributaries. "Stone". Along the Vishera valley, the Cossacks descended to Cherdyn, and from there down the Kama to Perm and arrived in Moscow before the spring of 1583.

The date of Yermak's death was controversial: according to one traditional version, he died in 1584, according to another, in 1585.

In the spring of 1584, Moscow intended to send three hundred soldiers to help Yermak, but the death of Ivan the Terrible (March 18, 1584) disrupted all plans. In November 1584, a mass uprising of the Tatars broke out in Siberia. People with false reports were sent to Yermak in order to attack Yermak somewhere. So it happened on August 5, 1585, Yermak's detachment stopped for the night. It was a dark night, pouring rain, then Kuchum attacked Yermak's camp at midnight. Waking up, Yermak jumped through the crowd of enemies to the shore. He jumped into a plow standing near the shore, one of Kuchum's soldiers rushed after him. In the battle, the ataman overcame the Tatar, but he received a blow in the throat and died.

When the Cossacks took possession of the "royal city" of the Siberian Khanate and finally defeated Kuchum's army, they had to think about the question of how to organize the management of the conquered land.

Nothing prevented Yermak from establishing his own order in Siberia ... Instead, the Cossacks, having become power, began to rule in the name of the tsar, swore the local population to the sovereign's name and imposed a state tax on it - yasak.

Is there an explanation for this? - First of all, Yermak and his atamans were guided, apparently, by military considerations. They were well aware that they could not hold Siberia without direct support from the armed forces of the Russian state. Having made decisions on the annexation of Siberia, they immediately asked Moscow for help. The appeal to Ivan IV for help determined all their next steps.

Tsar Ivan IV shed a lot of blood of his subjects. He brought the curse of the nobility on his head. But neither executions nor defeats could destroy the popularity he gained during the years of the “Kazan capture” and the Adashev reforms.

The decision of the Yermakovites to turn to Moscow testified to the popularity of Ivan IV both among the servicemen and, to a certain extent, among the "thieves" Cossacks. Some of the outlawed chieftains hoped to cover up their past guilt with the "Siberian war".

With the onset of the spring of 1583, the Cossack circle sent messengers to Moscow with the news of the conquest of Siberia. The tsar appreciated the importance of the news and ordered to send the governor of Balkhovsky with a detachment to help Yermak. But in the spring of 1584 great changes took place in Moscow. Ivan IV died, and unrest broke out in the capital. In the general confusion, the Siberian expedition was forgotten for a while.

Ermak survived because the free Cossacks had long wars with nomads in the wild behind them. The Cossacks founded svozimovie for hundreds of miles from the state gran c Russia. Their camps were surrounded on all sides by the Horde. Casa ki nau chi rushed to overcome them, regardless of the numerical number of the Tatars.

In the late autumn of 1638, a party was equipped to the “sea-ocean” - 30 people. led by the Tomsk Cossack Ivan Yurievich Moskovitin. 8 days Moskovitin went down the Aldyan to the mouth of the Maya. In August 1639, Moskovitin first entered the Lamskoye Sea.

On the Ulya, where the Lamuts (Evens) related to the Evenks lived, Moskovitin set up a winter hut. And izom 1639-1640. at the mouth of the Ulya Moskovitin there are two ships - they began the history of the Russian Pacific Fleet.

The Cossacks of Moskovitiin discovered and got acquainted, of course, in the most general terms, with most of the mainland coast of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bOkhotsk, from 53 north latitude. 141 east up to 60 N 150 east - 1700 km, Moskovitin, obviously, managed to penetrate into the area of ​​​​the mouth of the Amur.

Yakutsk became the starting point for Russian explorers. Rumors about the riches of Dauria multiplied, and in July 1643 the first Yakut governor Peter Golovin sent 133 Cossacks under the command of the "writer's head" Vasily Danilovich Poyarkov to Shilkar.

At the end of July, Poyarkov climbed up the Aldan and the rivers of its basin - Uchur and Gonal, Poyarkov decided to spend the winter on Zeya.

On May 24, 1644, he decided to move on. And in June, the detachment went to the Amur and after 8 days reached the mouth of the Amur. At the end of May 1645, when the mouth of the Amur was freed from ice, Poyarkov entered the Amur Estuary. In early September, he entered the mouth of the river. Hives.

In the early spring of 1646, the detachment moved up the hive and went to the river. Mae, Lena basin. Then, along Aldan and Lena in the middle of June 1646, he returned to Yakutsk.

For 3 years of this expedition, Poyarkov traveled about 8 thousand km, collecting valuable information about those living along the Amur.

The region is named Khabarovsk, and the main city of the region is Khabarovsk in honor of one of the brave Russian explorers of the 17th century, Erofei Pavlovich Khabarov.

Back in the 16th century, campaigns of Russian people began for the “stone”, as the Urals were then called. In those days, Siberia was sparsely populated; you could walk a hundred or two hundred kilometers and not meet anyone. But the “new land” turned out to be rich in fish, animals, and minerals.

Different people went to Siberia. Among them were the tsarist governors sent from Moscow to manage the vast region, and the archers who accompanied them. But there were many times more industrialists - hunters from Pomorye, and "walking" or runaway people. Those of the “walkers” who sat on the ground were assigned to the peasant class and began to “pull the tax”, that is, to bear certain obligations in relation to the feudal state.

“Service people”, including Cossacks, upon returning from campaigns, had to tell the authorities about the fulfillment of the requirements of “mandatory memory” or instructions. Recordings of their words were called “questioning speeches” and “tales”, and letters that listed their merits and contained requests for rewards for their labors and hardships were called “petitions”. Thanks to these documents preserved in the archives, historians can tell about the events that took place in Siberia and the Far East more than 300 years ago, as well as about the main details of these great geographical discoveries.

In a very distant time, about 300 thousand years ago, the first people appeared in the Far East. They were primitive hunters and fishermen who wandered from place to place in search of food in large groups.

Scientists consider the mammoth the main food animal of the Paleolithic era. The transition to fishing played a decisive role in the life of the ancient Amur people. This happened in the Neolithic era. They fished with bone-tipped harpoons, and later caught with nets woven from the fiber of wild nettle and hemp. Dressed fish skin was durable and impervious to moisture, so it was used to make clothes and shoes.

So gradually on the Amur there was no need to roam from place to place. Having chosen a place convenient for hunting and fishing, people settled there for a long time.

Usually dwellings were built either on the high bank of rivers, or on rivers - small hills, overgrown with forests and not flooded during floods.

Several families lived in the dwelling, which was a semi-dugout with a square frame made of logs lined with turf on the outside. There was usually a hearth in the middle. Such was the life of the ancient people of the Far East.

Everyone who comes to Khabarovsk is greeted at the station square by a monument to the hero in armor and a Cossack hat. Raised on a high granite pedestal, it seems to embody the courage and greatness of our ancestors. This is Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov.

And by birth Khabarov from - near Ustyug Veliky, which in the north of the European part of our country in his youth, Erofei Pavlovich served in the Khet winter hut in Taimyr, he also visited the “gold-boiling” Mangosee. Having then moved to the Lena River, he started the first arable land in the valley of the Kuta River, boiled salt and traded. However, the tsarist voevodas took a dislike to the brave “experimenter”. They took away his salt pans and stocks of bread, and threw him into prison.

Khabarov was very interested in the news about the discovery of Amur. He recruited volunteers and, having received permission from the local authorities, set off. Unlike Poyarkov, Khabarov chose a different route: leaving Yakutsk in the autumn of 1649, he climbed up the Lena to the mouth of the Olekma River, and up the Olekma reached its tributary, the Tugir River. From the upper reaches of the Tugir, the Cossacks crossed the watershed and descended into the valley of the Urka River. Soon, in February 1650, they were on the Amur.

Khabarov was amazed at the untold riches that opened before him. In one of the reports to the Yakut governor, he wrote: “and along those rivers live a lot of Tungus, and down the glorious great river Amur live Daurian people, arable and cattle meadows, and in that great river Amur fish - kaluga, sturgeon, and all kinds of fish there are many against the Volga, and in the mountains and uluses there are great meadows and arable lands, and forests along that great Amur river are dark, large, there are many sables and all kinds of animals ... And gold and silver can be seen in the earth.

Erofei Pavlovich sought to annex the entire Amur to the Russian state. In September 1651, on the left bank of the Amur, in the area of ​​Lake Bolon, the Khabarovsk people built a small fortress and called it the Ochan town. In May 1652, the town was attacked by the Manchurian army, which loomed over the rich Amur region, but this attack was repelled, albeit with heavy losses. Khabarov needed help from Russia, he needed people. A nobleman D. Zinoviev was sent from Moscow to the Amur. Not understanding the situation, the Moscow nobleman removed Khabarov from his post and took him under escort to the capital. The brave explorer endured many ordeals, and although in the end he was acquitted, he was no longer allowed to go to the Amur. This ended the research of the explorer.

At the beginning of the 18th century, after a difficult northern war, Russia gained access to the Baltic Sea. Having cut through the “window to Europe”, the Russians again turned their attention to the East.

The cradle of our Pacific Fleet and the main base of Russian expeditions was Okhotsk, founded in 1647 by a detachment of the Cossack Amen Shelkovnik, on the shore of the Sea of ​​​​Okhotsk, a “plot” was laid nearby - a shipyard. The first sea boats were built like this. The bottom was hollowed out from the tree trunk, sailors sewed bent boards to the bottom, fastening them with wooden nails or pulling them together with spruce roots, the grooves were caulked with moss and filled with hot resin. The anchors were also wooden, and stones were tied to them for gravity. On such boats it was possible to swim only near the shore.

But already at the beginning of the 18th century, craftsmen came to Okhotsk - shipbuilders originally from Pomorie. And in 1716, having built a sea, large sailing ship, a detachment under the command of the Cossack Pentecostal Kuzma Sokolov and the navigator Nikifor Treska laid a sea route from Okhotsk to Kamchatka. Soon the navigation of ships in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk became commonplace, and sailors were attracted by the expanses of other seas.

Opening of the passage from the Arctic to the Pacific Ocean.

Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev was born around 1605 in the Pinega region. In Siberia, Dezhnev served in the Cossack service. From Tobolsk he moved to Yeniseisk, from there to Yakutsk. In 1639-1640. Dezhnev participated in several trips to the rivers of the Lena basin. In the winter of 1640, he served in the detachment of Dmitry Mikhailovich Zyryan, who then moved to Alazeya, and sent Dezhnev with the “sable treasury” to Yakutsk.

In the winter of 1641-1642. he went with the detachment of Mikhail Stadukhin to the upper Indigirka, crossed to Momma, and in the early summer of 1643 went down the Indigirka to its lower reaches.

Dezhnev probably took part in the construction of Nizhnekolymsk, where he lived for three years.

Fedot Alekseev Popov from Kholmogory, who already had experience of sailing in the seas of the Arctic Ocean, set about organizing a large fishing expedition in Nizhnekolymsk. Its purpose was to search in the east for walrus rookeries and the allegedly rich in sable river. Anadyr. The expedition included 63 industrialists and one Cossack - Dezhnev - as the person responsible for collecting yasak.

June 20, 1648 from Kolyma went to sea. Dezhnev and Popov were on different courts. On September 20, at Cape Chukotsky, according to Depzhnev's testimony, Chukchi people wounded Popov in a skirmish in the harbor, and around October 1 they were blown into the sea without a trace. Consequently, having rounded the northeast ledge of Asia - that cape that bears the name of Dezhnev (66 15 N, 169 40 W) - for the first time in history passed from the Arctic to the Pacific Ocean.

In Siberia, ataman Dezhnev served on the river. Olenka, Vilyuya and Yana. He returned at the end of 1671 with a sable treasury to Moscow and died there at the beginning of 1673.

The secondary discovery was made at the very end of the 17th century. new clerk to the Anadyr prison Yakut Cossack Vladimir Vladimirovich Atlasov.

At the beginning of 1697, V. Atlasov set out on a winter campaign on reindeer with a detachment of 125 people. Half Russians, half Yukachirs. It passed along the eastern shore of the Penzhinskaya Bay (up to 60 N) and turned to the drain to the mouth of one of the rivers flowing into the Olyutorsky Bay of the Bering Sea.

Atlasov sent south along the Pacific coast of Kamchatka, he returned to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

Gathering information about the lower reaches of the river. Kamchatka, Atlasov turned back.

Atlasov was only 100 km from southern Kamchatka. For 5 years (1695-1700) V. Atlasov covered more than 11 thousand km. Atlasov from Yakutsk went to Moscow with a report. There he was appointed head of the Cossacks and again sent to Kamchatka. He sailed to Kamchatka in June 1707.

In January 1711, the rebellious Cossacks stabbed Atlasov to death while sleeping. So the Kamchatka Yermak perished.

By order of Peter I, at the end of 1724, an expedition was created, the head of which was a captain of the 1st rank, later - captain-commander Vitus Johnssen (aka Ivan Ivanovich) Bering, a native of Denmark for 44 years.

First Kamchatka expedition - 34 people. From St. Petersburg they set off on January 24, 1725 through Siberia - to Okhotsk. October 1, 1726 Bering arrived in Okhotsk.

In early September 1727, the expedition moved to Balsheretsk, and from there to Nizhnekamsk along the Bystraya and Kamchatka rivers.

On the southern coast of the Chekotsky Peninsula, on July 31 - August 10, they discovered the Gulf of the Cross, the Bay of Providence and about. St. Lawrence. On August 14, the expedition reached latitude 67 18. In other words, they passed the strait and were already in the Chukchi Sea. In the Bering Strait, earlier in the Gulf of Anadyr, they performed the first depth measurements - 26 soundings.

In the summer of 1729, Bering made a weak attempt to reach the American coast, but on June 8, due to strong winds, he ordered to return, rounding Kamchatka from the south, and on July 24 arrived in Okhotsk.

7 months later, Bering arrived in St. Petersburg after a five-year absence.

In the middle of the 19th century, some geographers claimed that Amur was lost in the sands. They generally forgot about the campaigns of Poyarkov and Khabarov.

The riddle of Cupid undertook to solve the advanced naval officer Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy.

Nevelskoy was born in 1813 in the Kostroma province. His parents are poor nobles. Father is a retired sailor. And the boy also dreamed of becoming a naval officer. After successfully graduating from the Naval Cadet Corps, he served in the Baltic for many years.

A brilliant career awaited the young officer, but Gennady Ivanovich, having taken up the Amur issue, decided to serve the fatherland in the Far East. He volunteered to deliver cargo to Far Kamchatka, but this voyage is only a pretext.

Nevelskoy did a lot to secure the eastern lands for Russia. For this purpose, in 1849 and 1850, he explored the lower reaches of the Amur and found here places convenient for wintering ships. Together with his associates, he was the first to explore the mouth of the Amur and proved that Sakhalin is an island and that it is separated from the mainland by a strait.

The following year, Nevelskoy founded the Peter and Paul winter hut in the Bay of Happiness, and in August of the same 1850 he raised the Russian flag at the mouth of the Amur. This was the beginning of the city of Nikolaevsk, the first Russian settlement on the lower Amur.

A young employee of Nevelskoy, Lieutenant N.K. Vomnyak, did especially much during these years. He discovered a beautiful sea bay on the coast of the Tatar Strait - now it is the city and port of Sovetskaya Gavan, found coal on Sakhalin.

Nevelskoy and his assistants studied the climate, flora and fauna of the Amur region, explored the fairways of the Amur estuary and the system of tributaries of the Amur. They established friendly relations with the local residents, the Nivkhs. Time in the Amur expedition passed in tireless work, although life was not easy for officers and ordinary soldiers, sailors and Cossacks. Nevelskoy survived everything - hunger, illness and even the death of his daughter, but did not leave the Amur.

In 1858 - 1860, peacefully, without firing a shot, the Amur region was annexed to Russia. The Nivkhs, Evenks, Ulchis, Nanais, Orochi became Russian subjects, and henceforth their fate became related to the fate of the Russian people.

Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov, Count Amursky, military leader and statesman, holder of many orders, is a very special figure even among his own kind. Russian army officer at 19, general at 32, governor at 38, he lived a glorious and dignified life.

Muravyov-Amursky managed to solve the problem of national importance - to peacefully annex lands comparable in area to England, France, Italy and Switzerland combined. He brought up a whole galaxy of statesmen and pioneers, whose names remained on the map of Eastern Siberia.

Born on August 11, 1809 in St. Petersburg, in the family of an ancient noble family, he was a direct descendant of Lieutenant S.V. Muravyov, expedition member V.I. Bering. His father, Nikolai Nazarievich, served in Nerchinsk, and then in the Navy, where he rose to the rank of captain of the 1st rank. Nikolai Muravyov owed his education and early success in his career to the position that his father held in society. He graduated from the private boarding school Godenius, then the prestigious corps of pages. On July 25, 182, he entered the service as an ensign in the Finnish Life Guards Regiment. In April 1828, ensign Muravyov set out on his first military campaign - the Balkan. For participation in the war with Turkey, he received another military rank of lieutenant and was awarded the Order of St. Anne, 3rd degree. For participation in the suppression of the Polish uprising of 1831, he was awarded the Polish badge "For military merit" of the 4th degree, the Order of St. Vladimir of the 4th degree with a bow and a golden sword with the inscription: "For courage". In 1832 he was promoted to staff captain. In 1841, in the Caucasus, he was promoted to major general for distinction. In 1844 he was awarded the Order of St. Stanislaus 1st degree with the highest certificate for "distinction, courage and prudent command shown against the highlanders."

On July 11, 1858, in a report to Grand Duke Konstantin, N. N. Muravyov wrote the words that define his policy in the Far East: our demarcated possessions with China and Japan.

On the proposal of N. N. Muravyov, the Primorsky region of Eastern Siberia was formed, which included Kamchatka, the Okhotsk coast and the Amur region. The center of the new region was the Nikolaevsky post, later transformed into Nikolaevsk-on-Amur.

The second acquisition of the governor was the Ussuri (now Primorsky) Territory, which he occupied, ahead of the British and French. On July 2, 1859, the governor arrived in southern Primorye on the corvette "Amerika" to decide in which harbor the future main port of Russia on the Pacific Ocean would be laid. Having examined several bays, he chose the Golden Horn and himself came up with the name of the future city: Vladivostok. Then he visited America Bay, where he discovered a convenient bay, which he named Nakhodka. So the two main cities of Primorye owe their sonorous and beautiful names to the governor Muravyov-Amursky.

On the initiative and with the active participation of Muravyov-Amursky, the administrative-territorial transformation of Eastern Siberia was carried out, the Trans-Baikal (1851) and Amur (1860) Cossack troops, the Siberian Flotilla (1856) were established. Under him, many posts and administrative centers were founded in the Far East, such as the Petrovsky winter hut - 1850, the posts of Nikolaevsky, Aleksandrovsky, Marlinsky, Muravyevsky - all in 1853, Ust-Zeysky (Blagoveshchensk) - 1858, Khabarovka - 1858, Turiy Rog - 1859, Vladivostok and Novgorod - 1860. Muravyov-Amursky consistently pursued a resettlement policy, personally visited many points of the territory entrusted to him. Including in Kamchatka. The trip to Kamchatka was difficult because of the lack of roads and the uninhabited area. But thanks to careful preparation under the personal guidance of N.N. Muravyov Amursky campaign ended successfully. This journey was described in sufficient detail in his book “Memories of Siberia” by B.V. Struve, who during the years 1848-1855. served in the administration of the Governor General. The book was published in St. Petersburg in 1889, one copy is kept in the library of the Society for the Study of the Amur Territory. Several pages of the book are dedicated to N.N. Muravyov-Amursky, who accompanied him on this difficult expedition to Kamchatka.

For the last twenty years, N.N. Muravyov-Amursky lived in France, in his wife's homeland. He died November 18, 1881. In 1881, in the metric book of the Holy Trinity Alexander Nevsky Church at the Russian embassy in Paris, an entry was made: “On November 18, Count Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Amursky, 72 years old, died of gangrene.” He was buried at the Montmartre cemetery in Paris, in the De Richemont family vault.

Ashes N.N. Muravyov-Amursky in 1991 was reburied in Vladivostok, in the city center, above the Gorky Theater, where a memorial platform was equipped. Memorable dates associated with the development of the Far East are celebrated here. At the beginning of September 2000, a mortgage cross was erected at this place - in memory of a great man.

The Russian people have long been destined to be a pioneer discovering and inhabiting new lands. It is worth recalling that nine or ten centuries ago the present center of our country was a sparsely populated outskirts of the Old Russian state, that only in the 16th century did Russian people begin to settle in the territory of the present Central Black Earth region, the Middle and Lower Volga regions.

More than four centuries ago, the development of Siberia began, which opened one of its most interesting and exciting pages in the history of the colonization of Russia. The annexation and development of Siberia is perhaps the most significant plot in the history of Russian colonization.

And what does the name "Siberia" actually mean? There are many different opinions about this. The most substantiated to date are two hypotheses. Some researchers believe that the word "Siberia" comes from the Mongolian "Shibir", which can literally be translated as "forest thicket"; other scholars argue that the word "Siberia" comes from the self-name of one of the ethnic groups, the so-called "Sabirs". Both of these options have the right to exist, but which of them really takes place in history, it seems to me, can only be guessed at.

In the 50s of the 18th century, Siberians and Transbaikalians settled on the Amur. After the abolition of serfdom, peasants from the central regions of Russia also flocked there. Most of the way the settlers walked. The journey took 2-3 years.

But gradually the settlers settled down in a new place, and the chain of Russian settlements on the Amur and Ussuri became more and more dense. They had to cut down and uproot the taiga to raise virgin soil. They could only rely on their own strength. Merchants robbed them, officials oppressed them. Not everyone survived, many left. Only the strongest remained on the Amur.

Later, after the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907, hundreds of thousands of landless peasants from the center of Russia and Ukraine poured into the Amur region and Primorye.

With the growth of the population in the Amur region, agriculture and cattle breeding are developing, new cities are growing, roads are being laid.

On May 19 (31), 1858, on the right bank of the Amur, behind a cliff, soldiers of the 13th line battalion, led by Captain Ya. V. Dyachenko, founded a military post, named Khabarovsk in honor of the Russian pioneer E. P. Khabarov. The favorable geographical position largely predetermined the fate of this military post.

In 1880, the village of Khabarovsk became a city. Enterprises appear in Khabarovsk: Arsenal factories, a sawmill, a brick factory, a tobacco factory, and ship repair shops. The city grew, was built, but almost all the houses were one-story, the streets were not paved. The swampy rivers Cherdymovka and Plyusninka, which flowed through Khabarovsk, were especially annoyed by the townspeople.

Nikolaevsk, having lost the palm to Khabarovsk, where the administration of the Primorsky region was transferred, and Vladivostok, which became the main port of Russia on the Pacific Ocean, was in decline. It began to revive again only at the beginning of the 20th century, when the fishing and mining industry began to develop in the Lower Amur.

Here, on the Lower Amur, for the first time in the history of the region, miners at the Amgunsky mines went on strike, during the years of the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907 soldiers-artillerymen rebelled against the autocracy in the Chnyrrakh fortress.

In 1897 trains went from Vladivostok to Khabarovsk; at the beginning of the 20th century (1907 - 1915) a rail track was laid from the station Sterensk to Khabarovsk. It was an outstanding event in the history of Russia. The chain of the Trans-Siberian Railway closed all the way from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean. The first trains ran slowly: 12-16 kilometers per hour.

In 1916, the construction of a bridge across the Amur was completed. In those years it was the largest bridge in Russia. The engineering art of Russian bridge builders Academician Grigory Petrovich Perederey and Professor Lavr Dmitrievich Proskuryakov was highly appreciated by contemporaries. The Amur Bridge was called a miracle of the twentieth century.

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, no extensive exploration of the Far East had yet been undertaken. There was not even a permanent population along the upper reaches of the Amur River. Although limited to the Amur region in this territory, of course, it is impossible.

The main event of that period was undoubtedly the expedition of G.I. Nevelsky in 1819 - 1821 - x. years. He managed not only to explore the coast of Sakhalin, but also to prove that he is an island. Further work on the study of the Far East brought him another victory. He discovered the location of the mouth of the Amur. In his studies, he imagined an extremely uninhabited coast. Indeed, according to the data of that period, the number of local population in the Far East among different nationalities ranged from one to four thousand people.

Undoubtedly, the main researchers were the Cossacks and the resettling peasants. It was they who mastered the territory of the Far East on land. In 1817, the peasant A. Kudryavtsev visited the Gilyaks on the Amur. He learned that the land on which they live is very rich and far from civilization. In the thirties, the runaway Old Believer G. Vasiliev told about the same.

Having information about the uninhabited territory of the Far East and the lack of control of the local population, the Russian government in the fifties of the nineteenth century raised the issue of delimitation of territories before China. In 1854, proposals were sent to Beijing to begin negotiations.

On May 28, 1858, the Aigun Treaty was concluded, according to which the division of the Far Eastern regions took place. This was a very important stage in the development of the Far East as a whole. Since now any expedition or even just settlers were required to take into account the belonging of a particular territory.

As a result, Russia received additional wealth and settlements from which to collect taxes. The exploration of territories now also acquired the aspect of exploration of minerals.

In 1844, traveling in the north and distant regions of Siberia, A.F. Middendorf also ended up on the Amur River. His research made it possible to establish the approximate route of the Amur channel. He and his follower in 1849 - G.I. Nevelskoy led a wave of Russian peasants and Cossacks. Now the study and development of the Far East became more expanded and systematic.

In the fifties, two districts were already formed in the lower reaches of the Amur - Nikolaevsky and Sofia. The Ussuri Cossack and Yuzhnossuri districts were also formed. By the beginning of the sixties, more than three thousand people had moved to these territories.

In 1856, three Russian posts were set up on the territory of the future Amur Region: Zeya, Kumar and Khingan, but active settlement of these regions began only in 1857. In the spring of that year, the first three hundred of the Amur stud farm, newly formed from Transbaikalians, were moved down the Amur. Since 1858, the process of intensive development and settlement of the Far East by Russian settlers began. From 1858 to 1869 more than thirty thousand people moved to the Far East. About half of all Russian settlers were Cossacks from the neighboring Trans-Baikal region.

Now every day in the Far East was marked by intensive development and study of the area. Until then, no one had yet compiled a complete map of the Far East. Although almost all pioneers and researchers attempted to do this. Their research in this area was hindered by a very large area of ​​​​the territory and its extreme unpopulation. Only in the early seventies, thanks to the joint efforts and by order of the Tsar personally, a very approximate map of the main populated areas of the Far East was compiled.

The construction of the Siberian railway, begun in 1891. and completed in 1900 played a great role in the economic development of these areas. This especially strengthened the positions of the Russian state in the Far East. A city and a naval base were built on the Pacific coast. And so that no one doubts that these lands are Russian, the city was called Vladivostok.

By the end of the sixties of the nineteenth century, the Far East was already largely settled and mastered by immigrants from Siberia and European Russia. Significant successes were achieved in the Amur region, where the vast majority of migrants rushed and where the fertile lands of the Amur-Zeya plain were successfully developed. Already by 1869, the Amur Region had become the granary of the entire Far Eastern Territory and not only fully provided itself with bread and vegetables, but also had large surpluses. On the territory of Primorye, the proportion and size of the peasant population at the end of the nineteenth century were smaller than in the Amur region, but even here the scope of the settlers inspired respect and recognition of the masculinity of the pioneers. The number of local residents in spite of, and perhaps precisely because of this, has sharply decreased.

Stable trade relations with China were established, which in turn brought a constant income to the Russian treasury. Many Chinese, seeing that there are prosperous places nearby in Russia, began to move to the Russian land now. They were driven from their homeland by crop failures, lack of land and extortions from officials. Even the Koreans, despite the strict laws in their country, which even provides for the death penalty for unauthorized resettlement, risked their lives to get to Russian territories.

In general, the exploration and development of the Far East, which reached its apogee in the middle of the nineteenth century, by its end acquired a rather calm and systematic character. And the study of the territories of the Far East for the presence of minerals brings success in our time. There are still a lot of secrets kept by the Far Eastern land.

For seven to eight decades of the twentieth century, the economic development of the Amur region was rather slow, and the reason for this was not only the harsh natural conditions of the region, but, above all, the very social system of Soviet Russia.

From the point of view of the capitalist economic system, the untouched wealth of the Amur region seemed incalculable, the greedy gang of private entrepreneurs began their shameless robbery. The economy of the eastern outskirts from the very beginning took on a one-sided character, only extractive industries developed: fishing, timber, and the development of gold deposits. Forests have been mercilessly cut down and cut down. Agriculture is dominated by a backward and also basically predatory shifting system.

Siberia was settled in the Stone Age. Moving along the Pacific coast, people penetrated from the North to America, went to the Arctic Ocean. In the 1st millennium AD, the southern regions were part of the Turkic Khaganate, Bohai and other states. In the 13th century, Southern Siberia was subjected to Mongol conquests. Part of the territory of Siberia was part of the Golden Horde, then the Tyumen and Siberian khanates. The campaigns of the Russian governors (end of the 15th century) and Ermak (end of the 16th century) marked the beginning of the annexation of Siberia to the Russian state. The exploration of Siberia began with explorers, they own many geographical discoveries, the most important of which in the 17th century were access to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk (1639 - 41) and the passage of the Bering Strait (1648, S. Dezhnev, F. A. Popov). The inclusion in the 50s of the 19th century of the Lower Amur Region, the Ussuri Territory and Sakhalin Island into the Russian Empire created the conditions for the development of the Far East. In 1891 - 1916, the Trans-Siberian Railway was built, linking the Far East and Siberia with European Russia. During the Civil War and the intervention of 1918-22, the Far Eastern Republic (1920-22) was formed in Siberia, which later became part of the Russian Federation.

1. History of Russian Primorye. Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 1998

2. Russian explorers, N.I. Nikitin, Moscow, 1988

3. Discovery of Siberia, A.P. Okladnikov, Novosibirsk, 1982.

4. Ermak, R.G. Skrynnikov, Moscow, 1986.

5. Commanders of the X-XVI centuries, V.V. Kargalov.

6. http://www.bankreferatov.ru/

Youth of Ivan Dementievich Chersky

Ivan Dementievich Chersky, a Pole by origin, was born in $1845$. At the age of $18$ he took an active part in the Polish uprising of $1863$.

After the suppression of the uprising, Chersky was exiled to Siberia and enlisted as a private in the Omsk linear battalion. At the stage, the young man met Alexander Chekanovsky, and later Grigory Potanin. Under their influence, he took up zoology and geology.

In the autumn of $1871, on the recommendation of Chekanovsky, Dmitry Chersky was introduced to the director of the Siberian branch of the Geographical Society, Usoltsev. Soon the young exile received the position of conservator and librarian of the museum.

First expedition

In $1873, the Geographical Society commissioned the twenty-eight-year-old Chersky to explore the mountainous part of the Irkutsk province. All summer the expedition explored the Eastern Sayan and Kuznetsk Alatau. Accurate measurements of the heights of these mountains were made. They turned out to be higher than previously thought. Ethnographic materials about the Soyot tribe were collected. In addition, the expedition collected rich collection material on zoology and geology. In the summer of the following year, Chersky again explores the Tunkinsky Goltsy ridge, tries to establish their connection with the Sayan Mountains, studies the vicinity of the Biryusa River, and heads to the Nizhneudinsk region.

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In the Nezhneudinsk region, he manages to find caves with preserved remains of extinct animals. After two months of work in these caves, Chersky returns to Irkutsk. For the work done and the large number of exhibits brought, the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences awarded Ivan Chersky with a silver medal.

Research in the Baikal region

In May 1877, a young scientist went to Kultuk to unravel the origin of Lake Baikal. Moving along the banks of this unique reservoir, the researcher collects Buryat legends and beliefs. Chersky completed his seven-month research at the mouth of the Barguzin.

The next year, the scientist goes to explore the northern tip of the lake. He pays special attention to the study of the Angara. During this expedition, Chersky was finally convinced that Baikal was formed as a result of prolonged subsidence of the earth's crust, which continues to this day. Before that, it was believed that Baikal was once a bay of the Arctic Ocean.

At the third stage of the expedition, Chersky decided to explore the northwestern coast of the lake. Upon returning from a trip, he leaves the museum and begins processing the collected materials.

Remark 1

In the winter of $1880, Ivan Dementievich Chersky completed his work on Baikal. His work, containing drawings and geological maps, refuted the hypotheses of Humboldt and Middendorf about the origin of the lake. This work aroused great interest in the scientific world, and the scientist himself was awarded a gold medal.

Exploration of North-Eastern Siberia

In the summer of $1891$, the Academy of Sciences sends Chersky to study the basins of the Yana, Indigirka, and Kolyma. The scientist gets through Yakutsk to Verkhoyansk. He studies the Verkhoyansk Range, the Oymyakon Plateau, the Tas-Kystabyt Range. During the expedition, heights are measured, the direction of the ridges is specified, and the watershed between the Indigirka and Kolyma basins was discovered.

The expedition was designed for three years. But at the end of $1891, first an early winter, and then the scientist's illness, delayed the expedition. The route was continued only in May $1892$. But Chersky's illness worsened. After the death of Ivan Dementievich Chersky in June $1892, the expedition continued under the leadership of the scientist's wife, Mavra Pavlovna Cherskaya. She fully fulfilled the research plan outlined by Ivan Dementievich.

The results of Chersky's expedition

Remark 2

Over the course of many years spent in Siberia, Ivan Dementievich Chersky explored in detail the region of Lake Baikal, North-East Siberia. He made accurate drawings and maps of the studied regions. Expeditions under his leadership collected the richest mineralogical, zoological and botanical collections. Ethnographic materials are of great value for studying the life, way of life, and beliefs of the peoples of Siberia.

XVI century. A new stage of geographical discoveries begins on the land expanses of Russia. The legendary Ermak reached the Irtysh and laid the foundation for the development of Siberia - "a harsh and gloomy country." It seems to open the gates to the east, into which detachments of Cossacks, industrialists and people simply looking for adventure rush. XVII century. It was in this century that the map of the eastern lands of Russia began to take on a certain shape - one discovery follows another. The mouth of the Yenisei has been reached, the routes of Russian Europeans are stretched along the harsh uplands of Taimyr, the routes of Russian Europeans are stretched along the harsh uplands of Taimyr, Russian sailors go around the Taimyr Peninsula. For the first time, our compatriots see the great mountains of Eastern Siberia, the rivers: Lena, Olenyok, Yana. No longer nameless heroes are creating the history of Russian geography - their names are becoming widely known.

Ataman Ivan Moskvitin stops his horse on the Pacific coast. The serviceman Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev sets off on a long journey. He had to experience a lot: "... I laid down my head, took great wounds and shed my blood, and endured the great cold and died of starvation." So he will say about himself - isn't this the usual fate of all Russian pioneers?! Having descended on the Indigirka, Dezhnev reaches the shores of the Arctic Ocean. Another time, together with Fedot Alekseevich Popov, he goes out into the ocean along the Kolyma, goes around the Chukotka Peninsula and opens the Anadyr River. An exceptionally difficult path - and no less important in terms of the results achieved; however, Dezhnev is not destined to know that he made a great geographical discovery - he discovered the strait separating Asia and America. This will become clear only 80 years later thanks to the expedition of Vitus Bering and Alexei Chirikov. At the very end of the 17th century, Vladimir Atlasov began exploring Kamchatka and founded the first Russian settlement there - Verkhnekomchatsk. For the first time he sees the northern extremities of the Kuril chain. A little time will pass and the Russians, the first "drawing" of the Kuril archipelago in the 17th century, expeditions in Russia begin to receive thoughtful state support.

Rice. 1. Map of the advancement of Russian explorers to the east

Ermak Timofeevich

Ermak Timofeevich (between 1537-1540, the village of Borok on the Northern Dvina - August 5, 1585, the bank of the Irtysh near the mouth of the Vagai), Russian explorer, Cossack ataman, conqueror of Western Siberia (1582-1585), hero of folk songs. The surname of Yermak has not been established, however, in the 16th century, many Russian people did not have surnames. He was called either Ermak Timofeev (after his father's name), or Ermolai Timofeevich. Ermak's nickname is known - Tokmak.

As early as 1558, the Stroganovs received the first charter for "Kama abundant places", and in 1574 - for lands beyond the Urals along the Tura and Tobol rivers and permission to build fortresses on the Ob and Irtysh. Around 1577, the Stroganovs asked to send Cossacks to protect their possessions from the attacks of the Siberian Khan Kuchum. At the behest of Ivan the Terrible, Yermak's squad arrived at Cherdyn (near the mouth of the Kolva) and Sol-Kamskaya (on the Kama) to strengthen the eastern border of the Stroganov merchants. Probably, in the summer of 1582, they concluded an agreement with the ataman on a campaign against the “Siberian Sultan” Kuchum, supplying them with supplies and weapons.

Having led a detachment of 600 people, in September Yermak began a campaign deep into Siberia, climbed the Chusovaya River and its tributary, the Mezhevaya Duck, and crossed to Aktai (the Tobol basin). Yermak was in a hurry: only a surprise attack guaranteed success. The Yermakovites descended to the area of ​​the current city of Turinsk, where they scattered the advance detachment of the khan. The decisive battle took place on October 23-25, 1582 on the banks of the Irtysh, on Cape Podchuvash: Yermak defeated the main forces of the Tatars Mametkul, Kuchum's nephew, and on October 26 entered Kashlyk, the capital of the Siberian Khanate (17 km from Tobolsk), found a lot of valuable goods and furs there . The remnants of the defeated Tatar horde migrated to the south, to the steppe. Four days later, the Khanty came to Ermak with food and furs, followed by local Tatars with gifts. Yermak greeted everyone with “kindness and greetings” and, having imposed a tribute (yasak), promised protection from enemies. In early December, Mametkul's soldiers killed a group of Cossacks who were fishing on Lake Abalak, near Kashlyk. Ermak overtook the Tatars and destroyed almost all of them, but Mametkul himself escaped.

To collect yasak on the lower Irtysh in March 1583, Yermak dispatched a party of mounted Cossacks. When collecting tribute, they had to overcome the resistance of the local population. After the ice drift on plows, the Cossacks went down the Irtysh. In the riverside villages, under the guise of yasak, they took away valuable things. Along the Ob, the Cossacks reached the hilly Belogorye, where the river, bending around the Siberian Ridges, turns north. Here they found only abandoned dwellings, and on May 29 the detachment turned back. Fearing an uprising by the local population, Yermak sent 25 Cossacks to Moscow for help, who arrived in the capital at the end of the summer. The tsar rewarded all participants in the Siberian campaign, forgave the state criminals who had joined Yermak earlier, and promised to send 300 archers to help. The death of Ivan the Terrible disrupted many plans, and the archers reached Yermak only at the height of the uprising raised by Karachi (Kuchum's adviser).

Small groups of Cossacks, scattered across the vast territory of Western Siberia, were killed, and Yermak's main forces, together with reinforcements from Moscow, were blocked in Kashlyk on March 12, 1585. The supply of food stopped, famine began in Qashlyk; many of its defenders perished. At the end of June, in a night sortie, the Cossacks killed almost all the Tatars and captured the convoy with food; the siege was lifted, but Yermak had only about 300 fighters left. A few weeks later, he received false news about a trade caravan going to Qashlyk. In July, Yermak, with 108 Cossacks, set out from Kashlyk towards the caravan to the mouth of the Vagai and Ishim, and defeated the Tatar detachments there. On a rainy night on August 6, Kuchum unexpectedly attacked the camp of the Cossacks and killed about 20 people, Yermak also died. According to legend, the wounded Yermak tried to swim across the Vagay River, a tributary of the Irtysh, but drowned due to heavy chain mail. 90 Cossacks escaped in plows. The remnants of the Cossack squad under the command of M. Meshcheryak retreated from Kashlyk on August 15 and returned to Russia. Part of Yermak's detachment stayed for the winter in the town of Ob. (Annex 3)

Ivan Yurievich Moskvitin

Moskvitin Ivan Yurievich, Russian explorer, discoverer of the Far East, the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, Sakhalin Island.

Cossack service. A native of the Moscow region, Moskvitin began his service no later than 1626 as an ordinary Cossack of the Tomsk prison. Probably participated in the campaigns of Ataman Dmitry Kopylov to the south of Siberia. In the winter of 1636, Kopylov, at the head of a detachment of Cossacks, including Moskvitin, went to the Lena region for prey. They reached Yakutsk in 1637, and in the spring of 1638 they went down the Lena to Aldan and climbed it for five weeks on poles and whips. 265 km. Above the mouth of the Mai River, on July 28, the Cossacks set up Butalsky prison.

to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. From the Evenks, Kopylov learned about the silver mountain on the lower Amur. The lack of silver in the state forced him in May 1639 to send Moskvitin (now foreman) with 30 Cossacks in search of a deposit. Six weeks later, having subjugated the entire local population along the way, the explorers reached the Yudoma River (a tributary of the Mai), where, having thrown a plank, they built two kayaks and climbed to its sources. They overcame an easy pass through the Dzhugdzhur ridge discovered by them in a day and ended up on the Ulya River, flowing to the "sea-okiya". Eight days later, waterfalls blocked their path - they had to leave the kayaks. Having built a boat that could hold up to 30 people, they were the first Russians to reach the shores of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. The explorers spent a little more than two months on the whole journey through an unknown area, eating "wood, grass and roots."

On the river Ulya Moskvitin cut down a winter hut - the first Russian settlement on the Pacific coast. From local residents, he learned about a densely populated river in the north and, postponing until spring, went there on October 1 on a river "vessel" at the head of a group of 20 Cossacks. Three days later they reached this river, which was called the Hunt. Moskvitin returned to Ulya two weeks later, taking amanats. Sailing to Okhota in a fragile boat proved the need to build a more reliable sea vessel. In the winter of 1639-40. the Cossacks built two 17-meter kochas - the history of the Pacific Fleet began with them. To the shores of Sakhalin. In November 1639 and April 1640, explorers repulsed the attack of two large groups of Evens (600 and 900 people). From the captive, Moskvitin learned about the southern river "Mamur" (Amur), at the mouth of which and on the islands "sedentary Gilyaks" (settled Nivkhs) live. In the summer, the Cossacks sailed south, taking a prisoner as a "leader". They proceeded along the entire western coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk to the Uda Bay and entered the mouth of the Uda. Here, from local residents, Moskvin received new data about the Amur, as well as the first information about the Nivkhs, Nanais and "bearded people" (Ainy). The Muscovites headed east, bypassed the Shantar Islands from the south and, passing into the Sakhalin Bay, visited the northwestern coast of Sakhalin Island.

Moskvitin apparently managed to visit the Amur estuary and the mouth of the Amur. But the products were already running out, and the Cossacks turned back. Autumn stormy weather did not allow them to get to Ulya, and they stopped for the winter at the mouth of the Aldoma River, 300 km away. South of Ulya. And in the spring of 1641, having again crossed Dzhugdzhur, Moskvitin reached Maya and arrived in Yakutsk with "sable" prey. The results of the campaign were significant: the coast of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bOkhotsk was discovered over 1300 km., Uda Bay, Sakhalin Bay, Amur Estuary, the mouth of the Amur and Sakhalin Island.

Vasily Danilovich Poyarkov

The exact years of his life are unknown. Pathfinder and navigator, explorer of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, discoverer of the Lower Amur, the Amur Estuary and the southwestern part of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, “written head”. In June 1643, at the head of a military detachment of 133 people, he set off from Yakutsk on a campaign to the Amur to collect yasak and annex the lands lying to the east up to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. The detachment went down the Lena to Aldan, then climbed it up to the rapids (opening the Uchur and Golan rivers along the way). He left ships here for the winter with part of the people, crossed the watershed lightly on skis with a detachment of 90 people, opened the Zeya River and stopped for the winter in its upper reaches at the mouth of the Umlekan River. In the spring of 1644, ships were dragged there, on which the detachment went down the Zeya and Amur to its mouth, where it wintered again. From the Amur Nivkhs, they received valuable information about Sakhalin and the ice regime in the strait that separates the island from the mainland. In the spring of 1645, having attached additional sides to the river boards, the detachment entered the Amur Lebanon and, moving north along the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, reached the Ulya River. He spent his third winter there. In the early spring of 1646 he went up the river on sleds, crossed the watershed and returned to Yakutsk along the rivers of the Lena basin. Subsequently, he served in Yakutsk, Tobolsk and Kurgan settlement in the Urals. A mountain on Sakhalin Island and a village in the Amur Region are named after Poyarkov.

Erofei Pavlovich Khabarov

Khabarov Erofey Pavlovich (between 1605 and 1607, the village of Dmitrievo, Vologda province - early February 1671, the village of Khabarovka, Irkutsk province), Russian explorer, explorer of Eastern Siberia. In 1649-1653 he made a number of campaigns in the Amur region, compiled a "Drawing of the Amur River" 1. The first years of activity. A native of Pomor peasants, Khabarov in the winter of 1628 went to work in Mangazeya, reached Kheta, and until the spring of 1630 served as a toll collector in the Kheta winter hut. In 1632 he arrived at the Lena and until 1639 he walked along its tributaries Kuta, Kiringa, Vitim, Olekma and Aldan, hunting for sable.

Having put together an artel, he exchanged the mined “soft junk” in Siberian cities for goods for the local population. During his wanderings, he collected information about the Lena and its tributaries, about the peoples living here, about the minerals of the region. Khabarov became the discoverer of salt springs at the mouth of the Kuta and discovered there “good lands” for arable land. By the spring of 1641, the first plowman in this region raised about 28 hectares of virgin land, built the first salt pan in Eastern Siberia, set up the sale of salt and brought horses to transport state goods to Yakutsk. In the same year, the governor illegally took the buildings, grain reserves and income of Khabarov into the treasury. Then he moved to the mouth of the Kirenga, plowed 65 hectares and got a good crop of cereals. The governor soon appropriated this farm, and for refusing to lend money, he requisitioned 48 tons of bread from Khabarov, tortured him and imprisoned him, where he spent almost 2.5 years.

After being released, Khabarov continued to engage in agriculture. Built a mill. Amur epic. When Khabarov heard rumors about the riches of the Amur lands, he turned off his profitable business, gathered a gang of "eager people", arrived in Ilimsk, and in March 1649 received permission from the new governor to go to the Amur. He borrowed military equipment, weapons, agricultural implements, and led a group of 60 people in the spring of 1649 left Ilimsk. The laden plows slowly rose along the fast and rapid Olekma. The detachment overwintered at the mouth of the Tungir, but as early as January 1650, having made sledges and loading boats on them, they dragged along the snow through the high Stanovoy Range. From there, the detachment headed down the tributaries to the Amur. Dauria began here with its uluses and even small towns. A local woman who met along the way told about the luxury of the country beyond the Amur, the ruler of which has an army with “fire fighting” and cannons. Khabarov, leaving about 50 people in a half-empty town on Urka, returned to Yakutsk on May 26, 1650 and began to spread exaggerated rumors about the wealth of the new "land". Appointed as the "order man" of Dauria, he set out from Yakutsk in the summer with 150 volunteers and arrived in the fall on the Amur. In the captured town, the Russians overwintered, and in the spring, having built several boards and plows, they began to raft along the Amur past the villages burned by the inhabitants themselves.

At the end of September 1651, Khabarov stopped near Lake Bolon for another winter. In March 1652, he defeated a detachment of two thousand Manchus and moved further up the Amur, stopping only to collect yasak. But people got tired of constant movement, and in early August, 132 rebels fled in three ships. They reached the lower reaches of the Amur, where they cut down a prison. In September, Khabarov approached the prison, took it after the siege, and flogged the "disobedient" with batogs and a whip, from which many died. There he spent his fourth winter, and in the spring of 1653 he returned to the mouth of the Zeya. During the summer, his men sailed up and down the Amur collecting yasak. Meanwhile, the news of the exploits of the explorers reached Moscow, and the government sent an official of the Siberian order, D.I. Zinoviev, with a detachment of 150 people, to the Amur. The royal envoy arrived in August 1653 with awards to all participants in the campaign. Taking advantage of the complaints of people dissatisfied with Khabarov, he removed Khabarov from leadership, accused him of crimes, arrested him and took him to Moscow. However, Khabarov was found not guilty. A year later, Khabarov was granted the status of “children of the boyars”, a number of villages in Siberia were given to “feed”, but they were forbidden to return to the Amur. Between 1655 and 1658, he carried out trade transactions in Ustyug the Great and returned to the Lena no later than the summer of 1658. In the autumn of 1667, in Tobolsk, Khabarov informed the compilers of the "Drawing of All Siberia" information about the upper reaches of the Lena and the Amur. In January 1668, in Moscow, he again asked the tsar to let him go to the Amur, but when he was refused, he returned to the Lena and three years later died in his settlement at the mouth of the Kirenga. He had a daughter and a son.

Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev

Dezhnev Semyon Ivanovich (c. 1605-73), Russian explorer. In 1648, together with F. A. Popov (Fedot Alekseev), he sailed from the mouth of the Kolyma to the Pacific Ocean, rounded the Chukchi Peninsula, opening the strait between Asia and America. 1. Cossack service. Dezhnev, a native of Pomor peasants, began his Siberian service as an ordinary Cossack in Tobolsk. In the early 1640s with a detachment of Cossacks he moved to Yeniseisk, then to Yakutsk. He served in the detachment of Dmitry Zyryan (Yarila) in the Yana basin. In 1641, having been assigned to the detachment of Mikhail Stadukhin, Dezhnev with the Cossacks reached the prison on the Oymyakon River. Here they were attacked by almost 500 Evens, from whom they fought back along with the yasaks, Tungus and Yakuts.

In search of "new lands," Dezhnev, with a detachment of Stadukhin, in the summer of 1643 went down on a koch to the mouth of the Indigirka, crossed by sea to the lower reaches of the Alazeya, where he met the koch Zyryan. Dezhnev managed to unite both detachments of explorers, and they sailed east on two ships. In search of new lands. In the Kolyma delta, the Cossacks were attacked by the Yukagirs, but broke through up the river and set up a prison in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bmodern Srednekolymsk. Dezhnev served in the Kolyma until the summer of 1647, and then was included as a yasak collector in the fishing expedition of Fedot Popov. In the summer of 1648, Popov and Dezhnev put to sea on seven kochs.

According to a widespread version, only three ships reached the Bering Strait, the rest were caught in a storm. In autumn, another storm in the Bering Sea separated the two remaining kochas. Dezhnev with 25 satellites was thrown back to the Olyutorsky Peninsula, and only 10 weeks later, having lost half of the explorers, they reached the lower reaches of the Anadyr. According to Dezhnev himself, six ships out of seven passed the Bering Strait, and five ships, including Popov's ship, died in the Bering Sea or in the Gulf of Anadyr during "bad weather". Dezhnev and his detachment, having overcome the Koryak Highlands, "cold and hungry, naked and barefoot" reached the coast of Anadyr. Of those who went in search of camps, only three returned; the Cossacks barely survived the harsh winter of 1648-49, building river boats before the ice drifted. In the summer, having climbed up to 600 km, Dezhnev founded a yasak winter hut, where in the spring the detachments of Semyon Motora and Stadukhin came. Led by Dezhnev, they tried to reach the Penzhina River, but, without a guide, they wandered in the mountains for three weeks. Difficult everyday life of explorers. In late autumn, Dezhnev sent people to the mouth of the Anadyr for food. But Stadukhin robbed and beat the procurers, and he himself went to Penzhina. The Dezhnevites lasted until spring, and in the summer and autumn they took up the food problem and reconnaissance of "sable places".

In the summer of 1652 they discovered a huge walrus rookery on the shallows of the Gulf of Anadyr, dotted with walrus tusks ("zamoral tooth"). Last years of life. In 1660, Dezhnev, with a load of "bone treasury", crossed by land to Kolyma, and from there by sea to the lower Lena. After wintering in Zhigansk, he reached Moscow through Yakutsk in the fall of 1664. Here a full payment was made with him: for service and fishing 289 pounds (slightly more than 4.6 tons) of walrus tusks in the amount of 17,340 rubles, Dezhnev received 126 rubles and the rank of Cossack chieftain. Appointed as a clerk, he continued to collect yasak on the Olenyok, Yana and Vilyuy rivers. During his second visit to Moscow in 1671, he delivered a sable treasury, but fell ill and died at the beginning. 1673. For 40 years in Siberia, Dezhnev participated in numerous battles and skirmishes, received at least 13 wounds. He was distinguished by reliability and honesty, endurance and peacefulness. Dezhnev was married twice, and both times to Yakuts, from whom he had three sons (one adopted). His name is given to: a cape, which is the extreme northeastern tip of Asia (named by Dezhnev Big Stone Nose), as well as an island, a bay, a peninsula, a village. In the center of Veliky Ustyug in 1972 a monument was erected to him.

Table "Russian travelers and discoverers" (pioneers)

Who: Semyon Dezhnev, Cossack chieftain, merchant, fur trader.

When: 1648

What opened: The first to pass was the Bering Strait, which separates Eurasia from North America. Thus, I found out that Eurasia and North America are two different continents, and that they do not merge.

Who: Thaddeus Bellingshausen, Russian admiral, navigator.

When: 1820.

What opened: Antarctica together with Mikhail Lazarev on the frigates Vostok and Mirny. Commanded the East. Before the expedition of Lazarev and Bellingshausen, nothing was known about the existence of this continent.

Also, the expedition of Bellingshausen and Lazarev finally dispelled the myth about the existence of the mythical "Southern Continent", which was erroneously marked on all medieval maps of Europe. Navigators, including the famous Captain James Cook, searched the Indian Ocean for more than three hundred and fifty years for this "Southern Continent" without any success, and, of course, found nothing.

Who: Kamchaty Ivan, Cossack and sable hunter.

When: 1650s.

What opened: peninsulas of Kamchatka, named after him.

Who: Semyon Chelyuskin, polar explorer, Russian Navy officer

When: 1742

What opened: the northernmost cape of Eurasia, named in his honor Cape Chelyuskin.

Who: Ermak Timofeevich, Cossack ataman in the service of the Russian Tsar. Ermak's last name is unknown. Possibly Tokmok.

When: 1581-1585

What opened: conquered and explored Siberia for the Russian state. To do this, he entered into a successful armed struggle with the Tatar khans in Siberia.

Ivan Kruzenshtern, officer of the Russian fleet, admiral

When: 1803-1806.

What opened: He was the first Russian navigator to travel around the world together with Yuri Lisyansky on the sloops Nadezhda and Neva. Commanded "Hope"

Who: Yuri Lisyansky, Russian Navy officer, captain

When: 1803-1806.

What opened: He was the first Russian navigator to circumnavigate the world together with Ivan Kruzenshtern on the sloops Nadezhda and Neva. Commanded the Neva.

Who: Petr Semenov-Tyan-Shansky

When: 1856-57

What opened: The first of the Europeans explored the Tien Shan mountains. He also later studied a number of areas in Central Asia. For the study of the mountain system and services to science, he received from the authorities of the Russian Empire the honorary name Tien-Shansky, which he had the right to pass on by inheritance.

Who: Vitus Bering

When: 1727-29

What opened: The second (after Semyon Dezhnev) and the first of the scientific researchers reached North America, passing through the Bering Strait, thereby confirming its existence. Confirmed that North America and Eurasia are two different continents.

Who: Khabarov Erofey, Cossack, fur trader

When: 1649-53

What opened: mastered part of Siberia and the Far East for the Russians, studied the lands near the Amur River.

Who: Mikhail Lazarev, Russian Navy officer.

When: 1820

What opened: Antarctica together with Thaddeus Bellingshausen on the frigates Vostok and Mirny. Commanded "Peace".

Development of Siberia and the Far East - 224 books

Before the expedition of Lazarev and Bellingshausen, nothing was known about the existence of this continent. Also, the Russian expedition finally dispelled the myth about the existence of the mythical "Southern Continent", which was marked on medieval European maps, and which navigators unsuccessfully searched for for four hundred years in a row.

Ivan Moskvitin was the first to reach the Sea of ​​Okhotsk

From Yakutsk in the 30s of the XVII century. the Russians moved in search of "new lands" not only south and north - up and down the Lena, but also directly east, partly under the influence of vague rumors that the Warm Sea stretches there, in the east. The shortest way through the mountains from Yakutsk to the Pacific Ocean came a group of Cossacks from the detachment of the Tomsk ataman Dmitry Epifanovich Kopylov. In 1637 he proceeded from Tomsk through Yakutsk to the east.

In the spring of 1638, his detachment descended along the Lena to the Aldan by the river route, already explored by explorers, and for five weeks on poles and tow line climbed this river - a hundred miles above the mouth of the Maya, the right tributary of the Aldan. Having stopped at Aldan, on July 28 Kopylov set up the Butal winter hut. From a shaman from the upper Aldan, through an interpreter Semyon Petrov, nicknamed Chistoy, taken from Yakutsk, he learned about the Chirkol or Shilkor river, which flows south, not far behind the ridge; there are many “sedentary”, that is, settled people living on this river, who are engaged in arable farming and animal husbandry. It was, of course, about R. Cupid. And in the late autumn of 1638, Kopylov sent a party of Cossacks to the upper reaches of the Aldan with the task of finding the Chirkol, but hunger forced them to return.

In May 1639, to reconnoiter the path to the "sea-ocean", Kopylov equipped, but with Even guides, another party - 30 people, led by the Tomsk Cossack Ivan Yuryevich Moskvitin. Among them was the Yakut Cossack Nehoroshko Ivanovich Kolobov, who, like Moskvitin, presented in January 1646 a "tale" about his service in the Moskvitin detachment - the most important documents on the discovery of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk; The interpreter S. Petrov Chistoy also went on a campaign.

For eight days Moskvitin descended the Aldan to the mouth of the Maya. After about 200 km of ascent along it, the Cossacks walked on a plank, mostly towed, sometimes on oars or poles - they passed the mouth of the river.

Are you sure you're human?

YudomafootnotefootnoteMoskvitin's recently found new unsubscribe "Painting of the rivers ..." lists all the major tributaries of the Mai, including the Yudoma; the last one mentions "... the river under the river Nyudma [Nyudymi] ... and from toe the rivers pass to the lama waters ...". In this way, in 1970, a party led by V. Turaev entered the Sea of ​​​​Okhotsk. and continued to move along May to the upper reaches.

After six weeks of travel, the guides pointed out the mouth of the small and shallow Nudymy River, which flows into the Maya on the left (near 138 ° 20 ′ E). Here, having abandoned the plank, probably because of its large draft, the Cossacks built two plows and in six days rose to the sources. A short and easy pass through the Dzhugdzhur ridge discovered by them, separating the rivers of the Lena system from the rivers flowing to the "Okiyan Sea", Moskvitin and his companions overcame in a day lightly, without plows. In the upper reaches of the river, which makes a big loop to the north, before “falling” into the Ulya (the basin of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk), they built a new plow and, in eight days, descended on it to the waterfalls, which the guides undoubtedly warned about. Here again the ship had to be abandoned; the Cossacks bypassed the dangerous area on the left bank and built a canoe, a transport boat that could accommodate 20-30 people.

Five days later, in August 1639, Moskvitin entered the Lamskoye Sea for the first time. All the way from the mouth of the Mai to the "sea-okiyana" through a completely still unknown region, the detachment traveled a little more than two months with stops. So the Russians in the extreme east of Asia reached the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean - the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bOkhotsk.

On the Ulya, where the Lamuts (Evens), related to the Evenks, lived, Moskvitin set up a winter hut. From local residents, he learned about a relatively densely populated river in the north and, without delaying until spring, sent a group of Cossacks (20 people) on the river "vessel" on October 1; three days later they reached this river, which was called the Okhota - this is how the Russians changed the Evenk word "akat", i.e. river. From there, the Cossacks went by sea further to the east, discovered the mouths of several small rivers, having examined more than 500 km of the northern coast of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bOkhotsk, and opened the Taui Bay. A trip on a fragile boat showed the need to build a sea koch. And in the winter of 1639-1640. at the mouth of the Ulya, Moskvitin built two ships - they began the history of the Russian Pacific Fleet.

From one prisoner - in the spring of 1640, the Russians had to repel an attack by a large group of Evens - Moskvitin learned about the existence of the "Mamur River" (Amur) in the south, at the mouth of which and on the islands live "sedentary revelers", i.e. Nivkhs. In late April - early May, Moskvitin went by sea to the south, taking with him a prisoner as a guide. They went along the entire western mountainous coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk to the Uda Bay, visited the mouth of the Uda and, bypassing the Shantar Islands from the south, penetrated into the Sakhalin Bay.

Thus, the Cossacks of Moskvitin discovered and got acquainted, of course, in the most general terms, with most of the mainland coast of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bOkhotsk, approximately from 53 ° N. latitude, 141° E up to 60 ° s. latitude, 150° east for 1700 km. The Muscovites have passed through the mouths of many rivers, and of these the Okhota is not the largest and not the most full-flowing. Nevertheless, the open and partially surveyed sea, which the first Russians called Lamsky, later received the name of Okhotsk, may be along the river. Hunting, but more likely along the Okhotsk prison, set near its mouth, since its port became in the 18th century. base for the most important sea expeditions.

At the mouth of the Uda, Moskvitin received additional information from local residents about the Amur River and its tributaries the Chie (Zeya) and Omuti (Amguni), about grassroots and island peoples - “seated Gilyaks” and “bearded Daur people”, who “live in courtyards, and they have bread, and horses, and cattle, and pigs, and chickens, and they smoke wine, and weave, and spin from all the customs from the Russian. In the same “tale”, Kolobov reports that not long before the Russians, bearded Daurs in plows came to the mouth of the Uda and killed about five hundred Gilyaks: “... and they beat them with deceit; they had women in plows in single-tree rowers in rowers, and they themselves, a hundred and eighty men, lay between those women and how they rowed to those gilyaks and left the courts, and those gilyaks were beaten ... "The Ud Evenks said that" from them the sea is not far from those bearded people. The Cossacks were at the site of the battle, they saw the ships abandoned there - “one-tree plows” - and burned them.

Somewhere on the western coast of the Sakhalin Bay, the guide disappeared, but the Cossacks went further "near the coast" to the islands of "sedentary Gilyaks" - it can be argued that Moskvitin saw small islands at the northern entrance to the Amur Estuary (Chkalova and Baidukov). as well as part of the northwestern coast of about. Sakhalin: “And the Gilyak land appeared, and the smoke turned out, and they [Russians] didn’t dare to go into it without reins ...”, not without reason believing that a handful of newcomers could not cope with the large population of this region. Moskvitin apparently managed to penetrate into the area of ​​the mouth of the Amur. Kolobov quite unequivocally reported that the Cossacks "... the Amur mouth ... saw through the cat [the spit on the seashore] ...". The Cossacks were running out of food, and hunger forced them to return. Autumn stormy weather prevented them from reaching the Hive.

In November, they began to winter in a small bay, at the mouth of the river. Aldomy (at 56° 45′ N). And in the spring of 1641, having crossed the Mt. Dzhugdzhur, Moskvitin went to one of the left tributaries of the Mai and in mid-July was already in Yakutsk with rich sable prey.

On the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, the people of Moskvitin lived "with a passage for two years." Kolobov reports that the rivers in the newly discovered region “are sable, there are many animals, and fish, and the fish are big, there is no such thing in Siberia ... there are so many of them, - just run a net and you can’t drag it out with fish ... ". The authorities in Yakutsk highly appreciated the merits of the participants in the campaign: Moskvitin was promoted to Pentecostalism, his companions received from two to five rubles of reward, and some of them received a piece of cloth. For the development of the Far Eastern Territory discovered by him, Moskvitin recommended sending at least 1,000 well-armed and equipped archers with ten guns. The geographic data collected by Moskvitin was used by K. Ivanov when compiling the first map of the Far East (March 1642).

Russian explorers: Ermak Timofeevich, Semyon Dezhnev, Erofey Khabarov and others

The ataman had about a dozen names and nicknames: Yermak, Ermil, German, Vasily, Timofey, Yeremey, and others. He is sometimes called Alenin Vasily Timofeevich. The name Ermak is considered an abbreviated form on behalf of Yermolai, and some recall that among the Cossacks, “Yermak” was called a cauldron in which they cooked porridge for everyone. There is no exact data on the place and date of Yermak's birth. It is known that for about twenty years he served on the southern border of Russia, led the detachments sent to the Wild Field to repel Tatar raids. He also participated in the Livonian War.

Ermak Timofeevich

The campaign and adventures of Yermak can be viewed in a broad historical context as part of the era of great geographical discoveries. In the XV-XVIII centuries. there was a development of the globe by such maritime powers as Spain, Portugal, Holland, England (which became Great Britain), France. The Muscovite state did not have not only any decent fleet, but also any reliable access to the sea. Russian people went to the East along the rivers, through mountains and forests. The Russian experience of developing vast, practically uninhabited expanses in many respects anticipated the colonization of North America by Europeans. Fearless Cossacks and service people came to the future oil and gas region twenty years before the first colonists set foot on the soil of Virginia in the territory of the modern United States.

In 1581, the Cossack chieftain Yermak went on a campaign with 1650 people, 300 squeakers and 3 cannons. The guns fired at 200-300 meters, squeaked at 100 meters. The rate of fire was low, it took 2-3 minutes to reload. Ermak's eager people had shotguns, Spanish arquebuses, bows and arrows, sabers, spears, axes, daggers. Yermak was equipped by merchants Stroganovs. Plows served as a means of transportation, accommodating up to 20 soldiers with stocks of weapons and food. Yermak's squad moved along the rivers Kama, Chusovaya, Serebryanka, beyond the Urals - along Tagil and Tura. Here the lands of the Siberian Khanate began and the first clashes with the Siberian Tatars took place. The Cossacks continued to move along the Tobol River. They occupied small towns, which they turned into rear bases.

Yermak was a skilled warrior and commander. The Tatars never succeeded in unexpectedly attacking a caravan. If the Tatars attacked, then at first the Cossacks beat down the onslaught with fire from the squeakers and inflicted significant damage on the enemy.

Then they immediately went on the offensive, into hand-to-hand combat, which the Tatars were afraid of. In September 1582, a detachment of Yermak at the Chuvash Cape defeated the ten thousandth army of Prince Mametkul. The Tatar cavalry crashed against the all-round defense of the Cossacks, and Mametkul himself was wounded. The Khan's army began to scatter. Voguls and Ostyaks left. In October 1582, Khan Kuchum left his capital - the city of Isker (or Kashlyk, 17 kilometers from modern Tobolsk), as well as other settlements and territories along the Ob and Irtysh.

The Cossacks did not have overwhelming military-technical superiority over the Tatars, as, for example, the white Americans over the Indians. But the group was well organized. Five regiments with Yesauls were divided into hundreds, fifty and tens with their commanders. Yermak's closest associates, Ivan Koltso and Ivan Groza, were recognized governors, and the Cossacks were disciplined, skillful, seasoned fighters. The poorly organized natives were opposed by military professionals, one might say, part of the special forces (special forces). So in 1583, the Cossack Ermak Timofeevich obtained Western Siberia for the Russian Tsar. He consistently subordinated the local tsars to Moscow, trying not to offend them, as Kuchum allowed himself. The Siberian Khanate ceased to exist. Yermak himself died in battle two years later, in 1585. 13 years after the death of Yermak, the tsarist governors finally defeated Kuchum.

Both Yermak's campaigns cost the Stroganovs about 20,000 rubles. Warriors on the campaign were content with breadcrumbs, oatmeal with a small amount of salt, as well as what they could get in the surrounding forests and rivers. The annexation of Siberia cost nothing to the Russian government. Ivan IV graciously accepted the embassy of Yermak, who laid at his feet hundreds of thousands of square kilometers of the richest lands. The tsar ordered reinforcements to be sent to Yermak, but after his death, the Siberian expedition was forgotten. The Cossacks held their own for a long time. Behind them moved the peasants, trappers, service people. The first Romanov to visit Siberia was Tsarevich Alexander Nikolaevich, the future Emperor Alexander II. But the Russian tsars had a place for hard labor and exile - "where Makar did not drive calves."

Information about the parents, place of birth (possibly Veliky Ustyug), childhood and youth of Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev is speculative. He arrived at Lena in 1638. Dezhnev was in the public service, collecting yasak from the local native population. In 1641 he was sent to the Oymyakon River, a tributary of the Indigirka. By 1643, the Cossacks reached the Kolyma, laid the Lower Kolyma winter hut.

The campaign from the mouth of the Kolyma River along the Great "sea-ocean" began on June 20, 1648. In early September, Dezhnev's ships reached Bolshoy Kamenny Nose, the easternmost cape of the Asian continent. Turning south, they ended up in the Bering Sea. The storm scattered the ships. Dezhnev, with two dozen brave men, built a winter hut at the mouth of the Anadyr River. Dezhnev returned from Anadyr to Yakutsk only in 1662. For the walrus ivory that he brought, the treasury was not immediately able to pay him off. In 1664, in Moscow, he received a salary for many years, the rank of Cossack chieftain, and a large sum for delivered walrus tusks. Subsequently, Semyon Dezhnev continued his service, carried out responsible assignments and died in Moscow in 1673 at the age of about 70 years.

In 1638, Vasily Danilovich Poyarkov was sent from Moscow to Siberia to build a prison on the Lena River (the exact date of birth is unknown, he died no earlier than 1668). In 1643-1644. he led an expedition that left Yakutsk for the Amur region. Poyarkov with his detachment climbed up the Lena and through the watershed entered the Amur River basin. The explorers descended along the Amur to the mouth. Then the expedition reached the mouth of the Ulya River by the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and returned to Yakutsk. Poyarkov made the first complete description of the Amur region, which added to the Russian possessions in the Far East.

Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov, nicknamed Svyatitsky (c. 1610 - after 1667), was a native of Solvychegodsk. First he settled on the Lena River. With a detachment of only 70 people in the autumn of 1649.

"Development of Siberia and the Far East"

walked along the Olekma, Tugiru and dragged out to the Amur. Khabarov made a "Drawing of the Amur River". He made several more trips to the Daurian land, converting local Gilyaks into Russian citizenship and collecting “soft junk” - local furs. Khabarov's successes were noticed, he was made into the children of the boyars. He did not return from another trip. The place and time of his death are not exactly known.

In honor of the explorer, the city of Khabarovsk is named at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri, as well as the taiga station Erofei Pavlovich.

The conqueror of Kamchatka Vladimir Vasilievich Atlasov (c. 1661/64-1711) began his life as a Ustyug peasant. In search of a better life, fleeing poverty, he moved to Siberia, where he became a Yakut Cossack. Atlasov rose to the rank of Pentecostal and was appointed (1695) clerk of the Anadyr prison.

After reconnaissance conducted by the Cossack Luka Morozko, in the spring of 1667, Atlasov, with a hundred people, made a trip to the Kamchatka Peninsula. He took four Koryak prisons, put a cross on the Kanuch River, and laid a prison on the Kamchatka River. In 1706 he returned to Yakutsk, after which he visited Moscow. Then he was sent as a clerk to Kamchatka with servicemen and two guns. He was given significant powers, up to the ability to execute foreigners for non-payment of yasak and disobedience, as well as the right to punish his subordinates "not only with batogs, but also with a whip." It is worth mentioning here that the punishment with a whip was often a disguised death penalty, since people died either during the execution or after it from wounds, loss of blood, etc.

The received power to the former peasant turned his head, he imagined himself a local king. Arbitrariness, severe punishments, the pioneer turned against himself both the local population and his subordinates. He barely managed to escape to Nizhne-Kamchatsk. Here he was either stabbed to death or died suddenly. “There is nothing to build from yourself as a conquistador,” local residents could say to Atlasov.

The development of Siberia and the Far East by the Anglo-Saxons

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Atlasov (Otlasov) Vladimir Vasilievich(c. 1663-1711) - comes from Ustyug peasants who settled in Siberia. Since 1682 - in the sovereign service (Cossack). Until 1689 he was a tax collector in the basins of the rivers Aldan, Uda, Tugir, Amgun, until 1694 - along the rivers Indigirka, Kolyma, Anadyr. In 1694, from a campaign along the eastern coast of Chukotka, he brought the first information about the northeast of Russia and Alaska. In 1695-1697 he served in Anadyr. In 1697 he undertook an expedition to Kamchatka, during which he collected valuable information about the local population, flora and fauna. The expedition marked the beginning of the accession of Kamchatka to Russia.

Dezhnev Semyon Ivanovich(c. 1605-1673) - explorer, Cossack chieftain. He began his service in Tobolsk as an ordinary Cossack. In 1638, he was sent as part of the detachment of P.I. Beketov to the Yakut prison. He was a member of the first campaigns in the extreme Asian North. Later he served on the Kolyma River. In July 1647, he made an attempt to go to the Anadyr River by sea, but met with large ice and returned. In 1648, he undertook a voyage along the coast of Chukotka, opening a strait between Asia and America. He made a drawing of the Anadyr River and part of the Anyui River. The author of interesting descriptions of travels in the extreme northeast.

Popov Fedot Alekseevich- Russian explorer, originally from Kholmogor. Together with S. Dezhnev in 1648 he sailed by sea from the mouth of the Kolyma River to the mouth of the Anadyr River, opening the strait between Asia and America.

Poyarkov Vasily Danilovich- Russian explorer. Written head (lowest service rank). In 1643-1646. led the expedition, which for the first time penetrated the Amur River basin and reached its mouth. The first of the Russian explorers made a voyage in the Pacific Ocean.

Stadukhin Mikhail Vasilievich- Russian explorer. Yenisei Cossack, later Yakut Cossack chieftain. The organizer of a trip to the Oymyakon rivers in 1641-1642, Anadyr and others. In 1649, during an overland expedition in the Russian north-east, by the most difficult route through the Stanovoy Range, he reached the Anadyr prison, where he met S. Dezhnev. Then he went to the rivers Penzhina and Gizhiga and went to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

Khabarov Erofey Pavlovich (Svyatitsky)(c. 1610 - after 1667) - an outstanding Russian explorer.

Travelers who studied Siberia and the Far East.

In 1649-1653. undertook a number of expeditions in the Amur region. Compiled the first "Drawing of the Amur River".

The development of Russia urgently required the study of all the Asian outskirts, especially Siberia. A quick acquaintance with the natural wealth and population of Siberia could only be carried out with the help of large geological and geographical expeditions. Siberian merchants and industrialists, interested in studying the natural resources of the region, financially supported such expeditions. The Siberian Department of the Russian Geographical Society, organized in 1851 in Irkutsk, using the funds of commercial and industrial companies, equipped expeditions to the basin of the river. Amur, on about. Sakhalin and the gold-bearing regions of Siberia. They were attended for the most part by enthusiasts from various strata of the intelligentsia: mining engineers and geologists, gymnasium teachers and university professors, army and navy officers, doctors and political exiles. Scientific leadership was carried out by the Russian Geographical Society.

In 1849-1852. The Trans-Baikal Territory was explored by an expedition consisting of astronomer L.E. Schwartz, mining engineers N.G. Meglitsky and M.I. Kovanko. Even then, Meglitsky and Kovanko pointed to the existence of gold and coal deposits in the basin of the river. Aldana.

The real geographical discovery was the results of the expedition to the basin of the river. Vilyui, organized by the Russian Geographical Society in 1853-1854. The expedition was headed by the natural science teacher of the Irkutsk gymnasium R. Maak. The expedition also included topographer A.K. Zondhagen and ornithologist A.P. Pavlovsky. In the difficult conditions of the taiga, with complete impassibility, the expedition of Maak examined the vast territory of the Vilyui basin and part of the basin of the river. Olenek. As a result of the research, a three-volume work by R. Maak "Vilyuisky District of the Yakutsk Region" (parts 1-3. St. Petersburg, 1883-1887) appeared, in which the nature, population and economy of a large and interesting area of ​​the Yakutsk Region are described with exceptional completeness.

After the completion of this expedition, the Russian Geographical Society organized the Siberian Expedition (1855-1858) as part of two parties. The mathematical party led by Schwartz was to determine astronomical points and form the basis of the geographical map of Eastern Siberia. This task has been successfully completed. The botanist K.I. Maksimovich, zoologists L.I. Shrenk and G.I. Radde. The reports of Radde, who studied the fauna of the vicinity of Lake Baikal, the steppe Dauria and the Chokondo mountain group, were published in German in two volumes in 1862 and 1863.

Another complex expedition - the Amur one - was headed by Maak, who published two works: "Journey to the Amur, made by order of the Siberian Department of the Russian Geographical Society in 1855." (St. Petersburg, 1859) and "Journey through the valley of the Ussuri River", vol. 1-2 (St. Petersburg, 1861). Maak's work contained much valuable information about the basins of these Far Eastern rivers.

The most striking pages in the study of the geography of Siberia were written by the remarkable Russian traveler and geographer P.A. Kropotkin. The journey of Kropotkin and the natural science teacher I.S. Polyakov to the Leno-Vitim gold-bearing region (1866). Their main task was to find ways to drive cattle from the city of Chita to the mines located along the Vitim and Olekma rivers. The journey started on the banks of the river. Lena, ended in Chita. The expedition overcame the ridges of the Olekmo-Charsky highlands: the North-Chuysky, South-Chuysky, Okrainny and a number of hills of the Vitim plateau, including the Yablonovy ridge. The scientific report on this expedition, published in 1873 in the Notes of the Russian Geographical Society (vol. 3), was a new word in the geography of Siberia. Vivid descriptions of nature were accompanied in it by theoretical generalizations. In this regard, Kropotkin's "General Sketch of the Orography of Eastern Siberia" (1875) is interesting, summing up the results of the then study of Eastern Siberia. The scheme of the orography of East Asia compiled by him differed significantly from Humboldt's scheme. The Schwartz map served as the topographic basis for it. Kropotkin was the first geographer to pay serious attention to the traces of the ancient glaciation of Siberia. The famous geologist and geographer V.A. Obruchev considered Kropotkin one of the founders of geomorphology in Russia. Kropotkin's companion, the zoologist Polyakov, compiled an ecological and zoogeographic description of the path traveled.

Member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Schrenk in 1854-1856. led the expedition of the Academy of Sciences to the Amur and Sakhalin. The range of scientific problems covered by Schrenk was very wide. The results of his research were published in the four-volume work "Travel and Research in the Amur Territory" (1859-1877).

In 1867-1869. studied the Ussuri region Przhevalsky. He was the first to note an interesting and unique combination of northern and southern forms of fauna and flora in the Ussuri taiga, showed the originality of the nature of the region with its harsh winters and wet summers.

The largest geographer and botanist (in 1936-1945, President of the Academy of Sciences) VL Komarov began researching the nature of the Far East in 1895 and retained interest in this region until the end of his life. In his three-volume work "Flora Manschuriae" (St.-P., 1901-1907), Komarov substantiated the allocation of a special "Manchurian" floristic region. He also owns the classic works "Flora of the Kamchatka Peninsula", vol. 1-3 (1927-1930) and "Introduction to the floras of China and Mongolia" vol. 1, 2 (St. Petersburg, 1908).

Living pictures of the nature and population of the Far East were described in his books by the famous traveler V.K. Arseniev. From 1902 to 1910, he studied the hydrographic network of the Sikhote-Alin ridge, gave a detailed description of the relief of Primorye and the Ussuri Territory, and brilliantly described their population. Arseniev's books "On the Ussuri Taiga", "Dersu Uzala" and others are read with unflagging interest.

A.L. Chekanovsky, I.D. Chersky and B.I. Dybovsky, exiled to Siberia after the Polish uprising of 1863, made a significant contribution to the study of Siberia. Chekanovsky studied the geology of the Irkutsk province. His report on these studies was awarded a small gold medal of the Russian Geographical Society. But the main merit of Chekanovsky lies in the study of previously unknown territories between the rivers Lower Tunguska and Lena. He discovered a trap plateau there, described the river. Olenek and compiled a map of the northwestern part of the Yakutsk region. The geologist and geographer Chersky owns the first summary of theoretical views on the origin of the lake depression. Baikal (he expressed his own hypothesis about its origin). Chersky came to the conclusion that the oldest part of Siberia is located here, which has not been flooded by the sea since the beginning of the Paleozoic. This conclusion was used by E. Suess for the hypothesis of the "ancient crown of Asia". Deep thoughts were expressed by Chersky about the erosive transformation of the relief, about leveling it, smoothing out sharp forms. In 1891, already being terminally ill, Chersky began his last great journey to the basin of the river. Kolyma. On the way from Yakutsk to Verkhnekolymsk, he discovered a huge mountain range, consisting of a series of chains, with heights up to 1 thousand meters (later this range was named after him). In the summer of 1892, during a trip, Chersky died, leaving the completed “Preliminary Report on Research in the Field of the Kolyma, Indigirka and Yana Rivers”. B.I. Dybovsky with his friend V. Godlevsky investigated and described the peculiar fauna of Baikal. They also measured the depth of this unique reservoir.