How to insulate walls made of ceramic blocks. How to lay ceramic blocks - laying walls from ceramic blocks (14 photos). Photos of houses made of ceramic blocks

Porous hollow ceramic blocks- these are materials that help preserve and accumulate heat in the house. But despite this, in some cases walls made of this material also require insulation.

Heat loss in a house occurs through walls, windows, doors, roofs and even the basement. Through the walls low-rise buildings no more than 20% of heat is lost, since the areas of the roof and walls are almost equal. Significant heat losses (up to 40%) occur through air exchange, and the rest occurs on the roof. In the first climate zone, building codes(GSN) for energy saving provide a heat transfer coefficient for enclosing structures (walls) of 2.8 (was 2.2), and for the roof - 4.95 (was 2.8). On transition period, in which we find ourselves today, this coefficient for roofs can be 3.3.

Is it necessary to insulate walls made of blocks 38, 44 and 50 cm wide?

When building a house from hollow porous ceramic blocks, the walls can be of two types: single-layer, that is, made only from one block, or multi-layer. The latter, in turn, are divided into two-layer, consisting of a block and insulation, and three-layer, which includes a block, insulation and facing brick. For the construction of single-layer walls, porous blocks with a width of 38, 44 and 50 cm are used. It is not practical to insulate such walls, since the wall material from which they are made has a sufficient coefficient of resistance to heat transfer. The funds that are supposed to be spent on insulating such walls are better used for exterior finishing or installing translucent structures of higher quality from the point of view of energy saving - doors and windows. However, with the introduction of new energy saving standards, even walls made of ceramic blocks with a width of 38 cm are subject to insulation.

Which ceramic blocks require insulation?

Sometimes walls are erected from ceramic porous hollow blocks 25 and 30 cm wide. This happens when the wall material has not yet been selected, but construction works are already underway. For example, if a foundation is made, and its width does not correspond to the width of the porous block, which can provide the required thermal conductivity coefficient of the walls of the house. Then, when choosing a material for external walls, they are tied to the thickness of the block.

Since these blocks are originally intended for the construction of internal load-bearing walls, they do not have a sufficient heat transfer resistance coefficient.

When insulating a wall made of porous blocks, you must remember to install windows in the house with a heat transfer resistance coefficient of 0.5 m² - °C/W and, accordingly, insulate the roof - only then can the house be considered fully insulated.

Laying insulation

It is better to insulate walls made of porous ceramics with mineral wool slabs, which, unlike expanded polystyrene, have good vapor permeability. The insulation is attached to the wall with glue or with dowels so that it fits tightly to the wall surface. Further finishing of the walls is done at the discretion of the house owner. As for the thickness of the insulation for ceramic porous blocks, for a block 25 cm wide it is 100 mm, for a block 30 cm wide it is 60 mm.

Another important point that needs to be taken into account when insulating a house is the use of so-called “light” (“warm”) masonry mortar when laying blocks, rather than the usual cement-sand mortar. This solution also contains cement, which acts as a binder. Thermal insulating material - perlite or expanded clay sand - is used as a filler.

The area of ​​joints with a thickness of 12 mm is only 4% on a wall made of ceramic porous hollow blocks. If you replace cement- sand mortar to “light”, then the thermal characteristics of the wall will improve by 17% due to big difference in the thermal conductivity coefficient of these solutions: for cement-sand it is 0.9 W/(m*°C), and for a warm solution it is 0.3 W/(m*°C). The production of such dry mixtures has not yet been developed in Ukraine, so they are imported from abroad.

There are not many ways to combine load-bearing structure with thermal insulation, so porous ceramic blocks definitely deserve attention. Today we’ll talk about the properties of this building material, the features of working with it, the technique of laying and finishing the walls of buildings of different heights.

The situation with porous ceramic blocks is very ambiguous. Distributors praise warm ceramics, while at the same time some well-wishers criticize them. Let’s try to get to the bottom of the truth, it’s not for nothing that these blocks have become so widespread.

Porous blocks: characteristics and essence of the material

The main problem in the production of red building bricks has always been considered high degree defects: during the firing process, the clay mass tends to change linear dimensions and become deformed; moreover, a considerable amount of debris is formed during transportation. Create from such material building blocks large sizes until some time was a very difficult task.

The issue was resolved by extrusion molding of ground clay mixture. The composition of the latter may vary depending on mineral additives and pore-forming inclusions. Thus, in addition to the presence of large vertical channels that lengthen the path of heat outflow, the brick pillar itself may have micropores that increase heat transfer resistance.

At its core, warm ceramics are nothing more than a type of hollow brick. But the linear dimensions of the blocks are nine or more times larger, which gives a noticeable increase in the speed of wall construction. The void ratio is also much higher and can reach 80%, this is a huge plus in terms of thermal conductivity and in terms of reducing the structural load on the foundation.

Large blocks, oddly enough, do not have high dimensional tolerances. First of all, because the cellular format, together with mineral and pore-forming additives, eliminates shrinkage during firing; in addition, some types of warm ceramics may have ground ends. In general, the deviation from the declared dimensions is up to 2-3 mm for each block. The material is packaged on cargo pallets rather than in bulk, so the amount of waste during transportation is kept to a minimum.

Types and formats of blocks

There are two main types of PCB - for insulation and laying the load-bearing layer. Adding ground wood flour to clay at the stage of preparing the mixture results in its burning out during firing. The brick becomes brittle and is not suitable for constructing a load-bearing layer (strength grade M30-M50).

Various kinds of mineral additives, which have good sinterability along with clay, can increase strength to grade M100, which makes warm ceramics suitable for laying entire external and internal load-bearing walls. The thermal conductivity of such blocks is higher, but this is eliminated by a relatively thin outer layer insulating cladding.

In construction practice, it is customary to combine materials in one wall. The inner load-bearing layer occupies 50-70% of the total thickness of the wall; it is laid out in high-strength blocks. This is followed by a layer of 20-30% of the total thickness with high heat transfer resistance and completes the structure external cladding half of a small-sized brick with a hollowness of about 30%. This scheme is considered generally accepted, and we will describe its advantages later.

Ceramic blocks have wide choose formats. Regardless of the material, structure, blocks are divided into basic masonry and additional facing. Both types have a strict direction of masonry: tongue-and-groove side edges complicate the flow of heat by convection, and such a connection of blocks of the same row is mandatory. By choosing the format in advance, you can focus on the final thickness of the load-bearing walls of 25, 38, 44 and 51 cm. Facing blocks provide a thickness of the heat-protective layer of 8, 12 and 20 cm. For the end finishing of the masonry, there are additional elements of appropriate sizes for each format.

Use with caution: how to avoid construction defects

The main argument of critics of porous ceramic blocks is their insufficient compressive strength. “Experts” tend to compare incomparables and pass off the low strength of insulating blocks as the complete technological unsuitability of the material as a whole. However, combining different brands allows you to correctly distribute the load along the wall: the main part of it is taken over by the internal load-bearing layer, and external cladding although it does not directly perceive the axial vector, it serves to generally strengthen the array.

Technically so three-layer wall is equivalent to a two and a half rear sight solid bricks grade 100, while in terms of thermal conductivity it corresponds to 60-80 cm of hollow brick. Therefore, construction from PCB in four floors (including attic and basement) with correct design quite real. If the building is being built according to reinforced concrete frame, there are no restrictions on the number of floors.

Another argument against warm ceramics is insufficient fastening ability. The blocks are really fragile and practically do not hold standard dowel nails, which makes finishing using mounted systems. Special fasteners come to the rescue for cellular concrete and chemical anchors: in the end they are not much more expensive, at the same time they benefit from light and warm wall much more important.

One of the specific subtleties of working with PCB is cutting grooves for laying electrical or pipes. A common mistake is hammering with a hammer drill in impact mode, leading to severe crumbling of the porous wall. You should only work with wall chasers or angle grinders, but it is better to gouge out the channels manually - with a chisel and hammer; this will not take much longer, but will eliminate the formation of dust.

It is impossible to argue with the fact that PCBs require the involvement of qualified personnel to erect walls. Warm ceramics are only part of the technology, but not its basis. The material must be of high quality and certified, this is not even discussed. But here is the masonry technique, the final protective cladding, the use special materials- all this is no less important so that walls made of warm ceramics are truly warm and meet the declared characteristics.

Correct technique for laying walls

One of the supposed disadvantages of porous blocks is the partial elimination of porosity during the laying process due to cement mortar spilling into the cells. This phenomenon is eliminated by using a special mesh, which is placed in each row spacing and retains the binder. Ordinary fiberglass mesh can be used for facade plaster, but experts recommend using basalt in order to increase the uniformity of the masonry mass.

Strictly speaking, cement mortar or sand concrete is not used in laying warm ceramics. They do not have a high enough resistance to heat transfer, so in technological construction liquid adhesive mixtures are used for polished blocks and mortar for unpolished ones. A dry block is dipped into a solution or adhesive mixture; the adhering layer is enough to reliably fasten the rows.

Cold bridges are not completely eliminated, but their number is reduced to a minimum. To completely eliminate thermal conductivity, it is customary to lay 30-50 mm of extruded polystyrene or cheaper PBS between the layers of masonry. In this case, the vapor permeability of the wall is artificially limited by membranes different types, and on the outside of the separator there is a 30-50 mm gap for ventilation. If there is no insulation between the layers, when laying each row, roll out a 10 cm strip of polyethylene foam.

When bandaging elements of the same row, no binder is used. Technically, such a wall remains ventilated, which is why it is so important to have facade plastering thickness from 30 mm or facing with traditional bricks on cement mortar. Sometimes this rule is deviated from in low-rise construction, and outer layer walls made of insulating blocks are removed with finishing masonry. If there is no insulation between the layers of the wall, the gaps between the blocks are filled from the inside with polyurethane foam, the consumption of which is minimal due to the precise fit of the blocks.

Despite their low dead weight, walls made of porous ceramic blocks are not recommended to be loaded with prefabricated and monolithic reinforced concrete floors in buildings more than two floors high. It is much more correct to arrange frame floors on wooden trusses or beams.

There is a myth that a reinforced crown is not required under the ceiling. However, it is still necessary to distribute the load along the pitch of the beams. The crown has minimum thickness: 12 mm reinforcement and two protective layers of 30 mm each. IN multilayer walls it is cast according to panel formwork, attached with inside, the outside barrier is insulated masonry.

For single-layer walls, special trays made of warm ceramics are used according to the type permanent formwork. They not only provide floor protection, but also create a uniform surface on the front side of the building.

Many people face the problem of heat loss in their home. During construction, it is necessary to pay special attention to eliminate this nuisance, because heat loss occurs not only through the walls, but also through windows, the roof, and the basement.

First of all, you should decide on the material for construction, and then select the appropriate correct design to conserve heat in accordance with energy saving standards.

The question often arises when using hollow porous ceramic blocks - is it necessary to insulate the walls when using such blocks? To get the correct answer, you should find out how wide the blocks are and how they were built.

During construction, hollow walls are divided into two types: single-layer (consisting of the same blocks) and multi-layer. The latter, in turn, are divided into two-layer (block and insulation) and three-layer (block, insulation and facing brick). For the construction of single-layer walls, blocks with a width of 38, 44, 50 cm are most often used. Regarding insulation, we can say that it is not advisable to insulate such walls, since the material has a sufficient coefficient of resistance to heat transfer. Of course, if the construction does not belong to the economy class, and climate zone not favorable, then why not insulate it.

Sometimes walls are built using ceramic porous blocks 25 and 30 cm wide. This mainly happens when construction work is already underway and the wall material has not yet been selected. It is better to insulate walls made of ceramic blocks with slabs of mineral wool, which have good vapor permeability. The insulation is attached to the wall with glue or dowels so that it fits tightly to the wall surface. Further decoration of the walls is done at your discretion, for example, external decorative plaster, clinker bricks, siding, wood. As for the thickness of the insulation, for a block 25 cm wide it is 100 mm, for a block 30 cm wide it is 60 mm.

Another important point that needs to be taken into account when insulating a house is the use of “light” (“warm”) masonry mortar when laying blocks. This solution also contains cement, which acts as a binder. Perlite or expanded clay sand is used as a heat-insulating material - filler. If you replace the cement-sand mortar with a “light” one, then the thermal characteristics of the wall will improve by 17% due to the large difference in the thermal conductivity of these solutions. “Light” masonry mortars include dry hydrophobized mortar, consisting of mineral binders and mineral fillers, including perlite. When mixed with water, it forms a homogeneous gray mass. This solution is intended for laying and joining walls made of blocks with high thermal insulation properties. Masonry mortar It is recommended to apply a layer of 8 to 15 mm thick to the ceramic block.

Finishing finished wall made of ceramic blocks is designed to increase operational properties walls and give the facade and interior an expressive look. Let's consider options for external and internal finishing of ceramic blocks.

Exterior wall decoration. Using ceramic blocks as wall material imposes minimal restrictions on the choice of facade finishing methods.

Traditional facing brick cladding is the most tested in practice. The proportionality of ceramic blocks and bricks, designed for use in a single dimensional grid of 250 mm, allows simultaneous laying of ceramic blocks and the facade brick layer. In this case, embedded elements are used to connect the wall and the façade masonry. This option allows you to reduce the overall cost of time and money by combining masonry work by one team - there is no need to separate the masonry in time load-bearing wall and the front layer, arrange scaffolding for masonry twice, arrange additional elements mechanical connection between the load-bearing wall and the facing masonry. On a positive note is the ability to precisely coordinate the design of window, door and technological openings during the work process. Use traditional facade finishing with facing bricks makes sense if the ceramic blocks used for the load-bearing wall are guaranteed to ensure compliance with thermal requirements. The blocks should be laid using “warm” mortars recommended by the manufacturer.

Simple plastering of a wall with ceramic blocks is the most budget solution. It makes sense to resort to this method only if the wall thickness is sufficient to ensure standard heat engineering. Simple single-layer plaster can be applied efficiently even without specialized training. Availability on the market large selection ready-made plaster dry mixtures and paint compositions allow you to quickly, with little effort and means give the structure an acceptable appearance. However, the short service life of such finishing will require periodic (every 5-7 years) cosmetic repairs.

Insulating plasters - popular façade solution, representing an improvement on simple plaster. To improve the thermal parameters of walls, slabs or mats from thermal insulation materials. The insulation is attached to the load-bearing wall using dowels and adhesives, and the top is covered with several reinforced layers of plaster designed to protect the insulation and ensure the attractiveness of the structure. Used as insulation mineral wool materials and polystyrene foams. Correct selection The thickness of walls made of ceramic blocks and their competent construction make the use of insulating plasters an ineffective solution, since ensuring the thermal parameters of the enclosing structure is entirely the responsibility of the ceramic blocks themselves. The use of insulating plasters in combination with a ceramic block should be considered justified in the only case - if you got a finished (or unfinished) house made of ceramic blocks with walls of reduced thickness (250-380 mm).

Ventilated facades are considered to be the most progressive option for exterior wall decoration. The main constructive idea is the separation of a facade “shield” and a load-bearing wall insulated with some kind of insulation by a continuous vertical air gap. Due to natural convection in air gap Air constantly moves, carrying with it excess water vapor leaking from the room and reducing moisture condensation inside the wall structure. Manufacturers of ceramic blocks recommend using ventilated facades of two main types:

Well masonry involves the construction of a separate façade wall made of brick or other piece materials. The purpose of this wall is to protect the underlying insulation from destructive influences environment and give the building a solid “brick” appearance. The facade wall is rigidly connected to load-bearing wall using special embedded parts or anchor elements;

Curtain facade differs in that auxiliary guides are attached to the load-bearing wall, onto which, at some distance from the insulation, protective and decorative boards are hung.

Both options successfully solve the problem of providing excellent appearance home and standard thermal insulation indicators. At the same time, due to the use of lightweight insulation, ceramic blocks of a smaller thickness can be used to build a load-bearing wall, which makes it possible to reduce the cost of ceramic blocks and reduce the load on the foundation. However, these methods of exterior finishing have features that must be taken into account.

Availability large quantity voids in the body of ceramic blocks and the small thickness of the walls between the channels (about 10 mm) sharply limit the range of acceptable options for mechanical fasteners. In both cases, you will have to use dowels specially designed for this purpose. The high hygroscopicity of ceramic blocks makes them excellent moisture accumulators, so you will have to ensure the correctness and thoroughness of waterproofing measures in the areas where the wall adjoins the roof and drainage elements and, especially, in the zone where the wall rests on basement part building.

Interior wall decoration. At the stage of constructing walls made of ceramic blocks, it is important to decide what type of interior decoration premises: we will plaster the walls from the inside, sew them up with plasterboard with glue or install plasterboard plaster on a special profile system. The surface of masonry made of ceramic blocks does not differ from the surface of a regular one brickwork, therefore it has a high affinity with all types of known plasters: cement-sand, lime, gypsum. If the walls of the house are simply plastered from the inside, there are no restrictions that should be taken into account when constructing the wall itself. The choice of plaster will be dictated by the requirements of the finishing decorative finishing.

Practice modern construction increasingly prefers “dry plasters” - quickly installed structures using plasterboard sheets. The main advantage of such systems is excellent quality finished surface, high speed installation, absence of “wet” processes. IN big houses You can use plasterboard plaster systems mounted on metal profiles. At significant size premises “loss” of 2-3 m2 may be invisible. If the house is small and everyone square meter usable area on account, a profile plasterboard structure may be inappropriate. In this case, you should agree with the mounting option plasterboard sheets onto a layer of adhesive, which will minimize area loss.

Installation of plasterboard sheets on a profile system requires special attention. The inter-hollow ceramic partitions in the blocks are thin and fragile. During installation metal profiles Be sure to use special dowels designed for such cases.

We all dream of a warm, reliable and durable home of our own, be it a one-story cottage or two-storey house. And we try to select building materials based on these parameters. But to achieve the goal, it is important to take into account not only the properties of the material, but also the masonry technology, because improper use significantly worsens the quality of the material for which it was purchased.

This article will be of interest primarily to developers who wish to implement house projects from ceramic bricks, as well as for those who would like to understand the main features of such a material as ceramic blocks.

Two-story and one-story houses made of ceramic blocks: the main characteristics of the material

The material for the production of ceramic hollow blocks is high-quality clay. Structures erected from them have the following advantages:

• Low thermal conductivity. Efficient thermal insulation These blocks are achieved due to many microscopic cavities that are filled with air and located in the body of the ceramic block. These cavities are created by adding small wood chips to the clay mixture and burning them when firing the blocks. Certain brands of ceramic blocks have the ability to absorb natural solar energy and maintain the internal temperature in the room. This property is the reason for the slow cooling of brick buildings in winter period and conservation comfortable temperature V summer heat, which undoubtedly takes into account both the design of a two-story brick cottage and a brick cottage with or without an attic (the thickness of the house wall, thickness external insulation, options heating devices; The heat transfer coefficient U of a single-layer wall is 0.29 W/m2K).
• Economical. Since the thermal insulation properties of ceramic blocks are excellent, external walls made of this material do not need additional insulation, you can save on insulation.
• Comfort. Possessing the property of diffusion, ceramic blocks are able to stabilize indoor air humidity, constantly creating comfortable internal microclimate conditions for humans.
• Durability. This property is expressed by the high strength of structures that can withstand more than one decade. Some manufacturers offer earthquake-resistant ceramic blocks. All two-story, one-story and attic houses, ready-made projects which are designed for the use of ceramic blocks.
• Fire resistance. Brick is fired during the production process, so it is not resistant to fire. Depending on the thickness of the external walls, brick building Can withstand fire for 4 hours.

Projects of two-story houses and one-story cottages: mistakes in laying walls made of ceramic blocks

We have collected common mistakes made by inexperienced builders so that you can avoid them. Remember that the material retains its characteristics only with proper use. In order for the construction result to meet customer expectations, it is necessary to follow the instructions for laying ceramic blocks.

We list the main construction mistakes when using porous ceramic blocks:

The basic rules for laying ceramic blocks are demonstrated in this video:

The main idea of ​​our story is the understanding that even high-quality and expensive construction material in itself cannot guarantee its successful use in construction. An important point in achieving success is compliance with the rules of its use. It was then that one-story, attic houses, and two-story cottages, built from ceramic blocks, will serve their owners faithfully for decades.