How to solder a tee from hooks. Tee for pipes made of various materials. Offset hooks are divided into two types

Page 1

Marking of a tee, the type of which corresponds to the types of column 2, but the angle of inclination of the branch is different from the angles indicated in the table. 6 (p.  

Marking tees and crosses is very labor-intensive, therefore, in the manufacture of normalized shaped parts, combined templates made in full size are used to develop individual parts. Templates are a device made of thin sheet steel, on which the main points of development of a tee or cross are marked for different cases of diameter combinations. To do this, holes and recesses are cut out on the template for punching points on the marked sheet. In addition, pattern curves are cut out on the template, allowing you to draw separate contour lines when constructing a development. Thus, depending on the size of the root and branches, points and curves are designated by putting numbers indicating the diameter of the hole.  

Marking tees includes two operations: marking the branch and marking the trunk.  

Marking of equal tees and tees with a branch pipe having a smaller diameter than the pipe during installation is carried out without a template. Equally passing tees are marked by geometrically constructing the intersection points of the pipe with the pipe. These points are connected to each other using a strip of cardboard placed on the pipe. When marking multi-bore tees, the pipe at the connection point is installed on the pipe. Pressing a scriber or chalk pencil tightly to the pipe, lines are drawn on the pipe to cut out the hole in the pipe. Using the markings, a hole is cut in the pipe into which the pipe is inserted. Using chalk or a scriber, mark the cut line of its end on the surface of the pipe.  

To mark tees and crosses, combined templates developed by the Promventilatsiya trust are used. These templates (Fig. 169, c) are made in a factory way.

How to cut into a plastic pipe: features of the work + analysis of all the important nuances

In special tables placed in the instructions and standards issued by the Promventilatsiya trust, the dimensions of the elements of tees and crosses with different central angles are indicated.  

When marking round tees and crosses with a diameter of up to 900 mm using combined templates, compliance with the geometric dimensions established by the normal is ensured, while maintaining a constant central angle of the tee and crosses.  

These methods for marking branched tees are applicable for all rotation angles.  

When compiling tables for marking tees with offset axes, we were guided by the z dimension, measured from the vertical tangent to the circumference of the trunk to the generatrix of the branch, taking into account that it is this dimension that is oriented towards during the installation of pipelines.  

Each individual template is designed for marking tees or crosses with one trunk root diameter for various combinations of trunk and branch diameters.  

Typically, the greatest difficulties are encountered when marking tees and oblique transitions, and therefore we have given Table. 6 - 8 to determine the ordinate lengths of both shoots and holes in the trunks.  

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Design - tee

Page 1

The design of a straight equal tee (Fig. 153, a) includes a trunk with a constant cross-section and a branch (transition 2) with a reduced cross-section.  

The following dimensions determine the design of a tee with a circular cross-section: the diameter of the lower base D, the diameter of the trunk Dlt the diameter of the branch D8, the height H, the angle a between the axes of the air duct and the branch.  

The main dimensions that determine the design of tees are the diameter of the lower base D, the diameter of the trunk D, the diameter of the branch DZ, the height of the tee and the angle a between the axis of the trunk and the branch.  

What are the main dimensions that determine the design of tees and crosses?  

The design of a straight equal tee (Fig. 151, a) includes a trunk of constant cross-section - a straight section / and a branch (transition 2) with a reduced cross-section. The design of the tee shown in Fig. 151, in, is designed in such a way that the cross-section of the barrel is changed using the connecting transition 2, the larger side of which is equal to the side of the barrel. The cross (Fig. 151, e) consists of two transitions 2 and a straight section 1 of constant cross-section. In Fig. 151, e shows the design of the outlet.  

For the manufacture of shaped parts in order to unify them, uniform installation dimensions are adopted, combined into special tables depending on the diameter at the root.

DIY chimney pipe

The design of the normalized tees and crosses was left rack and pinion. VNIIGS carried out work to determine the local resistance of normalized tees and crosses, which allowed us to conclude that the changed angles and design have an insignificant effect on the aerodynamic resistance of the systems.  

The largest cross section of the tee is called the root. Depending on the purpose and design of the tee, the branch can be located relative to the trunk at a different angle.  

At interblock communication nodes, bends, transitions, and tees are used to change the direction or diameter of the pipeline, as well as branches from the main line. The Chelyabinsk branch of SPKB Proektneftegazspetsmontazh has developed a design for tees manufactured using stamp-welded technology.  

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how to make a tee from a pipe

When bending, it is necessary to ensure that the workpiece retains its given shape after removing the load, therefore bending stresses must exceed the elastic limit.

The deformation of the workpiece in this case will be plastic, while the inner layers of the workpiece are compressed and shortened, and the outer layers are stretched and lengthened (Figure 8.3.1).

Figure 8.3.1 Bending process diagram

At the same time, the middle layer of blanks - neutral line- does not experience any compression or stretching; its length before and after bending remains constant.

Therefore, determining the dimensions of profile blanks comes down to calculating the length of straight sections (flanges), the length of shortening of the blank within the radius or the length of the neutral line within the radius.

When bending parts at right angles without rounding on the inside, the bend allowance is taken from 0.5 to 0.8 of the thickness of the material. By adding the length of the inner sides of the square or staple, we obtain the length of the development of the workpiece.

Tee for pipes: purpose and types

Table 8.3.1 Determination of workpiece dimensions when bending with rounding (radius)

Bending type	Sketch	Workpiece length, mm
Single corner		L=l1+l2+ln= l1+l2+π(r+xS)/2
Double-angled		L=l1+l2+l3+ π(r+xS)= =l1+l2+l3+2lH
Four-cornered (for two operations)		L=l1+2l2+l3+ l4+2lH1+2lH2= =l1+2l2+l3+l4+π(r1+x1S)+ +π(r2+x2S)
Semicircular (U-shaped)		L=2l+2lH=2l+ π(r+xS)
End (rolling)		L=1.5πρ+2R - S ; ρ= R - yS
Notes: Length of the neutral layer of corner roundings lн

Example 1. Figure 8.3.2, a, b shows, respectively, a square and a bracket with right internal angles.

Figure 8.3.2 Examples of workpiece length calculations

Square dimensions: a = 30mm; L = 70mm; t = 6 mm.

Workpiece development length l =a + L + 0.5t = 30 + 70+3 = 103 mm.

Bracket dimensions: a = 70mm; b = 80mm; c = 60mm; t = 4 mm.

Workpiece development length l = a + b + c + 0.5t = 70 + 80 + 60 + 2 = 212 mm.

We divide the square according to the drawing into sections. Substituting their numerical values

(a = 50 mm; b = 30 mm: t = 6 mm; r = 4 mm) into the formula

L = a + b + (r + t/2)π/2,

we get L = 50+ 30+ (4 + 6/2)π/2 =50 + 30 + 7* 1.57 = 91 mm.

We divide the bracket into sections, as shown in the drawing.

Substituting their numerical values ​​(a = 80mm; h = 65mm; c = 120mm; t = 5mm; r = 2.5mm) into the formula

L=a + h+c+ π(r+t/2),

we get L=80 + 65 + 120+3.14(2.5 +5/2) = 265 + 15.75 = 280.75 mm.

By bending this strip into a circle, we obtain a cylindrical ring, with the outer part of the metal stretching somewhat and the inner part shrinking.

Consequently, the length of the workpiece will correspond to the length of the center line of the circle, passing in the middle between the outer and inner circles of the ring.

Workpiece length L = πD. Knowing the diameter of the middle circle of the ring and substituting its numerical value into the formula, we find the length of the workpiece: L = 3.14 * 108 = 339.12 mm.

As a result of preliminary calculations, it is possible to produce a part of the established dimensions.

The most important component of all fishing gear is the hook. Most fishermen prefer to make fishing hooks themselves in cases where the fisherman himself does not have one or does not have the opportunity and time to buy it.

The quality of these homemade hooks is sometimes not inferior to factory products. The material for their manufacture is often any available material: pins, bicycle spokes, hairpins, a ring from a set of keys and even nails. And the manufacturing process itself does not take much time.

Heat treatment of steel

The main material in the production of fishing hooks is steel. To perform heat treatment, steel must be heated and then quickly cooled in water or oil. This process is called "hardening". During this treatment, the properties of the steel will change.

Raw steel before heat treatment is easily subjected to various deformations (it can be sawed, forged), but after treatment it acquires sufficient hardness, but remains brittle. Given this circumstance, it must be treated with abrasive materials.

The brittleness of steel after hardening will help reduce its tempering. This process is based on a method of heating already hardened steel to low temperatures with further cooling in oil or in the open air. The result of this procedure will be that the steel regains its original properties, that is, it will again become damp.

And lastly, annealing of tempered steel involves heating it to a temperature slightly lower than it was during quenching and cooling in air. As a result of this procedure, the steel will regain its original properties, that is, it will again become raw.

The time difference between these procedures cannot be more than 24 hours. The temperature used when tempering steel is always different (from 150 to 500 C) and depends on the type of product produced from it.

When making hooks with your own hands, the material used can be sewing needles of any size or spring wire.

When carrying out heat treatment of hooks made independently, the following rules should be taken into account:

1. When quenched using water at room temperature, the hardness of the steel increases, than when using oil.
2. When the temperature of the steel reaches 330C, it will be viscous and suitable for making only a soft hook. To make a hard hook, hardening should be done in water, and for tempering, use a much lower temperature.

Heat treatment of steel is always carried out in a muffle furnace using a thermometer.

But it is clear that there are no such stoves in homes and heat treatment can be carried out using a gas stove.

Sewing needles are placed on a flat piece of steel and heated over a stove flame.

It is easy to determine its temperature by the heating color of the blank:

• dark brown color – temperature from 530 to 580C;
• red-brown color – heating up to 650C;
• cherry – up to 720 C;
• crimson – heating up to 770 C;
• bright red – up to 870 C;
• red – up to 900 C;
• orange – up to 1050 C;
• dark yellow – heating to 1150 C;
• yellow-white – up to 1300 C;
• white – heating to above 1350 C.

It is impossible to anneal the spring like a needle due to the fact that it has a different design. It is annealed using a solution of salts: sodium chloride, sodium fluoride, aluminum fluoride, sodium chloride, calcium fluoride, sodium carbonate, etc.

When the material used to make the hooks is ready, you can begin making them. After the hook is ready, it should also be hardened.

Main types of offset printers

A hook that has a Z-shape with a bend in the fore-end at the top is called offset. This hook was first used in the USA at the beginning of the 20th century. Since then, it has been constantly improved for use in combination with other equipment.

What motivates anglers when using an offset hook in fishing?

The big advantage of using them is:

1. The hook allows you to use it for catching fish in dense thickets.
2. It allows you to reliably attach any bait, while preventing it from slipping off the hook. This is convenient when fishing with heavy weights over long distances.
3. Its shape allows it to easily penetrate the side of the prey's mouth.
4. Allows you to firmly hold prey when fishing.

Offset hooks are divided into two types:

1. Worm-shaped.
2. Coolheads.

These two types are very different from each other. Their differences lie in the dissimilarity of the design and the type of bait used.

Large-faced offset baits are used to attach massive silicone baits.

Moreover, the size of the hook itself is selected so that there is a reserve so that during the bite the bait does not slide down and at the same time the sting is exposed.

If a fisherman uses silicone worms as bait, and they have a thin body, then it would be rational to use worm offsets.

When using offset baits in fishing, most fishermen adhere to the rule that the width of the hook in the hook should always be approximately 2 times greater than the width of the bait itself.

The invention and the beginning of mass use of these hooks gave impetus to the creation of new types of baits and equipment.

Manufacturing of miniature offset hooks

Unfortunately, specialized stores very rarely have miniature offset printers for sale, and if they do, their quality is often low.

During fishing in the summer, when the temperature is high, it is not possible to catch fish in reservoirs with a spinning rod.

In such heat, she prefers to hide in dense thickets of aquatic vegetation or in places with flooded snags. It is in such places that you can hope for a good catch. For such fishing, miniature offset hooks are very useful.

Fishermen make these hooks from ordinary steel fishing hooks with a long shank. If the steel from which the hook is made is overheated, then the hook may break when bent.

When fishing, the main load from its weight lies on the underframe, and a step that has a bend will not be able to straighten up.

Miniature offset hooks are perfectly combined with different baits and types of fishing.

How to make a tee?

The treble hook is often used by fishermen when fishing with spinning rods, when catching large fish using live bait, or when equipping spoons and wobblers with them. You can make it yourself with single hooks.

To make a tee hook with your own hands, you need to prepare the following material:

1. A small piece of rubber.
2. Thin wire.
3. Single hooks - 3 pcs.
4. Solder.

The manufacturing technology of a fishing tee is quite simple:

1. Make a hole in a piece of rubber with an awl or nail.
2. Place single hooks completely into it so that they do not dangle and sit tightly.
3. Copper wire is wound around the ears of the hooks, on their reverse side, which is then soldered.
4. After soldering is completed, carefully remove the hooks from the rubber.

The triple hook is ready and can be used for its intended purpose.

How to make a fishhook from a tin can?

Hooks, which in their characteristics will not be inferior to those purchased, can be made at home with your own hands without much difficulty. The material can be an ordinary tin can.

To make a hook from a tin can you will need a minimum of time and material, or rather, you need to take the tab from the lid with which you open the can. This tongue is made in the shape of a figure eight. The bottom of the figure eight circle should be cut off and sharpened.

Invisibility hook

An ordinary bobby pin is suitable as an affordable material for making a hook yourself. It can be used when catching large predatory fish.

During production, you should prepare the following tools:

1. Pliers.
2. Flat cutters
3. File.
4. A block of wood.

The process of making it is very simple. You should bend both ends of the bobby pin, measure the required length of the hook, and cut off all excess. Next, the ends of the invisible are sharpened with a file. As you can see, using a minimum of time and material, a strong hook will be ready.

Do-it-yourself sharpening of fishing hooks

Many fishermen, when purchasing hooks, are faced with the fact that they have poor sharpening. Before assembling the rod, these hooks must be sharpened. Often, an abrasive stone and a needle file are used for self-sharpening. But they can only sharpen the shank of the hook itself, and they will not be able to remove burrs.

In addition, frequent use of a needle file and an abrasive stone for sharpening leads to rapid abrasion of the hook.

In an attempt to avoid such problems, resourceful anglers have come up with a new procedure for sharpening hooks.

This procedure goes step by step like this:

1. The abrasive bars are crushed with a hammer to a powdery state.
2. The epoxy resin is heated and the prepared powder is gradually added to it.
3. When the resin begins to thicken, any hardener is added to it.
4. The thick mass obtained in this way is applied to a needle file.
5. The smeared file is rolled out on a clean and hard surface.

A needle file prepared in this way can be used to sharpen hooks after two days. To sharpen a hook with such a needle file efficiently and without burrs, you need to insert the file into an electric drill and hold the hook with pliers.

The following methods are also suitable for quickly sharpening them at home:

1. To make the hooks dull more slowly and not rust, you can dip them in a boiling solution of table salt for 5 minutes. To prepare such a solution you will need one tablespoon of salt and 50g of water.
2. While observing personal safety precautions, you can also use a 30% nitric acid solution purchased at a pharmacy to improve sharpening. This acid eats away the top layer of metal and leaves a sharp edge.
3. Many fishermen use diamond-coated needle files for sharpening. but only the tip of the hook needs to be sharpened from the inside.
4. Fine-grit sandpaper is also great for sharpening.

Using the experience of many fishermen, we can say with confidence that hand-made fishing hooks will not be inferior in all their qualities to purchased ones and will take a minimum of time to make. Therefore, you can safely take them and use them for fishing.

Whatever pipeline you are laying, most often you have to use taps into it for more comfortable use. In this case, a tee (fitting) made of polymer or metal helps, capable of correctly designing the junction of its branches. The article will be devoted specifically to this element, without which it is difficult to imagine the supply or drainage of water.

Types of tees

It is better to classify products according to the type of material from which they are made. Even the alternative option - the installation method, in overwhelming cases is based precisely on this.

You can also combine the two sorting methods to get an idea of ​​the full range of these connecting elements:

Additional method

There is also another popular classification method that takes into account the working dimensions of the tee:

• passes;
• threaded;
• average diameter.

But, it depends on the diameters of the pipelines and the relevant standards. The topic is quite extensive, so it will not be covered in our article.

Installation

Below we will consider general process recommendations when installing fittings on pressure or non-pressure pipelines, which have a certain set of rules. Otherwise, the result of your work will be disastrous not only for you, but also for the neighbors down the riser.

1. When installing a tee with glue, select the position of the pipeline relative to the fitting within the first two seconds after they are aligned. Do not move or rotate the knot after this, and if you are not confident in your capabilities, use the guides.

Tip: when connecting a polymer tee to a polymer pipe with your own hands, mark the depth of its insertion on the latter.
Otherwise, you may block fluid from entering the assembly.

1. When assembling a metal pipeline, first prepare the material for the bends and threaded ends. In this case, it is not recommended to save on fum tape, the price of which is insignificant, and always use a lock nut, winding up several turns of the sealant between it and the end of the fitting before tightening it.
2. Install detachable connections, including collet and threaded ones, in easily accessible places.

Tip: when installing plastic or metal pipe tees in hard-to-reach areas, use welding or press fittings (as a last resort).

Sewerage

Thanks to modern materials, the installation of sewer systems has become much more convenient and easier. Tees for sewer pipes made of plastic simplify the task of creating any project diagram in private houses of different floors as much as possible. In this case, you will not be required to use complex equipment or special tools.

In this case, 3 types of tees are used that perform their special functions:

1. To connect vertical risers with horizontal pipelines, options with angles of 87° or 90° are used.
2. When creating horizontal branches, use products with an angle of 45°.
3. A coupling with an additional hole for carrying out repair work is called an inspection. The third hole is screwed on with a special lid, which gives access to the pipeline.

At home, you can make fishing hooks that will not be inferior in quality to factory hooks. In order to make such a hook, you only need to know the technology of heat treatment of steel. Manufacturing plants use carbon tool and spring steels.

Each steel has its own marking and can be classified.

As an example, we can specify U8A steel, and its marking stands for:

• U– carbon steel;
• 8 — the number 8 means that such steel contains 0.8% carbon;
• A– the category into which this steel falls in terms of the concentration of harmful substances. Category A means that such steel is safe.

Also, steel can have a designation similar to this - St. 70. this marking means that such steel contains 0.70% carbon.

Heat treatment of steel

In order to heat treat steel, it must be heated and then cooled quickly. If raw steel can be deformed in various ways, then with hardened steel everything is much more complicated. Although the resulting material is hard, it is very brittle. In this regard, processing of hardened steel will only be possible with abrasive materials.

It should be noted that a technology was invented that is popularly called “Vacation”. Its essence is to heat hardened steel to a low temperature, and then cool it in a cool room or oil.

With such additional processing, the following changes occur in hardened steel:

• The fragility of the metal is reduced;
• Hardness decreases slightly;
• Cooling occurs much faster.

The final stage of preparing the required steel will involve heating it to a temperature that should be less than those listed above.

Cooling of such steel must be carried out in the open air. With this step, the steel acquires the properties of raw steel.

Practice shows:

1. Steel with a carbon concentration of less than 0.3% does not need to be hardened.
2. Each grade of steel has its own strictly quenching temperature.
3. If the hardening temperature is exceeded, the steel will lose all its properties. Further use of such steel is impossible.

It should be noted that after each process the break should not exceed a day.

Main types of offset printers

There are two main types of offset hooks:

• Coolheads. Designed for large silicone baits;
• Worm-shaped.

These two hooks are completely different. Their design is different, although the category is the same. To choose the right hook, you should take into account the fact that the bait should slide down and slightly open the tip of the hook.
It should be noted that in order to ensure the best hooking, it is necessary to choose a hook twice as large as the bait itself.

If a fisherman uses special silicone worms, then it is best to use hooks that are designed for this purpose.

Manufacturing of miniature offset hooks

In the summer it is almost impossible to catch fish with a regular spinning rod. This is explained by the fact that in summer fish usually gather in places with an overgrown bottom or where there are snags. This is where the offset hook comes in handy. This type of hook has a curved shank, which reduces the likelihood of an unexpected snag.

Offset makers can be made from a regular crochet hook. Any hook with a long shank is suitable for this task. But you should select hooks that are made of high-quality steel. Such a hook will break when bent if it is released over a flame.

To ensure that the entire structure of the hook does not succumb to release, it is best to grip it with pliers. We take the part that does not need “vacation” and hold it over the flame, for example, of a gas burner. It should be noted that the shank of the hook will never change its properties. At the end we get a strong hook, the strength of which is very high.

How to make a tee?

The use of treble hooks is very often observed among experienced anglers who hunt large predatory fish. You can easily make such a hook yourself, you just need to have a single hook.

In order to make such a hook with your own hands you will need:

• A small piece of very thick rubber;
• Single hooks;
• Thin wire;
• Soldering.

The manufacturing process is quite simple and primitive. A hole is made in a piece of rubber with an awl or a small nail. Three single hooks fit into this hole. The shank of the hooks should be completely inserted into the rubber so that they fit tightly and do not dangle.

Then, at the other end, copper wire is wrapped around the eye of the hooks, which will then be solderable. After which the hook must be carefully removed and used for its intended purpose.

When fishing is carried out using a spinning rod, the fisherman sometimes needs to change such tees on spoons. However, it should be taken into account that each such hook on a lure is designed for a certain length.

Therefore, if you have such a problem and need to lengthen the tee, then this can be done as follows. You need to wrap copper wire around the ear, then heat it with solder and pull it to the required length.

How to make a fishhook from a tin can?

In order to make a hook from a tin can, we need a tongue on the lid, with which such a can is opened. This kind of language will make an almost professional hook. The tongue is shaped like a figure eight. It is necessary to make a small cut of the bottom circle and sharpen it with a nail file.

The result is an excellent sharp hook that can be made at home in 3 minutes.

Invisibility hook

If you decide to make a hook with your own hands, then a hook made from a bobby pin is perfect for this. This hairpin can be bought at any store. And from a bag of such hairpins you will get more than 15 fishing pins, with which you can catch large predatory fish.

In order to make such a hook, you will need the following set of tools:

• Pliers;
• Round nose pliers;
• Flat cutters;
• File;
• Wooden block.

To make such a hook you just need to bend both ends of the hairpin. Then measure the required length and cut off the excess. And sharpen the ends with a file.

As it turns out, making such a hook is very easy, and its strength will allow you to catch large fish.

Do-it-yourself sharpening of fishing hooks

Most hooks are produced by the manufacturer in an insufficiently sharpened condition. Before assembling the rod, you need to sharpen such hooks. At home, hooks are most often sharpened with a file or an abrasive stone.

However, with the help of such devices you can only sharpen the shank of the hook, and it is almost impossible to remove burrs. It should be noted that repeated sharpening of the hook will lead to the fact that such a hook will wear off and it will become impossible to fish with it.

However, such problems can be avoided if you approach this issue correctly.

We will indicate the procedure for correct sharpening of hooks and describe the implementation of each stage:

1. You need to buy yourself two abrasive blocks, blue and red. These two bars need to be crushed into a coarse powder, a hammer will help us with this.
2. Heat up the epoxy resin. During the heating process, add the previously obtained powder.
3. When the epoxy resin begins to thicken, add any hardener.
4. It is necessary to prepare the needle file in advance. Then apply the resulting mass to the handle of the needle file.
5. The smeared file must be rolled out on a hard surface. To avoid dust or debris, it is best to sprinkle the surface with the remaining abrasive dust.

It should be noted that such a needle file can finally be used after two days. Before this, touching the file is prohibited. When two days have passed, we receive a unique device for sharpening all types of hooks.

What is the best way to sharpen a hook?

It is necessary to insert the resulting needle file into an electric drill, and take the hook with pliers. This way you will never have any hangnails.

In order to sharpen large hooks, you should use blue abrasive, and for small ones, red abrasive.

Thus, we have considered all the important points that relate to making hooks at home. These hooks are in no way inferior to factory hooks. So feel free to take them with you fishing. Happy biting!