Ecological significance coefficient. Payments for negative impact on the environment Without a mining allotment, development is carried out...
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Ke - the coefficient of the ecological situation and ecological significance for a given territory, will be taken equal to 1.7;
σ - pollution hazard indicator, taking into account the type of polluted area, will be taken equal to 0.6.
Mon = 27550 × 1.085 × 1.7 × 0.6 × 0.000252 = 7.68 rub.
Table 21
Cleaning efficiency
.2 Determination of the conditional economic effect as a result of the implementation of treatment facilities
Taking into account the average treatment efficiency by type of pollutants of 99.9%, the conditional payment for pollution before the implementation of treatment facilities would be 230,493.58 rubles.
Then the conditional savings will be:
Eu = P’year - Pyear = 230501.26 - 7.68 = 230493.58 rub.
Considering the frequency of discharges, the conditional effect may be reduced.
.3 Determination of the conditional payback period for initial capital investments
Current = K /Ey+ Ezp,
where K is the initial capital investment;
Ezp - economic benefit when reducing the work shift, rub.
Ezp = Z”osn - Zosn
Ezp = 1150503.9 - 656853.6 = 493650.3 rub.
Current = 738000/ 493650.3 + 230493.58 = 1.019 years.
For environmental projects, this payback period can be considered acceptable.
7.4.4 Determination of environmental and economic effect
The environmental and economic effect of the project under consideration can be defined as the ratio of savings on payments for environmental pollution to the given costs.
Ee-ek = 421247/660008 = 0.63
that is, 1 ruble of investment in capital investments for 1 year and in the operation of the system allows you to get 0.41 rubles in savings in environmental pollution fees.
Conclusion
The proposed device for treating wastewater containing petroleum products is cost-effective, since its installation allows one to obtain a conditional annual economic effect in the amount of 650,027.8 rubles with a conditional payback period of the initial investment of 13 months, which is considered acceptable for environmental projects.
The amount of initial capital investments required to implement the project will be 738,000 rubles.
The operating costs of the installation per year will amount to 1,970,743.2 rubles, which is significantly less than the operating costs of existing treatment facilities, which amount to 2,207,534.3 rubles.
The specific cost of treating 1 m3 of industrial wastewater will be 70.05 rubles, which is significantly less than the existing cost, which is 97.97 rubles.
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atmospheric air conditions (TO, I ) and soil (TO")
|
Region of the Russian Federation |
Name of republics, regions, territories | ||
|
Northern |
Rep. Karelia, Komi; Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Murmansk regions. | ||
|
Northwestern |
Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov, Kaliningrad regions. | ||
|
Central |
Bryansk, Vladimir, Ivanovo, Kaluga, Kostroma, Oryol, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tver, Tula, Yaroslavl regions, Moscow region | ||
|
Volgo-Vyatsky |
Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov region; Rep. Mari El, Mordovia, Chuvash Republic | ||
|
Central Black Earth |
Belgorod, Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk, Tambov regions. | ||
|
Povolzhsky |
Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov, Volgograd, Astrakhan, Penza regions; Rep. Tatarstan, Kalmykia | ||
|
Ural |
Kurgan, Orenburg, Perm, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk regions; Rep. Bashkortostan, Udmurt Republic. |
The coefficients K e a, K e p can increase for cities and large industrial centers by 20%. For example, for Moscow K e a = 1.9-1.2. In case of emissions from fires at landfills located in environmental disaster zones, regions of the Far North, in national parks, specially protected and protected areas, as well as in territories covered by international conventions, K e a, K e p P increase by 2 times.
Since the specific economic damage in regulatory documents is given in rubles/conventional. t, it is advisable to express the mass of the i-th pollutant in tons per ton of fuel (t/tgor). As a rule, the concentration of pollutants in the air during fires is expressed in a different dimension: in % vol., mg/m, ppm, etc. In this case, the known concentration of the i-th pollutant is converted into the desired t/tfuel (tons per ton of fuel). If the concentration of a pollutant in combustion products is given in mg/m, then this is done by multiplying the mass of burned material (t) by the concentration of the th pollutant per unit volume of air (t/m) and by the total volume of combustion products (m/t) emitted unit of mass of combustible material. Data on the volume of combustion products released during the combustion of a ton of fuel can be found in table. 2.12, as well as in reference literature or calculated using formulas if the elemental composition or chemical formula of the combustible material is known.
If the concentration of pollutants in combustion products is given in g/kg or mg/kg, then the task is simplified and data on the volume of combustion products is not required. You just need to convert the concentration into the desired dimension (t/fuel) and take into account the mass of the burned material.
The total amount of harmful substances, taking into account their toxicity, is determined as the sum of the products of the mass of burnt material by the specific gravity of the i-th pollutant and by the relative hazard index.
The mass of burnt material O g, t, is found from the actual data specified in the relevant documents. If such data is not available, then reference data is used that regulates the conditions of storage, handling and transportation of flammable materials at technosphere facilities.
Damage from pollution of water bodies as a result of the ingress of hazardous chemical substances (hazardous chemical substances), unburned materials, fire extinguishing agents and other chemical agents used to eliminate the consequences of fires and accidents is determined by the formula
U e-e in = K a · K e in ·∑ y beat in (1/ MPC рхi ·М i)
where K a is the accident rate equal to 10;
K e v - coefficient of the ecological situation and ecological significance of the state of the water basin in the region where the fire or accident occurred (Volga River Basin 1.16);
u ud a - specific economic damage from emissions of pollutants into water bodies, rub./conv. t (see below). Its change is associated with inflation processes in the country and is adjusted annually;
MPC рх – maximum permissible concentration of a pollutant in a reservoir used for fishery purposes, mg/l; M i - mass of the i-th pollutant, t
When the land surface is polluted as a result of spills of flammable liquids, flammable liquids and hazardous chemicals, the amount of damage is determined by multiplying the corresponding specific damage by the mass of each type of pollutant, taking into account its hazard class (Table 6) and summing the resulting products by type of pollutant, taking into account the coefficient of the environmental situation and environmental significance soils at the accident site ( K e p) and accident rate ( TO A=10):
U p ee = 10 K e p ∑ y ud n М i (2.11)
where yd n is the specific economic damage from soil pollution, rub./t (taking into account the toxicity class of the pollutant), (see below); M i - the actual mass of the i-th pollutant, i.e. If the actual amount of the pollutant is indicated in cubic meters, then its mass is found taking into account the density of the substance.
Compensation for damages calculated using the above methodology allows you to compensate for the costs of returning the OS to its pre-accident state. For example, when water bodies are polluted with oil, payment for the damage caused is used to carry out work to localize the spill, collect oil from the surface, clean up the coastline, rescue animals, etc.
The term hazardous substances was introduced instead of the previously used SDYAV (potently toxic substances).
Specific economic damage at beat taking into account the price indexation coefficient. For air -2.12, for reservoirs - 265.7; soil - 444.
Legend
OS - environment
Pollutant – pollutant
ISA – air pollution index: low (<5), повышенный (5-6), высокий (7-13), очень высокий (>13)
GHG – combustion products
PCDC/PCDF – polychlorinated dibenzo(p)chlorodioxins / polychlorinated dibenzochlorofurans
Emergency - emergency situation
EB – environmental safety
– coefficient of environmental situation and environmental significance of the state of atmospheric air
And 
– average annual gross emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from stationary and mobile sources, respectively, t/year
– total mass of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere from stationary and mobile sources, t/year
– mass of emission of i-th pollutant into the atmosphere from stationary and mobile sources, t/year
, 
, 
– specific indicators of atmospheric pollution from stationary and mobile sources, separately and together (mass of emissions into the atmospheric air per person and per hectare of territory), t/person, t/ha
– mass of combustion product emissions, t (kg, mg)
– annual mass of all emissions of combustion products during fires in housing, t pg/year
– specific emission of combustion products per person per year, t pg/person.
– specific emission of combustion products per 1 ha of contamination zone during fires, t pg/ha
– specific gravity of the i-th combustion product in the composition of emissions from fires, t pg / t g (Table 6 Appendix)
And 
– maximum permissible concentrations of the i-th pollutant in the atmospheric air: average daily and maximum single, respectively, mg/m 3 (Table 1 of the Appendix)
– background concentration of the i-th pollutant in the atmospheric air of a populated area, mg/m3 or units. MPC
– concentration of the i-th combustion product in the composition of emissions from fires, mg/m 3
– mass of the j-th material (substance) as part of the combustible load, kg h/m 2 (t h/ha)
– specific mass of the entire combustible load, kg h/m2 (t h/ha)
μ – share of materials and substances in the composition of the combustible load
– specific gravity of the entire burnt load, kg h/m2 (t h/ha)
– the amount of all materials burned in one fire in the residential sector, tons/fire.
– volume of combustion products formed during the combustion of 1 ton of combustible load, m 3 /t h
η – combustion efficiency coefficient
c – population density, people/ha
n all ·10 -3 – number of all fires per 10 3 people in the Nth settlement
n victims all ·10 -5 – number of victims per 10 5 people in the Nth settlement, (10.1-12.4)/10 5 , per victim/person. year)
– estimated number of all fires in a populated area, fires/year (Table 2 “Tasks”)
– estimated number of fires in housing, fire/year
– actual number of all fires in a populated area, fires/year (Table 2 “Tasks”)
– actual number of fires in housing, fire/year
S – area of the settlement, km 2 (ha)
– average fire area, m 2
– average area of the contamination zone around the fire, hectares
– area of the contamination zone during fires in housing per year, ha/fire year
Z – number of inhabitants of the settlement, people/year
– absolute number of deaths from all types of diseases, people/year
– relative number of deaths per 10 3 people from all types of diseases, people/year
– relative morbidity of residents of a locality per 10 3 people. (including 
), person/year
– actual number of victims (dead) in fires, people/year
– estimated number of victims (dead) in fires, people/year
– estimated number of victims of fires in housing, people/year
– number of deaths in fires in the residential sector due to environmental reasons people/year
– the number of people who found themselves in the zone of contamination with combustion products during fires in housing per year people/year
– potential number of people sick from poisoning in housing fires per year, people/year
– risk of death from all diseases of residents per year
– the risk of death of people due to environmental reasons from all diseases
– risk of all diseases per year
– risk of all diseases due to environmental causes per year
– risk of respiratory diseases due to environmental reasons per year
– risk of death from all causes in fires per year
– risk of death from environmental causes during fires per year
– risk of diseases due to environmental reasons during fires per year
– risk of respiratory diseases due to environmental reasons during fires per year
– environmental and economic damage from air pollution by emissions from stationary sources and/or transport in normal situations
- environmental and economic damage from air pollution by emissions from fires
Specific economic damage from pollutant emissions into the air, rub./t
K a - accident rate equal to 25
Coefficient of environmental situation and atmospheric conditions
Glossary
Favorable OS– an environment whose quality ensures the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects.
Harmful substance– a chemical compound that, upon contact with the human body, causes deviations in the state of health, diseases during work and in the long term (GOST 12.1.007-76).
Harm to the environment– a negative change in the environment as a result of its pollution, resulting in the degradation of natural ecological systems and the depletion of natural resources.
Toxic substance– a chemical compound that causes disturbances in metabolic processes.
OS contamination– the supply of matter and (or) energy, properties, location or quantity of which have a negative impact on the environment (Federal Law of the Russian Federation of January 10, 2002 No. 7-FZ “On Environmental Protection”).
Pollutant– a substance or mixture of substances, the quantity and (or) concentration of which exceed the standards established for chemical substances, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms and have a negative impact on the environment (Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated January 10, 2002 No. 7-FZ "On environmental protection").
OS quality– the state of the environment, which is characterized by physical, chemical, biological and other indicators and (or) their combination (Federal Law of the Russian Federation of January 10, 2002 No. 7-FZ “On Environmental Protection”).
– a concentration that does not have a direct or indirect harmful effect on a person indefinitely (over a lifetime), mg/m3.
Injured, dead. The number of dead and injured refers to the number of people who died or suffered health damage as a result of an emergency (Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 21, 2007 No. 2640).
Health Risk– the likelihood of developing a threat to human life or health or a threat to the life or health of future generations, caused by the influence of environmental factors.
Individual risk– assessment of the likelihood of developing an adverse effect in the exposed individual; for example, the risk of developing cancer in one individual out of 1000 persons exposed to a carcinogen (risk 1 in 1000 or 1·10 -3). When assessing risk, as a rule, the number of additional cases of health problems compared to the background is assessed, because Most diseases associated with environmental exposure occur in the population even in the absence of the analyzed exposure (for example, cancer).
Environmental Safety(EB) - a set of actions, states, processes that do not directly or indirectly lead to vital damage (or threats of such damage) caused to the natural environment, individuals, humanity (Reimers N.F. Nature Management: Dictionary-Reference Book).
Environmental Safety– the state of protection of the natural environment and vital human interests from the possible negative impact of economic and other activities, natural and man-made emergencies, and their consequences.
Environmental standards:
medical (sanitary and hygienic) – characterize the level of threats to human health (MPC, MPL, LC, LD, size of the sanitary protection zone);
technological - set limits on the impact on the environment and must ensure the safety of life during the normal operation of technical objects (PDS, MDV, VSV, VSS);
scientific and technical – characterize the ability of control means to detect the actual level of physical and chemical contamination of biological objects and environmental conditions.
Consequences of an accident or fire– the number of victims living or working in the territory adjacent to the facility where activities are carried out using fire and explosive substances and hazardous chemicals or transportation of these substances by pipeline transport.
Classification of risk levels (“Sanitary and Epidemiological Rules and Standards” (SanPiN of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, 2003) *
Ecological situation and environmental significance coefficient
atmospheric air conditions ( TO e a)
| Region of the Russian Federation | Name of republics, regions, territories | |
| Northern | Rep. Karelia, Komi; Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Murmansk regions, Nenets Autonomous Okrug | 1,4 |
| Northwestern | Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov, Kaliningrad regions; St. Petersburg | 1,5 |
| Central | Bryansk, Belgorod, Vladimir, Voronezh, Ivanovo, Kaluga, Kostroma, Kursk, Lipetsk, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Orel, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tambov, Tver, Tula, Yaroslavl regions. | 1,9 |
| Moscow and cities of the Moscow region* | 2,28 | |
| Volgo-Vyatsky | Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov region; Rep. Mari El, Mordovia, Chuvash Republic | 1,1 |
| Central Black Earth | Belgorod, Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk, Tambov regions. | 1,5 |
| Povolzhsky | Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov, Volgograd, Astrakhan, Penza regions; Rep. Tatarstan, Kalmykia, | 1,9 |
| North Caucasian | Krasnodar region, Stavropol region, Astrakhan, Volgograd, Rostov regions; Rep. Adygea, Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetia-Alania; Ingush, Chechen | 1,6 |
| Ural | Sverdlovsk, Tomsk, Chelyabinsk, Tyumen regions, Khanty-Mansiysk, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug | 2,0 |
| West Siberian | Kemerovo, Kurgan, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk regions; Altai region, rep. Altai | 1,2 |
| East Siberian | R. Buryatia, Tyva, Khakassia, Irkutsk, Chita regions, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Buryat Autonomous District, Taimyr Autonomous District, | 1,4 |
| Far Eastern | R. Sakha (Yakutia), Primorsky, Khabarovsk Territory, Amur, Kamchatka, Magadan, Sakhalin regions; Jewish Autonomous Okrug, Koryak, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug | 1,0 |
Note.When releasing pollutants into the atmospheric air of cities, it is applied with an additional factor of 1.2.
Specific economic damage (Usp., rub./t) from environmental pollution
1 option
1. A set of co-living organisms of various species and the conditions of their existence, which are naturally dependent on each other -:
A. Population
B. Ecological system
B. Consortium
2. The ability of organisms to tolerate deviations of environmental factors from their optimal values:
A. Adaptation
B. Acclimatization
B. Tolerance
3. Organisms that produce new organic matter from finished organic matter:
A. Consumers
B. Decomposers
B. Producers
4. Insert the missing words: “The concept of “nature management” and “nature conservation” ....:
A. Identical;
B. Close, but not identical;
5. The set of all types of relationships of organisms with each other is called:
A. Ecomorphs
B. Coactions
B. Cohabitation
6. Exhaustible natural resources:
A. Solar energy;
B. Climate resources;
B. Ferrous metal ores;
7. The biosphere includes:
A. Mantle, hydrosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere.
B. Hydrosphere, atmosphere, stratosphere.
B. Lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere.
8. Non-renewable natural resources:
A. Forest resources;
B. Animal resources;
B. Ferrous metal ores;
9. The cosmic role on Earth is performed by:
A. Animals
B. Plants
B. Microorganisms.
10. The part of the earth's crust below the soil layer, extending to depths accessible to geological study, is called:
B. Mining allotment;
B. Lithosphere;
11. The State Land Fund is divided into...:
12. A systematic body of data, including an environmental and economic assessment of an object or resource, is called:
V. Cadastre;
13. The vertical structure of biogeocenosis is presented:
A. Tiering
B. Sinusia
A. E. Haeckel;
B. V. N. Sukachev;
V. V. I. Vernadsky;
15. “Any environmental factor has certain limits to its positive impact on the body.” This is the law...:
A. B. Commoner;
B. Optimum;
V. Yu. Libikha;
16 . The reserve in the Republic of Tatarstan is called:
A. Volzhsko - Kamsky;
B. Lower Kama;
V. Kzyl - Tau;
17. Complete the sentence: “The assimilation capacity of the environment ....”:
A. Is a constant value for all regions;
B. Increases from north to south;
B. Decreases from north to south;
18. The economic optimum point is called:
A. The point at which marginal environmental damage equals marginal environmental cost;
B. The point at which marginal environmental damage exceeds marginal environmental cost;
B. The point at which marginal environmental damage is less than marginal environmental cost;
19. The objects of use and protection under the Federal Law on Wildlife (1995) are:
A. Farm and domestic animals;
B. Wild animals living in captivity;
B. Wild animals living in conditions of natural freedom;
20. Stenothermophile is:
A. An animal with a wide tolerance to heat;
B. An animal with a narrow tolerance to heat;
B. A plant with a narrow tolerance to heat;
21. “Itai-Itai” disease is a chronic poisoning:
A. Cadmium;
B. Strontium;
B. methylmercury;
22.Lower limit of life in soils:
A. About 4 km;
23. According to the Forest Code of the Russian Federation, the following is free:
A. Wood cutting;
B. Extraction of resin;
B. Incidental forest use;
24. The Water Fund of the Russian Federation does not include:
A. Glaciers;
B. Closed, stagnant bodies of water in areas owned by legal entities and individuals;
V. Swamps;
25. The following activities are permitted on the territory of nature reserves:
A. Recreational;
B. Scientific;
B. Production;
26. Payment for environmental pollution is charged in the Republic of Tatarstan:
A. Quarterly;
B. Annually;
V. “once a year;
27. Select the substances included in the car wash fee:
28. Part of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, the most biologically active:
A. Optical;
B. Infrared;
B. Ultraviolet;
29. The set of factors in the inorganic environment that influence the life and distribution of animals and plants is called:
A. Physical factors;
B. Anthropogenic factors;
B. Abiotic factors;
30.The environmental coefficient of water is equal to:
31. Founder of ecology:
A. V. I. Vernadsky;
B. C. Darwin;
V. E. Haeckel;
32. The main reason for the appearance of smog:
A. Emissions from thermal power plants;
B. Emissions from metallurgical enterprises;
B. Vehicle emissions;
33. MPC is:
A. The amount of pollutant that does not have a negative effect on organisms
B. Amount of pollutant leading to chronic diseases
B. Amount of pollutant causing changes in reproductive functions
34. The noise standard in residential premises during the day is no more than:
35. Margarines contain:
A. Trans isomers of fatty acids;
B. Cholesterol;
B. Dioxins;
Option 2
1. Consistent change in time of biogeocenoses in the same place:
A. Succession
B. Fluctuation
B. Dynamics
2. The upper limit of life on Earth:
B. 100 - 150 km.
E. 20-25 km.
3. Tatarstan is located at the junction of 2 natural zones:
A. Forest and forest-steppe
B. Forest and steppe
B. Steppe and forest-steppe.
4. The economic optimum for environmental pollution is the point at which...:
A. The amount of damage is minimal;
B. The value of marginal environmental costs is minimal;
B. The values of marginal damage and marginal environmental costs are equal;
5. Recreational resources are part of the natural and cultural resources that provide...:
B. Industrial production;
B. Agricultural production.
6. The environmental coefficient of air is:
7. The following activities are not permitted in nature reserves:
A. Recreational
B. Forestry
B. Scientific
8. Precipitates are called acidic if their pH is:
A. More than 5
B. Less than 4
B. Equal to 7
9. Ecology studies:
A. Environment
B. Nature
B. The relationship of organisms with the environment.
10. Select the substances included in the payment for surface runoff:
A. Suspended substances, petroleum products, BOD;
B. Petroleum products, suspended solids, carbon monoxide;
B. Suspended substances, petroleum products, tetraethyl lead;
11. Forest use is prohibited without...:
A. Mapping;
B. Monitoring;
B. Forest management;
12. Valuation of a natural resource through lost income that could have been obtained by using this resource for other purposes:
A. Alternative;
B. Market;
B. Costly;
13. High environmental intensity is typical for...:
A. Extensive type of development;
B. Intensive type of development;
14. Euryhalophyte is:
A. Plant with wide tolerance to soil salinity
B An animal with a wide tolerance to salinity
B. A plant with a narrow tolerance to soil salinity
15. Minamata disease is a chronic poisoning:
A. Cadmium
B. Strontium
B. Methylmercury
16. Adaptation of an organism or species to new conditions of existence into which it found itself through artificial relocation:
A. Acclimatization
B. Adaptation
17. Adaptation of the body to the environment by changing the structure of the body:
A. Physiological adaptation
B. Morphological adaptation
B. Behavioral adaptation.
A.. E. Haeckel;
B. V. N. Sukachev;
V.V.I.Vernadsky
19. The national park in the Republic of Tatarstan is called:
A. Lower Kama;
B. Volzhsko-Kama;
V. Kzyl - Tau;
20. A systematic body of data, including an environmental and economic assessment of an object or resource, is called:
A. Cadastre;
21. The ability of the environment to process a certain amount of pollution without harming itself is called:
A. Recreation;
B. Assimilation potential;
B. Land reclamation;
22. Forests of the forest fund of the Russian Federation are divided into:
A. 3 groups;
B. 4 groups;
V. 5 groups;
23. Organisms producing organic substances from inorganic:
A. Consumers;
B. Decomposers;
B. Producers;
24. The relationship in which one organism acts on another with a chemical substance is called:
A. Amensalism;
B. Allelopathy;
B. Commensalism;
25. Response of the environment to negative human impacts:
A. Ecological boomerang;
B. Ecological impact;
B. Environmental response;
26. Pumping oil through pipes leads to:
A. Mechanical pollution;
B. Radiation pollution;
B. Chemical pollution;
27. Life forms of organisms depending on environmental factors:
A. Ecomorphs;
B. Coactions;
B. Consortiums;
28. The environment richest in life:
A. Water;
B. Ground-air;
29. Select a non-geome component:
To the air;
30. The use of washing powders leads to the appearance in surface waters of:
A. Phosphates;
B. Nitratov;
V. Sulfatov;
31. Hygienic norm for noise at night in residential premises:
32. The increasing factor in calculating payments for pollution is equal to:
33. Protection of land from pollution includes...:
A. Erosion control;
B. Combating neglectful attitudes;
B. Anti-clogging;
34. Without a mining allotment, development is carried out...:
B. Iron ore;
35. Violation by individual citizens of the rules for the development of subsoil, and the rules for the delivery of mined gold, precious stones and precious metals to the state entails...:
A. Administrative responsibility;
B. Disciplinary responsibility;
B. Criminal liability;
Independent work of students
| No. | Subject | The content of the work |
| Historical development of ecology. Environmental management as a science. | 1. Read the Introduction to the textbook “Ecology” by V.I. Korobkin, L.V. Peredelsky, 2001. 2. Read Chapter 1 of the textbook by A.K. Ryabchikov. “Economics of Environmental Management”, M., 2002. 3. Study lecture material on this topic and answer the following questions: · Subject of environmental management. · Natural resource management facility. · Structure of environmental management as a science. · Connection of environmental management with other sciences. | |
| Basic concepts and laws of ecology. | 1. Read chapters 1, 2 4, 5 of the textbook “Ecology” by Korobkin V.I., Peredelsky L.V., 2001. | |
| Ecological capabilities of the environment. Natural resources as the most important objects of environmental protection. | 1. Read chapter 4 of the textbook by A.K. Ryabchikov. “Economics of Environmental Management”, M., 2002. 2. Read Chapter 3, Section 1 of the textbook by Bobylev S.N., Khodzhaev A.Sh. “Economics of Environmental Management”, M.: Teis, 1997. 3. Read section 4 of the textbook “Nature Management”, edited by Arustamov E.G., M., 1999. 4. Read chapter 7 (7.1;7.2) of the textbook “Ecology and Economics of Environmental Management” / ed. Prof. E.V. Girusova.-M.: Law and Law, Unity, 1998. and answer the questions on p. 198. | |
| Interaction between society and the natural environment in the production process. | 1. Read chapter 1 of section 1 of the textbook by Bobylev S.N., Khodzhaeva A.Sh. “Economics of Environmental Management”, M.: Teis, 1997. 2. Read chapter 12 of the textbook by V.I. Korobkin and L.V. Peredelsky. "Ecology". Rostov n/d.: Phoenix, 2001. and answer questions - p. 284. 3. Read chapters 2 and 4 of the textbook “Ecology and Economics of Environmental Management” / ed. Prof. E.V. Girusova.-M.: Law and Law, Unity, 1998. -455 p. and answer the questions on pages 79 and 135. | |
| Trends in the joint development of natural and man-made systems. | 1. Read Chapter 3 of the textbook “Ecology and Economics of Environmental Management”, ed. Girusova E.V., 1998. | |
| Economic efficiency of environmental protection measures. | 1. Read chapter 6 of the textbook by A.K. Ryabchikov. “Economics of Environmental Management”, M., 2002. 2. Read section 8 of the textbook “Use of Natural Resources”, edited by Arustamov E.G., M., 1999. 3. Read Chapter 13 of the textbook “Ecology and Economics of Environmental Management” / edited by. Prof. E.V. Girusova.-M.: Law and Law, Unity, 1998. and answer the questions on pp. 345-346. | |
| Planning for rational use of natural resources and environmental protection. | 1. Read section 8 of the textbook “Nature Management”, edited by Arustamov E.G., M., 1999. 2. Read chapters 5 and 8 of the textbook by A.K. Ryabchikov. “Economics of Environmental Management”, M., 2002. 3. Study the section “Economic mechanism of environmental protection and environmental management” in the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection”, 2001. 4. Read the state report on the state of the environment in the Republic of Tatarstan for 2003, 2004 (section - Activities of the Ecofund of the Republic of Tatarstan." | |
| Fundamentals of environmental regulation. | 1. Read section 5 of the textbook “Nature Management”, edited by Arustamov E.G., M., 1999. 2. Read chapter 20 of the textbook by Korobkin V.I., Peredelsky L.V. "Ecology". Rostov n/d.: Phoenix, 2001. | |
| Social aspects of environmental economics. | 1. Read Chapter 5 (5.5) of the textbook “Ecology and Economics of Environmental Management” / ed. Prof. E.V. Girusova.-M.: Law and Law, Unity, 1998. and answer the questions: · Structure of general and social costs and expenses. · Accounting for external and social costs in prices. | |
| Environmental management and legal protection of the natural environment. | 1. Read chapter 10, 14, 15 of the textbook “Ecology and economics of environmental management / ed. Prof. E.V. Girusova.-M.: Law and Law, Unity, 1998. and answer the questions on pp. 272-273, 384, 412. 2. Read sections 8, 9 of the textbook “Nature Management” edited by E. Arustamov .G., M., 1999. 3. Read chapter 13, section 5 of the textbook by Bobylev S.N., Khodzhaev A.Sh. “Economics of Environmental Management”, M.: Teis, 1997. 4. Read chapter 10 of the textbook by A.K. Ryabchikov. “Economics of Environmental Management”, M., 2002. | |
| Scientific and technological progress and directions for improving environmental management. | 1. Read section 7 of the textbook “Nature Management”, edited by Arustamov E.G., M., 1999. | |
| Regional environmental and economic problems of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan. | 1. Read section 10 of the textbook “Nature Management”, edited by E.G. Arustamov, M., 1999. 2. Read chapter 16, section 6 of the textbook by Bobylev S.N., Khodzhaev A.Sh. “Economics of Environmental Management”, M.: Teis, 1997. |
Requirements for completing tests for correspondence students
The test is carried out handwritten in a notebook or using a computer on sheets of A-4 format. Font – Times New Romen No. 14, paragraph indent – 1.25; line spacing – 1.5; page parameters: left -3 cm, right - 1 cm, top and bottom margins - 2 cm. Formatting references to used literature in the text in square brackets, for example -.
The maximum volume of test work is 15 sheets. A list of references is required.
Appendix 8 Coefficients of the ecological situation and ecological significance of the state of atmospheric air and soil in the territories of economic regions of the Russian Federation Economic region of the Russian Federation Coefficients of the ecological situation and ecological significance of atmospheric air and soil Northern 1.4 1.4 Northwestern 1.5 1.3 Central 1.9 1.6 Volga-Vyatka 1.1 1.5 Central Black Earth 1.5 2.0 Volga 1.5 1.9 North Caucasus 1.6 1.9 Ural 2.0 1.7 West Siberian 1.2 1.2 East Siberian 1.4 1.1 Far Eastern 1.0 1.1 Appendix 9 Coefficients of the ecological situation and ecological significance of the state of water bodies in the basins of the main rivers Baltic Sea basin river basin.
Region Ecological Significance Coefficient
Adygea, Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetia-Alania; Ingush, Chechen 1.6 Ural Sverdlovsk, Tomsk, Chelyabinsk, Tyumen regions, Khanty-Mansiysk, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 2.0 West Siberian Kemerovo, Kurgan Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk regions; Altai region, rep. Altai 1.2 East Siberian R. Buryatia, Tyva, Khakassia, Irkutsk, Chita regions, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Buryat Autonomous Okrug, Taimyr Autonomous Okrug, 1.4 Far Eastern R.
Sakha (Yakutia), Primorsky, Khabarovsk Territory, Amur, Kamchatka, Magadan, Sakhalin regions; Jewish Autonomous Okrug, Koryak, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug 1.0 Note. When releasing pollutants into the atmospheric air of cities, it is applied with an additional coefficient of 1.2.
Ecological significance coefficient
Coefficient of environmental significance (each region has its own in terms of atmosphere, soil and water);
- The additional coefficient for special natural zones is 2 (which zones are: regions of the far north and equivalent regions, protected areas, national parks, resorts, sanatoriums, natural disaster zones, zones under international conventions);
- The additional coefficient for urban air emissions is 1.2 (if the facility is registered in the city);
- The inflation rates are equal: in 2016 2.56, and in 2017 – 2.67.
In order to encourage organizations to take measures for the efficient use of waste and environmental protection, from January 1, 2016, coefficients were introduced that reduce the payment rate: Waste hazard class Environmental measures Coefficient 5 Creation of cavities in the soil by mining industry enterprises for waste disposal.
Ecological situation and environmental significance coefficient
Emergency – emergency situation ES – environmental safety – coefficient of the ecological situation and ecological significance of the state of the atmospheric air and – average annual gross pollutant emissions into the atmosphere from stationary and mobile sources, respectively, t/year – total mass of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere from stationary and mobile sources, t /year – mass of emission of the i-th pollutant into the atmosphere from stationary and mobile sources, t/year, – specific indicators of atmospheric pollution from stationary and mobile sources, separately and together (mass of emissions into the atmosphere per person and per hectare of territory), t/person, t/ha – mass of emissions of combustion products, t (kg, mg) – annual mass of all emissions of combustion products during fires in housing, tpg/year – specific emission of combustion products per person per year, tpg/person.
Environmental significance coefficient for 2018
The coefficient of environmental significance of a region was, until recently, a mandatory coefficient taken into account when calculating environmental payments. Its value depended on the federal district in which the enterprise operates, as well as on the location of waste disposal.
If the enterprise was located on the shore of a reservoir (river, sea), and waste was discharged into the water, then when calculating environmental payments, the significance coefficient of the region depended on the territorial location relative to the water. If the enterprise used soil or air as a waste storage site, then it was necessary to apply the indicator for this environment.
The standards by which the coefficients of environmental significance of the region were determined (these are Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 12, 2003 N 344 and Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 19, 2014 N 1219) have been canceled since September 22, 2016.
Environmental payments
Calculation with the budget in the event of the negative impact of companies and individual entrepreneurs on nature establishes the need to transfer advance payments to the treasury at the end of each quarter. The deadline is set no later than the 20th day of the month following the end of the reporting period (quarter).
The calculation of the advance payment is based on the amounts transferred to Rosprirodnadzor during the past year and amounts to 0.25% of the annual amount quarterly. In this case, the total amount of payment for adverse impacts on nature must be transferred no later than March 1 of the year following the end of the reporting calendar year.
Forum for environmentalists
Injured, dead. The number of dead and injured refers to the number of people who died or suffered health damage as a result of an emergency (Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 21, 2007 No. 2640). Health risk is the likelihood of developing a threat to human life or health or a threat to the life or health of future generations, caused by exposure to environmental factors.
Individual risk – assessment of the likelihood of an adverse effect developing in an exposed individual; for example, the risk of developing cancer in one individual out of 1000 persons exposed to a carcinogen (risk 1 in 1000 or 1·10-3). When assessing risk, as a rule, the number of additional cases of health problems compared to the background is assessed, because
Now entrepreneurs must use the provisions of Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated September 13, 2016 N 913. This document specifies specific rates of payment for negative impact on the environment and an additional coefficient to them, which is applied only in exceptional cases.
Info
The appendix to the resolution specifies the payment rates for 1 ton of pollutants (production and consumption waste) for the next three years - 2016 - 2018. However, they differ depending on where the waste is discharged - into the atmosphere or into water.
In addition, the rates of payment for the disposal of production and consumption waste according to their hazard class are further clarified.
What is the fee for environmental pollution: calculation
Payment reporting By March 10 of the year following the reporting year, you must submit the “Declaration of Payment for Negative Environmental Impact” form to the territorial body of Rosprirodnadzor. In addition to the Declaration, it is necessary to submit a technical report confirming the unchanged production and raw materials.
Attention
The technical report is submitted a year later, after approval of the standards and within 10 days. For example, the standards were approved on March 15, 2016, which means the report must be submitted by March 25, 2017.
And so on every year. The report is also submitted in paper and electronic form. If it is not provided, the payment will be calculated as excess pollution. If the organization has hazardous waste, then it is necessary to provide passports for each type of waste confirming the hazard class (with the exception of hazard class 5).
Losses of agricultural production during the withdrawal of land plots used for growing crops and for perennial plantings on lands provided for personal subsidiary farming, gardening, truck farming, livestock farming, individual housing construction, dacha construction, as well as allocated for service land plots, are determined in the amount the standard cost of developing new lands for arable land, and when withdrawing land plots used for haymaking and grazing on these lands - in the amount of the standard cost of development for hayfields and pastures. 2.