How to combine different types of wallpaper with flowers? Simple and clear ways. How to determine the top of wallpaper in a roll How to determine where the top of wallpaper is

How to combine different types of wallpaper with flowers? Simple and clear ways. How to determine the top of wallpaper in a roll How to determine where the top of wallpaper is
05.03.2020
The Senses of Animals and Man Milne Laurus Johnson

Chapter 16 Where is up and where is down?

Where is up, where is down?

Watching a baby who, in an attempt to maintain balance, tries to correlate the movements of his legs with the position of a flexible spine, do we not remember how, from one to two and a half years old, we ourselves made great efforts to complete this task? It took us years of practice before we could carry a full glass of water without spilling. At first we grabbed the glass with both hands and did not take our eyes off it - while our legs themselves chose the best path possible. Later we had to show the same diligence to carry a shallow bowl of soup. Do we remember these childhood difficulties when we see a waitress maneuvering in a narrow aisle left by customers between closely spaced tables, balancing several full plates on one hand? Or the waiter watching her, casually raising a full tray of soup cups over his shoulder?

If we reflect on all these “skills,” we will probably come to the conclusion that we have improved primarily the muscle control associated with the kinesthetic sense. We must hold ourselves straight and detect slight fluctuations in weight as the liquid is poured onto one side of the vessel in order to make a muscular effort in time to maintain a constant level of liquid in the plate. A circus acrobat performing a routine on a tight wire places similar demands on his nervous system. But how much does this “skill” depend on the sensory organs located in our muscles, tendons and joints? Will we be able to demonstrate the same miracles of balance in complete darkness or with our eyes closed? When we acquired these skills as children, our eyes alerted us more quickly than our kinesthetic receptors when we ourselves (or the object we were carrying) were deviating from a position of unstable stability.

Many of us have tested our gravity-related sensory devices as children and discovered that we have a different sensory system in our heads. We stood in a clearing with our arms outstretched and began to whirl like dervishes until our legs gave way. We rose and fell immediately again, until our legs again became obedient and our eyes cleared. But we have seen that hard-won muscle coordination and the ability to adjust posture using visual cues can be temporarily reduced to zero. To do this, we only need to very strongly excite those formations that the great American psychologist and philosopher William James called “spirit levels” in our body. We have a special organ in each inner ear, consisting of three semicircular canals and one small sensory sac, which contains a tiny calcareous crystal suspended in fluid near the receptor cells. These formations serve for us as built-in equivalents of the electrical attitude indicator, which is so necessary for the pilot on the instrument panel of a modern aircraft.

Our “spirit levels” only respond to changes in body position or changes in movement speed. With these changes, the fluid filling the semicircular canals must move to cause a certain sensation, which disappears in less than half a minute after the changes stop. Special sensory sacs associated with these channels react to the position of our body both when we stand and when we move at a constant speed. As long as the organs of the inner ear are not damaged and the kinesthetic sense is not impaired, it is not difficult for our body to remain in the dark in an upright position or even to carry an open vessel with liquid - after all, we once learned to use these sensitive organs.

It is amazing how long this sense of balance, developed in early childhood, can last. Many older people who have not ridden a bicycle since childhood and did not imagine that they could hold it again, having decided on this feat, discover that they can easily and freely control the steering wheel. If in childhood a person learned to ride a bicycle “without hands”, only slightly tilting his body, then after a few minutes of riding he will find that he can again do this trick.

Subconsciously, we rely entirely on the kinesthetic sense and balance organs in the inner ear and rarely think about what damage to these organs would mean for us. But one day a college friend of ours, with a remark, made us realize this to some extent. Walking into class one morning after an unusually heavy snowfall that had made it difficult to walk, our friend admitted how much he wished the dorm rooms had not only a shower, but also a bathtub. Then he would not have to live in a furnished room far from the college. We could not make any connection between his words until he explained that as a child he had suffered from polio, from which he apparently recovered, but after the illness his legs had almost completely lost kinesthetic sensitivity. In the bath he could wash himself without fear of falling, but when he used the shower he almost always fell if he had to close his eyes for a few seconds, because soap got into them or for some other reason. He could only stand or walk with his eyes open.

A fairly significant number of people suffer from birth defects of the inner ear. These are deaf and mute people, most of whom cannot be cured, but can be taught to speak or understand other people's speech through their lips. As a rule, they also lose their normal sense of balance due to the disorder of the organs located in the ear. People with disabilities compensate for this deficiency by paying more attention to the kinesthetic sense and visual cues. They may even realize that, unlike other people, they are immune to spinning dizziness and traffic nausea caused by overstimulation of the inner ear. Usually these people understand perfectly how important compensatory feelings are. When entering the water, they must stay in shallow places, otherwise they may drown, since without kinesthetic signals due to the weight of the body, not compensated by the buoyant force of the water, it is difficult for them to determine which side of their body is up and which is down. Such people, if they are also blind, usually cannot maintain their balance for more than a second or two if asked to stand on one leg.

On an airplane, a new difficulty arises that prevents even healthy people from determining where is up and where is down. Any changes in the speed, direction or altitude of the aircraft irritate our inner ear receptors. They cause sensations that can often turn into a firm belief that something is happening that is opposite to the readings of the instruments. During a long gliding descent, approaching the airfield, the pilot may encounter a thick cloud just at the moment when he extends the flaps or landing gear. The plane quickly slows down, and the pilot's inner ear tells him that either he himself is leaning too much, or the plane is going into a dive. But the pilot knows that he was not leaning forward. If the pilot ignores the instruments and “flies in the back seat,” he will likely begin to pitch the nose of the plane up, slowing the flight until the plane loses speed and crashes just outside the airfield. The instruments would show him that the landing angle did not change when the flaps or wheels were lowered. They could also tell him that turning up the nose of an airplane causes a dangerous loss of speed, and they could help him revise his sense of balance.

As passengers on board a jet, we experienced the opposite sensation as the plane took off from Rome's airport on a clear day, bound for Paris. The acceleration of the Caravel during takeoff was so great that we were pressed into the seat cushions. As the plane continued to gain speed, our inner ears told us that we were climbing upward at an angle of almost 45°. However, through the window we could not see the ground below from such a large angle. What should we trust: our eyes or our ears?

Many decisions required when controlling a modern aircraft, flying at speeds of up to one and a half kilometers per second, must be made on the basis of readings from instruments that act faster and more reliably than various human balance organs. The stability of most of these devices is provided by rapidly rotating gyroscopes, which maintain their own orientation in space, and therefore relative to the Earth, despite changes in the direction, altitude or speed of the aircraft.

During level flight, so few operations are required to control the aircraft that an autopilot with appropriate gyro-stabilization can cope with this simple task. However, during takeoff and landing, the pilot has to perform so many complex operations based on his own qualified judgment that he becomes overly busy and in a state of great nervous tension, watching indicators and dials of measuring instruments, operating buttons and switches, and keeping an eye on landmarks. along the runway. The reflex nerve circuits starting from the eyes, ears and fingers are fully loaded. However, if at a critical moment the pilot misses something, the person as an element of the control system will bring misfortune instead of benefit. That's why engineers sought to find new, meaningful information pathways to the brain that would reduce, rather than increase, the strain on a pilot's eyes.

In 1960, in England, a new way of using the peripheral region of the visual field was found, which is based on a well-known property of vision. When we stand quietly, we automatically and unconsciously correct any tendency of our body to deviate to the side, forward or backward, taking into account any movement that we notice out of the corner of our eye. To simulate the peripheral region of the visual field, three striped horizontal cylinders were installed in the cockpit, one each to the right and left of the driver's seat, and the third just above the edge of the pilot's field of view when he looks through the windshield. As the cylinders rotate, the spiral stripes begin to appear to shift, creating the illusion of longitudinal motion to which the pilot instinctively reacts. He doesn't have to waste time looking at the cylinders and being distracted from monitoring the runway, instruments and control system. The cylinders can be driven by servomotors connected to instruments that sense the descent, ascent, or turn of the aircraft. The pilot is only required to adjust the controls to the spiral patterns until they stop moving. Without thinking about it at all, the pilot at the same time does not allow his plane to sway or deviate from the desired position during takeoff or landing. The success that accompanies the use of such an auxiliary visual device will most likely prompt the idea of ​​​​further using this instinctive and little-explored method of maintaining balance.

When swimming, running or walking, we do not need to seek help from any devices. Our vision and inner ear rarely fail us in these slower modes of travel. Other vertebrates also have corresponding organs; the mysterious exception is the jawless lampreys. In the inner ear of these aquatic animals there are only two semicircular canals, but they do have a pair of large, fluid-filled sacs lined on the inside with a layer of ciliated cells that create a constant double whirlpool. It remains to be proven whether this double turbulence is the equivalent of gyroscopes. It can be distorted when the animals change their body position, which helps them restore balance after the lampreys are caught by the stormy river waters in which they come to spawn.

French physicist Leon Foucault, who created the first gyroscope and gave it its name more than a hundred years ago, was primarily interested in demonstrating the rotation of the Earth. His greatest success was in 1851, when Foucault used a huge pendulum suspended from the roof of the Parisian Pantheon. According to the physical laws discovered by Isaac Newton, the pendulum continued to swing in the same plane, despite the fact that the floor of the Pantheon, Paris and the whole world rotated under it. The same principle applies to a rapidly vibrating tuning fork and even to the flight stabilizers of an ordinary fly, which are a second pair of wings ending in small knobs. So far, the vibrating stabilizers of these insects have been imitated only in engineering laboratories. Perhaps tomorrow they will turn out to be necessary for a person for some reason. However, 60 years passed from the invention of the gyroscope to its use in navigation. 68 years later, gyro-stabilized devices were designed for aviation, which for the first time made it possible to fly “blindly” in cloudy or foggy weather and in the dark.

To level various types of stationary equipment horizontally, a person uses a few very simple instruments. Some of them contain an air bubble or a ball floating on the surface of the liquid, which rises under the roof of a transparent chamber to the very top. Others use a metal ball that rolls down to the lowest point of a slightly concave bottom. Both types of these devices are the equivalent of tiny animal balance organs. Even single-celled organisms probably receive signals indicating "where's up and where's down" from fat droplets or other microscopic globules contained within their protoplasm. Soft jellyfish have granule-containing organs that are located at the edges of their umbrella bodies. Armored crabs receive this information from small grains of sand located in special pockets hidden in the first segment of the shorter antennae.

The level devices of animals are very diverse, and in this regard we involuntarily recall how one wise old naturalist told us: “An animal, as a rule, gets by with the simplest means that his body allows him.” An inhabitant of ponds, the common water bug, grabs with both antennae and presses an air bubble to its body, which, pressing on one of the antennas, points the insect in a vertical direction. Insects that swim on their backs use the same method, but prefer to live upside down, with their backs down. Snails probably sense which way is up and which way is down, judging by the direction in which the weight of the shell is pulling their body down. The newborn possum or kangaroo itself becomes a vertical load as it, alternately moving its precociously developed front legs, climbs up the mother's body into her pouch.

So many animals show a clear preference for this position, where the back is up and the abdominal surface is down, that we look with obvious surprise at lovers of a different orientation. Why do these animals swim upward with their belly and even the color of their body - pale on the lower dorsal surface and dark on the upper abdominal surface - to prove that this particular condition is the norm for them? For what reason are the fabulously beautiful crustaceans that appear in puddles of melted snow for a very short time in the spring, or their relatives, the brine shrimp, that live in the salt lakes of the Western states, rapidly rushing backwards and at the same time hitting the water with their comb-like legs? Apparently, this situation does not bring them any inconvenience.

Many species of animals that perfectly distinguish between down and up remind us of ourselves when they adapt their body position to their occupation. In ancient times, sailors on a sailing ship were willing to lie spread-eagled on the knock yard when taking the sails to the reefs. A modern car repair mechanic does not see anything special in the fact that he works under a car while lying on his back. In the same way, the gravedigger beetle, which usually crawls along the ground on all six legs, must roll over on its back to push down a dead mouse or slowly roll it almost a meter to a suitable burial site. The horseshoe crab slowly moves along the seabed on four pairs of legs, making coordination contact with the bottom surface. But when he wants to swim, he raises the front edge of his convex body and makes a vertical turn of 180°, so that his head is now directed in the opposite direction, the upper part of the body is down, and the legs and gill plates, splashing through the water, control the movement. When the horseshoe crab stops swimming, it sinks to the bottom in this inverted state and, with the help of its long, needle-like tail, takes the correct position.

Among the most unusual animals on the globe are the two-toed and three-toed sloths of tropical America, which usually hang upside down, hooked on horizontal branches with their hooked claws. During the day they rarely move, and at night they slowly move from tree to tree, eating their favorite foliage. Sometimes the sloth comes down to the ground and slowly trudges towards another group of trees. Only in these cases, and even in early childhood, when he sits, clinging to his mother’s chest and belly, covered with wool, does he take a position in which his back is turned up and his belly is down.

We ourselves recognize in what position an object or animal is - right or upside down - first of all through touch, and then with the help of visual signals. We can see that the sense of touch plays a major role here if we ask someone to wear glasses continuously for several days with special prisms that send light directed into the left eye into the right, and vice versa. Such a person will see with his right eye the world perceived by his left eye in an inverted state. With his eyes open and his head in a normal position, the visual picture of the world will be for him exactly the same as it would be for a person suspended by his heels, whose head would remain at the same height. At first, this upside-down world seems very strange: walking through it or trying to do something with your hands when you look at them and see them upside down costs a lot of effort. However, after four days, a person wearing such lenses will not see anything strange in his position. The brain accepted this change, and now the former dexterity of the hands and the former ability to direct the movements of the fingers with the eyes are returning. But when such glasses are removed, the world visible to the naked eye again seems upside down! Again, it will take a few days to get used to the correspondence between what the eyes see and what the fingers can feel.

But vision alone is clearly not enough. If a person puts on glasses that distort his field of vision and begins to walk in them, then in just a few hours his ability to maneuver normally will be restored. And if a person wearing such glasses rides around in a wheelchair, he will not learn anything. In the same way, if you tie several kittens together and allow one of them not only to see the world, but also to move around, while the others only look at the same objects as him, they will develop completely different reactions. A kitten that was unable to move had not learned to avoid bumping into obstacles or falling from steep slopes, whereas a “stray” kitten develops normally. Top and bottom or other heterogeneity of the visual field means nothing either for a kitten or for a person until they are fixed by constant experience as correlates between vision and touch.

Not all animals are able to lead a normal life when their world is turned upside down or their balance organs are removed. The behavior of some of them, such as beach snails that live on sea coasts, is determined by the force of gravity of the Earth. These snails react positively to light when they are upside down, and negatively when they are in their normal body position. Likewise, an octopus that has been trained to distinguish a horizontal rectangle from a vertical one loses this ability if both of its balance organs are surgically removed. Without his "spirit levels" he will no longer be able to maintain a certain eye orientation. Having lost this ability, the octopus will no longer be able to distinguish between objects of the same shape, but differently oriented in relation to the world around it.

Today, man poses new problems that the octopus, given its capabilities, definitely cannot solve. Every astronaut in a spaceship will definitely encounter weightlessness. And in space, neither the tiny calcareous lens in the sac of the inner ear, nor the kinesthetic sensory organs will help him determine the direction. As long as the speed of the ship in a straight line or in a huge arc remains constant, the astronaut's semicircular canals will not send any signals to the nervous system that it could interpret. In his sensations, the astronaut will be much further from reality than a cricket located on the surface of the water in a bucket that a little boy is spinning in a vertical plane at arm's length! More than ever, the astronaut will be flying blind and completely dependent on instruments to tell him where he is.

If the astronaut does not think that the journey will be long and that he himself will be enclosed in a closed protective capsule, where direct vision will most likely be extremely limited, then he will demonstrate the same courage and confidence in the excellent work of the people who prepared the flight, which is needed a parachutist stepping into an open hatch to jump down until the nylon canopy of his parachute opens. But the skydiver can rely on gravity to tell him where is up and where is down.

While outside the Earth's gravitational field, the astronaut will rely on instruments and a system of gyroscopes to provide inertial guidance to the spacecraft. Will he be consoled to know that the largest insects ever to fly, with a wingspan of 75 centimeters, which lived 300 million years ago, like modern dragonflies, owe their amazing aerial ability to an extremely simple system of inertial guidance? When the air flow lifts the magnificent wings of a dragonfly, the heavy head of the insect remains motionless due to inertia. The thin neck allows the body to turn freely in different directions. But the dragonfly senses any asymmetry in relation to the head with the help of two small pads, against which the head begins to rub as soon as the straight line connecting the head with the abdomen is broken. These pads are sensory organs that send signals to the muscles of the wings, causing them to adapt to flight and bring the body into the correct position in relation to the flight-guiding head. And so the dragonfly flies swiftly forward, clasping its little legs together to form a basket in which it collects mosquitoes and gnats for its dinner, stabilizing its flight with the help of an ancient mechanism that man has only just begun to copy for his long-distance flights.

The dragonfly survived the evolutionary process and has survived since the Carboniferous Age to this day. Specialists in the field of aviation physiology are trying to select in advance those people who are most likely to be suitable for successful flight in outer space. These practical studies are forcing us to take a fresh look at how the human brain works.

Our perception of the vertical position of our body is not some separate feeling, but is closely related to the personality of the individual. As a result of more than ten years of research conducted at Downstate Medical Center in New York, it was found that subjects prefer different ways of perception. To some extent, these differences appear to be innate, since they are fully formed at an early age and often appear between 8 and 13 years of age. Skills usually improve as they grow, but the relative position of children within each group does not change significantly.

Many of the children and adults examined rely almost exclusively on vision to establish horizontal and vertical directions. They do not pay attention to signals coming from the inner ear and sensory organs in the skin, muscles and tendons. These people, as a rule, are childishly dependent on friends and prefer tasks that they can solve collectively. They are often brought up in families where parents are very reluctant to entrust them with responsible matters or strictly limit their actions.

Other subjects easily ignore visual signals if they contradict the indications of other senses about the position of the body relative to gravity. These people are usually independent by nature and often reach the point of complete insubordination. As a rule, they get rid of parental care early and expand their range of interests, trying to successfully deal with difficulties in the world around them. In general, they do better than the former in IQ tests because they show a special talent for solving problems that require separating simple elements from jumbled complexity. By resorting to these senses, they perfectly guess the hidden essence of phenomena, although they usually do not have a particularly rich vocabulary, extensive knowledge or intelligence. But no matter what and how the “vision-independent” subjects do, they learn faster than others where is up and where is down.

Each of us would like to know which category we belong to and how this affects our ideas about the world. How much of our skills depend on heredity and how much on the environment? Apparently, the ability to hang a picture straight is associated with the ability to see a bird sitting motionless on a bush. These facts once again prove that these kinds of feelings must be considered taking into account the whole person. The sensations we receive are not determined solely by the objects acting on our senses or by the limitations of those senses. Our brain is also involved in this process, and that is why each individual person perceives the Universe in his own way. author author Shubin Neil

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When renovating an apartment, the last step in decorating the walls is wallpapering. Today's industry offers a wide selection of paper, vinyl or non-woven wallpaper, self-adhesive or ordinary. Plain paintable wallpaper has a convex texture. Wallpaper is strong enough to support its own weight when unrolled, lays smoothly on the wall and can be easily removed, but most often only serves as a base for a new layer of wallpaper. It is usually not difficult to calculate the area of ​​the wall to be pasted and purchase how many rolls you need.

In general, the dimensions of wallpaper are indicated on the label of each roll - this is a legal requirement.

Practice shows that the most optimal are two wallpaper widths:

  • 53 centimeters;
  • 106 centimeters.

The length of the roll is 10 meters plus some allowance of 5-10 centimeters, perhaps for sealing some small pieces of space such as holes for wiring or lamps.

These sizes are optimal for gluing wallpaper alone; it has been established that a person can hold a 1-meter piece of wallpaper in his hands without strain, and a 53-centimeter piece is perfectly glued and smoothed so as to expel air bubbles. Wide meter-long wallpaper is usually made with a non-woven lining, which gives rigidity to such a sheet and allows it to be glued to the wall without air bubbles. On the other hand, such a wide sheet is somewhat awkward to hold, depending on how much strength a person has and the length of his arms and back. 1-meter wallpaper allows you to cover a room faster with fewer seams than 53-centimeter wallpaper.

The 10-meter length was chosen so that the roll was not too thick and heavy, and so that it would make 3 pieces for gluing walls to a height of just over 3 meters. There are professional rolls of wallpaper several tens of meters long, but you will no longer have to unwind them manually, but using a special mechanism.

How to choose wallpaper (video)

How to find out how many m2 is in a roll of wallpaper

The wallpaper sheet is rectangular, so the area of ​​the surface to be covered is obtained by simply multiplying the length by the width:

  • A 10.05 meter roll of wallpaper with a width of 0.53 m area is 0.53 m 2;
  • 15-meter roll 0.53 m wide – 7.95 m 2;
  • A 25-meter roll with a width of 1 meter will give approximately 25 m2 of covered area.

Of course, you need to measure the room with a tape measure, calculate the area of ​​the walls covered with wallpaper (you don’t have to take into account the areas that you plan to cover with a furniture wall). It is not difficult to calculate how many rolls of wallpaper you need. It is recommended to take them with some reserve in order to seal a piece of wall with a damaged coating (you never know what might happen in the future).

Here the law is the same as in clothing - longitudinal stripes of a suit are contraindicated for excessively long and skinny people, and transverse stripes for fat people. The eye glides along the stripes, especially if there are many of them, they are bright and contrasting.

To prevent a long room from seeming too dark, you need to brighten it up with wallpaper in light shades and a glossy surface.

If you do not plan to hang panels or paintings on the walls, you need to take striped wallpaper with a small neutral pattern, since a large ornament attracts the eye, and a person sees all the disproportion of the room. In addition, you can “lower” the ceiling using a checkered pattern, and expand the walls using a diamond pattern.

Wallpaper calculator (video)

What do the symbols on a roll of wallpaper mean: learning to identify

Each roll of wallpaper is marked with special icons that carry information about consumer properties.

Designations on wallpaper rolls:

  • Wave means that the wallpaper is washable (this is almost all modern wallpaper). Two waves - that the wallpaper should be washed only with water, and three waves - even with soap or detergents.
  • Wave with a brush image– wallpaper can withstand not only washing, but also vigorous brushing.
  • Sun– resistance to sunlight. Wallpaper does not fade, does not dry out, does not crumble and does not come off the walls.
  • Arrow– direction of wallpapering. As a rule, from bottom to top. Double-sided arrow - each layer of wallpaper is glued in the opposite direction.

There are also icons indicating that the glue has already been applied to the wallpaper, that the pattern does or does not need to be leveled, that the glue can be applied directly to the wall, that the wallpaper can be easily peeled off the walls, peeling or not peeling, etc. All of them are easy to understand and well received.

Designations on wall wallpaper (video)

What is the weight of a roll of wallpaper 1 meter wide

In principle, paper with non-woven fabric weighs little, and the cost of delivery is affected not by the weight, but by the size of the rolls.

If this is important, then wallpaper comes in three grades of different densities:

  • The simplest and cheapest wallpaper on simple, easily torn paper is 40 grams per square meter, so that a 10-meter roll weighs less than half a kilo;
  • Wallpaper on durable paper or vinyl that can easily withstand its own weight - 80 grams per square meter, so that a 10-meter roll weighs about a kilogram;
  • Multi-layer vinyl and non-woven wallpaper, such that it cannot be torn even by force - 120 grams per square meter, so that a 10-meter roll weighs about one and a half kilograms;

How to determine the top of a wallpaper roll: count correctly

In this case, the top edge is located at the end of the roll, and the bottom edge is located inside. In this case, a person standing on a stool holds the upper edge of the wallpaper at the desired level with his hands, and unwinds and cuts off the lower edge. In general, for plain wallpaper or with a faint pattern, it doesn’t really matter how you glue it – “top” or “bottom”.

Why do you need large size wallpaper: purpose

Large premises such as exhibition or concert halls, or the inside of a barracks at a pioneer or military camp can also be finished with plaster and covered with wallpaper. The length of a roll of such wallpaper is 25 meters or more. To unroll and stick such wallpaper, several people are needed at the same time, so such wallpaper is unlikely to be suitable for an ordinary room - their thickness and weight are significantly greater than that of ordinary indoor wallpaper, and a rough and durable surface is inappropriate in a living room, where it will be clearly visible. visible The selection of such wallpapers is small, and you most likely will not be able to find them in the store. In addition, photo wallpapers can be more than 2 meters thick, since a complex image on them cannot be composed of several fragments, so that the joint is not visible.

Gluing meter-long wallpaper (video)

Modern wallpaper comes in countless colors, shades, patterns and textures. They are durable, can be washed and painted repeatedly, and can decorate your room for many years without needing to be refinished. Polymer wallpaper is safe for humans and can be easily applied even by one person. As a rule, the width of a roll of wallpaper is 53 or 106 centimeters; for imported wallpaper it is 70-75 centimeters. The roll length is standard and is a little more than 10 meters, in rare cases 25 meters. It will not be difficult to calculate how much wallpaper and glue will be needed to cover a room. All wallpapers are marked with special icons indicating the conditions of their use and gluing. Wide "professional" wallpaper is used for covering large rooms, and is usually not as widely available as regular wallpaper.

One of the latest trends in interior design is the use of different colors on the walls. This technique allows you to diversify the design and focus attention on some part of the room. To correct layout deficiencies, different patterns in the same color scheme are used. All these techniques work ideally with wallpaper: they have different textures, colors, patterns. Moreover, the result can be assessed in advance by rolling out two rolls side by side on the wall. That is why wallpapering of two types is increasingly popular: it is modern and gives the opportunity to make rooms interesting.

Rules for combining wallpaper and textures

In such a matter as design, one cannot do without rules, and even more so when combining colors, patterns and textures. In order for wallpapering of two types to look harmonious, it is necessary to take into account a number of parameters.

Ceiling height

It is this characteristic of the room that dictates the choice of the type of pattern, and also largely determines the texture and color. If the ceiling height is less than 2.5 m, use wallpaper in light colors, without a rough texture, with a small pattern. If the ceilings are very low, a combination of a light main background with a faint texture or pattern, vertical stripes (a pattern, or just canvases of a different color) that can be located on one wall, but it is better to distribute them over two or even three, can correct the situation.

Vertical stripes “raise” the ceiling

High ceilings - from 3 m and above - require a radically different approach. Here, on the contrary, a large drawing, stretched in width, is needed. You can use horizontal wall divisions using different colors in the top and bottom halves (see more below). To make this design look modern - this is still a classic technique - you need to put a lot of effort into choosing colors and/or patterns.

Room dimensions

In addition to height and width, we pay attention to geometry. First, to the square. If the room is large, you can use more saturated or darker shades. This will visually reduce the dimensions. If plain dark walls do not please you, find dark-colored wallpaper with a light, large pattern. As a rule, these are plant motifs, abstraction or geometry are also found.

In small rooms, everything is definitely the opposite: use light colors. If it has a texture, then it is not large; the pattern is small, not very clearly expressed.

Secondly, we pay attention not to geometry. If the room is long and narrow. In this case, the situation will be saved by gluing two types of wallpaper: lighter ones are glued to short walls, and some of them “go around” the corner. This way the geometry is visually aligned.

There is also a technique that is used if the entrance to a narrow room is on one of the long sides. Then it’s worth highlighting the middle of the opposite wall with a different color, covering the corners with the same wallpaper that is intended for short ones. The perception of the room will change significantly: it will no longer seem so long.

Selecting a texture

In general, gluing two types of wallpaper requires careful selection of the texture and thickness of the canvas. When combining, it is advisable to use the same type of panels. If the joining occurs only in the corners, then you don’t have to pay much attention to the thickness and texture: you still won’t be able to see much in such a place. But if the connection of the canvases is on a flat wall, then the difference in thickness will only emphasize the transition. It usually looks too exaggerated.

One more moment. If you decide to glue different types of canvases, you need to use the appropriate glue for them. For example, for wallpaper on a non-woven basis, yours is yours - on paper - yours. The same applies to the coating - for vinyl and structured canvases there is a different type, for acrylic - another. Don't want to fool your head? Buy a universal one. There are such compositions.

Light or dark

If the room is too bright, or the interior is too monotonous, it is not necessary to use dark wallpaper on all walls. You can cover the wall opposite the window dark, let the rest be light. As a result, the room will not be very bright, and you will get rid of the oppressive atmosphere that dark walls create.

This technique works the other way around: to brighten a room, just hang light-colored canvases on the wall opposite the window. It will become much lighter.

How to arrange

There are several techniques for gluing two types of wallpaper, which can be used “in their pure” form or combined two or three at a time. It is important to have a good idea of ​​what exactly you want to achieve.

Vertical combination

Probably everyone knows that vertical stripes visually increase the height of the ceiling. Moreover, the stripes do not have to be regular. In a modern interpretation, one wall can have striped wallpaper, while the rest can be plain-colored or with a dim, barely noticeable pattern.

But this is not always the case. You can distribute vertical stripes on different walls. Moreover, they can be regular - repeated at regular intervals. As you can see in the photo, the spacing on different walls may be different.

The stripes can be different - in color or pattern. The texture of this combination of wallpaper should be the same, otherwise you will get an incomprehensible jumble. For such a combination, it is easiest to work with one collection. The fact is that most campaigns release several designs that combine with each other. As a rule, they are available in several colors. One collection has two or three plain backgrounds and several options with patterns.

You can see an example of using three wallpapers from one collection in the photos below and above. The combination is almost perfect - they were tested for compatibility many times before starting production. By the way, in most of the other photographs, wallpapers are also combined from the same collection. It’s just that it’s very difficult to combine different textures normally.

When combining vertically, there is another interesting technique that allows you to make the ceiling higher. One of the stripes “extends” to the ceiling. At the same time, the transition boundary is blurred, which gives a feeling of greater volume.

To make the principle of the stripes a little clearer, we present several options in a graphical representation. The drawings are made as if viewed from above.

These are win-win options that will always “play” when choosing paintings from one collection. If you need a guarantee that wallpapering two types will be effective, use one of these schemes. This wall design has been tested thousands of times, and every time the result is excellent.

Horizontal division

A technique that can be considered a design classic. It has been used for a long time, but with the current abundance of colors and textures it has acquired a completely new meaning. This technique is more often used in rooms with a small area but high ceilings. Horizontal division of the room helps to remove the “well” effect. It could just be a horizontal strip that encircles the room. It is often tied to the height of the window sills, but in general it is carried out when dividing the plane into three parts and can be located in the lower or upper third.

This rule is often violated: sometimes the strip is made at eye level and some decorative elements are hung at this level. It often looks very good. This technique is often found when

The division zone can also extend at the top. Traditionally, the lower part is decorated in darker colors, the upper part is lighter. But this rule is also broken. An example is in the photo below.

Traditional options for combining two types of companion wallpaper with horizontal division:

  • bottom (1/3) - striped wallpaper. top - smoothly painted or with a small pattern;
  • bottom - 1/3 - in a small pattern, top - large monograms or plain ones;
  • 2/3 at the bottom is a large pattern - monochromatic at the top.

Traditional pasting with horizontal division is one of the options

Zoning

Wallpaper of different colors in one room is also used if it is necessary to emphasize zoning. For example, in studio apartments, different functional areas are divided in this way: dining and relaxation.

The same principle can be applied in a nursery. In this case, gluing two types of wallpaper serves to separate the play area, bed, and table. The same applies if there are two children in the nursery. This is only possible if there is no competition between them, otherwise the number of conflict situations may increase.

With this combination, the use of different textures is allowed. But separating them with moldings is used very rarely. They try to either join in the corners, or choose wallpaper so that the joint does not look provocative.

Panel or decorative inserts

Different wallpapers have been glued in one room for a long time, only once they were made of fabric, and they were decorated in “frames” since they were very expensive and were accessible only to the upper class. Since those times, it has become a custom: gluing two types of wallpaper in the form of a panel. And today classic interiors are decorated this way, using silk-screen printing, embossed or textured options for insertion.

If the style allows, elements of a different color are framed from. This design option fits perfectly into classic interiors or Provence and country styles.

A similar panel is also possible in more modern styles - Art Nouveau, for example. But then the frame can be made from a border of the same color - from the same collection, or cut from the “body” of wallpaper.

Another option is to paste it into a niche. In this case, the design and texture are selected according to the style, as well as other designs.

And in this case, it is best to use wallpaper from the same collection. A professional decorator will select them based on experience or using instinct, but amateurs may not succeed. If you don't want to take risks, use one collection.

Color accents

There are two principles for using this technique. The first is to divert attention from some element that you consider unsightly. For example, uneven walls. In some apartments they may be sloping. To prevent the eye from clinging to this fact, the opposite wall is highlighted with wallpaper of a different color, with or without a pattern. It is important that they attract attention.

The second technique is gluing two types of wallpaper to attract attention to some object in the interior. In bedrooms this is often either the bed or the opposite wall. Here who wants to emphasize something (). In kitchens, a table is often allocated, thus forming a dining area. This is partly zoning, partly accent. Still, attention is diverted from the kitchen area.

Accenting a wall near a piece of furniture is an interesting way to hang wallpaper in two colors

The actual accent can be not only a vertically directed strip, although this option is more common: our rooms do not have high ceilings, so any means are good. In a tall room, the accent can be a wide horizontal stripe - or some part of the wall, as in the photo below.

Two techniques at once: different colors and different textures

Some rooms have projections of load-bearing walls or niches. Often they try to disguise them. There is absolutely no need to do this. By highlighting this area with wallpaper of a different color, it can be turned into an architectural highlight that will add individuality to the room.

Wallpapering two types: protruding “remnants” of load-bearing walls can be turned into an advantage

In general, the options for hanging wallpaper of different colors in one room are endless. Choose what you like best, and for more ideas, there is a whole section below with different photos.

Wallpapering two types: photo ideas

Stripes are combined not only with plain surfaces, but also with patterns. It is important that the interior is in the same colors

Bright heels in a monotonous interior are an ideal option for gluing other types of wallpaper

In the photo, different wallpapers in one room are chosen well, the color is also repeated in textiles

Zoning using different colors is a proven method

Remove the “trailer” effect by breaking up a long wall with a partition and covering it with eye-catching wallpaper.

Vertical stripes “raise” the ceiling

Arbitrary division of the wall is another interesting approach

The accent is a burgundy wall. Definitely attracts attention

    if your seat is an even number - you have a top seat, if you have an uneven number on your ticket - your seat is bottom, all this up to seat number 36, then the logic does not change with the top and bottom, only all the next ones will be side.

    In luxury class carriages, unlike reserved seats and compartments, all seats are lower.

    By the number of the seat on the train, it is easy to determine whether it is upper, lower or side. All lower shelves are assigned an odd number, and the upper ones are even. Side seats start from number 37. In general, everything is simply ingenious)

    If we are talking about a reserved seat carriage, which has all the above-mentioned seats (and which, by the way, may be canceled in the near future), then the numbering of seats in them begins on the left hand from the entrance (from the conductor’s compartment). There are tops and bottoms Not side shelves. The lower ones are odd (the first compartment is 1 and 3 seats, the second is 5 and 7, etc.), the upper ones are even (the first compartment is 2 and 4, the second is 6 and 8, etc.). There are 9 compartments in total in the carriage. In the last compartment (which is located right next to the toilet) the lower seats are 33 and 35, the upper ones are 34 and 36.

    Then it’s the other way around, the numbering of the side shelves continues on the other side of the car - from the notorious toilet. The lower side seat near the toilet is numbered 37, the upper one - 38. And so on, up to the 53rd and 54th seats in the conductor's compartment at the very beginning of the car.

    I think this screen will show you everything clearly

    In fact, on many websites dedicated to railway transportation you can find diagrams that make it easy to figure out whether an upper, lower or side berth awaits you based on the seat number indicated on the ticket. I think it’s worth saving such a picture so that when ordering a ticket, you can choose.

    Me, ordering train tickets online. I always look at what places are available and try to choose the most convenient ones for myself. The website shows which seats are free, including those at the top, bottom or side.

    Numbering of seats in a reserved seat carriage photo:

    As many people know, on the train:

    • the lower places are odd numbers, these are: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11;
    • upper seats in the carriage even numbers: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10

    Side places: from 37th to 54th.

    It is best to take seats in the middle of the carriage, these are seats from 13th to 23rd places.

    All even-numbered places are the top shelves. The carriage has 9 compartments, each with 4 seats. This means that the seat numbers from 1 to 36 are not side, from 37 to 54 are side. It is better to take a ticket with a seat number before the 20th or a side ticket after the 40th, this is further away from the toilet and closer to the conductor’s compartment. If the carriage is SV, then it has double compartments, numbering follows the same principle. The first numbers are from the conductor's compartment, the top ones are even.

  • Seats in the carriage

    It's quite easy to do.

    If your ticket has an even number, it means your shelf is top, if it’s not even, then it’s bottom, there’s no third option.

    There are four passenger seats in a compartment; if it is a reserved seat car, then there are also side seats, but for the side seats the seat numbers start from the 37th seat.

    • In a regular reserved seat carriage there are 36 seats, after the 36th seat there will be side seats and that’s all, it’s easy to remember, but the bottom or top, so as not to remember, you can look at the pictures, this is something I found

    In addition to the reserved seat carriage, there are compartment and luxury carriages, and here you can find out where you will live during the trip.

    And so you can remember in a reserved seat that the bottom places are odd numbers, and the top places are even

    odd lower, even upper. Starting from 37 lateral

    2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36

    1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35

    looks something like this

    54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40 38

    53 51 49 47 45 43 41 39 37

    I usually figure it out in my head, since I already remember the number of compartments in the cars and the beginning of the numbering (from bottom to top. For convenience, you can look at this picture.

    Here you can clearly see the upper seats in the compartment, and the lower ones, and the side ones, in the order of which people especially often get lost.

In the modern world, the production of materials for repairs has come a long way. There are many different ones on store shelves, the use of which is recommended according to special instructions encrypted in special signs.

Designation of wallpaper marks

Labeling of wallpaper products Manufacturers make using the following signs:

  1. Letter.
  2. Graphic

The letter icons on the wallpaper have the following designations:

  • “A” – acrylic type;
  • “B” – paper type;
  • “BB” – use of foamed vinyl;
  • “RV” – use of embossed vinyl;
  • “PV” – made from flat vinyl;
  • “STL” – glass wallpaper rolls;
  • “STR” – structural type for painting;
  • “TCS” – textile type.

Note! The roll has a special paper insert on which these designations are applied.

The first capital letters of the Russian alphabet already “hint” at the composition of the roll.

Before using purchased rolls, be sure to read markings on the wallpaper.

The marking of graphic type wallpaper contains information about its performance characteristics.

Decoding information recorded in the form of icons gives users information O:

  • moisture resistance of the product;
  • light fastness;
  • gluing features;
  • dismantling.

Graphic signs are more informative than letter ones. Icons help to correctly glue the trellises during repairs, which makes it possible to significantly extend the service life and improve the interior appearance of the products .

Before gluing the walls, it is recommended to take into account the purpose of certain rolls for repairs. For example, it is recommended to glue the walls of non-residential premises. Paper versions are allowed for use in children's institutions. By following the symbols on the rolls, you can protect the room from excessive dryness or the influence of other factors.

Compliance with information encrypted in the form of graphic characters helps facilitate installation finishing materials and extends their service life.

ABOUT features of moisture resistance designation

How to determine whether purchased rolls are washable or not? Many wallpaper structures are sensitive to high levels of indoor humidity.

Therefore, if in the room high percentage of humidity, it is necessary to select the appropriate type of trellis .

Otherwise, dampness will cause fungal formations to appear on the walls, which can worsen the aesthetic appearance of the interior. When choosing wallpaper for a room, you should carefully read the information about it on the included paper insert.

wavy sinuous line encodes product information regarding moisture. The level of resistance of the finishing material to humidity is determined by the number of waves on the package insert. The decoding here is as follows:

  1. The only wave . One wave indicate moisture resistant wallpaper rolls. This marking indicates the possibility of carefully wiping the walls with damp cloths.
  2. Paired waves. Two wavy lines stand for washable wallpaper rolls. A sponge and warm water are suitable for washing, excluding the use of household chemical cleaners. For example, on non-woven wallpaper there is a designation of two paired waves.
  3. Triple wave. Three wavy lines stand for super washable wallpaper rolls. They can be washed not only with warm water, but also with detergents.

Moisture ratings are very important when choosing wallpaper material, especially in the kitchen or dining room where stains are likely to occur.

For rooms with high humidity levels) must be purchased moisture-resistant wallpaper materials. This will avoid frequent gluing and other problems during the operation of the product.

Lightfastness

What do the sun's rays mean? Decoding the designation on the rolls helps to provide information regarding the durability of the product’s paints to ultraviolet rays. In this case, the instructions may contain the following symbols:

  1. Double sun (sun and plus). The product has high level resistance to ultraviolet rays. Suitable for rooms where there is a glass ceiling or solid window openings.
  2. Full sunshine. Full sun means products that have good light fastness. They can be chosen for rooms with any level of illumination.
  3. Half of the sun with a plus located inside. Not everyone knows what this designation is in the form of a half-sun with an internal plus. It turns out that this product with a satisfactory look light fastness. Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation may cause discoloration.
  4. Sunny half. What do the icons on the wallpaper in the form of a sunny half mean? This sign means average level light fastness. The material should not be used in rooms with a lot of direct solar radiation.

Types of wallpaper pasting

Today, designers have come up with many ways to glue trellises.

The right combination of materials makes the room spacious and lively, and makes your presence in it more comfortable.

Let's consider the most popular methods wallpapering rooms:

  1. Application two-color products. The combination of two different types of panels when gluing is based on the combination of color, but on the difference in tone.
  2. Selecting one zone in the room. Canvases different color(tones) highlight a separate zone in the room (zoning).
  3. Choice of rolls of different colors. Contrasting combination flowers is also a subtype of zoning.
  4. Pasting different rolls with drawings. A popular combination in a room of wallpaper materials with horizontal or vertical stripes. Such an ornament must have general shade or color scheme. The markings are similar to products made from other bases.

To choose the right combination of panels, when choosing them, it is recommended apply rolls on top of each other to determine the level of compatibility.

Prices for non-woven wallpaper

non-woven wallpaper

How to “fit” images

What kind of offset wallpaper joint is this? Many canvases when gluing need adjustment. It is also encrypted on the attached instructions and has a specific designation.

  1. Displaced joining of wallpaper. In the instructions, it looks like a half-shift of the image from the next strip. Displaced joining of wallpaper during installation looks like a chessboard.
  2. Free docking. What kind of free wallpaper joint is this? This joining implies a chaotic type of arrangement of images, without rapport. Free docking does not need adjustment.
  3. Counter docking. Many buyers ask: what kind of counter wallpaper joint is this? The adjustment of such materials consists in gluing the next sheet in the opposite direction in relation to the previous one.
  4. Repeating the image. The repeating pattern on the wallpaper needs to be adjusted and repeated through each canvas, as it is present around the entire perimeter of the room. Repeating the pattern on the wallpaper is necessary to give the interior continuity.
  5. Shifted registration. And what is this shifted wallpaper registration? A shifted fit is characterized by gluing the subsequent panel with vertical shift in relation to the previous one.
  6. Direct overlay of a pattern. What is this direct overlay of a wallpaper pattern? In this case, we are talking about gluing products with the same symmetrical patterns. The direct category of overlap is used when combining panels at the same heights.

For trellises on a non-woven basis, as well as for other wallpaper bases, fit is important, as it makes the walls even and “visually whole”.

How do they encrypt dismantling on labels?

On the wallpaper what each of us gets in shops, there is information regarding their dismantling. In this case, it is indicated that, if necessary, use a scraper, or easy removal by wetting the walls.

Some wallpaper products tend to leave a lower layer on the walls when removed. In this case, you should first clean the walls from the top layer, and then begin dismantling the bottom one.

Where is the wallpaper up?

How to determine the top of a wallpaper roll?

Note! The pattern on it helps determine the top of the rolled web.

If the top of the wallpaper cannot be determined, then the free first end when unrolling the roll can safely be considered the starting end. Having cut it off, we get a new free end, which should definitely be marked on the reverse side as the beginning.

Video: studying wallpaper labeling

Conclusion

- a painstaking and time-consuming process, which, if you follow all the recommendations on the label, always gives a lot of positive emotions. Familiarizing yourself with the information on the roll tabs will make your work easy and fun.