Classification of nouns. Abstract nouns

In English there are following types nouns:

Nouns (Nouns)

Proper Common noun (Common)

Countable (countable) Uncountable (Uncountable)

Concrete Abstract

Specific(Concrete) Distracted(Abstract) love, friendship

a speech – speeches

Real(Material)

water, iron, snow

(always plural)

a girl – girls (animated) a family – families cattle, poultry, police, people, militia,

a book – books (inanimate) a company – companies clothes, goods, savings, trousers,

spectacles, scissors

All nouns are divided into Own And Common nouns:

1. Own (Propernoun) nouns are names of individual concepts, places and objects. This also includes personal names, names of months and days of the week, holidays and nationalities. All of them are written with a capital letter, and if the name consists of several words, then all words are written with a capital letter, with the exception of articles, prepositions and conjunctions. These include:

A) Geographical concepts: mountains, deserts, oceans, seas, rivers, countries, regions, cities, villages: the Caucasus Caucasus, the Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean, the Volga Volga, France France, London London.

b) Names of streets, squares, famous buildings, hotels, ships, inns, museums, clubs, newspapers, magazines, works: Oxford Street Oxford Street (street), Hyde Park Hyde Park, the British Museum British museum, "New Times" - "New Time" (magazine).

c) : Mary Mary (first name), Brown Brown (surname), Mark Twain Mark Twain (pen name).

G) Astronomical names: the Sun (Sun), the Earth (Earth), the Milky Way ( Milky Way), Mars, Venus, Jupiter.

e) : the Russians (Russians), English (English language).

e) Names of holidays: New Year (New Year), Christmas (Christmas), Easter (Easter), May Day (May Day).

g) : January, September, Sunday, Tuesday.

2. Common nouns (Commonnouns)- This are common names for all homogeneous objects: dogmantable.

In turn, they are classified as follows:

v Uncountable nouns(Uncountable nouns)

Uncountable nouns include names of substances and concepts that cannot be counted. These include real and abstract (abstract) nouns. Uncountable nouns are used only in singular And . When distinguishing them from the category of substances or concepts, they are preceded by a definite article.

As a subject, they are used with a singular predicate and can be replaced by a singular pronoun (most often: it).

Uncountable nouns combine with pronouns much(a lot of), little(a little, little) some(several, some amount), any(some, some).

1. Distracted (Abstract nouns) denote qualities, actions, states, natural phenomena, feelings or general concepts: beauty, courage, fear, joy

2. Specific(Concrete nouns)

ü Real (Materialnouns) indicate materials; bulk, liquid, gaseous substances; Food:

Attention!

Real nouns become countable and are used with corresponding articles in the following cases:

a) If real nouns are used for, or when the whole and its elements are denoted by the same word: hair hair- a hair hair.

b) When real nouns are used to designate or to designate portions something that you can buy, for example:

c) If an ending is added to the base of an uncountable noun – s (- es) , then it is usually converted into a count noun, for example:

V) Countable nounsnouns)

Countable nouns include the names of objects, objects and concepts that can be counted. They are used in the only plural, both with the indefinite and the definite article.

1. Abstract nouns (Abstractnouns) become countable when they are specified:

He made a speech yesterday. Hesaidyesterdayspeech.

His speeches are always interesting. HisspeechesAlwaysinteresting.

Wed: Animals do not possess the power of speech. Animals do not have the gift of speech.

Wed: He does that for amusement. He does it for fun.

2. Specific (Concretenouns) denote objects and matter, including people and animals, things that we can touch, hold, see, smell and taste.

a) Individual (Individual) denote only one object/one person of a certain type: manplayercowchicken,minister.

b) denote a collection of homogeneous objects or persons considered as one whole:

c) Plurality (Nouns of Multitude)- words that are always perceived as a plurality. Here are some of them: people, police, militia, clothes, cattle, poultry.

These words agree with are or were (not with is and not with was!).

Regarding the word people(people, people) let's make a reservation. In cases where we're talking about O peoples, the word takes its usual ending plural:

(peoples inhabiting Africa),

1. English-speakingpeoples.

Items of a pair property in English they are used only in the plural: trousers(trousers), spectacles(glasses), scissors(scissors), etc.

Like nouns goods(goods), clothes(cloth), savings(savings), which, unlike their Russian counterparts, are also used.

:

1. Subject: The play was fascinating. The play was amazing.

2. Nominal part of the predicate: My uncle is an policeman. My uncle is a policeman.

3. Add-ons:

A ) direct

b) indirect:

V) prepositional:

4. Definitions:

A) Withpretext:

Mr Brown - teacher in English.

b) withoutpretext:

Our school has a book club.

5. Circumstances(time, place, mode of action, reason, purpose, etc.):

It happened last summer. (circumstance of time)

This happened last summer.

(circumstance of place)

Our college has a gym.

A noun in English is combined with a definite or indefinite article. Depending on the meaning and use of the noun, the article may be absent.

In terms of their composition, nouns in English can be: simple, derivative And complex.

Simple - these are nouns that do not contain a suffix or prefix, for example: ball, table etc.

Derivatives- these are nouns that contain a suffix or a prefix or both at the same time: builder- builder (from the verb to build), wisdom- wisdom (from the adjective wise wise), fellowship- brotherhood (from the noun fellow), disguise - disguise (from the noun guide mask, robe), inactivity- inaction, passivity from the noun activity - activity), etc.

Complex- these are nouns that consist of two or more stems that form one word with a single meaning, for example: hothouse- greenhouse, toothbrush- Toothbrush, classroom- Class, railroad- railway, etc.

In compound nouns:

bl a ck- board- chalkboard, h y groscope - hygroscopic

Compound nouns:

scene- paint er - decorative artist, type- writ er - typewriter

According to the “form of existence” of referents, nouns are divided into animate nouns And inanimate.

childfox,girlcar,jacket).

This semantic division manifests itself in the forms of the case category, since in the form possessive case Mostly animate nouns are used, cf.: Kate'sbook, But thewallofthebuilding.

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Types of nouns and their functions.

In English there are the following types of nouns:

Nouns

ProperCommon noun

CountableUncountable

Concrete Abstract

Concrete (Concrete) Abstract (Abstract) love, friendship

A speech – speeches

Material

Water, iron, snow

Individual Collective Pluralities(always plural)

(Individual) (Collective) (Multitude)

a girl – girls (animated) a family – families cattle, poultry, police, people, militia,

a book – books (inanimate) a company – companies clothes, goods, savings, trousers,

Spectacles, scissors

All nouns are divided into Proper and Common Nouns:

1. Proper noun nouns are names of individual concepts, places and objects. This also includes personal names, names of months and days of the week, holidays and nationalities. All of them are written with a capital letter, and if the name consists of several words, then all words are written with a capital letter, with the exception of articles, prepositions and conjunctions. These include:

A) Geographical concepts: mountains, deserts, oceans, seas, rivers, countries, regions, cities, villages: the Caucasus Caucasus, the Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean, the Volga Volga, France France, London London.

b) Names of streets, squares, famous buildings, hotels, ships, inns, museums, clubs, newspapers, magazines, works: Oxford Street Oxford Street (street), Hyde Park Hyde Park, the British Museum British Museum, "New Times" - "New Time" (magazine).

V) First names, last names, pseudonyms, nicknames, as well as titles of people; animal names: Mary Mary (first name), Brown Brown (surname), Mark Twain Mark Twain (pen name).

G) Astronomical names: the Sun (Sun), the Earth (Earth), the Milky Way (Milky Way), Mars, Venus, Jupiter.

d) Nationality and national language: the Russians (Russians), English (English language).

e) Names of holidays: New Year (New Year), Christmas (Christmas), Easter (Easter), May Day (May Day).

and) Names of months and days of the week: January, September, Sunday, Tuesday.

1. Common nouns are common titles for everyone homogeneous objects: dog, man, table.

Common nounsin turn are classified as follows:

• Uncountable nouns

Uncountable nouns include names of substances and concepts that cannot be counted. These include real and abstract (abstract) nouns. Uncountable nouns are usedonly in singular And not used with the indefinite article. When distinguishing them from the category of substances or concepts, they are preceded by a definite article.

As a subject, they are used with a singular predicate and can be replaced by a singular pronoun (most often: it).

Uncountable nouns combine with pronouns much (a lot), little (little, few), some (several, some amount), any (some, some).

1. Abstract nouns denote qualities, actions, states, natural phenomena, feelings or general concepts: beauty, courage, fear, joy
2. Concrete nouns

• Material nounsindicate materials; bulk, liquid, gaseous substances; Food:water, bread, sugar, rain, snow

Attention!

Real nouns become countable and are used with corresponding articles in the following cases:

a) If real nouns are used fordesignation of an object (or objects) from a given material, or when the whole and its elements are denoted by the same word: hair hair - a hair hair.

b) When real nouns are used to designatedifferent varieties and types of somethingor to indicate portions something that you can buy, for example:

c) If an ending is added to the base of an uncountable noun–s (-es) , then it is usually converted into a count noun, for example:

V) Countable nouns

Countable nouns include the names of objects, objects and concepts that can be counted. They are used in the singular and plural, with both the indefinite and the definite articles.

1. Abstract nounsbecome countable when they are specified:

He made a speech yesterday. He gave a speech yesterday.

His speeches are always interesting. His speeches are always interesting.

Wed: Animals do not possess the power of speech. Animals do not have the gift of speech.

There are very many amusements in the Park of Culture and Rest. There is a lot of entertainment in the Park of Culture and Recreation.

Wed: He does that for amusement. He does it for fun.

1. Concrete nouns denote objects and matter, including people and animals, things that we can touch, hold, see, smell and taste.

1. Individualdenote only one object/one person of a certain type:man, player, cow, chicken, minister.

1. Collective nouns denote a set of homogeneousobjects or persons considered as one integer: crowd, flock, group, swarm, team

1. Plurality(Nouns of Multitude)- words that are always perceived as a plurality. Here are some of them: people, police, militia, clothes, cattle, poultry.

These words agree with are or were (not with is and not with was!).

Regarding the word people (people, people) let's make a reservation. In cases where it concerns peoples , the word takes its usual endingplural:

the peoples inhabiting Africa (peoples inhabiting Africa),

the English-speaking people.

Items of a pair propertyin English they are used only in the plural: trousers (pants), spectacles (glasses), scissors (scissors), etc.

Like nouns goods (goods), clothes (clothing), savings (savings), which, unlike their Russian counterparts, are also usedonly in plural.

In a sentence, nouns can perform the following functions::

1. Subject: The play was fascinating. The play was amazing.

2. Nominal part of the predicate: My uncle is an policeman. My uncle is a policeman.

3. Additions:

a) direct : We play tennis, football and basketball.

We play tennis, football and basketball.

b) indirect: My brother tape me his bicycle.

My brother lent me his bike.

c) prepositional: Nick played chess with his roommate.

Nick was playing chess with his roommate.

4. Definitions:

a) with the preposition:

Mr.Brown is a teacher of English.

Mr. Brown is an English teacher.

b) without preposition:

There is a book club in our school.Our school has a book club.

5. Circumstances (time, place, mode of action, reason, purpose, etc.):

It happened last summer . (circumstance of time)

This happened last summer.

There is a gym at our college.(circumstance of place)

Our college has a gym.

A noun in English is combined with a definite or indefinite article. Depending on the meaning and use of the noun, the article may be absent.

In terms of their composition, nouns in English can be:simple, derivative and complex.

Simple - these are nouns that do not contain a suffix or prefix, for example: ball, table, etc.

Derivatives - these are nouns that containsuffix or prefix or both: builder - builder (from the verb to build), wisdom - wisdom (from the adjective wise wise), fellowship - brotherhood (from the noun fellow), disguise - disguise (from the noun guise mask, robe), inactivity - inaction, passivity from the noun activity - activity), etc.

Basic noun suffixes

Complex - these are nouns that consist of two or more stems,forming one word with a single meaning, for example: hothouse - greenhouse, toothbrush - toothbrush, classroom - class, railroad - railway, etc.

In compound nounsstress usually falls on the first word:

bl a ck board - chalkboard, h y groscope - hygroscopic

Compound nounsmay contain suffixes and prefixes:

scene-painter - decorative artist, type-write - typewriter

According to the “form of existence” of referents, nouns are divided intoanimate nouns and inanimate.

Animate nouns mean living beings ( child, fox, girl ), and the second – objects and phenomena ( car, jacket).

This semantic division is manifested in the forms of the case category, since in the form of the possessive case predominantly animate nouns are used, cf.: Kate’s book, but the wall of the building.

The noun “mother” is the subject. An article before a noun (in English, German, Romance languages). For example, mother (mother, concrete noun) Þ motherhood (motherhood, abstract).

Note. Sometimes it can be difficult to distinguish between animate and inanimate nouns. From the point of view of biology, this is part of living nature, but the noun microbe is inanimate (V.p. = I.p.: I see a microbe - there is a microbe here).

Abstract nouns cannot be seen, heard, touched, smelled or tasted on the tongue, i.e. recognize using the senses. An independent part of speech that systematizes words denoting animate beings and objects is called a noun. The meaning of the objectivity of a noun is expressed using independent categories of gender, case, number, criteria of inanimateness or animation.

My father is a doctor. The noun “doctor” is a predicate. Abstract nouns - name those objects or phenomena that cannot be materially tangible by a person: care, friendship, love.

All nouns (except for those that are in the plural in their primary form: scissors, watches) belong to one of three existing genders - feminine, masculine and neuter. A way of forming words (nouns) from other words or phrases. Transition of other parts of speech into the category of adjectives. Repetition of the same combinations of sounds.

2) Proper names are written with a capital letter (Tula, Alps). Evgeny Onegin", painting "Morning in the Forest", motor ship "Vasily Surikov"). In accordance with the user agreement, the administration is not responsible for the content of materials posted by users. This also applies to verbal names with the meaning of action: sales, watering, shooting, emissions.

In most cases, in sentences, nouns act as objects and subjects. In rare cases they may be other members of the sentence. Collective nouns - name objects that have similar lexical analogues, as well as those that systematize several concepts into one: sheet, pen, student.

An abbreviation made up of the alphabetical names of the initial letters of the words that form the original phrase. Abbreviation letter-z in u k o v a i (mixed). See truncation in 1st value. 1. Indent to the right at the beginning of the line (red line). In some languages, a case with the original meaning, with the meaning of separation or removal.

The author's narration in a literary work, i.e. those parts of the latter that do not contain the speech of the characters. Not a prose writer. No, I am in touch with the muses (Mayakovsky). This morning she took money from my pocket before going to the bakery, and attacked this little book and pulled it out.

Types of nouns

Some pronouns and ordinal numbers also turn into adjectives. Words that a speaker of a given language not only understands, but also uses and actively uses. The semantic division of a sentence, based on the analysis of the specific content contained in it. Issues of actual division of a sentence are currently receiving much attention in Soviet linguistics (see, for example: Raspopov I.P. Actual division of a sentence).

"What are abstract nouns"

Place emphasis on the first syllable. 2. A peculiar pronunciation characteristic of a speaker not speaking his native language and consisting in the involuntary replacement of the sounds of a foreign language with the sounds of his native language. Put an emphasis, as well as an accent mark in a word, pronounce the word with an underlined emphasis. 2. The system of stress in a particular language or in a group of related languages.

A trope consisting of an allegorical depiction of an abstract concept using a concrete, life-like image. 2. A stylistic device of deliberate violation of logical connections for the purposes of comedy, irony, etc., for example, a connection in the form of listing logically heterogeneous concepts. A set of graphic characters (letters) arranged in the order accepted for a given language (or languages). Amphiboly in oral speech is associated with the morphological division of the sentence.

In these cases, ambiguity is eliminated by replacing the actual construction with a passive phrase. In these cases, ambiguity can be eliminated by replacing the subordinate clause with a participial phrase. Thus, thanks to analogy, one acquires one general form morphemes that have diverged due to phonetic changes in their sound design.

Anaphora is widely used in the construction of a period, the members of which (sentences included in the increase or decrease) begin with the same function words. The rich feast on weekdays, but the poor grieve on holidays (proverb). The remainder of the aorist in Russian is the conditional particle would (iz bykhъ - the 2nd and 3rd person forms of the verb byt). Compare: imperfect and perfect.

The likening of one sound to another in articulatory and acoustic terms (cf.: dissimilation). Assimilation, as a result of which one sound is identified with another and two different sounds become the same. Assimilation in the synchronic sense is a strictly regular alternation of sounds, determined by position. For example, mena and in the words road, path, path.

In the Russian language, such types of nouns as animate and inanimate are also considered. The same as common nouns (in the article the noun is a noun). These suffixes will also help if you are not sure what the noun is. Dad bought me a notebook with lined paper. The noun “paper” acts as a definition. Note. Proper nouns have a number of features.

Methods of forming nouns. Grammatical forms. Proper and common nouns, countable and uncountable

A noun is a part of speech that denotes an object and answers the questions: who is this? what is this? (who is this? what is this?).

NOUN

According to the method of word formation there are:

1) Simple;
2) Derivatives;
3) Composite (complex).

In my own way lexical meaning are divided into:

1) Own;
2) Common nouns: a) countable; b) uncountable.

They have grammatical forms:

1) Numbers;
2) Case: a) general case; b) possessive case;
3) They do not have genus forms (see below for more details).

Simple, derived, compound nouns

Nouns are simple, derived and compound/complex.

1. To simple These include nouns that do not have prefixes or suffixes, for example: dog, book, town.

2. To derivatives These include nouns that contain suffixes or prefixes (the latter are quite rare). The most common noun suffixes include:
-ant (-ent): assistant – assistant, student – ​​student
-dom: freedom – freedom, wisdom – wisdom
-er (-or, -ar): worker – worker, actor – artist
-hood: childhood – childhood
-ion ​​(-ation): connection – connection, examination – exam
-ity: activity - activity, sincerity - sincerity
-ment: government – ​​government, agreement – ​​agreement
-ness: darkness - darkness, kindness - kindness
-ship: friendship

3. To compound/complex include nouns formed from two or more words that make up one concept: classroom - class (classroom), blackboard - blackboard, newspaper - newspaper, son-in-law - son-in-law.

Classification of nouns

Nouns are divided into proper and common nouns.

Own

Proper nouns are names of individual concepts, places and objects. This also includes personal names, names of months and days of the week, holidays and nationalities. All of them are written with a capital letter, and if the name consists of several words, then all words are written with a capital letter, with the exception of articles, prepositions and conjunctions. These include:

1. Geographical concepts: mountains, deserts, oceans, seas, rivers, countries, regions, cities, villages: the Caucasus Caucasus, the Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean, the Volga Volga, France France, London London.

2. Names of streets, squares, famous buildings, hotels, ships, inns, museums, clubs, newspapers, magazines, works: Oxford Street Oxford Street (street), Hyde Park Hyde Park, the British Museum British Museum, “New Times” ” – “New Time” (magazine).

3. First names, last names, pseudonyms, nicknames, as well as titles of people; animal names: Mary Mary (first name), Brown Brown (surname), Mark Twain Mark Twain (pen name).

4. Astronomical names: the Sun Sun, the Earth Earth, the Milky Way Milky Way, Mars, Venus, Jupiter.

5. Nationality and national language: the Russians are Russians, English English language.

6. Names of holidays: New Year New Year, Christmas, Easter, Easter, May Day May Day.

7. Names of months and days of the week: January January, September September, Sunday Sunday, Tuesday Tuesday.

Common nouns

All other nouns are common nouns. These are the names of categories of objects, persons and concepts. Common nouns are divided into:

1. Subject– denoting individual objects or persons (countable): a boy, a dog, a book, a tree, a question.

2.Collective– representing the names of groups of persons or animals considered as one whole (countable): a family, a party, a herd.

3. Real– denoting various substances or materials (uncountable): milk, butter, steel, coal, snow.

4. Abstract– nouns denoting actions, states, feelings, phenomena, etc. (uncountable): love love, beauty, work, work, peace, heat, light, friendship, honesty.

Countable and uncountable nouns

Common nouns are divided into countable and uncountable.

1. To countable nouns include the names of objects, objects and concepts that can be counted. They are used in the singular and plural, with both the indefinite and the definite articles. For example:

a) Subject: a pupil – five pupils; a table – many tables; an engineer - engineers engineers.

b) Collective: a family family – families families, an army army – armies armies, a team team – ten teams ten teams.

2. To the uncountable nouns refer to names of substances and concepts that cannot be counted. These include real and abstract (abstract) nouns. Uncountable nouns are used only in the singular and are not used with the indefinite article. When distinguishing them from the category of substances or concepts, they are preceded by a definite article.

As a subject, they are used with a singular predicate and can be replaced by a singular pronoun (most often: it).
Uncountable nouns are combined with the pronouns much, little, few, some, some, any, any.

a) Material (materials; bulk, liquid, gaseous substances; food): water, bread, tea, wool, oil, air.
b) Abstract (actions, states, natural phenomena, feelings, etc.): life life, time time, music music, news news, cold cold, freedom freedom, bravery courage, sleep dream, winter winter.

Cases of transition of nouns from the category of uncountable to countable
Many uncountable nouns become countable and are used with corresponding articles in the following cases:

1. Real nouns are used to designate an object (or objects) from a given material or when the whole and its elements are denoted by the same word: hair hair - a hair hair.

iron- iron - an iron- iron
wood– tree (wood) – a wood- forest
paper- paper - a paper– newspaper, document
coal- coal - a coal– coal

A coal fell out of the fire.- A coal fell out of the fireplace.
The ground was as hard as stone.– The ground was hard as stone.
The boy threw two stones into the water.– The boy threw two stones into the water.

2. Real nouns are used to designate different varieties and types of something or to designate a portion of something that can, for example, be bought:

Uncountable noun – Countable noun

wine– wine – a good wine- good wine
much fruit- a lot of fruits - wonderful fruits– wonderful fruits
He made some tea.- He prepared tea. – This is an Indian tea.– This is one of the Indian varieties of tea.
I hate coffee.– I can’t stand coffee. – He bought a coffee and a sandwich.- He bought (a cup of) coffee and a sandwich.

3. Abstract nouns denote specific objects or persons (are specified):

Uncountable noun – Countable noun
beauty- beauty - a beauty- gorgeous
life – life – a life – life path
light- light - a light- light, lamp
fire- fire - a fire- fire, bonfire
play- a game - a play– play
time- time - a time- once

My room is full of light.– My room is full of light.
We saw a light in the distance.- We saw a light in the distance.

Some of the uncountable nouns are almost never used as countable nouns, for example: freedom, weather, news, advice, progress, money.

4. If the ending –s (-es) is added to the stem of an uncountable noun, it is usually converted into a countable noun, for example:

iron- iron - irons– shackles, chains
color- color - colors– banners
sugar- sugar - (two) sugars– (two) lumps of sugar
tin– tin, tin – tins– jars, canned food
beauty- beauty - beauties- beauties
hair- hair - hairs– hairs

Note. In addition to the noun, the ending –s (-es) takes only a predicate verb in the Present Indefinite form for agreement with the subject in the 3rd person singular. numbers.
In other cases, the ending –s (-es) certainly indicates that this is a noun. For example, other parts of speech, such as adjectives, adverbs, etc., taking the ending –s, become a noun: yellows yolks, goods goods, whys reasons, ups and downs ups and downs, etc.

This independent part speech that denotes an object and answers the questions who? What?
The meaning of an object expressed nouns, combines the names of a wide variety of objects and phenomena, namely: 1) the names of specific cabbage soup and objects (house, tree, notebook, book, briefcase, bed, lamp); 2) names of living beings (man, engineer, girl, boy, deer, mosquito); 3) names of various substances (oxygen, gasoline, lead, sugar, salt); 4) names of various natural phenomena and public life(storm, frost, rain, holiday, war); 5) names of abstract properties and signs, actions and states (freshness, whiteness, blueness, illness, expectation, murder).
Initial form noun- nominative singular.
Nouns There are: proper (Moscow, Rus', Sputnik) and common nouns (country, dream, night), animate (horse, elk, brother) and inanimate (table, field, dacha).
Nouns belong to the masculine (friend, youth, deer), feminine (girlfriend, grass, land) and neuter (window, sea, field) gender. Names nouns change according to cases and numbers, that is, they decline. Nouns have three declension (aunt, uncle, Maria - I declension; horse, gorge, genius - II declension; mother, night, quiet - III declension).
In a sentence nouns usually act as a subject or object, but can also be any other part of a sentence. For example: When the soul in chains, screams in my heart yearning, and the heart longs for boundless freedom (K. Balmont). I lay in the scent of azaleas (V. Bryusov)

Proper and common nouns

Proper nouns- these are the names of individuals, individual objects. Proper nouns include: 1) first names, surnames, nicknames, nicknames (Peter, Ivanov, Sharik); 2) geographical names (Caucasus, Siberia, Central Asia); 3) astronomical names (Jupiter, Venus, Saturn); 4) names of holidays (New Year, Teacher's Day, Defender of the Fatherland Day); 5) names of newspapers, magazines, works of art, enterprises (the newspaper “Trud”, the novel “Resurrection”, the publishing house “Prosveshchenie”), etc.
Common nouns nouns They call homogeneous objects that have something in common, the same, some kind of similarity (person, bird, furniture).
All names own are written with a capital letter (Moscow, Arctic), some are also placed in quotation marks (the Cosmos cinema, the Evening Moscow newspaper).
In addition to differences in meaning and spelling proper nouns have a number of grammatical features: 1) are not used in the plural (except in cases of designating different objects and persons with the same name: We have two Ira and three Olya in our class); 2) cannot be combined with numerals.
Proper nouns can turn into common nouns, and common nouns- V own, for example: Narcissus (the name of a handsome young man in ancient greek mythology) - narcissus (flower); Boston (city in the USA) - boston (wool fabric), boston (slow waltz), boston ( card game); labor - newspaper "Trud".

Animate and inanimate nouns

Animate nouns serve as names of living beings (people, animals, birds); answer the question who?
Inanimate nouns serve as names for inanimate objects, as well as objects of the plant world; answer the question what? Initially, in the Russian language, the category of animate-inanimate was formed as a semantic one. Gradually, with the development of language, this category became grammatical, therefore the division of nouns into animate And inanimate does not always coincide with the division of everything that exists in nature into living and nonliving.
An indicator of the animation or inanimateness of a noun is the coincidence of a number of grammatical forms. Animated and inanimate nouns differ from each other in the accusative plural form. U animate nouns this shape matches the shape genitive case, and inanimate nouns- with the nominative case form, for example: no friends - I see friends (but: no tables - I see tables), no brothers - I see brothers (but: no lights - I see lights), no horses - I see horses (but: no shadows - I see shadows), no children - I see children (but: no seas - I see seas).
For masculine nouns (except for nouns ending in -a, -я), this difference is preserved in the singular, for example: no friend - I see a friend (but: no house - I see a house).
TO animate noun may include nouns that, according to their meaning, should be considered inanimate, for example: “our nets brought in a dead man”; discard the trump ace, sacrifice the queen, buy dolls, paint nesting dolls.
TO inanimate noun may include nouns that, according to the meaning they express, should be classified as animated, for example: study pathogenic microbes; neutralize typhus bacilli; observe the embryo in its development; collect silkworm larvae, believe in your people; gather huge crowds, arm armies.

Concrete, abstract, collective, real, singular nouns

According to the characteristics of the expressed meaning, nouns can be divided into several groups: 1) concrete nouns(chair, suit, room, roof), 2) abstract, or abstract, nouns(struggle, joy, good, evil, morality, whiteness), 3) collective nouns(animal, fool, foliage, linen, furniture); 4) real nouns(cycle: gold, milk, sugar, honey); 5) singular nouns(pea, grain of sand, straw, pearl).
Specific are nouns that denote phenomena or objects of reality. They can be combined with cardinal, ordinal and collective numbers and form plural forms. For example: boy - boys, two boys, second boy, two boys; table - tables, two tables, second table.
Abstract, or abstract, are nouns that denote any abstract action, state, quality, property or concept. Abstract nouns have one form of number (only singular or only plural), are not combined with cardinal numerals, but can be combined with the words many, few, how many, etc. For example: grief - a lot of grief, little grief. How much grief!
Collective are called nouns that denote a collection of persons or objects as an indivisible whole. Collective nouns have only the singular form and are not combined with numerals, for example: youth, old man, foliage, birch forest, aspen forest. Wed: Old people gossiped for a long time about the lives of young people and the interests of youth. - Whose are you, old man? Peasants, in essence, have always remained owners. - In no country in the world has the peasantry ever been truly free. On the first of September all children will go to school. - The children gathered in the yard and waited for the adults to arrive. All students passed successfully state exams. - Students take an active part in the work charitable foundations. The nouns old people, peasantry, children, students are collective, the formation of plural forms from them is impossible.
Real are nouns that denote a substance that cannot be divided into its component parts. These words can name chemical elements, their compounds, alloys, medications, various materials, types food products and agricultural crops, etc. Real nouns have one form of number (only singular or only plural), are not combined with cardinal numerals, but can be combined with words naming units of measure kilogram, liter, ton. For example: sugar - a kilogram of sugar, milk - two liters of milk, wheat - a ton of wheat.
Singular nouns are a type real nouns. These nouns name one instance of those objects that make up the set. Wed: pearl - pearl, potato - potato, sand - grain of sand, pea - pea, snow - snowflake, straw - straw.

Gender of nouns

Genus- this is the ability of nouns to be combined with forms of compatible words specific for each generic variety: my house, my hat, my window.
Based on gender nouns are divided into three groups: 1) masculine nouns(house, horse, sparrow, uncle), 2) feminine nouns(water, earth, dust, rye), 3) neuter nouns(face, sea, tribe, gorge).
In addition, there is a small group common nouns, which can serve as expressive names for both male and female persons (crybaby, touchy-feely, youngster, upstart, grabber).
The grammatical meaning of gender is created by the system of case endings of a given noun in the singular (thus gender of nouns distinguished only in the singular).

Masculine, feminine and neuter gender of nouns

TO masculine include: 1) nouns with a base on a hard or soft consonant and a zero ending in nominative case(table, horse, reeds, knife, crying); 2) some nouns with the ending -а (я) such as grandfather, uncle; 3) some nouns with endings -о, -е such as saraishko, bread, little house; 4) noun journeyman.
TO feminine refers to: 1) most nouns with the ending -a (ya) (grass, aunt, earth) in the nominative case; 2) part of the nouns with a base on a soft consonant, as well as on zh and sh and a zero ending in the nominative case (laziness, rye, quiet).
TO neuter include: 1) nouns ending in -о, -е in the nominative case (window, field); 2) ten nouns starting with -mya (burden, time, tribe, flame, stirrup, etc.); 3) noun “child”.
The nouns doctor, professor, architect, deputy, guide, author, etc., naming a person by profession, type of activity, are classified as masculine. However, they can also refer to females. Coordination of definitions in this case is subject to the following rules: 1) a non-separate definition must be put in the masculine form, for example: A young doctor Sergeeva appeared at our site. A new version of the article of the law was proposed by the young deputy Petrova; 2) a separate definition after the proper name should be placed in the feminine form, for example: Professor Petrova, already known to the trainees, successfully operated on the patient. The predicate must be put in the feminine form if: 1) the sentence contains a proper noun standing before the predicate, for example: Director Sidorova received a prize. Tour guide Petrova took students through oldest streets Moscow; 2) the form of the predicate is the only indicator that we are talking about a woman, and it is important for the writer to emphasize this, for example: The school director turned out to be a good mother. Note. Similar designs should be used with great caution, since not all of them correspond to the norms of book and written speech. Common nouns Some nouns with endings -а (я) can serve as expressive names for both male and female persons. These are nouns of a general gender, for example: crybaby, touchy, sneak, slob, quiet. Depending on the gender of the person they denote, these nouns can be classified as either feminine or masculine: a little crybaby is a little crybaby, such a mischief is such a mischief, a terrible slob is a terrible slob. In addition to similar words, common nouns may include: 1) unchangeable surnames: Makarenko, Malykh, Defieux, Michon, Hugo, etc.; 2) colloquial forms of some proper names: Sasha, Valya, Zhenya. The words doctor, professor, architect, deputy, tour guide, author, which name a person by profession or type of activity, do not belong to the general nouns. They are masculine nouns. Common nouns are emotionally charged words, have a pronounced evaluative meaning, are used mainly in colloquial speech, and therefore are not characteristic of scientific and formal business styles speech. By using them in a work of art, the author seeks to emphasize the conversational nature of the statement. For example: - You see how it is, on someone else’s side. Everything turns out hateful for her. No matter what you see, it’s not the same, it’s not like mom’s. Right? - Oh, I don’t know! She's a crybaby, that's all! Aunt Enya laughed a little. Such a kind laugh, light sounds and leisurely, like her gait. - Well, yes! You are our man, a knight. You won't shed tears. And she's a girl. Tender. Mom and Dad (T. Polikarpova). Gender of indeclinable nouns Foreign language common nouns are distributed by gender as follows: The masculine gender includes: 1) names of male persons (dandy, maestro, porter); 2) names of animals and birds (chimpanzees, cockatoos, hummingbirds, kangaroos, ponies, flamingos); 3) the words coffee, penalty, etc. The feminine gender includes the names of female persons (Miss, Frau, Lady). The neuter gender includes the names of inanimate objects (coat, muffler, neckline, depot, subway). Indeclinable nouns of foreign origin denoting animals and birds are usually masculine (flamingos, kangaroos, cockatoos, chimpanzees, ponies). If, according to the conditions of the context, it is necessary to indicate a female animal, the agreement is carried out using the feminine gender. The nouns kangaroo, chimpanzee, pony are combined with a past tense verb in the feminine form. For example: The kangaroo was carrying a baby kangaroo in her bag. The chimpanzee, apparently a female, fed the baby a banana. The mother pony was standing in a stall with a small foal. The noun tsetse is an exception. Its gender is determined by the gender of the word mukha (feminine). For example: Tsetse bit a tourist. If determining the gender of an indeclinable noun is difficult, it is advisable to consult a spelling dictionary. For example: haiku (Japanese tercet) - s.r., takku (Japanese quintet) - s.r., su (coin) - s.r., flamenco (dance) - s.r., taboo (prohibition) - s.r. .R. Some indeclinable nouns are recorded only in dictionaries of new words. For example: sushi (Japanese dish) - sr., tarot (cards) - plural. (genus is not determined). The gender of indeclinable foreign language geographical names, as well as names of newspapers and magazines, is determined by the generic common noun eg: Pau (river), Bordeaux (city), Mississippi (river), Erie (lake), Congo (river), Ontario (lake), L'Humanité (newspaper). The gender of indeclinable compound words is in most cases determined by the gender of the core word of the phrase, for example: MSU (university - m.r.) MFA (academy - zh.r.). The gender of compound nouns written with a hyphen The gender of compound nouns written with a hyphen is usually determined: 1) by the first part, if both parts change: my chair-bed - my chair-bed (sr.), a new amphibious aircraft - new amphibious aircraft (m.r.); 2) according to the second part, if the first does not change: sparkling firebird - sparkling firebird (g.r.), huge swordfish - huge swordfish (g.r.). In some cases, the gender is not determined, since compound word used only in the plural: fairy-tale boots-runners - fairy-tale boots-runners (plural). Number of nouns Nouns are used in the singular when talking about one object (horse, stream, crevice, field). Nouns are used in the plural when talking about two or more objects (horses, streams, cracks, fields). According to the characteristics of the forms and meanings of the singular and plural, the following are distinguished: 1) nouns that have both singular and plural forms; 2) nouns that have only a singular form; 3) nouns that have only a plural form. The first group includes nouns with a concrete object meaning, denoting countable objects and phenomena, for example: house - houses; street - streets; person people; city ​​dweller - city dwellers. The nouns of the second group include: 1) names of many identical objects (children, teachers, raw materials, spruce forest, foliage); 2) names of objects with real meaning (peas, milk, raspberries, porcelain, kerosene, chalk); 3) names of quality or attribute (freshness, whiteness, dexterity, melancholy, courage); 4) names of actions or states (mowing, chopping, delivery, running, surprise, reading); 5) proper names as names of individual objects (Moscow, Tambov, St. Petersburg, Tbilisi); 6) words burden, udder, flame, crown. The nouns of the third group include: 1) names of composite and paired objects (scissors, glasses, watches, abacus, jeans, trousers); 2) names of materials or waste, residues (bran, cream, perfume, wallpaper, sawdust, ink, 3) names of periods of time (vacations, days, weekdays); 4) names of actions and states of nature (troubles, negotiations, frosts, sunrises, twilight); 5) some geographical names (Lyubertsy, Mytishchi, Sochi, Carpathians, Sokolniki); 6) the names of some games (blind man's buff, hide and seek, chess, backgammon, grandma). The formation of plural forms of nouns is mainly done with the help of endings. In some cases, some changes in the base of the word may also be observed, namely: 1) softening of the final consonant of the base (neighbor - neighbors, devil - devils, knee - knees); 2) alternation of the final consonants of the stem (ear - ears, eye - eyes); 3) adding a suffix to the plural stem (husband - husband\j\a], chair - chair\j\a], sky - heaven, miracle - miracle-es-a, son - son-ov\j\a]) ; 4) loss or replacement of formative suffixes of the singular (mister - gentlemen, chicken - hens, calf - tel-yat-a, bear cub - bear cubs). For some nouns, plural forms are formed by changing the stem, for example: person (singular) - people (plural), child (singular) - children (plural). In indeclinable nouns, number is determined syntactically: young chimpanzee (singular) - many chimpanzees (plural). Case of nouns Case is an expression of the relationship of an object called by a noun to other objects. Russian grammar distinguishes six cases of nouns, the meanings of which are generally expressed using case questions: The nominative case is considered direct, and all others are indirect. To determine the case of a noun in a sentence, you need to: 1) find the word to which the noun refers; 2) put a question from this word to the noun: see (who? what?) brother, be proud of (what?) successes. Among the case endings of nouns, homonym endings are often found. For example, in the genitive forms of the door, dative case to the door, the prepositional case about the door has not the same ending -i, but three different endings - homonyms. The same homonyms are the endings of the dative and prepositional cases in the forms by country and about country-e. Types of declension of nouns Declension is the change of a noun by case and number. This change is expressed using a system of case endings and shows the grammatical relationship of the given noun to other words in the phrase and sentence, for example: School\a\ is open. Construction of schools has been completed. Graduates send greetings to schools\e\ According to the peculiarities of case endings in the singular, a noun has three declensions. The type of declination can only be determined in the singular. Nouns of the first declension The first declension includes: 1) feminine nouns with the ending -а (-я) in the nominative singular (country, land, army); 2) masculine nouns denote people with the ending -a (ya) in the nominative singular case (uncle, young man, Petya). 3) nouns of the general gender with endings -а (я) in the nominative case (crybaby, sleepyhead, bully). Nouns of the first declension in the oblique singular cases have the following endings: It is necessary to distinguish between the forms of nouns in -ya and -iya: Marya - Maria, Natalya - Natalia, Daria - Daria, Sophia - Sofia. Nouns of the first declension in -iya (army, guard, biology, line, series, Maria) in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases have the ending -i. In writing, mistakes are often caused by mixing the endings of nouns of the first declension into -ee and -iya. Words ending in -eya (alley, battery, gallery, idea) have the same endings as feminine nouns with a base on a soft consonant such as earth, will, bathhouse, etc. Nouns of the second declension The second declension includes: 1) nouns masculine with a zero ending in the nominative singular (house, horse, museum); 2) masculine nouns with the ending -о (-е) in the nominative singular (domishko, saraishko); 3) neuter nouns with the ending -о, -е in the nominative singular case (window, sea, gorge); 4) noun journeyman. Masculine nouns of the second declension have the following endings in the oblique singular cases: In the prepositional singular case, the ending -e predominates for masculine nouns. The ending -у (у) is accepted only by inanimate masculine nouns if: a) they are used with the prepositions in and on; b) have (in most cases) the character stable combinations, indicating the place, state, time of action. For example: eyesore; remain in debt; on the verge of death; grazing; to follow the lead; stew in one's own juices; be in good standing. But: work hard, in sunlight ; grammatical structure; at a right angle; in some cases, etc. It is necessary to distinguish between the forms of nouns: -ie and -ie: teaching - teaching, treatment - treatment, silence - silence, torment - torment, radiance - radiance. Nouns of the second declension ending in -i, -i in the prepositional case -i. Words ending in -ey (sparrow, museum, mausoleum, frost, lyceum) have the same endings as masculine nouns with a base on a soft consonant such as horse, elk, deer, fight, etc. Nouns of the third declension The third declension includes names feminine nouns with a zero ending in the nominative singular (door, night, mother, daughter). Nouns of the third declension in the oblique singular cases have the following endings: The words mother and daughter belonging to the third declension, when changed in all cases except the nominative and accusative, have the suffix -er- at the base: Declension of nouns in the plural In case endings plural differences between individual types of noun declension are insignificant. In the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases, nouns of all three declensions have the same endings. In the nominative case, the endings -и, -ы и|-а(-я) predominate. The ending -e is less common. You should remember the formation of the genitive plural forms of some nouns, where the ending can be zero or -ov. This includes words naming: 1) paired and composite objects: (not) felt boots, boots, stockings, collars, days (but: socks, rails, glasses); 2) some nationalities (in most cases, the stem of the words ends in n and r): (no) English, Bashkirs, Buryats, Georgians, Turkmens, Mordvins, Ossetians, Romanians (but: Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Yakuts); 3) some units of measurement: (five) amperes, watts, volts, arshins, hertz; 4) some vegetables and fruits: (kilogram) apples, raspberries, olives (but: apricots, oranges, bananas, tangerines, tomatoes, tomatoes). In some cases, plural endings perform a semantic distinguishing function in words. For example: dragon teeth - saw teeth, tree roots - fragrant roots, sheets of paper - tree leaves, scratched knees (knee - “joint”) - complex knees (knee - “dance move”) - trumpet knees (knee - “ joint at the pipe"). Indeclinable nouns Indeclinable nouns include: 1) ten nouns ending in -mya (burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup, crown); 2) noun path; 3) noun child. Diversified nouns have the following features: 1) ending - both in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of the singular - as in the III declension; 2) the ending -еm in the instrumental case of the singular as in the 2nd declension; 3) the suffix -en- in all forms, except for the nominative and accusative cases of the singular (only for nouns ending in -mya). The word path has case forms of the third declension, with the exception of the instrumental case of the singular, which is characterized by the form of the second declension. Wed: night - nights, path - paths (in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases); steering wheel - steering wheel, path - path (in the instrumental case). The noun child in the singular retains the archaic declension, which is currently not actually used, but in the plural it has the usual forms, except for the instrumental case, which is characterized by the ending -mi (the same ending is characteristic of the form by people). Indeclinable nouns Indeclinable nouns do not have case forms, these words do not have endings. The grammatical meanings of individual cases in relation to such nouns are expressed syntactically, for example: drink coffee, buy cashews, novels by Dumas. Indeclinable nouns include: 1) many nouns of foreign origin with final vowels -о, -е, -и, -у, -у, -а (solo, coffee, hobby, zebu, cashew, bra, Dumas, Zola); 2) foreign-language surnames denoting female persons ending in a consonant (Michon, Sagan); 3) Russian and Ukrainian surnames with -o, -ih, -yh (Durnovo, Krutykh, Sedykh); 4) complex abbreviated words of alphabetic and mixed nature (Moscow State University, Ministry of Internal Affairs, head of department). The syntactic function of indeclinable nouns is determined only in context. For example: The Walrus asked the Kangaroo (RP): How can you stand the heat? I'm shaking from the cold! - Kangaroo (I.p.) said to Walrus. (B. Zakhoder) Kangaroo is an indeclinable noun, denotes an animal, masculine gender, and is the object and subject of a sentence. Morphological analysis of a noun Morphological analysis of a noun includes the identification of four constant characteristics (proper-common noun, animate-inanimate, gender, declension) and two inconsistent ones (case and number). The number of constant features of a noun can be increased by including features such as concrete and abstract, as well as real and collective nouns. Scheme of morphological analysis of a noun.

Nouns refer to people, places or things. In addition, there is a special class of nouns - abstract nouns.

Abstract nouns cannot be detected using the five senses: cannot see, hear, smell, to taste or touch their.

Let's look at such a sentence, a statement by the American writer Alvin Brooks White.

A library is a good place to go when you feel unhappy, for there, in a book, you may find encouragement and comfort.

Encouragement And comfort - some of the nouns in this sentence - are abstract. There are a lot of other nouns in this statement: library, place, book. You can see them, touch them, for example. But you can't do this with encouragement and comfort. Support and comfort do not have color, shape, smell, size, sound, consistency - in general, those properties that can be seen, heard, touched, tasted or smelled. Any noun that is inaccessible to these five senses is abstract.

Don't confuse abstract and concrete nouns.

Concrete nouns are tangible with all our senses.

T-shirt is the best in adding zest to beauty.

T-shirt is an example of a concrete noun. You can touch the T-shirt, smell it, check the material from which it is made. You can do this because it is accessible to all five of our senses.

For a more visual example of the difference between concrete and abstract nouns, we have compiled a table.

Table 1. English concrete and abstract nouns

A few more examples:

I love my husband.
In this sentence, the word love expresses action, and therefore acts as a verb.

Send them my love.
In this sentence, the word love is an abstract concept because it exists outside the five senses.

Maria could taste cilantro in the salsa.
In this sentence, auxiliary"could" illustrates the action. After all, Maria can physically taste the salsa.

Abstract forms of nouns are very common and they are an important part of communication. In many cases, these types of nouns are formed by adding a suffix or changing the root of the word. Child is a concrete noun, and childhood- abstract.

As a rule, abstract nouns have the following suffixes:

Tion
-ism
-ity
-ment
-ness
-age
-ance
-ence
-ship
-ability
-acy

Typical mistakes of English-speaking bloggers

Abstract nouns can be formed from adjectives by adding a suffix -ness: happy / happiness, sad / sadness, kind / kindness, cheerful / cheerfulness.

However, a large group of adjectives have various nouns that do not require addition - ness or other suffix. A common stylistic mistake is adding -ness to adjectives that already have corresponding noun forms.
For example, the adjective humble there is a corresponding noun humility , but many native English speakers do not know about this and write humbleness.

Politicians Need More Humbleness.

Here are some additional adjective/abstract noun pairs that are often confused by journalists and bloggers.

Table 2. English abstract nouns and adjectives