European space program. Abstract: European Space Agency ESA. "European Space Agency - ESA"

European Space Agency(English) European Space Agency , ESA) - international organization, created in 1975 for the purpose of space exploration.

ESA consists of 18 permanent members:

▪ Austria

▪ Belgium

▪ UK

▪ Germany

▪ Ireland

▪ Spain

▪ Italy

▪ Netherlands

▪ Norway

▪ Portugal

▪ Finland

▪ France

▪ Switzerland

▪ Sweden

Canada and Hungary are also involved in some projects. Romania signed an Accession Treaty with ESA on 20 January 2011 and will soon become the 19th Member State.

ESA was created on the basis of and to replace the first two European space consortia of the 1960s and early 1970s: ESRO for the creation of satellites and ELDO for the creation of Europa launch vehicles.

European Space Agency (ESA)- This is Europe's gateway to space. Its mission is to shape the development of Europe's space capabilities and ensure that investments in space continue to benefit the citizens of Europe and the world.

By coordinating the financial and intellectual resources of its members, ESA can carry out programs and activities far beyond the boundaries of any single European country.

ESA's job is to develop the European space program and implement it. ESA programs are designed to learn more about the Earth, its immediate space environment, solar system and the Universe, as well as develop satellite technologies and services, and promote European industry. ESA also works closely with space organizations outside Europe.

2. ESA goals

The objectives of ESA are to ensure and promote, exclusively for peaceful purposes, cooperation between European states in the field of space research and technologies, with a view to using them for scientific purposes and for the operational use of space technology in space exploration:

· through the development and implementation of a long-term European space policy, recommend space goals to Member States, and concerning policies of Member States in relation to other national and international organizations and institutions;

· through the development and implementation of activities and programs in the space field;

· by coordinating the European space program and national programs, and by integrating the latter gradually and as fully as possible into the European space program, in particular regarding the development of satellite applications;

· by developing and implementing industrial policy, its corresponding programs and recommending a coherent industrial policy to the Member States.

3. ESA organization

ESA's headquarters are in Paris, where ESA's policies and programs are developed. ESA also has subordinate agencies in a number of European countries, each with different responsibilities:

· EAC, European Astronaut Center in Cologne, Germany;

ESAC, European Center Astronomy and Space, Villanueva de la Canada, Madrid, Spain;

ESOC, European Center space operations, Darmstadt, Germany;

· ESRIN, ESA Earth Observation Centre, Frascati, near Rome, Italy;

· ESTEC, European Space Technology Research Centre, Noordwijk, Netherlands.

New center ESA opened in the UK, in Harwell, Oxfordshire. ESA also has liaison offices in Belgium, the USA and Russia. For launches created spacecraft used by the Kourou spaceport in French Guiana, and ground tracking stations in various parts of the world.

4. Staff

There are approximately 2,200 staff working at ESA, from all member states and include scientists, engineers, information technology and administrative staff.

5. SOURCES OF CASH ESA

ESA's mandatory activities (space science and general budget programs) are financed by financial contributions from member states of all agencies, calculated according to each country's gross national product. In addition, ESA is conducting a number of additional programs. Each member state decides which additional programs they would like to participate in and the amount they want to contribute.

6. ESA budget

The European Space Agency's budget for 2011 is €3994 million. ESA operates on a geographic return basis, i.e. invested by each Member State, through industrial contracts for space programs, the amount of contribution is determined by each country independently.

How much does each country spend on ESA?

Investments from GDP per capita of each country in space exploration are very small. On average, each citizen of an ESA member state pays taxes on spending on space, about the same as the price of a movie ticket (in the US, investment in civil space activities almost four times more).

7. CONTROL ESA

The advice is governing body European Space Agency and ensures the implementation of the basic principles of the policy within which ESA's European space programs are developed. Each member state has a representative on the Council and has one vote, regardless of its size or financial contribution.

ESA is headed by a Director General, who is elected by the Council every four years. Each research sector has its own management and reports directly to the Director General. Real CEO ESA Jean-Jacques Dordain.

8. ESA projects

· Hermes - reusable winged manned spaceship(canceled project 1987-1993)

· Ariane - family of launch vehicles

· Spacelab - a module for astronauts that cannot be separated during the flight of the US Space Shuttle.

· Columbus - initially a separate project orbital station, implemented as an ISS module

ATM - automatic cargo Ship

Giotto - AMS to Halley's Comet

· Huygens - lander for Titan (a moon of Saturn)

· AMS "Cassini" (together with NASA)

· Smart-1 - AMS to the Moon

· Rosetta - AMS to the comet

· Mars Express - AMS to Mars

· Venus Express - AMS to Venus

· Bepicolombo - joint AMS with JAXA to Mercury

· YES and YES2 - companions of young engineers

MetOp - meteorological satellites

· Vega - launch vehicle (developed by 2009)

· Soyuz-ST - a launch vehicle ordered in Russia for launches from Kourou (developed by 2009)

Gaia- space telescope(developed by 2011)

· Darwin - space infrared telescope (developed by 2015)

· CSTS - partially reusable wingless manned spacecraft (developed by 2018)

9. ESA programs.

ESA has organized and is organizing fundamental space research programs (Cosmic Vision - 2015-2025 Space Research Institute, May 29, 2007):

o Horizon 2000 plus

Bibliography

1. Statistics: A textbook in ten parts: Part 8: International statistics / Ed. ed. Sidenko A.V. – M.: MAKS Press, 2009. – 228 p.

2. Fundamentals of international statistics. Textbook. Under general ed. Yu.N. Ivanova. – M.: Infra-M, 2009. – 621 p.

3. ESA official website http://www.esa.int/esaCP/index.html

2019-08-15. Roscosmos responded to the results of testing the parachute system of the ExoMars-2020 spacecraft.
While work on the second mission of the ExoMars project, which includes a European Mars rover and a Russian landing platform for scientific research are moving forward with a planned launch next year, project group ExoMars, among other things, continues to develop the parachute design, taking into account the results of high-altitude drop tests carried out unsuccessfully last week.
Work on the European Mars rover Rosalind Franklin and the Russian landing platform Kazachok is nearing completion. They will be installed inside the landing module and delivered to Mars by the transfer module after launch using the Russian Proton-M launch vehicle and accelerating block"Breeze-M" from the Baikonur Cosmodrome.
To reduce speed before landing, the landing module requires two parachutes - each of which is equipped with an additional pilot chute. After the parachutes separate, the speed must be reduced enough to safely deliver the landing platform and rover to the surface of Mars using the deceleration engine. The entire sequence from re-entry to landing takes six minutes.
As part of the planned pre-launch tests, several tests of the parachute system are planned at the Esrange test site of the Swedish Space Corporation. The first test took place last year and demonstrated the successful deployment and inflation sequence of a large main parachute as part of a low-altitude drop test involving a 1.2 km drop from a helicopter. With a diameter of 35 m, the parachute is the largest parachute ever used to land a spacecraft on Mars.
On May 28, 2019, the deployment sequence of all four parachutes was tested for the first time as part of a test involving a drop from an altitude of 29 km using a helium stratospheric balloon. The deployment mechanisms worked correctly and the overall deployment sequence was completed, but the canopies of both main parachutes were damaged. Based on the results of the equipment inspection, structural modifications to the parachutes and parachute bags were implemented in preparation for the next high-altitude throwing tests conducted on August 5, 2019, the purpose of which this time was to test a large parachute with a diameter of 35 m.
The results of the preliminary assessment allow us to conclude that the first stages were carried out correctly, however, before filling, damage to the dome was noted, similar to the damage observed during previous tests. As a result, the test module descended only with a pilot chute.
All equipment has been discovered, all video recordings and telemetry data have been received - specialists are analyzing the information received. As a result of the analysis, the main cause of the anomaly should be identified and a plan should be outlined. further actions regarding further improvements to the parachute system that may be required before subsequent tests are carried out. The next high-altitude drop test of the main parachute is already planned by ESA at the end of this year. There will then be another attempt to qualify a second main parachute in early 2020.
At the same time, experts are considering the possibility of manufacturing additional models of parachutes for testing and conducting ground modeling of the dynamics of parachute exit from the bag, taking into account limited opportunities conducting full-scale high-altitude drop tests. Additionally, in addition to regular ESA and NASA expert meetings, a Mars parachute systems specialist workshop will be held next month to share information.
The launch of the ExoMars 2020 mission is planned within the “astronomical window” of July 26 - August 13, 2020, with arrival at Mars in March 2021. After leaving the landing platform, the Rosalind Franklin rover will begin exploring the surface of Mars, searching for geologically interesting objects and drilling into the subsurface layer in order to search for traces of the existence of life on a neighboring planet at some point in time. The landing platform, on which the scientific equipment complex (KNA-EM) will be installed, consisting of 13 instruments, two of which are provided by ESA, will begin scientific research external environment And internal structure Mars for one Martian year.
Work on the rover at Airbus Defense and Space (Stevenage, UK) is nearing completion, and environmental testing at Airbus (Toulouse, France) is scheduled to begin soon. It will start at the same time The final stage testing a flight model of a flight module with a landing module and a landing platform at Thales Alenia Space (Cannes, France). The rover will be installed on the spacecraft in early 2020. 2019-08-15. Roscosmos responded to the results of testing the parachute system of the ExoMars-2020 spacecraft.
As work on the second ExoMars mission, which includes a European Mars rover and a Russian scientific landing platform, moves forward toward a planned launch next year, the ExoMars project team, among other things, continues to refine the parachute design, taking into account the results of high-altitude drops. tests carried out unsuccessfully last week.
Work on the European Mars rover Rosalind Franklin and the Russian landing platform Kazachok is nearing completion. They will be installed inside the landing module and delivered to Mars by the transfer module after launch using the Russian Proton-M launch vehicle and the Briz-M upper stage from the Baikonur Cosmodrome.
To reduce speed before landing, the landing module requires two parachutes - each of which is equipped with an additional pilot chute. After the parachutes separate, the speed must be reduced enough to safely deliver the landing platform and rover to the surface of Mars using the deceleration engine. The entire sequence from re-entry to landing takes six minutes.
As part of the planned pre-launch tests, several tests of the parachute system are planned at the Esrange test site of the Swedish Space Corporation. The first test took place last year and demonstrated the successful deployment and inflation sequence of a large main parachute as part of a low-altitude drop test involving a 1.2 km drop from a helicopter. With a diameter of 35 m, the parachute is the largest parachute ever used to land a spacecraft on Mars.
On May 28, 2019, the deployment sequence of all four parachutes was tested for the first time as part of a test involving a drop from an altitude of 29 km using a helium stratospheric balloon. The deployment mechanisms worked correctly and the overall deployment sequence was completed, but the canopies of both main parachutes were damaged. Based on the results of the equipment inspection, structural modifications to the parachutes and parachute bags were implemented in preparation for the next high-altitude throwing tests conducted on August 5, 2019, the purpose of which this time was to test a large parachute with a diameter of 35 m.
The results of the preliminary assessment allow us to conclude that the first stages were carried out correctly, however, before filling, damage to the dome was noted, similar to the damage observed during previous tests. As a result, the test module descended only with a pilot chute.
All equipment has been discovered, all video recordings and telemetry data have been received - specialists are analyzing the information received. As a result of the analysis, the main cause of the anomaly should be identified and a plan for further action should be outlined regarding further improvements to the parachute system that may be required before subsequent tests are carried out. The next high-altitude drop test of the main parachute is already planned by ESA at the end of this year. There will then be another attempt to qualify a second main parachute in early 2020.
In parallel, experts are considering the possibility of manufacturing additional models of parachutes for testing and conducting ground-based modeling of the dynamics of parachute exit from the bag, taking into account the limited capabilities of conducting full-scale high-altitude throwing tests. Additionally, in addition to regular ESA and NASA expert meetings, a Mars parachute systems specialist workshop will be held next month to share information.
The launch of the ExoMars 2020 mission is planned within the “astronomical window” of July 26 - August 13, 2020, with arrival at Mars in March 2021. After leaving the landing platform, the Rosalind Franklin rover will begin exploring the surface of Mars, searching for geologically interesting objects and drilling into the subsurface layer in order to search for traces of the existence of life on a neighboring planet at some point in time. The landing platform, on which the scientific equipment complex (KNA-EM) will be installed, consisting of 13 instruments, two of which are provided by ESA, will begin conducting scientific studies of the external environment and internal structure of Mars within one Martian year.
Work on the rover at Airbus Defense and Space (Stevenage, UK) is nearing completion, and environmental testing at Airbus (Toulouse, France) is scheduled to begin soon. At the same time, the final stage of testing a flight model of a flight module with a landing module and a landing platform will begin at Thales Alenia Space (Cannes, France). The rover will be installed on the spacecraft in early 2020.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution of higher professional education

"Russian Economic Academy named after. G.V. Plekhanov"

Department of Statistics

Faculty of International Economic Relations

ABSTRACT

BY DISCIPLINE

"INTERNATIONAL STATISTICS"

"European Space Agency - ESA"

PERFORMED:

3rd year student of group 838

NGUYEN Cha Mi

SUPERVISOR:

Doctor of Economics, Professor

SIDENKO Anatoly Viktorovich

1. ESA .

European Space Agency(English) European Space Agency , ESA listen)) is an international organization created in 1975 for the purpose of space exploration.

ESA consists of 18 permanent members:

▪ Austria

▪ Belgium

▪ UK

▪ Germany

▪ Ireland

▪ Spain

▪ Italy

▪ Netherlands

▪ Norway

▪ Portugal

▪ Finland

▪ France

▪ Switzerland

▪ Sweden

Canada and Hungary are also involved in some projects. Romania signed an Accession Treaty with ESA on 20 January 2011 and will soon become the 19th Member State.

By coordinating the financial and intellectual resources of its members, ESA can carry out programs and activities far beyond the boundaries of any single European country.

ESA's job is to develop the European space program and implement it. ESA's programs are designed to learn more about the Earth, its immediate space environment, the solar system and the universe, as well as develop satellite technologies and services, and promote European industry. ESA also works closely with space organizations outside Europe.

2. ESA goals

The objectives of ESA are to ensure and promote, exclusively for peaceful purposes, cooperation between European states in the field of space research and technology, with a view to their use for scientific purposes and for the operational application of space technology in space exploration:

· through the development and implementation of activities and programs in the space field;

· by developing and implementing industrial policy, its corresponding programs and recommending a coherent industrial policy to the Member States.

3. ESA organization

ESA's headquarters are in Paris, where ESA's policies and programs are developed. ESA also has subordinate agencies in a number of European countries, each with different responsibilities:

· EAC, European Astronaut Center in Cologne, Germany;

· ESAC, European Astronomy and Space Centre, Villanueva de la Canada, Madrid, Spain;

· ESOC, European Space Operations Center, Darmstadt, Germany;

· ESRIN, ESA Earth Observation Centre, Frascati, near Rome, Italy;

· ESTEC, European Space Technology Research Centre, Noordwijk, Netherlands.

A new ESA center has opened in the UK, in Harwell, Oxfordshire. ESA also has liaison offices in Belgium, the USA and Russia. The Kourou spaceport in French Guiana and ground tracking stations in various parts of the world are used to launch spacecraft being created.

4. Staff

There are approximately 2,200 staff working at ESA, from all member states and include scientists, engineers, information technology specialists and administrative staff.

5. SOURCES OF CASH ESA

ESA's mandatory activities (space science and general budget programs) are financed by financial contributions from member states of all agencies, calculated according to each country's gross national product. In addition, ESA conducts a number of additional programs. Each member state decides which additional programs they would like to participate in and the amount they want to contribute.

6. ESA budget

The European Space Agency's budget for 2011 is €3994 million. ESA operates on a geographic return basis, i.e. invested by each member state, through industrial contracts for space programs, the amount of contribution is determined by each country independently.

How much does each country spend on ESA?

Investments from GDP per capita of each country in space exploration are very small. On average, each citizen of an ESA member state pays taxes on space expenses that are roughly the same as the price of a movie ticket (in the US, investment in civil space activities is almost four times as much).

7. CONTROL ESA

The Council is the governing body of the European Space Agency and ensures the implementation of the basic principles of the policy within which ESA's European space programs develop. Each member state has a representative on the Council and has one vote, regardless of its size or financial contribution.

ESA is headed by a Director General, who is elected by the Council every four years. Each research sector has its own management and reports directly to the Director General. The current Director General of ESA is Jean-Jacques Dordain.

8. ESA projects

· Hermes - reusable winged manned spacecraft (canceled project 1987-1993)

· Ariane - family of launch vehicles

· Spacelab - a module for astronauts that cannot be separated during the flight of the US Space Shuttle.

· Columbus - initially a project of a separate orbital station, implemented in the form of an ISS module

ATM - automatic cargo ship

Giotto - AMS to Halley's Comet

· Huygens - lander for Titan (a moon of Saturn)

· AMS "Cassini" (together with NASA)

· Smart-1 - AMS to the Moon

· Rosetta - AMS to the comet

· Mars Express - AMS to Mars

· Venus Express - AMS to Venus

· Bepicolombo - joint AMS with JAXA to Mercury

· YES and YES2 - companions of young engineers

MetOp - meteorological satellites

· Vega - launch vehicle (developed by 2009)

· Soyuz-ST - a launch vehicle ordered in Russia for launches from Kourou (developed by 2009)

· Gaia - space telescope (developed by 2011)

· Darwin - space infrared telescope (developed by 2015)

· CSTS - partially reusable wingless manned spacecraft (developed by 2018)

9. ESA programs.

ESA has organized and is organizing fundamental space research programs (Cosmic Vision - 2015-2025 Space Research Institute, May 29, 2007):

o Horizon 2000 plus

Bibliography

1. Statistics: A textbook in ten parts: Part 8: International statistics / Ed. ed. Sidenko A.V. – M.: MAKS Press, 2009. – 228 p.

2. Fundamentals of international statistics. Textbook. Under general ed. Yu.N. Ivanova. – M.: Infra-M, 2009. – 621 p.

3. ESA official website http://www.esa.int/esaCP/index.html

The European Space Agency - also known as ESA, also known as ESA - is an international organization created in 1975 for the purpose of space exploration. ESA has 22 permanent members, with Canada also participating in some projects. It mainly conducts unmanned launches of space exploration vehicles and plans to establish a “village on the Moon,” according to current director Johann Dietrich-Werner. Among the most famous ESA devices are the Hubble Space Telescope, the Ariane family of rockets, the Huygens, Rosetta, Cassini, Galileo probes and others.

Almost all space equipment costs millions of dollars, and at the same time is disposable - that is why companies and SpaceX seriously took up the creation of reusable rockets, and made them a reality. The efforts of the European Space Agency ESA are also directed in the same direction, general outline outlined a reusable capsule that can deliver to low-Earth orbit different types cargo, return safely to Earth and be reused.

Experts have developed new model small CubeSats capable of independently changing their orbit using butane engines installed on their bodies. The first such satellites - GomX-4B and GomX-4A - will be launched in early February 2018.

European space program. Abstract: European Space Agency ESA. "European Space Agency - ESA"

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