What chemicals are hazardous? Hazardous chemicals and objects. Questions and tasks

Chemically hazardous facility (XOO) - an object where hazardous chemicals are stored, processed, used or transported in the event of an accident or destruction of which may cause death or chemical contamination of people, farm animals, plants, as well as the environment with emergency chemically hazardous substances.

Chemically hazardous objects and their classification

Chemical and petrochemical enterprises, cold stores, meat processing plants, dairies, urban water treatment plants, gas, oil and ammonia pipelines, various storage facilities for hazardous chemicals and hazardous chemicals belong to the chemical and petrochemical complex. The basis of the classification of COO is a quantitative assessment of the degree of danger of an object, taking into account the following characteristics:

the scale of possible consequences of a chemical accident for the population and territories adjacent to the facility;

the type of possible emergency in case of an accident at the chemical protection facility according to the worst-case scenario;

the degree of danger of AHOV used at chemical facilities;

the risk of an accident at the HOO.

According to the scale of the possible consequences of a chemical accident, CSOs are divided into four degrees of chemical hazard.

Table 1. Hazard indicators

Chemically hazardous objects of the 1st degree include large enterprises of the chemical industry, water treatment facilities located in the immediate vicinity or on the territory of the largest and largest cities.

Objects of the 2nd degree of CW include enterprises of the chemical, petrochemical, food and processing industries, water treatment facilities for public utilities in large and medium-sized cities, and large railway junctions.

The objects of the 3rd degree of CW include small enterprises of the food and processing industry (refrigeration plants, meat processing plants, dairies, etc.) of local importance, water treatment facilities, and other medium and small cities and rural settlements.

The objects of the 4th degree of CW include enterprises and objects with a relatively small amount of hazardous chemicals (less than 0.1 tons).

The data presented allow us to draw the following conclusions:

the danger of infection with hazardous chemicals is real;

it is necessary to forecast and assess the chemical situation in advance;

it is necessary to teach the entire population how to protect against hazardous chemicals and the rules of behavior for people in emergency situations.

Chemically hazardous objects include:

plants and combines of chemical industries, as well as individual installations (aggregates) and workshops that produce and consume hazardous chemicals;

plants (complexes) for the processing of oil and gas raw materials;

production of other industries where AHOV is used (pulp and paper, textile, metallurgical, food, etc.);

railway stations, ports, terminals and warehouses at the final (intermediate) points of movement of AHOV;

vehicles (containers and bulk trains, tank trucks, river and sea tankers, pipelines, etc.).

At the same time, AHOV can be both raw materials and intermediate, as well as final products of industrial production.

In connection with the possibility of the release (spill) of hazardous chemicals at a potentially hazardous economic facility, in order to prevent or reduce the impact of harmful factors in the operation of the facility on people, farm animals and plants, as well as on the environment, a sanitary protection zone is established around the facility (SPZ).

The depth of the SPZ depends on the capacity, the conditions for the implementation of the technological process, the nature and amount of harmful substances released into the environment and other harmful factors. Depending on the sanitary and hygienic criteria for assessing their danger to the environment enterprises are divided into 5 classes. The most dangerous is the first class, the least dangerous is the fifth. Depending on the class of the enterprise, the dimensions of the SPZ are: I class - 1000 m, II class - 500 m, III class - 300 m, IV class - 100 m, U class - 50 m.

Emergency chemically hazardous substance (AHOV)- a chemical used for national economic purposes, which, if spilled or released, can lead to air pollution with damaging concentrations.

Enterprises include enterprises chemical, oil refining, petrochemical and other related industries; enterprises with industrial refrigeration units that use ammonia as a refrigerant; water and wastewater treatment plants that use chlorine and other enterprises.

For the needs of the emergency rescue business, the concept of “emergency chemically hazardous substance” is used, which is a hazardous chemical substance used in industry and agriculture, in the event of an accidental release (spill) of which the environment can be contaminated in concentrations (toxic doses) that affect a living organism. The most important property of AHOV is toxicity, which is understood as their toxicity, characterized by lethal, damaging and threshold concentrations. For a more accurate characterization of AHOV, the concept of “toxodosis” is used, which characterizes the amount of a toxic substance absorbed by the body over a certain period of time.

According to the degree of impact on the human body, AHOV are divided into 4 hazard classes: 1 - extremely dangerous; 2 - highly dangerous; 3 - moderately dangerous; 4 - low-risk.

According to their striking properties, AHOV are heterogeneous. As their main classification feature, the sign of the predominant syndrome that develops during acute human intoxication is most often used.

Life safety lesson Grade 5

Household chemicals

Relatively

safe

flammable

Soaps, washing powders,

pastes, ink, ink, cosmetics.

Lacquers, paints, solvents,

household products for the treatment of plants and insect control.

Dangerous

for eyes and skin

Poisonous

Chemicals, strong

preparations for the fight against insects and rodents

stain removers, engine fuel, methyl alcohol.

whitening,

disinfectants.

Back to scheme

Complete

Relatively safe

Their packages do not have an inscription indicating the degree of danger of use. These are soap, cleaning and washing powders, pastes, ink, ink, cosmetics.

Back to scheme

Complete

Dangerous for eyes and skin

Their packages have warning labels, for example: "Keep away from eyes." These are bleaching agents.

Back to scheme

Complete

flammable

On containers with such substances it is written: "Flammable", "Do not store, do not spray near fire". These are preparations in aerosol packaging, varnishes, paints, solvents, household products for treating plants and controlling insects.

Back to scheme

Complete

Poisonous

Their packaging says: "Poison!", "Poisonous!". These are chemical products for industrial and laboratory use, potent preparations for combating pests in fields, for protecting plants in large areas, some types of stain removers, fuel for engines, methyl alcohol.

Lead and other heavy metals (copper, zinc, manganese, iron, cobalt, molybdenum), hazardous to health, are contained in paints, are part of products made of polymeric materials.

Cosmetic preparations may also contain heavy metals. For example, powder is zinc oxide, eyeshadow is aluminum powder.

Adhesives, new furniture, synthetic carpets, some textiles, and disinfectants can release vapors from another very dangerous chemical - formaldehyde capable of causing cancer.

How to make your life safer

1. Do not use paint containing lead

2. Use paints that do not contain organic solvents

3. Opt for safe products made from natural fibers

4. Try to use instead of chemicals simple traditional cleaning products

5. Use the same products for disinfection (destruction of pathogenic bacteria) in the bathroom, toilet, kitchen

6. When buying cosmetic products, pay attention to their composition indicated on the label.

7. Grow as many plants as possible at home

Food poisoning

• Products should be consumed only if you are sure of their freshness or after hot processing.
• It is better to store them in a dark, cool place, i.e. in fridge.
• Food should be consumed immediately after cooking, and before the next use, it must either be cooled or boiled.

How to prevent food poisoning

1. Always wash your hands before preparing food; Wash dishes with hot soapy water after cooking meat and fish in them. 2. Do not defrost meat at room temperature. Defrost it gradually in the refrigerator or quickly in the microwave and cook immediately. 3. Avoid raw pickled foods and raw meat, fish, or eggs. Cook all such foods carefully. 4. Do not eat foods that look spoiled or smell bad, or foods that come from bulging or cracked cans. 5. Keep the refrigerator at 3°C. Never eat cooked meat or dairy products that have been out of the refrigerator for more than two hours

Medication rules:

Each medicine has its own tricks and rules of administration.

• If it is not exactly indicated in the recipe how to drink this medicine, drink it with half a glass of water. Water should be boiled and at room temperature.
• Never chew tablets unless specifically directed to do so.
• Take your medication while sitting (tablets), standing (capsules).
• Do not take medicines with sweet sparkling waters and mineral waters.

In any case, before taking medication, it is better to consult your doctor.

mercury poisoning

It has long been known that mercury, and especially its vapors, is poisonous, that it is impossible to take or collect mercury with your hands (vapors easily penetrate the skin).

Remember

If you accidentally break a thermometer or find mercury somewhere in the basement or on the street, get away from this place and inform an adult.

Spilled mercury from a thermometer is able to penetrate into the cracks of the floor, be absorbed by carpets, sharply (4-6 times) exceeds the concentration of harmful vapors in the room and causes diseases of the respiratory system and the nervous system.

Do not throw spilled mercury and its cleaning products into the sewer: your toilet will be hazardous to health.

Blankets, carpets contaminated with mercury are not recommended to be used for a year until the remnants of its vapor disappear. .

Pesticides - These are chemicals that exhibit toxic (biocidal) properties.

Hazardous chemicals and facilities

Hazardous chemical substance - a chemical substance, the direct or indirect impact of which on a person can cause acute and chronic diseases of people or their death.

emergency chemically hazardous substances; chemical warfare agents; substances that cause predominantly chronic diseases. Types of chemically hazardous substances

Hazardous chemical substances - hazardous chemicals or compounds that, if spilled or released into the environment, can cause damage to people, animals, as well as contamination of air, soil, water, soil, plants and other objects

A chemically hazardous facility (CHO) is an enterprise where, in the event of an accident, massive damage to people, animals and plants, as well as chemical contamination of the environment, can occur.

chemical industry facilities petrochemical industry facilities pulp and paper, textile, food, metallurgy, utilities research centers, warehouses (storages) and terminals, vehicles and pipelines. military chemical facilities (warehouses and ranges, plants for the destruction of chemical munitions, special vehicles, warehouses and rocket fuel facilities). non-chemical industry facilities Types of hazardous chemical facilities

The largest consumers Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy (chlorine, ammonia, hydrochloric acid, etc.) Pulp and paper industry (chlorine, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrochloric acid) Engineering and defense industry (chlorine, ammonia, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen fluoride ) Utilities (chlorine, ammonia) Medical industry (ammonia, chlorine, phosgene, acrylic nitrile, hydrochloric acid) Agriculture (ammonia, chloropicrin, sulfur dioxide)

JSC "Cracking" uses sulfuric acid to purify oil products

SEPO JSC and other enterprises use ammonia

In the event of an accident at JSC Nitron, 40 tons of chlorine and 645 tons of acrylic acid may be released.

Hazard class and size of the sanitary protected zone Class I - 1000 m. Class II - 500 m. Class III - 300 m. Class IV - 100 m. Class V - 50 m.

REGIONAL TARGET PROGRAM "SYSTEM OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SAFETY OF THE SARATOV REGION FOR 2010-2013" Saratov, Balashov, Balakovo, Volsk, Engels, Gorny settlement

Number of HOOs by regions of Russia

Classification of hazardous chemicals All chemicals are divided into four classes: extremely dangerous - hydrogen fluoride, phosphorus oxychloride, ethyleneimine, mercury; highly hazardous - acrolein, arsenic hydrogen, hydrocyanic acid, dimethylamine, carbon disulfide, fluorine, chlorine; moderately hazardous - hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen sulfide, trimethylamine; low-hazard - ammonia, methyl acrylate, acetone.

Characteristics of AHOV resistance relative density rate of toxic action

Today, chemically hazardous substances are used in large volumes in household, agricultural, and industrial sectors. All of them are highly toxic and pose a threat to people and nature. Next, consider the most common emergency chemically hazardous substances.

The nature of the threat

Emergency chemically hazardous substances (AHOV) are used in production, processing, for transport and other needs. When they leak, air, water, animals, people, plants, soil are exposed to infection. In the event of an accident of chemical hazardous substances at the enterprise, a threat is created to the life of not only people who are directly within its boundaries. Toxic compounds that can move quickly with the wind can create a kill zone for tens of kilometers. In Russia, catastrophes occur every year, as a result of which chemically hazardous substances are released. At the same time, with the development of industry and technology, the threat only increases.

Hazardous chemicals and objects: general information

The largest reserves of toxic compounds are concentrated in oil refining, metallurgical, defense, meat and dairy, and food industries. In large volumes of AHOV are contained in chemical and pharmaceutical plants. Toxic compounds are present at trade and warehouse bases, at housing and communal services enterprises, in various joint-stock companies, at cold storage facilities. The most common hazardous chemicals are:

• Hydrocyanic acid.
• Benzene.
• Sulfur dioxide (sulfur dioxide).
• Ammonia.
• Hydrogen fluoride and bromide.
• Methyl mercaptan.
• Hydrogen sulfide.

Processing Features

Under normal conditions, chemically hazardous substances in most cases have a gaseous or liquid state. But in the process of production, use, processing, during storage, gaseous compounds are transformed. By compression, they are brought into a liquid state. Due to this transformation, the volume of hazardous chemicals is significantly reduced.

Toxicity characteristic

As indicators of the harmfulness of compounds, categories such as the maximum allowable concentration and toxodose are used. The limiting norm is the volume, daily exposure to which for a long time does not provoke diseases and any changes in the human body. The maximum allowable concentration is not used when assessing the danger of an emergency, since in case of an emergency, the duration of the toxic effect of hazardous chemicals is quite limited. Toxodose is a certain amount of a compound that can cause a toxic effect.

Chlorine

Under normal conditions, this compound is a yellow-green gas with an irritating, pungent odor. Its mass is greater than that of air, approximately 2.5 times. Because of this, chlorine accumulates in tunnels, wells, basements and lowlands. This compound is consumed annually in the amount of 40 million tons. Transportation and storage of chlorine is carried out in steel tanks and railway tanks under pressure. When it leaks, acrid smoke is formed, which irritates the skin and mucous membranes. The maximum permissible content of the compound in the air:

• 1 mg / m 3 - in the workshop of the enterprise.
• 0.1 mg / m 3 - single maximum concentration.
• 0.03 mg / m 3 - average daily concentration.

Life-threatening exposure to chlorine for 30-60 minutes at a concentration of 100-200 mg/m 3 is considered.

Ammonia

Under normal conditions, this compound is present as a colorless gas. Ammonia has a pungent odor, a small mass (lighter than air, twice). When released into the atmosphere, forms smoke and explosive mixtures. Ammonia is highly soluble in water. The world production of this compound is up to 90 million tons annually. Ammonia is transported in a liquefied state in pressurized tanks. MPC in the air:

• The maximum single and average daily concentration is 0.2 mg/m 3 .
• In the workshop of the enterprise - 20 mg / m 3.

A threat to life is created at a concentration in the air of 500 mg / m 3. In such cases, the likelihood of death from poisoning is high.

Hydrocyanic acid

This clear and colorless liquid has an intoxicating odor similar to that of almonds. At normal temperatures, it is highly volatile. Hydrocyanic acid drops quickly evaporate: in winter in an hour, in summer - in 5 minutes. MPC in the air - 0.01 mg / m 3. At a concentration of 80 mg / m 3 poisoning occurs.

hydrogen sulfide

This colorless gas has an unpleasant and very pungent odor. Hydrogen sulfide is twice as heavy as air. In case of accidents, it accumulates in lowlands, first floors of buildings, tunnels, basements. Hydrogen sulfide is very polluting water. When inhaled, the compound affects the mucous membranes, and also negatively affects the skin. Among the first signs of poisoning, one should note headache, photophobia, lacrimation and burning in the eyes, cold sweat, vomiting and nausea, as well as a taste of metal in the mouth.

Features of the disaster

As a rule, in case of emergency with the destruction of the container, the pressure decreases to atmospheric pressure. As a result, hazardous chemicals boil up and are released as an aerosol, vapor or gas. The cloud formed directly when the container is damaged is called the primary cloud. Dangerous chemicals contained in it spread over a fairly long distance. The remaining volume of liquid spreads over the surface. Gradually, the compounds also evaporate. Gaseous hazardous chemicals released into the atmosphere form a secondary cloud of damage. It spreads over shorter distances.

Damage zones

These are territories that are contaminated with harmful compounds in concentrations that pose a threat to human life. The depth of the affected area (the distance over which air with hazardous substances will spread) will depend on the level of hazardous substances. Wind speed is also important. So, at flows of 1 m/s, the cloud will move away from the place of emergency by 5-7 km, at 2 m/s - by 10-14 km, at 3 m/s - by 16-21 km. With an increase in air and soil temperature, the evaporation of toxic compounds increases. This, in turn, contributes to an increase in the concentration of substances. The type (shape) of the infection zone also depends on the air flow. So, at 0.5 m / s it looks like a circle, 0.6-1 m / s - like a semicircle, 1.1 m / s - like a sector with a right (90 degrees) angle, 2 m / s and more - as a sector with an angle of 45 degrees.

Features of the defeat of settlements

It must be said that structures and buildings in the city heat up faster from the sun than in the countryside. In this regard, in large settlements there is an intensive movement of air. This contributes to the fact that hazardous substances penetrate into dead ends, basements, courtyards, on the first floors of houses, creating high concentrations there that pose a serious threat to the population.