Online interest calculator. How to find the percentage of a number. How to calculate percentages: from a number, from the sum of numbers, etc.
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Anonymous Number A at 56% less number B, which is 2.2 times less than number C. What is the percentage of number C relative to number A? NMitra A = B - 0.56 ⋅ B = B ⋅ (1 - 0.56) = 0.44 ⋅ B B = A: 0.44 C = 2.2 ⋅ B = 2.2 ⋅ A: 0.44 = 5 ⋅ A C is 5 times more A C is 400% more A Anonymous Help. In 2001, revenue increased by 2 percent compared to 2000, although it was planned to double. By what percentage was the plan underfulfilled? NMitra A - 2000 B - 2001 B = A + 0.02A = A ⋅ (1 + 0.02) = 1.02 ⋅ A B = 2 ⋅ A (plan) 2 - 100% 1.02 - x% x = 1.02 ⋅ 100: 2 = 51% (plan fulfilled) 100 - 51 = 49% (plan not fulfilled) Anonymous Help answer the question. Watermelon contains 99% moisture, but after drying (put it in the sun for several days), its moisture content is 98%. By what % will the WEIGHT of a watermelon change after drying? If you calculate it mathematically, it turns out that my watermelon has completely dried out. For example: with a weight of 20 kg, water makes up 99% of the mass, that is, dry weight is 1% = 0.2 kg. Here the watermelon loses liquid and is already 98%, therefore, the dry weight is 2%. But the dry weight cannot change due to water loss, so it remains equal to 0.2 kg. 2%=0.2 => 100%=10 kg. Anonymous Please tell me how to calculate the percentage itself in the range of 2 values? Let's say, what percentage does the number 37 have in the range of values 22-63? I need a formula for an application; I used to solve such problems in a couple of minutes, but now my brain has shrunk). Help out. NMitra It works out like this for me: percentage = (number - z0) ⋅ 100: (z1-z0) z0 - initial value range z1 - final value of the range For example, x = (37-22) ⋅ 100: (63-22) = 1500: 41 = 37% For the example below it converges
| 0 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 |
| 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| 35 | 50% | 10 | 45 |
| 16 | 23% | 4,6 | 20,6 |
| 18 | 26% | 5,2 | 23,2 |
| 1 | 1% | 0,2 | 1,2 |
| 70 | 100% | 20 | 90 |
| 35 | 50% | 10 | 45 | 67,5 |
| 16 | 23% | 4,6 | 20,6 | 30,9 |
| 18 | 26% | 5,2 | 23,2 | 34,8 |
| 1 | 1% | 0,2 | 1,2 | 1,8 |
| 70 | 100% | 20 | 90 | 135 |
A percentage is one hundredth of a number. Using it, you can calculate the share of any value. Simple interest is the amount that is calculated at the end of the billing period on the original loan provided. It is most often used to calculate the accrued amount of the issued investment or the money must “work” and bring income to the lender. When a loan is issued, interest is the value, calculated mathematically, that will be earned from the loan. If income is calculated only on the amount issued, this is called simple; it can be done by having three indicators:
- The amount of money borrowed or invested.
- Interest rate is the rate required to calculate the interest amount. Is negotiated between the lender and the borrower. It is expressed as a percentage as common fraction or decimal.
- Time period - the period during which the debt must be repaid.
The longer the period for which the loan is given, the greater the interest of the lender. The calendar year is most often considered the standard time interval in financial transactions. Therefore, simple interest is calculated at the end of this period on the amount received once, depending on the interest rate.
This scheme assumes that the base on which accrual occurs will remain unchanged. Let the loan (or investment) taken be equal to P, the interest rate - r. Cash borrowed on the condition of simple interest if the lender's capital increases per year by the amount Pr. And after n years he will be able to get the sum Sn: Sn = P + Pr + ... + Pr = P (1 + nr).
In other words, if you take a sum of money from the bank in the amount of 10 thousand rubles at a simple interest, for example 10%, then after a year you need to give 11 thousand rubles.
Sn = 10,000 + 10,000 x 10% = 11,000 rub.
After two years, this amount will be 12 thousand rubles, and after three years - 13 thousand rubles.
Since the formula consists of four variables, four types of problems can be solved. The first one is direct location the accrued number and three inverse findings: the amount of invested funds, the interest rate and the lending time. true if the lending time is equal to a year. Then from this formula it follows that the interest rate is equal to:
R3/12 = P + Pr/(12 x 3).
Bank agreements specify an interest rate that is set for a period of one year. With its help you can determine the amount of income. If you divide this value by the number of days in a year, you can determine the amount of interest per day. The amount of daily interest multiplied by the required period will give us the income for this billing period.
For example, the amount of the initial loan S is 200 thousand rubles. Interest rate - 14.5%. Billing period equal to one month (or 31 days). Task: calculate the required amount to be paid for the loan. Solution:
200 x 14.5/100 x 31/365 = 2.463 thousand rubles.
The baby was born. For a happy mother, a time of worries, worries and worries comes. The main thing that worries a breastfeeding mother now is whether the baby is getting enough nutrition, is her milk fatty or not?
Breastfed
First feeding
After childbirth, milk usually begins to arrive around fourth day. The baby is brought for the first feeding most often on the second day. And now the young mother begins to worry that her baby will remain hungry, that there is very little milk. This should not be done for several reasons:
The newborn is still weakly sucking on his mother’s breast (the sucking reflex is poorly developed), he needs to learn how to do this, so he eats very little. The colostrum that the mother’s body now produces is fatty and nutritious. It contains everything necessary to ensure the full functioning of a newborn. The volume of the baby's ventricle is still very small (on the first day only about 10 ml), therefore the amount of colostrum eaten per feeding is also small, about 7 - 9 ml. It turns out to feed a child 10 - 12 times per day, that is, in the first day the baby’s norm is about 100 ml of milk. Do not think that a breastfeeding baby will remain hungry because there is not enough milk. It will begin to arrive soon. But unnecessary worries can delay the increase in lactation.
Milk standards in the first ten days
How much milk a baby will eat now depends only on his weight and age. Day by day, the volume of the ventricle in a newborn increases, and the volume of milk consumed increases accordingly.
On the second day, the baby already drinks about 20 grams per feeding, the daily dose is 200-240 ml, on the third day - 30 ml (300-340 ml, respectively) and so on. For a child in the first 10 days of life, you can calculate the required volume of milk consumption per feeding by simply multiplying the number of days old by 10.
Nutritional formula for the first 10 days: N (number of days) * 10 = one-time amount of food in ml.
Accurate scales for measuring the weight of a newborn baby
More accurately, the volume of a single dose of milk consumed can be determined by weighing the baby on a medical scale before feeding and immediately after it. The difference between the weighing results is the volume of milk the baby drinks. It is advisable to weigh several feedings in a row. Knowing the approximate dose (see the norms given above), you will understand whether the baby is sucking his portion or not.
When and how is the best time to feed a baby?
In ten days, mommy's milk will stop coming. Now approximate quantity eaten per day will be equal to a fifth of the baby’s weight.
Children's pediatricians have come to the conclusion that there is no need to force feed a child at strictly designated hours. It is better to wait until the baby himself demands to feed him. Usually this happens 10-12 times a day with an interval of 1.5 - 2 hours.
Read about the pros and cons of on-demand feeding -
As a rule, the baby actively sucks the breast for 15-30 minutes, sometimes even 40. It happens that the baby has sucked all the milk, but continues to suck the breast for some time, either sucking out the last drops of milk, or simply enjoying the sucking process itself. Don't let him nurse for more than an hour.
Table of nutritional norms for up to a year
On artificial nutrition
Everything that has already been said above applies to breastfeeding. What if your child receives artificial nutrition? How to calculate the required amount of milk or formula?
Diet is important here. It is necessary to feed the baby at least 8 times a day. We calculate the norms as for breastfeeding, but if the baby eats less often, then the norm can be slightly increased. The main thing is not to overfeed the child. After all, it is easier to suck milk from a pacifier, and the baby’s sucking reflex is already highly developed a few days after birth. If you are feeding your child not with milk, but with formula, then everything is even simpler - the dose required for each age is indicated on the package (See the article on formulas and how to choose a formula for a newborn).
How to calculate the daily intake for artificial nutrition?
For example: Let's use the table. The child is 2 months old, weight – 4800 g. Daily amount of milk: 4800/6= 800 ml. Dividing by the number of feedings per day, we get a single dose: 800/6 = 130 ml. So, in one feeding the baby should eat 130 grams of milk/formula.
Features of nutrition during artificial feeding
Don't worry if your baby has eaten less than the norm - at the next feeding he can eat a little more and get the required amount. You should know that the ventricle of a bottle-fed baby digests food more slowly, be it milk or formula. Therefore, during the day you should feed every 2.5 - 3 hours, the night break in feeding can be 5 - 6 hours. If the baby wakes up some time after feeding and cries, you should not feed him further. Most likely, he did not burp the air, and his tummy hurts. Hold it upright. As soon as he burps the air, let him go back to sleep. If he hasn’t drunk the whole amount, it’s better to let him finish it a little later, when you know for sure that he’s hungry.
How can you tell if your baby is full?
An attentive mother will determine by many signs that the baby is eating:
He is calm; Sleeps soundly; Gains weight well (See article on weight gain); Pees regularly (12-15 times a day) and poops regularly (See the article how many times does a newborn poop per day).
When a child simply cries frequently, this is not an indication of underfeeding. Most likely, he is simply tormented by gas and colic.
If your child is restless, sleeps poorly, wakes up frequently, weight gain is small compared to the norm, and greedily attacks the breast (or bottle with formula), then the baby is clearly experiencing some kind of nutritional problems and it is advisable to consult a doctor.
Let's read in detail: how to find out that a newborn is not getting enough breast milk, detailed reasons and solution to the problem -
Video: how to determine if a baby has enough milk
There are many tips on breastfeeding, but don't follow them blindly. Remember that everything is very individual. Be attentive and patient, and soon your baby will establish his own feeding regime that is convenient for him.
It should be remembered that with any feeding, be it breastfeeding or artificial feeding, you must give the baby warm boiled water (See the article on whether to give a newborn a drink with water).
As soon as the feeding schedule becomes normal, you don’t have to worry about how much your baby has eaten. He himself will eat as much as he needs.
The amount of milk a child eats depends on developmental characteristics, age and health status. Most often, mothers of bottle-fed babies worry about this. After all, when feeding, they can clearly control the amount of formula that the child sucks out, and if something happens, sound the alarm. With properly organized breastfeeding, things are more complicated - the child himself regulates the amount of milk he needs and determining the volume of breast milk consumed is no longer so easy. However, in both cases, the child must consume an amount of food that meets the standards derived from many years of observations and experience of pediatricians in order to meet the needs of his body.
Average age norms for milk or formula
During the first breastfeeding, the baby eats very little. The fact is that for some time after childbirth, a woman produces not milk, but colostrum, which has a high calorie content. Even a few drops are enough for your baby to eat. A few days pass and the colostrum turns into milk. At this time, it is important not to waste time and establish breastfeeding correctly so that long time the child was provided with breast milk. But not always and not everyone succeeds without problems, and for a number of reasons there may not be enough milk. The reasons for the lack of breast milk and how to increase its quantity read in this article. A lack of breast milk means its quantity is below the norm, which is established taking into account the general and individual characteristics of the child.
Norms for one feeding for children up to 10 days
On the first day, the newborn eats 7-9 ml of food at one feeding. To calculate the amount of food that a child should eat up to 10 days, you need to take the child’s age in days and multiply it by 10. That is, at 3 days, a child is supposed to suck 30 ml of milk or formula per feeding.
Daily values for children under 1 year
These standards, developed on the basis of the volumetric calculation method, do not take into account individual characteristics child, which must also be taken into account. So for babies with a birth weight of more than 4 kg, this norm may be insufficient, and for low birth weight babies it may be too high.
The recommendations outlined in the table below can be considered a transitional option between average and individual milk standards.
Norms for a large child at birth and a child with high rates of physical development
How to calculate the amount of formula or milk based on the baby's weight
Simple calculations will help you determine how much milk your child needs specifically, taking into account, in addition to age, such individual characteristics of the child as weight, height, and health status. When using them for children in the first days of life, you need to remember that they can give overestimated results of the amount of milk.
Children in the first 10 days of life
Finkelstein's formula modified by A.F. Tura.
Amount of milk per day (ml) = Child’s day of life × 70 or 80, where
70 – with body weight less than 3200g,
80 – with body weight above 3200g. Formula N.F. Filatov modified by G.I. Zaitseva(considered the most optimal for calculating this age category of children).
Amount of milk per day (ml) = 2% of body weight × Child's day of life. Formula N.P. Shabalova.
The amount of milk per 1 feeding (ml) = 3.0 × Day of life of the child × body weight (kg).
For children over 10 days of life
Reiche method.
Amount of milk per day (ml) = Body weight (g) / child’s height (cm) × 7. Calculation method according to Geibener and Czerny (volume method). Takes into account the daily volume of milk or formula without additional drinking.
| 10 days - 2 months | 1/5 |
| 2 - 4 months | 1/6 |
| 4 - 6 months | 1/7 |
| from 6 months | 1/8 |
Method for counting calories. It is considered the most appropriate for calculating the nutrition of children over 10 days of age and before the first introduction of complementary foods.
The method of calculating calories assumes that a child must consume a certain number of calories per 1 kg of body weight per day. Different literary sources contain different information on this matter. The maximum values are contained in WHO recommendations, which also take into account changes with the age of the child. energy value breast milk.
| 0,5 | 124 | 120 |
| 1-2 | 116 | |
| 2-3 | 109 | |
| 3-4 | 103 | 115 |
| 4-5 | 99 | |
| 5-6 | 96,5 | |
| 6-7 | 95 | 110 |
| 7-8 | 94,5 | |
| 8-9 | 95 | |
| 9-10 | 99 | 100 |
| 10-11 | 100 | |
| 11-12 | 104,5 |
The simplest and easiest way to use this method is to calculate the volume of the mixture, since its calorie content is indicated in advance on the packaging. Read about how to choose a formula for a newborn in this article. With breast milk everything is more complicated. The composition and energy value of breast milk is variable and changes throughout the entire lactation period. For this reason, when applied to breast milk, this method is more approximate. But you can still use it if you know the average energy value of breast milk, which is 53-80 kcal/100 ml.
Let’s say you need a volume of formula for a two-month-old child weighing 4600 g with a calorie content of the mixture of 680 kcal/l.
Calculation procedure
We calculate the number of calories for a child per day, using data from the child’s daily calorie needs per 1 kg of body weight, for example, according to V. S. Maslov:
Number of kcal = Child’s daily energy requirement, kcal/kg × Child’s weight, kg. Amount of kcal = 115 kcal/kg × 4.6 kg = 529 kcal.
We calculate the volume of formula needed by the child per day:
Volume of mixture, ml = Number of kcal × 1000/calorie content of 1 liter of mixture. Mixture volume, ml = 529 kcal × 1000/680 kcal = 780 ml
When using this method, it is also necessary to take into account the appropriateness of the child’s weight for his age.
Regardless of what standards you use, remember that a baby whose mother had to supplement feeding or who is fed exclusively on infant formula should consume the same amount of nutrition as any other baby who is breastfed naturally receives.
The amount of food per day in children of the first year of life should not exceed 1000 ml, and in children of the second half of the year 1000-1100 ml.
Calculation of nutrition for premature babies
The nutrition of a premature baby is carried out taking into account the needs of the body and the capabilities of the digestive system, since the energy needs are very high, and the digestive capabilities are not yet sufficient.
The number of calories per 1 kg of body weight for a premature baby in the first days of life is presented in the table.
From the second month of life, for children born weighing more than 1500 g, caloric intake is reduced by 5 kcal/kg/day (compared to the first month of life), and for children born weighing 1000-1500 g, the calorie intake is maintained at the same level for up to 3 months. level as in the first month of life. Next, they begin to reduce calorie content by 5-10 kcal/kg/body weight, taking into account the child’s health and well-being.
Increasing the amount of nutrition in premature infants should be done gradually and carefully. If the child’s condition worsens, the amount of food must be reduced.
Feeding in the first 1.5-2 months. are produced 7-10 times/day. They switch to six meals a day when the child reaches a body weight of 3 kg. At 6-7 months the child will be ready to switch to 5 meals a day.
Read about formulas for premature and low birth weight babies in this article.
Calculation of nutrition for low birth weight and sick children (WHO recommendations)
These recommendations apply to children in the first 10 days of life. Low birth weight babies are defined as babies born weighing less than 2500 g. This can include both premature babies and children who are simply small for their age.
For such children, the volume of milk per kg of body weight should initially be 60 ml. Then, every day, it is necessary to increase the total volume of milk by 20 ml per 1 kg of weight, until the child begins to receive 200 ml per 1 kg of weight per day.
Sick children are defined as children whose weight is over 2500 g and who, due to illness, are unable to breastfeed. For such children, the amount of milk should be 150 ml per 1 kg of body weight per day.
The amount of milk or formula per feeding
The one-time volume of the mixture should be calculated based on the number of feedings per day. However, here mothers often reach a dead end, not knowing how many feedings are considered normal. To do this, you can refer to the table in which the number of feedings is given taking into account the age of the child.
With the arrival of a baby in the family, parents try to do everything right. After all, the quality of care for a newborn depends on its development. First of all, adults are interested in the question of feeding the baby. At first glance, it seems that there cannot be a more natural process than feeding a child. But a woman always worries whether the baby has eaten enough, whether he has enough nutritional fluid, and how many breastfeedings per day are considered normal. Even more questions arise when a mother cannot breastfeed her baby. The child is transferred to a specially adapted formula, but this also has its own nuances. Let's take a closer look at the nutritional standards for an infant: how to understand how much milk or formula a newborn should eat.
How much milk does a newborn need during breastfeeding?
Today, the approach to breastfeeding has changed dramatically when compared with the recommendations of pediatricians twenty to thirty years ago. Increasingly, women are turning to breastfeeding consultants, who tell young mothers in detail about the rules of feeding a baby, the technique of breastfeeding and other nuances. Now it is important to maintain close contact with the baby, so feeding on demand is encouraged.
Nature provides for the process of breastfeeding a child, so immediately after the baby is born, the hormone responsible for milk production appears in an increased amount.
In the maternity hospital, a young mother is explained the rules for attaching a child to the breast in order to establish breastfeeding from the first days
What if he doesn’t have enough: secrets of the first feeding
But mothers most often worry in the first days after the birth of a child, when there is no milk as such yet, and the body produces only colostrum. Moreover, the amount of this valuable nutrition for the baby is very small: during the first breastfeeding, the baby receives about 1.5–2 ml of colostrum.
Experts have proven that receiving colostrum is mandatory for the baby. The fact is that it contains a huge reserve useful substances: microelements, immunoglobulins, antibodies, and also a lot of protein. Therefore, doctors around the world insist that the baby be placed on the mother’s breast immediately after birth or in the first hours of life. Colostrum not only saturates the baby with nutrients, but also helps to activate protective forces body.
When colostrum enters the baby’s body, it is completely absorbed, because it contains practically no fat, and provides the child with passive immunity, which protects the baby from many infectious diseases. After the next meal, the amount of colostrum increases slightly and reaches 200–300 ml per day. During one feeding, the baby eats about 20–30 ml of liquid on the second and third days after birth.
Newborn babies eat only colostrum for the first days, and that’s enough for them
However, many women are worried that colostrum alone is not enough for the baby and he is not getting enough. You can often hear the opinion that in the first days the child needs to be supplemented with formula. This is a false statement: the amount of colostrum is absolutely sufficient to meet all the infant's nutritional needs. nutrients Oh. Therefore, women should not worry about this.
Supplemental feeding of a newborn baby with an adapted formula can cause breast refusal. The baby will get used to receiving food from a bottle and will not want to perform active sucking movements in order to get milk. Also, the baby will take less from the mother’s breast, which, in turn, will lead to a decrease in the woman’s milk production.
Therefore, experts insist: for a child in the first days of life, the nutrition he receives during breastfeeding is quite enough. It is also worth noting that the volume of a newborn baby’s stomach is very small and is about 10 ml. Therefore, 7–8 ml of colostrum eaten at one feeding on the first day is quite enough for the baby.
Required milk standards in the first ten days of a baby’s life
The baby feeds on colostrum for the first two to four days after birth. He is actively mastering the sucking reflex, which is not yet very developed, and is learning to properly grasp his mother’s breast in order to extract valuable liquid. The volume of the stomach increases every day, so the child begins to eat more milk. The baby is put to the breast about 8-10 times a day.
Lactation consultants explain to new mothers that in the first days after birth, the baby should be latched to the breast frequently to stimulate the woman's milk production. After all, the body works on the “supply and demand” principle; the more the baby eats, the more milk comes in. And the first month is very important: it is at this time that breastfeeding is established.
In the first days after birth, the baby is often put to the breast: on average, 8–10 times
There is a formula that makes it easy to determine the amount of milk consumed for a child in the first days of life. It looks like this: N*10=the amount of milk that the baby should eat in one feeding, where N is the number of days from the moment the baby is born.
Table: How much milk does a baby eat in the first ten days after birth?
Sometimes doctors determine how much milk the baby has eaten by weighing the child. It is necessary to weigh the baby before feeding and immediately after. The difference in weight shows how much liquid entered the baby’s body during feeding. Sometimes women worry because... By the time they are discharged from the maternity hospital, children lose weight. Doctors rush to reassure that this is a normal phenomenon: after birth, the child’s body is cleansed, excess fluid leaves, so his weight decreases. This does not mean that the baby does not have enough milk.
If the baby is healthy and active, there is no need to specifically buy scales and weigh him at home before and after each feeding. The pediatrician makes all the necessary calculations once a month during a routine examination. He calculates the optimal weight gain; if everything is normal, then the baby has enough milk.
Table: Formulas for calculating milk norms for children in the first 10 days of life How to properly organize the feeding regimen of a newborn
Today, doctors advise feeding children on demand. If earlier children's doctors insisted that a baby should be put to the breast no earlier than three to three and a half hours after the previous feeding, now the situation has changed. But experts warn young mothers not to confuse hunger with the desire to satisfy the sucking reflex. The baby should not be at the breast 24/7. Normally, the baby eats every 2-3 hours and the number of feedings decreases as they grow older. If in the first two to three days of life the baby asked for the breast about 10 times a day. Then by two weeks the feeding schedule is getting better: during the day the child can wake up 5–6 times, and at night 1–2 times. Some children need less, for example, they can sleep peacefully at night and not ask for food.
Each mother decides for herself how to organize the feeding schedule: on demand or by the hour
Dr. Komarovsky explains that it should be comfortable first of all for the mother. After all, from emotional state The happiness of the child depends on the parents. If it is more convenient for the mother to feed the baby by the hour and she wants to accustom him to the regime, this is also a variant of the norm. The pediatrician insists that the baby should not nurse for hours to calm down, even if the baby is fed on demand.
How long a baby can stay at the breast depends on the baby. Some children are full in 15 minutes, while others take about 30-40 minutes. In this matter, everything is individual. But the mother should clearly know that she should not let her baby nurse for more than an hour. You need to try to distract the baby with something else.
Video: Doctor Komarovsky about the feeding regimen of newborns
Nutritional norms for children of the first year of life
All mothers understand that the health and normal development of the baby depends on good nutrition. Therefore, worries about whether the baby is eating enough do not leave many women. In order to be sure of proper development crumbs, the baby is examined by a pediatrician once a month. The main criteria are the weight and height of the baby. The doctor will weigh and measure the child, compare the data with the figures at the time of birth and discharge from the hospital, and draw conclusions based on this.
If the baby is active, has a good appetite, gains weight and height according to the norms, then everything is fine with him and he has enough milk.
Another criterion is the amount of urination and bowel movements. The wet diaper test is recognized by doctors all over the world and gives a clear answer: whether the baby eats enough milk per day. The number of times a baby goes to the toilet varies depending on age:
in the first three days after birth, the baby can write only three times a day; by the end of the first week, the number of urinations increases and is 4–8 times in 24 hours; from the second week after birth, the baby goes to the toilet 12 or more times a day.
Pediatricians explain to parents that if a child between the ages of 14 days and 6 months pees 12 times, then everything is normal and he has enough milk. If the number of urinations has decreased to 8–10 times, the mother’s milk supply has decreased. But 6 or fewer wet diapers indicate that the baby does not have enough milk, so an urgent consultation with a pediatrician is needed.
The main indicator of a child’s adequate nutrition is monthly weight gain
There are also various methods to calculate the amount of milk that babies need at different ages.
Finding out the quantity required milk according to Speransky's method
This method is based on the child’s weight and the number of calories in milk:
1 liter of mother's milk contains about 700 kcal; from birth to three months, a child needs 125 kcal per kilogram of weight; from three months to six months there are 115 kcal per 1 kg of baby’s weight; in the second six months of life and up to 12 months - 105 kcal.
To calculate, we use the following formula: the baby’s weight in kg must be multiplied by the number of calories depending on the baby’s age. We convert the resulting number of calories into milliliters. In the end we will get required amount milk that the baby should eat per day.
For example: a baby is 2 months old and weighs 4 kg, which means 125 kcal per kilogram of weight. 4*125=500 kcal. Then we calculate the amount of milk: 1000*500/700=715 ml. This means that a baby should eat 715 ml of milk per day.
Calculation using Geubner's method
This method is based on the child’s weight: the amount of nutritional fluid required directly depends on the age and number of kilograms. It is quite accurate.
Table: Milk norms per day for children of the first year of life depending on body weight
For example, a child weighs 7800 grams at 7 months. This means he should receive 7800/8=975 ml of milk per day.
No matter what formulas parents use to calculate the amount of milk, the numbers will be approximately the same
Shkarin method
The formula is quite simple: at 8 weeks a baby should eat at least 800 ml of milk. To calculate the amount of valuable liquid you need:
for a baby under 8 weeks, take 50 ml each week; for children older than this age - add 50 ml of milk, but not every week, but every month.
Table: Daily milk intake for children of different ages according to Shkarin’s method
This method is considered the simplest, but not accurate enough, because each child is individual and not all babies gain the same number of grams of weight from month to month.
Milk intake varies from child to child: large babies eat more, smaller babies eat less.
How much should a newborn on artificial nutrition eat?
For children who are fed a special adapted formula, they receive it strictly according to the schedule. Pediatricians insist that you should not overfeed your child, so baby food they receive 7-8 times a day with an interval of 3-3.5 hours between feedings.
At night, the interval between feedings can increase to 5–6 hours. If the baby does not wake up and does not ask for food, then the nutrients he received before bed are enough for him. You shouldn't wake him up.
Some mothers, however, overfeed their babies: as soon as the baby starts crying, and the time to eat the formula has not yet come, they cannot stand it and feed the babies ahead of time. Doctors explain that it is much easier for a baby to get nutrition from a bottle than from the mother’s breast. Therefore, the baby eats not as much as he needs to satisfy his hunger, but as much as his mother gives in a bottle. Overfeeding is fraught with many digestive problems, so pediatricians insist that parents monitor the feeding schedule of bottle-fed children.
First of all, you need to consult your doctor and study the information on the packaging of the mixture. There must be instructions and the amount of powder for children of different ages. However, there are special formulas, using which you can quickly find out how much mixture you need to give your baby so that he eats, but does not overeat.
For children in the first 10 days of life, you can calculate the amount of formula using the Finkelstein or Filatov methods, which we discussed above.
Table: How much formula does a 4 kg child need in the first 10 days of life, according to Filatov’s method
When feeding with formula, the dosage must be strictly observed.
But the most popular method by which the required amount of formula is determined is based on the child’s weight, which changes every month.
Table: Determining the volume of formula for children under one year of age
The resulting volume of the adapted mixture must be divided by the number of feedings to calculate the volume sufficient for one meal.
Video: How much formula should be given to a baby
How many cans of formula should you buy to feed your baby?
This question worries many parents, because formula is not cheap, but if a woman cannot breastfeed, there is no other choice. It is impossible to say exactly how many days an average jar of mixture weighing 400 grams will last. The fact is that it depends on the baby’s appetite: what older child, the more mixture he eats.
The amount of mixture that needs to be diluted in water is determined using a measuring spoon. One level spoon contains approximately 4.3 grams of powder.
Table: Volume of formula for babies of different ages (in weeks and months)
A 400 gram jar of the mixture contains about 93 scoops of powder. 24 spoons of mixture are needed per day to feed a newborn baby. Thus, provided that a baby receives eight meals a day from birth to two weeks, one can of formula will last for three and a half days. And for a one-month-old baby, one package is enough for 5 days. Parents need to buy six cans of baby food per month.
The older the child gets, the more cans of formula he will need per month.
Moms' experience: how many cans of formula is gentle for a child under one year old
If the infant is mixed-fed: how much formula to give?
Some children are fed both mother's milk and an adapted formula. If a child is not gaining weight well, the pediatrician may recommend supplemental feeding with formula. But the principle also applies here: do not overfeed the baby. To calculate how many grams of formula your baby needs, it is recommended to consult a doctor.
Doctors advise doing a wet diaper test. If the baby goes to the toilet fewer times, it means he doesn’t have enough milk.
Based on the test results, the amount of formula for supplementary feeding of the baby is calculated. For each missing urination, a certain amount of baby food is required:
from birth to three months - 30 ml; 4 months - 40 ml; 5 months - 50 ml; six months - 60 ml; over six months - children are given complementary foods, so the question of supplementary feeding with formula is decided only by a doctor.
For example, a child at five months pees 10 times, while the norm is at least 12 urinations per day. This means he needs an additional 100 ml of the mixture.
His full development depends on how much milk or formula a child eats. After all, this is the main and only food for children in the first six months of life. Parents and doctors carefully ensure that the baby gains weight and has a good appetite. If the baby does not have enough mother's milk, the doctor may recommend supplementing the baby with formula or switching to artificial feeding. But doctors around the world insist that the most better food for the baby - breast milk. And only in extreme cases should the baby be switched to formula.
Learning new things and self-improvement are the main criteria in work, which I always try to do efficiently!
May be useful not only for the student high school. In everyday life, this skill is necessary in order to calculate the loan payment, calculate and check whether the accountants correctly calculated the amount of taxation upon receipt wages. And for many employees of various companies and enterprises, this skill is simply necessary for work.
What is this - percentage? From school curriculum Everyone remembers that a percentage in the world is considered to be a hundredth part of something. That is, to put it another way, the expression “3 percent” should be understood as 3 hundredths of any number. For the sake of brevity, people have adopted the symbol "%" for the word "percentage".
And from school, we all know how to calculate the percentage of divided by one hundred, finding the value of one percent, and then the resulting quotient is multiplied by a number indicating the number of percents that need to be found.
For example, you need to find out what 28% of 500 is. The line of reasoning should be as follows:
- Find the size of 1% of 500 by division.
- We find the given number by multiplying the resulting quotient from division by 100.
That is, 28% of 500 is 28/100 of 500. Another way to write this action is:
500 X 28/100 = 140.
Since numbers are not always easy to remember, and pen and paper are not always at hand, many people today use calculators.
To calculate, you can use the described method: divide the given number by one hundred and multiply by the required number of percent.
There is a faster calculation option:
- The specified number is entered into the calculator. In our case - 500.
- Next, press the “multiply” key.
- Then we type the number of the required percentages - for our version it is 28.
- Instead of equality, select the % sign on the calculator.
- We get the result - this is 140 in our example.
- In the cell that displays the calculated percentage, enter the equal sign “=”.
- Next, write down a given number from which you need to look for a percentage, or the “address” of the cell where this number has already been entered. In our example we will enter the number 500.
- The third step will be to set the “multiply” or “*” sign.
- Now you should write down the number that reflects the amount of interest you are looking for. For us it's 28.
- The penultimate action will be to enter the “percentage” sign, which looks like “%”.
- To get the result, all you have to do is press the “Enter” button on your keyboard. The result - 140 - will immediately appear on the monitor.
Before starting to work in Excel, you should left-click to set the appropriate format in the table cells or use the “menu” function: “format - cells - number - percentage”.
For example, we are given the numbers 140 and 500. The question is posed this way: what percentage is 140 of 500?
- First, let's find what one percent of 500 is equal to. That is, we go along old scheme and divide 500 by 100. We get 5.
- Now it remains to find out how many such percentages the given number 140 contains. To do this, 140 must be divided by 5. We get the same 28 percent!
- This calculation can be written in one formula as follows:
140: (500: 100) = 140: 500/100 = 140: 500 X 100 = 28.
That is, the number 140 out of 500 is 28 percent.
And in order to find out what percentage one number is of another, we should divide the smaller number by the larger one and multiply the quotient by 100.
These skills are extremely important for an entrepreneur who is engaged in trading. When setting prices for a product, it usually requires the ability to calculate the percentage of a number, since with the help of this action the necessary “markup” on the product is made. It is most convenient to mark up the entire assortment at the same percentage, for example, 15%.
But calculating net income requires another skill. For example, the daily revenue at the stall was 3,450 rubles. What is the net income from goods sold? Some novice entrepreneurs naively calculate 15% of gross revenue, and make a grave mistake! Having removed the “cheating” obtained in such an incorrect way from circulation, they then sit and puzzle over where the shortage came from.
And everything is very simple. After markup, the product began to contain not 100% of the cost, but 100% + 15% = 115%. Therefore, to find the amount of added value received, 15% is calculated as follows:
- They find 1% of the revenue by dividing it not by 100, but by 115. That is, in our case
- And now you can look for added value, which you can bravely extract from circulation.
These numbers are taken out of thin air, so you should not take these data seriously. But the calculation methods themselves deserve attention; there are no errors in them.
Verbal counting- an activity that fewer and fewer people bother with these days. It’s much easier to take out a calculator on your phone and calculate any example.
But is this really so? In this article, we will present math hacks that will help you learn how to quickly add, subtract, multiply and divide numbers in your head. Moreover, operating not with units and tens, but with at least two-digit and three-digit numbers.
After mastering the methods in this article, the idea of reaching into your phone for a calculator will no longer seem so good. After all, you can not waste time and calculate everything in your head much faster, and at the same time stretch your brains and impress others (of the opposite sex).
We warn you! If you a common person, and not a child prodigy, then to develop the skill of mental arithmetic you will need training and practice, concentration and patience. At first everything may be slow, but then things will get better and you will be able to quickly count any numbers in your head.
Gauss and mental arithmetic
One of the mathematicians with phenomenal speed oral counting there was the famous Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855). Yes, yes, the same Gauss who invented the normal distribution.
According to him in my own words, he learned to count before he spoke. When Gauss was 3 years old, the boy looked at payroll his father and said: “The calculations are wrong.” After the adults double-checked everything, it turned out that little Gauss was right.
Subsequently, this mathematician reached considerable heights, and his works are still actively used in theoretical and applied sciences. Until his death, Gauss performed most of his calculations in his head.
We won't deal here complex calculations, let's start with the simplest.
Adding numbers in your head
To learn how to add large numbers in your head, you need to be able to accurately add numbers up to 10 . Ultimately, any complex task comes down to performing a few trivial actions.
Most often, problems and errors arise when adding numbers with “passing through 10 " When adding (and even when subtracting), it is convenient to use the “support by ten” technique. What is this? First, we mentally ask ourselves how much one of the terms is missing to 10 , and then add to 10 the difference remaining until the second term.
For example, let's add the numbers 8 And 6 . To from 8 get 10 , lacks 2 . Then to 10 all that remains is to add 4=6-2 . As a result we get: 8+6=(8+2)+4=10+4=14
The main trick to adding large numbers is to break them into place value parts, and then add those parts together.
Suppose we need to add two numbers: 356 And 728 . Number 356 can be represented as 300+50+6 . Likewise, 728 will look like 700+20+8 . Now we add:
356+728=(300+700)+(50+20)+(8+6)=1000+70+14=1084
Subtracting numbers in your head
Subtracting numbers will also be easy. But unlike addition, where each number is broken down into place value parts, when subtracting we only need to “break down” the number we are subtracting.
For example, how much will 528-321 ? Breaking down the number 321 into bit parts and we get: 321=300+20+1 .
Now we count: 528-300-20-1=228-20-1=208-1=207
Try to visualize the processes of addition and subtraction. At school everyone was taught to count in a column, that is, from top to bottom. One way to restructure your thinking and speed up counting is to count not from top to bottom, but from left to right, breaking numbers into place parts.
Multiplying numbers in your head
Multiplication is the repetition of a number over and over again. If you need to multiply 8 on 4 , this means that the number 8 need to repeat 4 times.
8*4=8+8+8+8=32
Since everything complex tasks are reduced to simpler ones, you need to be able to multiply everything single digit numbers. There is a great tool for this - multiplication table . If you do not know this table by heart, then we strongly recommend that you learn it first and only then start practicing mental counting. Besides, there is essentially nothing to learn there.
Multiplying multi-digit numbers by single-digit numbers
Practice multiplication first multi-digit numbers to single digits. Let it be necessary to multiply 528 on 6 . Breaking down the number 528 into ranks and go from senior to junior. First we multiply and then add the results.
528=500+20+8
528*6=500*6+20*6+8*6=3000+120+48=3168
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Multiplying two-digit numbers
There is nothing complicated here either, only the load on short-term memory is a little greater.
Let's multiply 28 And 32 . To do this, we reduce the entire operation to multiplication by single-digit numbers. Let's imagine 32 How 30+2
28*32=28*30+28*2=20*30+8*30+20*2+8*2=600+240+40+16=896
One more example. Let's multiply 79 on 57 . This means that you need to take the number " 79 » 57 once. Let's break the whole operation into stages. Let's multiply first 79 on 50 , and then - 79 on 7 .
- 79*50=(70+9)*50=3500+450=3950
- 79*7=(70+9)*7=490+63=553
- 3950+553=4503
Multiply by 11
Here trick quick mental calculation that will help you multiply any two-digit number on 11 at phenomenal speed.
To multiply a two-digit number by 11 , we add the two digits of the number to each other, and enter the resulting amount between the digits of the original number. The result three digit number- the result of multiplying the original number by 11 .
Let's check and multiply 54 on 11 .
- 5+4=9
- 54*11=594
Take any two-digit number and multiply it by 11 and see for yourself - this trick works!
Squaring
Using another interesting mental counting technique, you can quickly and easily square two-digit numbers. This is especially easy to do with numbers that end in 5 .
The result begins with the product of the first digit of a number by the next one in the hierarchy. That is, if this figure is denoted by n , then the next number in the hierarchy will be n+1 . The result ends with the square of the last digit, that is, the square 5 .
Let's check! Let's square the number 75 .
- 7*8=56
- 5*5=25
- 75*75=5625
Dividing numbers in your head
It remains to deal with division. Essentially, this is the inverse operation of multiplication. With division of numbers up to 100 There should be no problems at all - after all, there is a multiplication table that you know by heart.
Division by a single digit number
When dividing multi-digit numbers by single-digit numbers, it is necessary to select the largest possible part that can be divided using the multiplication table.
For example, there is a number 6144 , which must be divided by 8 . We recall the multiplication table and understand that 8 the number will be divided 5600 . Let's present an example in the form:
6144:8=(5600+544):8=700+544:8
544:8=(480+64):8=60+64:8
It remains to divide 64 on 8 and get the result by adding all the division results
64:8=8
6144:8=700+60+8=768
Division by two digits
When dividing by a two-digit number, you must use the rule of the last digit of the result when multiplying two numbers.
When multiplying two multi-digit numbers, the last digit of the multiplication result is always the same as the last digit of the result of multiplying the last digits of those numbers.
For example, let's multiply 1325 on 656 . According to the rule, the last digit in the resulting number will be 0 , because 5*6=30 . Really, 1325*656=869200 .
Now, armed with this valuable information, let's look at division by a two-digit number.
How much will 4424:56 ?
Initially, we will use the “fitting” method and find the limits within which the result lies. We need to find a number that, when multiplied by 56 will give 4424 . Intuitively let's try the number 80.
56*80=4480
This means that the required number is less 80 and obviously more 70 . Let's determine its last digit. Her work on 6 must end with a number 4 . According to the multiplication table, the results suit us 4 And 9 . It is logical to assume that the result of division can be either a number 74 , or 79 . We check:
79*56=4424
Done, solution found! If the number didn't fit 79 , the second option would definitely be correct.
In conclusion, here are a few useful tips that will help you quickly learn mental counting:
- Don't forget to exercise every day;
- do not quit training if the results do not come as quickly as you would like;
- download mobile app for oral calculation: this way you don’t have to come up with examples for yourself;
- Read books on fast mental counting techniques. There are different mental counting techniques, and you can master the one that best suits you.
The benefits of mental counting are undeniable. Practice and every day you will count faster and faster. And if you need help in solving more complex and multi-level problems, contact student service specialists for quick and qualified help!