How to make the air clean. How to clean the air in an apartment: causes of pollution, solutions, pitfalls How to make the air clean in cities

Probably, almost everyone has so-called “dust collectors” - trinkets that only attract dust, and it’s a shame to throw them away. But besides them, there are many more factors that negatively affect the microclimate of our home - from floor cleaners to fireplaces. What is the cause of dirty air in an apartment and how to clean it? Let's figure it out.

Bad mood and no performance? It is not surprising if the room has musty, stale air. The air quality in your home can affect your health and the health of your family members. “Bad” air can cause coughing, a feeling of tightness in the chest, sore throat, itching, shortness of breath, and even chronic pain. Potential sources of contamination can be found in almost every room, but don't despair: most of them are easy to get rid of.

Causes of air pollution

Pollutants in the home can be divided into several categories.

Combustion products- gases or particles of substances that are formed during the combustion process - for example in stoves, gas stoves or fireplaces that are either improperly vented or not ventilated at all. The type and quantity of pollutants produced depend on the health of the device, the ventilation system and the fuel used.

Volatile organic compounds– various organic substances that are released as gases from certain solids or liquids. They are widely found in household products such as paints, varnishes, cleaning products, building materials and furniture, pesticides and synthetic fragrances.

Asthma triggers and– usually this is mold, dust mites, passive (and other) smoking, pollen or pet waste. Mold growing on your shower curtain, mites in your textiles, or cat hair on your sofa upholstery can make it difficult to enjoy every breath you take.

10 steps to completely clean the air in your apartment

We have figured out the causes of pollution, but how can we eliminate them now? We consider a variety of methods and methods: from household solutions to technical innovations.

Step 1: Clean regularly

Vacuum cleaners, of course, are a remarkable achievement of science and technology, but not all of them are distinguished by high quality air purification: the bags of classic devices allow fine dust to pass through. Therefore, in addition to “dry” cleaning, the room also needs wet cleaning. However, now there are premium vacuum cleaners with an aqua filter and such models will give odds to an army of rags and mops.

Also remember: when was the last time you cleaned your carpet? But this is a very necessary procedure: carpets and rugs are breeding grounds for dust, bacteria and mites. Therefore, you need to periodically knock them out or take them to the dry cleaner.

Step 2: Ventilate

Of course, in order to have a healthy microclimate, it is necessary to ensure air circulation in the apartment. But open windows are not the best solution. Outdoor air contains byproducts of gas emissions from automobiles, industrial pollution, as well as dirt and mold. Here, one of the most useful devices for purifying the air in an apartment will come to the rescue: a three-stage filtration system will allow you to supply clean air into the house, and the built-in heater will prevent you from freezing in winter.

Step 3: No smoking

Smoking is another cause of pollution. Even if you don’t smoke yourself, you may unwittingly become a passive smoker: cleaning the air in your apartment will be difficult if your household members smoke nearby or. And in the case of neighbors, there are only two options: either reach an amicable agreement, or understand, forgive and install a breather so that unpleasant odors do not penetrate the house.

Step 4: Get rid of chemicals in your home as much as possible

If you decide to update your furniture, then be careful: low-quality furniture can cause a sharp, unpleasant odor due to abuse. In addition, formaldehyde can be released from finishing materials, toys, stationery and much more. Therefore, it is necessary to choose trusted stores. Even if you buy the “right” product, it is necessary to clean the air in the house and regularly.

Also, as we said earlier, the purity of the air can be spoiled by substances contained in cleaning products or air fresheners. Therefore, it is worth paying attention to organic or homemade products.

Step 5: Get Rid of Dust Mites

These tiny pests are a common cause of house dust allergies. As a rule, they “hide” in pillows, mattresses, upholstered furniture and carpeting. Dust mites love humidity, so the level in the room should not be excessively high. You can measure the humidity level using a smart microclimate system - it will also allow you to monitor other air indicators and control climate control equipment. As a preventive measure against ticks, you should wash your bedding once a week in hot water.

Step 6: Be more attentive to pets

Pet hair also adds more dust. Animals (namely, the protein they secrete) can be especially dangerous for. Therefore, you should always wash your hands after petting your pet, and also comb it (especially during shedding) so that the fur does not spread throughout the apartment.

Step 7: Kill Mold

Another enemy of clean air is mold. It spreads in warm and moist places, such as the bathroom, and is toxic to the human body. Therefore, you need a good one. Also, do not overuse humidifiers: high humidity can cause not only mold, but also deterioration in well-being. In addition, it is important to correct plumbing problems in a timely manner.

Step 8: Pay Attention to the Humidifier

Although we said in the previous paragraphs that excessive humidity does not bring any benefit, it is no better. The level of humidity mainly depends on the climatic conditions in the region of residence and the frequency of ventilation. A humidifier or air washer will help maintain the required level of humidity. You can find out more about humidity standards in an apartment, office and nursery.

Step 9: Choose a room air purifier

The method is intended for purifying air from pollutants in cities and large populated areas. The method involves sucking polluted air from the surface of the roadway, purifying it of hydrocarbons and returning it to the environment. Polluted air is sucked into underground city communication networks with filtering and ventilation devices installed from them through external hatches equipped with air intakes. Purified air is discharged through open outlets of communication networks.

The invention relates to the field of environmental protection and, in particular, to the purification of polluted air. There is a known method for purifying air from pollution in cities and large populated areas, which consists in the fact that air containing vehicle exhaust gases is sucked from the surface of the roadway into special channels, where it is purified from hydrocarbons using filters and returned to the surrounding atmosphere. (GB patent N 1113528, class B 08 B 15/00, 1968). This method provides a certain effect on cleaning air on city highways polluted by vehicle exhaust gases, but requires large material costs during its implementation due to the construction of special structures for its absorption and purification and narrows the area for purifying polluted air. The technical result to which the invention is aimed is to reduce material costs for the construction of special structures for implementing the method and expand the areas covered by air purification. The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the method of purifying air from pollution in cities and large settlements, which consists in the fact that air containing exhaust gases from vehicles is sucked from the surface of the roadway into special channels, where it is purified using filters from hydrocarbons and returns to the surrounding atmosphere, polluted air is sucked into underground city communication networks with filtering and ventilation devices installed in their underground channels, through their external hatches located in populated areas and equipped with air intakes, and purified air is discharged into the atmosphere through the open outlets of these communications. The proposed method for purifying air from pollutants in populated areas increases the area of ​​air purification, significantly simplifies this process and reduces the material costs of its implementation compared to the known method. The fact is that in the known method, taken as a prototype, specially equipped sidewalks are used, running along urban transport highways, in which special channels are installed, with air intake and filtering devices installed in each of them; intakes are made in the curb stones of these sidewalks holes, the purified air is discharged into the atmosphere through specially constructed exhaust devices. As you can see, such a solution requires significant material costs and, in addition, the area covered by air purification in a populated area is limited. The proposed technical solution involves the use of existing underground channels located on the territory of populated areas, urban underground communication networks for various purposes, having entrance hatches or sewer grates located throughout the territory of these areas, and exits of these networks into the atmosphere. It is planned to install fan units or other devices at the nodes of communication networks that create a vacuum of air in the channels approaching from the hatches to the node of the communication, together with the corresponding filtering units that filter the air and remove the purified air through the outlet channels to the outside into the atmosphere. If necessary, air intakes are provided in hatches through which air is supposed to be taken. Given the urgency of the problem of purifying polluted air in large cities, this method of purifying it is the most rational, significantly reduces material costs, since there is no need for the construction of air intake communications, the number of ventilation and filtering units is reduced, the area covered by intake devices in settlements is increased and consumption is reduced. energy to suck air into the line.

Claim

A method for purifying air from pollution in cities and large populated areas, which consists in the fact that air containing vehicle exhaust gases is sucked from the surface of the road surface, cleaned of hydrocarbons and returned to the environment, characterized in that the polluted air is sucked into underground urban communication networks with filtering and ventilation devices installed in them through external hatches equipped with air intakes, and purified air is discharged through open outputs of communication networks.

Similar patents:

The environmental situation in Moscow is far from ideal, but few people think about the fact that the air in apartments and offices also poses a great danger: in enclosed spaces it stagnates, which causes an increase in the concentration of substances harmful to health and the proliferation of dangerous bacteria and microorganisms. The Village asked doctors, ecologists and designers what measures would help improve the ecology of the home and avoid many diseases.

Is the air in your apartment actually worse than outside?

On average, indoor air is five times dirtier and ten times more toxic than outdoor air. Moreover, it is indoors that most people spend up to 90% of their time. These statistics are provided by the head of the laboratory of the manufacturer of the Potok Inter air disinfection system, Evgeniy Kobzev.

Stagnant air contains a large number of microorganisms, including those that can potentially harm human health. The main source of microbes is the person himself. “From the surface of the skin, pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and various types of streptococci enter the air, and during breathing, sneezing and coughing, the causative agents of tuberculosis, various pneumonia and influenza,” comments Kobzev.

Pathogenic microorganisms appear in apartments due to the fact that air conditioners, household air purifiers and forced ventilation devices are rarely or poorly maintained: for example, an ordinary home air conditioner, if you do not change the filters in it, can become a breeding ground for the causative agent of legionellosis, which in some cases causes a person with the most severe form of pneumonia (even death). Fighting legionellosis with traditional disinfectants is practically useless. You can only increase the body’s resistance, improving immunity, and prevent the growth of bacteria: clean climate control equipment on time, avoid stagnation of warm water (for example, in water heaters).

Another type of air pollution in an apartment, which Evgeny Kobzev points out, is mold: “Mold spores can enter the air from the surface of walls and ceilings (especially in bathrooms), which cause asthma attacks and exacerbation of chronic respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, respiratory allergies and pulmonary hypertension.”

What sources of air pollution can be identified?

Dust

Dust is dangerous because mites can live in it. Alena Glushakova, deputy head physician for medical affairs at the MEDSI clinic in Khoroshevsky Proezd, clarifies that mites themselves are safe for humans, but their waste products can cause the development of allergic reactions, including the development of bronchial asthma: “If you constantly breathe dusty air, then respiratory diseases are inevitable systems (chronic diseases of the nasal cavity, pharynx, bronchi, lungs), inflammatory processes, headaches, irritation of the mucous membrane of the eyes due to allergic reactions.”

Exhaust gases from automobiles and industrial emissions products

Entering through open windows, they also pose a health hazard. Exhaust gases contain nitrogen and carbon oxides, sulfur dioxide, aromatic hydrocarbons, and lead compounds. They can cause the development of diseases of the respiratory and nervous systems, provoke the development of allergic reactions and skin diseases.

Smell of cigarettes

Tobacco smoke is harmful not only at the moment of smoking: tobacco leaves contain a lot of oily resins with high penetrating ability, which means that the smoke from them is well absorbed into clothes, upholstered furniture, curtains, and carpets. Tobacco tar and nicotine accumulate in the lungs and lead to lung disease, aggravate allergic reactions and increase the risk of heart disease. To eliminate the smell, you need to constantly ventilate the room, wash fabric upholstery and wallpaper, wash textiles, have powerful ventilation in the apartment or air purifiers with filters that specialize in retaining cigarette smoke particles.

Particle boards and fibreboards

Chipboard and fiberboard are layers of pressed wood that are joined together with glue or various resins. Furniture made from this material releases formaldehyde and phenols - carcinogens that increase the likelihood of cancer. The source of carcinogens, according to Alena Glushakova, can also be laminate, linoleum, decorative plastic and cheap building finishing materials.

In Russia, formaldehyde is classified as the second of five hazard classes, where the first is the most serious. Short-term contact with an object that emits formaldehyde will not cause harm, but constant presence in the same apartment can cause skin reactions (irritation, itching, rash), eye inflammation, lethargy, frequent headaches, and difficulty sleeping. At the same time, as long as the source of carcinogens is isolated, for example, chipboard furniture is laminated or covered with veneer, the harm is minimal, but any damage to the surface will become a source of formaldehyde release.

Furniture made from chipboard emits formaldehyde and phenols - carcinogens that increase the likelihood of cancer

Rug near the front door

From the street we can bring pathogens along with dirt and dust. In 2008, the University of Arizona conducted a study: more than 400 thousand different bacteria were found on the soles of shoes. Escherichia coli, Friedlander's bacillus and Serratia ficaria are carried in large quantities on shoes - these bacteria cause urinary tract infections and respiratory infections. In this way, you can also bring chemicals home: gasoline particles after a walk in the rain, toxic fertilizers from the lawn, resins from asphalt, or reagents for dissolving snow from winter streets.

Mercury

This is a substance of the first hazard class (according to GOST 17.4.1.02-83). If you break a thermometer and at least one ball of mercury rolls behind the furniture or into a crack in the parquet, then the mercury in contact with the air will release toxic substances. That is why it is important to completely collect and dispose of it, and then disinfect all surfaces that it touched with a solution of potassium permanganate.

About 80% of inhaled mercury vapor is retained in the body. The longer the exposure and the more volatile mercury particles entering the body, the more dangerous the toxic effect. Acute mercury vapor poisoning manifests itself in intestinal upset, vomiting, and swelling of the gums. A decline in cardiac activity is characteristic, the pulse becomes rare and weak, and fainting is possible. With chronic poisoning, a metallic taste appears in the mouth, loose gums, severe salivation, mild irritability, weakened memory, and a strong effect on the nervous system.

Are popular cleaning products dangerous?

As a rule, when choosing household chemicals for the home, people tend to purchase the most aggressive products: with them they can quickly achieve perfect cleanliness. What you pay for is inhaling the volatile toxic substances found in cleaning and detergents: chlorine, phosphates, surfactants, triclosan and even fragrances and aromatic enzymes.

“Regular use of toxic household chemicals, especially in poorly ventilated areas, can cause headaches, various allergic reactions, decreased immunity, and even provoke the development of cancer. You can avoid these harmful consequences by choosing environmentally friendly household chemicals and returning to folk remedies for keeping your home clean. For example, a solution of vinegar, soda, lemon juice, mustard powder, soap solution and similar products are much safer,” says Verba Mayr chief physician Natalya Edel.

What symptoms indicate that there are toxic substances in the air?

Symptoms that should pay attention to the air quality in the apartment include: headaches, sleep disturbances, nausea, peeling skin, unpleasant taste in the mouth after waking up, dizziness, irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes. “But you shouldn’t panic at the first appearance of one of the symptoms: the state of the surrounding air is not the most common cause of these disruptions in the body. First, we need to exclude the more “popular” ones: unhealthy diet, stress, lack of sleep,” comments Dmitry Gornastolev, chief physician of the Medscan network of medical centers. But difficulty breathing, irregular heart rhythm, loss of orientation in space - these are already symptoms for which you cannot hesitate and you must immediately call an ambulance. They may indicate a severe allergic reaction or toxic poisoning.

Regular use of toxic household chemicals can cause headaches, allergic reactions and decreased immunity

How to make the air in your apartment cleaner?

In the fight for clean air, you need to choose methods depending on the situation and type of pollution. Vadim Rukavitsyn, environmental consultant at EcoShopper, advises: if the apartment is located near a large highway or a large factory, install a filter on the supply ventilation valve and do not open windows in the room for ventilation. And if you use harmful paint, furniture or building materials, on the contrary, you need to ventilate the room more often or purify the air through special household filters if the source of pollution cannot be quickly eliminated.

“Paints, varnishes, and adhesives often emit benzene, toluene, xylene and other volatile organic compounds. Chipboard, some types of plastic and polystyrene foam are saturated with the carcinogen formaldehyde during the production process. At the same time, there are no definitely dangerous and definitely safe types of paints and varnishes and glue - it depends on the composition of a particular product,” says the ecologist. Harmful substances may be present, but in a concentration acceptable to humans and not cause harm, so when choosing, you need to pay attention to international eco-labels. Here are the main ones: Ecolabel (“European Flower”), Nordic Ecolabel (Nordic Swan, “Northern Swan”), German marking Der Blaue Engel (“Blue Angel”), the most common in the USA and Canada Green Seal and EcoLogo, as well as “Vitality Leaf”, the main one for Russia.

In case of air pollution, it will be most effective to use quartz lamps (there are small home models) and ventilation. This is especially true if someone in the apartment has been sick for a long time. If the air is contaminated with mold spores, it is necessary to determine its source and first get rid of the fungus. Also in this case, increased supply and exhaust ventilation and a decrease in humidity to 40–60% will help.

If we talk about universal tools for purifying the air in an apartment, home air purifiers and air washers cope best with this task. They differ in a set of filters, each of which is designed to eliminate a specific type of pollution. “The most common cleaners are those with a carbon membrane, mechanical cleaning and an ionizer. To clean from bacteria and organic matter, it is necessary that the purifiers have a built-in ion-catalytic or streamer filter with a closed-type quartz lamp,” Vadim Rukavitsyn gives recommendations.

Partially protect yourself at the stage of choosing a place to live. First of all, it is worth considering the presence of large highways, industrial facilities and landfills nearby. If we talk about Moscow, the ecologist calls the west and north-west the cleanest, and the central district, the south and south-east of the capital the dirtiest. In addition to the presence of industrial enterprises in these districts, the wind in Moscow mainly blows to the southeast, so dirt from other areas also blows. But regardless of the area, it is optimal to consider each specific house separately, taking into account the topography, distance from highways and railways, number of floors, proximity to a park, communications, type of house, history of the area and other parameters.

Why landscape the area near the house and ventilate the apartment?

To maintain the functioning of all systems of the human body, a constant circulatory process is required, which is carried out with the help of breathing: when oxygen enters the cells, metabolic processes occur, due to which energy is released. The quality of your breathing air is of paramount importance, which is why it is so important to maintain it. Lyubov Bogdanova, a breathing therapist, head of the International Center for the Study and Practice of Conscious Breathing, advises landscaping the surrounding area so that the air outside the window is as clean as possible. Tree leaves actively capture dust and reduce the concentration of harmful gases. According to biologists, in the summer, an average-sized tree releases enough oxygen per day to breathe for three people, and a park or grove near a house will clear carbon dioxide from a layer of air up to 45 meters thick - that’s about 15 floors. It is best to plant chestnut, poplar, elm, larches, and shrubs - lilac, acacia, and rose hips. Indoor plants also contribute to air purity. To select a specific species, you can use the NASA list, which was compiled in 1989 based on the results of a study of plants that help in a confined space not only absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, but also remove some harmful substances from the atmosphere (formaldehyde, benzene, trichlorethylene). There are about 30 plants in total on this list; Among the most effective, having a complex effect, are common ivy, epipremnum aureus, spathiphyllum, bamboo palm (hamedorea), sansevieria (“mother-in-law’s tongue”), dracaena bordered and garden chrysanthemum. Regular wet cleaning is necessary to maintain clean air: moisture precipitates dust, clearing the atmospheric air of its particles.

At the same time, volatile compounds in household chemicals and personal hygiene products are often the causes of allergic cough or nasal congestion, runny nose or severe sneezing, so it is better to choose natural products for cleaning rooms and body hygiene.

“Ventilate your apartment regularly: carbon dioxide released during exhalation is 1.5 times heavier than atmospheric air and accumulates in an unventilated room. And try to spend as much time as possible in nature: it is the ecoflora that creates the most favorable respiratory mixture for humans, which the urban environment cannot boast of,” advises the respiratory therapist. The air cannot be made absolutely clean, but the person himself, by controlling his breathing, can minimize the harmful effects.

Nasal breathing is unique in that it provides humidification and purification of air entering the human body from outside. The mucous membrane of the nasal passages traps dust particles and other foreign particles, as well as viruses and bacteria. The special composition of mucus neutralizes them, and the ciliated epithelium ensures their removal from the nasal cavity.

Lifehacks and gadgets that will help keep the air clean

Since wet cleaning is one of the most effective ways to achieve clean air in an apartment, you need to create conditions for it: systematize the storage of things, put clothes, books and dishes in closed cabinets and containers, leaving a maximum of open horizontal surfaces free.

Ideally, you need to think about the air quality in the apartment at the renovation stage: choose environmentally friendly materials, advise Sergey and Veronika Kovalev, architects at Artbaza.studio. For flooring, solid wood or cork tiles are best: these materials are easy to clean and do not emit toxic substances. To paint walls or ceilings, the architects of the Artbaza studio use Japanese paints with an antibacterial coating and lead-free composition, and in finishing they often use whole slabs of marble, solid wood, stones and minerals of natural origin - all these materials are natural and safe. Technical innovations will help keep the air clean and healthy. For example, an oxygen generator: by passing air through filters, it converts it into pure oxygen. More standard, but also useful, are air purifiers and ionizers. “To choose a good air purifier, it is important to know the volume of the room: multiply the volume by three - this is how much air the device should move through itself. Also, when purchasing, pay attention to the presence of several filters and multi-level cleaning,” advise Veronika and Sergey Kovalev.

In addition to purification, the air needs to be saturated with moisture: then harmful particles will settle on the floor and not be inhaled; Moreover, a normal level of humidity is beneficial for the respiratory tract and skin condition. The most technologically advanced assistants here are ultrasonic humidifiers. They are usually equipped with a built-in hydrostat and are capable of automatically maintaining air humidity in a wide range (from 20 to 90%). When buying a humidifier of any type, you should definitely ask what area of ​​the room it is designed for.

Many of us are seriously thinking about improving the quality of our perception of life and trying to change not only the world around us, but also the air that we breathe, which raises an urgent question: how to make the air cleaner?

To solve this problem today there are two main ways: one is to build houses, and the other - complementing or replacing the first - air purifying devices around us through ionization and other technologies, supported by large-scale advertising campaigns, commercials and tempting discounts, which turn into almost a panacea for all possible ills.

Today we will look at them in detail...

It would seem that,

What kind of air do we breathe at home?

The air we breathe is not at all like that described in smart books and encyclopedias. In addition to the main cast, it contains hundreds of impurities, thousands of smells and aromas, useful and not so...

For example, indoor air may be more polluted than outdoor air, and the degree of pollution may be several times higher than these indicators. And, as a rule, the average person spends fifty to sixty percent of his entire life indoors.

We don’t see all this, but our body senses it very well, we begin to “think worse,” feel tired, and our internal organs are slowly and steadily poisoned by our own “exhaust” exhalations.

Therefore, it is very important to ensure that you periodically ventilate the room where you are, live, work, or sleep. A portion of street air, with its not entirely pure composition, is even more beneficial than the air filled with our “exhalations.”

It becomes clear to the naked eye that in order to be healthy, something needs to change, and that “something” is, first of all, air around us.

Here is the time to remember about air conditioners and other air purifiers, the purpose of which is to directly create a microclimate in the room and purify the air.

Devices that make the air clean

1. Air conditioners

2. Air purifiers for home

The basic functions of air purifiers include: dust removal, elimination of allergic pollen, air purification from tobacco smoke, destruction of viruses and bacteria, elimination of unpleasant odors and odors, decomposition of harmful substances, filtration of small particles(animal fur, for example). Sounds tempting, doesn't it? But all this information concerns only quality!!! air purifiers. Otherwise, we are in danger of over-saturating the air around us with both nitrogen and ions, and, as we know, what is excessive is no longer healthy...

Besides There are air purifiers several types - photocatalytic And filter.

Photocatalytic air purifiers

It is considered the most effective photocatalytic air purifiers. The air in them becomes cleaner based on the principle of photo catalysis, harmful substances contained in the air decompose under the influence of ultraviolet radiation until they are absolutely harmless. The level of purification is constant and consistently high and reaches ninety-five percent. But such an air purifier definitely cannot cope with exhaust gases. In order to somehow rehabilitate this shortcoming, manufacturers of such devices confidently declare that their purifier will certainly cope with viruses and gases. There is an opinion that the efficiency of a photocatalytic purifier is five hundred times higher than that of an ordinary filter. The service life of such a purifier is from four to seven years.

Filter air purifiers

Based on the name, we already understand that the operating principle of such a purifier is based on the use of filters, which can be quite different. Eg carbon filter(its main component is activated carbon) performs deodorizing and adsorption functions, and does an excellent job of removing odors and gas impurities. Mechanical filter, looks like a fine mesh, does an excellent job of filtering the air for dust and hair. Nero filters- this is more serious, they are created on the basis of fiberglass, capable clear the air from the smallest impurities by almost ninety-nine percent. And here electrostatic filters do their job well clear the air of small dust particles(the operation of such a filter uses the principle of attraction of oppositely charged and polar ions). The filters in such air purifiers are replaced several times a year.

The operation of any air purifier is, of course, limited by the relevant technical characteristics, but as a rule:

• — the productivity indicator ranges from one hundred eighty to four hundred and twenty cubic meters of clean air per hour (we consider the cubic capacity of a room to be the product of length by width and height, in meters);
• — limitation of the area of ​​action – thirty-five square meters.

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Today, the issue of air pollution with harmful substances is more acute than ever. Air purification is the highest priority due to the high level of pollution, the main cause of which is human activity, in particular the development of industry, agriculture, and an increase in the number of vehicles.

The daily volume of emissions of harmful substances (gases, harmful impurities) that react with atmospheric gases (O2, N2) lead to a change in the composition of the air and an increase in the amount of CO2. Various changes in the atmosphere lead to the occurrence of acid precipitation, which negatively affects soil, flora and fauna. In addition, such precipitation leads to the gradual destruction of architectural objects, structures, buildings, and equipment.

A significant contribution to air pollution is made by industrial production, which was put into operation several decades ago and still operates today without a modern air purification system. Very often in underdeveloped countries there is no equipment for air purification, which leads to a real environmental disaster in nearby areas.

Atmospheric protection means

Let us highlight the main measures to clean the atmospheric air and protect the atmosphere from harmful anthropogenic influences:

• Introduction of modern environmentally friendly technological processes in production. Creation of low-waste or closed technological cycles that contribute to the complete elimination or significant reduction of harmful emissions into the atmosphere. Preliminary purification of the raw materials used to reduce harmful impurities in its composition. Transition to alternative energy sources that do not have harmful components that pollute the atmosphere at all, or have a minimal content of harmful substances. Transition from internal combustion engines to alternative engines: electric motors, hybrid, hydrogen and others.
• Implementation of treatment facilities. Means of protecting the atmosphere from the harmful effects of human activity should include methods of air purification using treatment facilities that will minimize harmful emissions into the atmosphere in production and agriculture.
• Introduction of sanitary zones. SPZ - sanitary protection zone - a strip of territory that separates an industrial zone from a residential one. Previously, during the construction of industrial and residential facilities, practically no attention was paid to the use of sanitary protection zones, which led to the placement of industrial and residential zones nearby. The establishment of a CVD, its length, width, and area are determined based on the amount of harmful impurities released into the atmosphere.
• The introduction of correct architectural and planning division implies the correct location of industrial production and residential buildings: taking into account the terrain, wind direction, highways and other types of roads.

Cleaning methods

Today there are various methods of cleansing; we will highlight the most effective ones.

Ozone method

The ozone method is used to purify atmospheric air from harmful emissions and deodorize emissions from industrial enterprises. This is done by introducing ozone, which helps accelerate oxidative reactions. The contact time of gas with ozone to neutralize harmful components is from 0.5 to 0.9 seconds.

The average cost of using ozone as a deodorizer and purifier is up to 4.5% of the power unit capacity. Such air purification from harmful substances is usually used not in industry, but in the processing of animal raw materials (meat and fat factories), as well as in everyday life.

Thermocatalytic method

Based on use as a purifier - catalyst. In a container (reactor) containing a catalyst, toxic gaseous impurities are purified. Catalysts are usually: minerals, metals that have strong interatomic fields. The catalyst must have a stable structure under the reaction conditions.

This method effectively removes odors and harmful compounds. It's quite expensive. Therefore, the main trend in recent years has been aimed at the creation and development of inexpensive catalysts that operate effectively at any temperature, under any conditions, are resistant to toxic compounds, and, in addition, are energy efficient, with minimal operating costs. The use of catalysts as purifiers is quite widely used in purifying gases from nitrogen oxides.

Absorption method

It consists of dissolving a gaseous component in a liquid solvent. The contaminant is isolated using a liquid that is used once. This is how mineral acids, salts and other substances are obtained. The plasma-chemical method involves using high-voltage discharges as a purifier, through which a contaminated air mixture is passed. Electric precipitators are used as equipment.

Adsorption method

It can be called one of the most common, especially in the United States. Purification of air space from harmful impurities based on adsorption has proven its effectiveness in industrial operation.

Special systems, where the main adsorbents are sorbents, oxides and activated carbons, allow not only to clean bad-smelling flue gases from odor, but also significantly reduce the content of harmful substances in them, and then perform catalytic or thermal afterburning to achieve maximum results. This set of measures is especially often used in the chemical, pharmaceutical or food industries.

Thermal method or thermal afterburning

From the name it is clear that the purification of harmful emissions consists of their thermal oxidation, at temperatures from 750 to 1200 °C. This method achieves 99% gas purification. Among the disadvantages, limited application should be noted.

This method is effective for purifying gases containing solid inclusions in the form of: carbon, soot, wood dust. If the emissions contain impurities such as sulfur, phosphorus, and halogens, then the combustion products, when using the thermocatalytic method, will be more toxic than the original ones.

Plasmocatalytic

A new method that combines methods of air purification from harmful substances: catalytic and plasma-chemical. These measures to clean the air from harmful substances have been well studied and widely used in practice, and this method is new and highly effective. There is a two-stage purification through reactors:

1. Plasma-chemical reactor in which ozonation occurs.
2. Catalytic reactor. At the first stage, harmful impurities pass through a high-voltage discharge, where, interacting with electrosynthesis products, they transform into environmentally friendly compounds. At the second stage, final purification occurs using synthesis into molecular and atomic oxygen. Residues of harmful substances are oxidized by oxygen.

The disadvantage of this method is its high cost and the mandatory preliminary purification of dust from the air. Especially with its high content.

Photocatalytic

The photocatalytic method of purifying air from harmful substances is also a modern, innovative method that is being used more and more often. An air purification device is used based on catalysts made of TiO2 (titanium oxide), which are irradiated with ultraviolet light. This method is widely used in household purification devices and is one of the most effective ways to purify incoming air.

Criteria for selecting purifiers

Indoor air purification is very important today for many people living in the city. Its quality leaves much to be desired, so not only the industrial purification of production products, but also household air purification from odors, harmful substances, tobacco, and dust has received active development.

To obtain high-quality and clean air space indoors, you need equipment with high-quality and effective filters.

Filters used

Basically, several types of filters are used:

• coal
• aquatic
• ozonizing
• photocatalytic
• electrostatic

Each type has its own disadvantages and advantages. Effective purifier models always use not one, but several different air purification agents (multi-stage purification). You may be offered air purifiers with beautiful color displays, tabs, and indicators, but these functions do not affect the cleanliness of indoor air.

To ensure that your air purification is truly effective and your money is well spent, always choose an air purification device that has several types of cleaning components. The more of them there are, the better it will perform its function. With devices with a multi-stage filtration system, the air humidification function will be very effective. This will not only make the air fresher, but will also allow you to control the level of humidity in the room, allow you to more effectively clean the air from tobacco smoke, eliminate dust and unpleasant odors.

Climatic complexes are widely used instead of devices for purifying atmospheric air. They are multifunctional devices that combine three functions:

• cleansing
• humidification
• ionization

Climate complexes have a higher cost than conventional purifiers or ionizers, but the quality of air purification in the room in which the climate complex is installed is much higher.

Popular manufacturers of climate control systems that are used for industrial air purification, as well as for air purification in restaurants, hotels, shops, offices or apartments, are well-known world brands: Panasonic, Daikin, Midea, Boneco, IQAir, Euromate, Venta, Winia and others .

Before purchasing air purifiers and climate control systems, carefully review their characteristics, performance and functionality.