How to make a dacha staircase yourself. Choosing stairs for a summer house: projects and design ideas. The advantage of ready-made stairs

Today it is rare to see a modern one-story country house. As a rule, cottages and dachas are made two-, three- and even four-story. And it is quite logical that such a structure cannot do without a staircase, or even two.

The most basic solution would be to order the manufacture of stairs from professionals - a construction company or a private craftsman. The second option is to buy a blank for a wooden staircase with ready-made marked elements and assemble it on site. If possible, it is better to do so. However, if you have the time, desire and skills, you can make a wooden staircase with your own hands. Today we will describe in detail how, with what and from what you can build a high-quality staircase for a private home.

Design Features

Types of stairs

The choice of staircase design depends on free space, which are planned to be used for construction. The location, configuration, elevation and, of course, the aesthetic preferences of the owner of the house also play a big role.

Wooden stairs are of marching or spiral type:

• Marching is the most common type, consisting of “flights of stairs,” that is, steps and small platforms, which are called flights.

• Screw - usually used in small spaces or to save space. But some people prefer spiral staircases to marching ones for aesthetic reasons. This type is distinguished by its pleasant appearance and sophistication. Fashionable architectural magazines often feature photographs wooden stairs precisely of a screw nature. Despite their low functionality, many people install them. However, it is worth remembering that only one person can ascend/descend this structure. Bringing furniture to the second floor will also be difficult. If you do not have experience in carpentry, you should not start with the construction of a spiral staircase - even the smallest error in calculations can lead to disastrous consequences.

Materials

How to make a wooden staircase strong and durable? Take advantage the following tips by choice of building materials:

1. Kosuor and bowstring – wooden beam 50*250 mm. If the staircase design allows it, you can take a minimum width of 150 mm.
2. Riser – wooden beams with minimum thickness at 25 mm. The more, the better.
3. Treads are wooden beams 30-40 mm thick. You can buy the same beams for risers and treads.
4. Handrails, balusters - it is better to purchase ready-made products. Self-production requires professional skills and special turning equipment.

Staircase device

Any staircase, regardless of type, consists of several required elements:

1. Stringer is a load-bearing element, a beam that supports steps and risers. It is located below and takes on the entire load.
2. The bowstring is a supporting-bearing element with special recesses for inserting steps at the end. If the staircase leans against the wall on one side, the bowstring is applied only from one side, if the staircase is “sandwiched” between walls - from both. Unlike a stringer, a bowstring is not designed for heavy loads.
3. Steps are beams consisting of horizontal treads and vertical risers. Risers perform both aesthetic and support functions. It is permissible to manufacture wooden stairs without risers, but in this case they will be less durable.
4. Railings - consist of balusters and handrails. They can have a variety of shapes and sizes depending on customer preferences.

Before you start building a staircase, you need to make careful calculations and complete detailed drawing future design. If you have experience in drawing, you can easily cope with this task. If not, use a special computer program to create architectural forms. You can also contact construction company or a company specializing in staircase design.

How to make an accurate calculation

• Define required amount steps and riser height. To do this, find out the height of the future staircase. To do this, measure the distance from the lowest point on the first floor to the highest point on the second floor.

For example, the height from floor to ceiling is 250 cm. The interfloor covering (thickness of the floor on the second floor) is 35 cm. Total: 250+35=285 cm.

Calculations should be made based on the height of the riser. As a rule, this is a standard size of 15.2-19.7 cm. The average is 17 cm.

Simple formula for calculation:

Stair height / riser size = number of steps;

Since the result is not whole, round it up.

Total: 17 steps.

To ensure that the risers are even along the entire length of the stairs, divide the height of the stairs by the number of steps:

285/17=16.76 cm.

The result was 17 identical steps with a riser of 16.7 cm.

• Determine the width of the tread. Standard parameters for this element are from 22 cm to 40 cm. Several formulas are used for accurate calculation:

2a + b = 64 cm;

a + b = 47 cm;

a – riser size;

b – tread.

Calculations using the first formula:

23.65 cm may be too small for a tread, so you can make calculations using the second formula:

30.3 cm is quite suitable for a comfortable and reliable tread. Round up to 30 cm for greater convenience.

• Determine the width of the flight of the future staircase. There are no strict criteria for this indicator, but the number of flights directly depends on the location of the stairs. The conventionally acceptable comfortable minimum for the width of the march is 80 cm. But best option from 100 cm to 140 cm. There is a small hint, using which you can build a harmonious and beautiful design– the width of the flight of stairs is a multiple of the width of the tread. For the stairs in this example it would be 60, 90, 120, 160.

• Calculate the length of the stairs using the formula:

Number of steps * tread width = staircase length

Why 16 and not 17 steps - the last step does not need to be taken into account, because it will merge with the floor of the second floor.

4.8 m is an impressive length that will take up a lot of space. Therefore, if the space does not allow you to build a straight staircase with one flight, you will have to agree to make a wooden staircase with several flights and a turn. To calculate measurements for such a staircase, it is better to use a computer program or the services of a specialist.

• Calculate the height of the clearance above the steps. When making calculations, adhere to the main rule - the distance from each step to the ceiling should be at least 195 cm.

Installation and installation of stairs

Finally, the materials have been purchased, calculations have been made, and the drawing is ready. You can start building a wooden staircase for your home.

Installation of stringers and bowstrings

• The ends of the beam purchased for kokurov should be cut in accordance with the length of the stairs. Cut off the thickness of the tread from the bottom.
• Cut openings for steps. To do this, you need to note the width of the tread and the height of the riser, subtract 2-4 cm. For convenience, use construction square and mark the beam with a pencil. Saw off the excess parts with a jigsaw or saw.

• Place the stringer in place of the future staircase. The upper end should be in contact with the ceiling, the lower end should rest against the floor. Check that the cuts for the steps are strictly horizontal. For the stairs you need at least 2 stringers. If a very heavy load is expected, there may be more.
• Treat the surface sandpaper. You can also mill the edges for safety (if there are children in the house) or for beauty.

• Connect the upper and lower stringers with a beam, cutting them into quarters on both sides. Anchor bolts are best suited for fastenings. Also, stringers can be additionally attached to the walls.

• When using one string, you need to shorten it to the required length. Cut holes inside it for the steps. Secure the string to the wall with anchor bolts. To regulate the level position of the bowstring and stringers, use a building level.

Installation of steps and risers

• Cut the beam based on the calculations - the number and width of risers. Align them with each other and sand them with sandpaper.
• Secure the risers to the stringer from the front side using self-tapping screws. Don’t worry that the appearance of the screws will ruin the aesthetics - they can later be puttied or hidden under special decorative “covers”.

• Saw wooden beam, based on calculations for the steps. Remember that the last step is the floor of the second floor, so from total number take away 1 pc.
• Sand the surface and mill the protruding outer edge at an angle.
• Place the steps on the risers and secure them with screws or self-tapping screws.

• Install the balusters and secure them with 100*8 mm pins.
• Install the railings on the balusters and secure them with self-tapping screws.

The wooden staircase to the second floor is ready! All that remains is to coat it with varnish and add decorative elements if necessary.

In this article we will talk about what they are country stairs and how to make them yourself. Taking into account that the majority country houses is being built in a two-story design, a comfortable and safe staircase to use is simply necessary.

Of course, this structure can be ordered from specialized construction organizations, but the cost of the solution will be high. Knowing how to make a staircase in your dacha from start to finish yourself, you will not only save money, but also acquire new useful skills that will certainly come in handy later.

So, how to build a staircase at your dacha with your own hands and not regret the finished result?

Requirements for the finished structure

Stairs made for use in low-rise individual residential buildings are structures that have the following qualities:

• strength and resistance to long-term mechanical loads;
• safety of use taking into account everyday use;
• affordable price;
• aesthetically attractive appearance, in harmony with the interior of the construction site;
• environmental friendliness and safety of materials used in production.

Main varieties

In the photo - a folding structure designed for arranging attics and attics

Before ordering or making stairs for your dacha, you need to decide on the selection of production materials.

Conventionally, all stairs that can be used in country houses, are divided into three types:

• wooden;
• metal;
• reinforced concrete (prefabricated or monolithic).

What to choose for self-production?

The photo shows a single-flight reinforced concrete structure

• Reinforced concrete products (RCP) are popular and in demand due to their strength and durability. But it is difficult to produce reinforced concrete products in an individual household, and therefore reinforced concrete structures you can only order.
  Unfortunately, installation of reinforced concrete structures will require assistance professional builders and the use of special equipment.

• Metal structures are good due to their ease of processing and the ability to manufacture stairs not only of various standard sizes, but also of different, sometimes the most complex shapes.
  The only one significant drawback staircases made using metal structures require welding equipment and skills in its use.

• Wood-based lumber is the most popular solution for self-assembly stairs. There are several reasons for the popularity of this solution: firstly, it is an affordable price, secondly, the availability of materials and its simplicity machining and thirdly, it has an excellent appearance finished design.

From all of the above, we can draw the following conclusion: it is advisable to assemble country stairs with your own hands from wood.

Selection of material

It's no secret that wood can be soft and hard. Not only durability and strength depend on these parameters finished result, but also how simply the wood will be processed.

Important: In rooms with excessive humidity, it is advisable to use aspen boards and beams.
Aspen, even without special processing, is resistant to moisture, which is important for objects used for seasonal living.

When arranging an ordinary summer house, you can use coniferous wood for the construction of stairs.

Wood of this type is characterized by the following advantages:

• strength;
• resistance to temperature changes;
• affordable price;
• ease of processing with most stains and paint and varnish materials presented on the market.

When selecting wood, we pay attention to the presence of obvious and hidden defects that can negatively affect both the appearance of the structure and its subsequent operation. In addition to the fact that the harvested material should not have characteristic darkening and stains, you should not choose lumber with a large number of knots.

To ensure the required safety, the thickness structural elements should be as follows:

• load-bearing beams - 80 mm;
• steps – 40 mm;
• risers - 30 mm or more.

Once we have chosen the lumber, we will begin manufacturing and assembly.

Calculating the size of the steps

How convenient and safe the operation of the staircase as a whole will depend on how correctly you calculate the dimensions of the steps.

First of all, we count the number of steps to be made. There is a simple way, namely, we measure the height of the wall - this will be the distance from the estimated bottom point of the stairs to the top point. After this, we divide the resulting number by the height of one step and get the required number of steps.

Important: When counting steps, keep in mind that the last step may coincide with the floor level, and therefore does not need to be counted.

By determining the width of the tread, we calculate the total length of the march. We divide the resulting number by the previously calculated number of steps. If the steps according to the plan have an overhang, the width of the overhang will need to be added to the calculated width of the tread.

Manufacturing technology

If you have any questions, you will receive comprehensive answers by watching the video in this article.

OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA

You can seek help from professionals, but keep in mind that they may not give any importance minor defects during construction, which can subsequently lead to serious damage and subsequent repairs. A staircase to the second floor made independently will give you several advantages:

• the result will meet expectations;
• will help you save money financial resources and nerves;
• a staircase made by yourself will become a source of pride for you.

If you have limited funds for purchasing materials, you can buy cheaper analogues: instead of wood, use chipboard, which can be coated with varnish or paint.

In pursuit of savings, you can lose sight of quality. Although a cheap wooden staircase can also last for quite a long time, it will very soon begin to creak. To avoid this problem, the ladder must be assembled using silicone sealant, which is impossible to do without first painting the parts.

In this article we will talk about how to make a staircase to the second floor with your own hands from wood and metal, and also show photo and video instructions.

For the manufacture of interfloor stairs Concrete with tile or marble lining, metal (a welding machine is required), as well as wood can be used. Last option the most practical and convenient. The wooden structure is lightweight, easy to install and has a beautiful appearance.

If you have a room with a ceiling height of 2.8 m, you should give preference to straight structures, or with a staircase turning by 25%. The flight of stairs is made with a length of 80 cm. This option allows you to use the space under the stairs for storing things. It is impossible not to note a minus: on the top and ground floor free space will be significantly reduced.

To save precious square meters A spiral staircase is ideal, but it is also not without its drawbacks:

• the climb is too steep;
• small width of stairs.

Installing a spiral staircase will require 3 m² of free space and a lot of labor.

Another option for constructing a staircase is possible, in which it is located along the surface of the wall. In this case, it is worth considering two marches and a turn. This way you will make it as compact and comfortable as possible for movement.

1. Calculation of the dimensions of the stairs. Measure the distance between the floors of the first and second floors along with the ceiling. This way you will determine the height of the structure. The step should have a height of 18–20 cm. Next, dividing the height of the stairs by the height of the steps, you will get total number steps.
2. Projection of dimensions onto the floor surface. To design the structure, it is necessary to determine the width of the steps (approximately 30 cm), after which their number must be multiplied by their width. As a result, you will get the projection size.
3. Manufacturing of staircase elements. To make a stringer you will need timber measuring 14×16, steps – 4 cm boards, risers – 2.5 cm boards. You will determine the length of the step yourself, remembering that the larger it is, the better.
4. Preliminary fitting. If everything fits during the preliminary fitting of parts, process each element grinder and assemble the structure. To fix the parts of the stairs together, coat all places where they come into contact with each other with glue (PVA or wood glue) and additionally secure with screws.
5. Stain and varnish coating. First, apply stain to the surface, and after waiting for it to dry, cover it with several layers of varnish.

As design solution You can consider the mortise steps, which are inserted into the grooves cut in the stringer:

1. Make markings on the stringer where the steps will be installed. Using a hacksaw and chisel, cut out the grooves.
2. Make several 9mm holes in the center of the groove.
3. Screw the turbo couplings into the holes made.
4. Install the step into the groove and tighten with bolts.

When purchasing planed wood, you must consider the following requirements:

• there should be no dark spots on the surface;
• The presence of cracks, chips, roughness and other defects is unacceptable.

Knots (diameter up to 1 cm) can only be present if the material is used to make steps or risers. Also pay attention to humidity; the large mass of the board indicates that you should refuse the purchase.

When making a structure without experience, you may encounter certain difficulties, but your desire and desire will help you achieve the desired result.

Now we invite you to familiarize yourself with the technology of making wooden stairs. First of all, you need to make drawings with individual parts designs. To do this, take well-dried wood and transfer the appropriate dimensions to it. Several factors should be taken into account:

• The strength and reliability of the staircase will entirely depend on the correct cutting of the stringers. Therefore, their production must be approached responsibly. Moreover, for the stringer it is necessary to select a solid board that does not have large knots in large quantities. The thickness of the board can be 45–50 mm.
• The board for risers can be 15–20 mm thicker than what is allocated for them on the stringer, and the thickness of the riser is also taken into account. The treads themselves should be ideal flat surface carefully rounded edges. The thickness of the board can be between 30–35 mm.
• If you want to do closed staircase with risers, their manufacture must also be extremely careful. Its thickness should not be large, 15–20 mm is enough. In this case, the main load will go to the stringers. The risers themselves play the role of support.
• As for balusters and handrails, it is recommended to purchase them ready-made with stationary fastenings.

If you have small children at home, then for safety reasons, install 2 balusters on each step. In all other cases, you can install one at a time.

When all the design blanks are ready, you can begin the most important stage of work - installation of the stairs. All subsequent work looks like this:

• Stringers are installed at the selected location. To do this, attach a support beam to the floor; it is on it that the stringer will be attached. At the top, the fastening is carried out in a cut groove in the beam. In some cases, it is used for fastening metal support. In this case, an anchor bolt is used for fastening. When installing the stringer, be sure to check everything for a level or plumb line.
• Before laying the tread fabric, you should screw the risers.

• After this, treads are fixed with self-tapping screws on the stringers and on top of the risers in the direction from bottom to top.
• After this, the balusters are installed.

So, install support drains on top of the stairs and below. They will serve as the border of the handrails and also support the railing.

In addition, the support posts serve as decorative elements. Therefore, they are often made using wood cutting.

Balusters, in turn, can have different shapes, dimensions and fastening methods. Some, for example, are simply screwed on with self-tapping screws, others are mounted in pre-drilled holes. But in any case, the attachment point must be covered with a decorative plug. Further work looks like this:

• Above installed balusters attach the railings to the outer support posts. Additionally, you can install 1 or 2 additional support posts in the middle.
• When using two, three or more support posts, instead of balusters, several boards can be installed between the posts parallel to the slope of the stairs.
• At the next stage, you can begin sanding using sandpaper or a sander. After this, the paint coating is applied.

The first layer acts as an antiseptic against rotting and mold/mildew. The structure must dry, after which you can begin the main painting.

The staircase is varnished on water based, hot wax or paint. You can also cover the wood with stain, which will slightly darken the structure. It all depends on your desire.

Thus, the wooden staircase is ready for use.

A staircase made of metal requires a lot of labor, plus not everyone has the skills to work with welding machine. And yet, if you are ready to carry out work of this kind, then you need to prepare the following set of tools:

• Welding machine and electrodes for direct currentØ3.2 and 1.6 mm.
• Welder protective mask.
• Mittens.
• Grinder and cutting discs 125×1.6 mm.
• Sanding disc 125 mm.
• Drill and set of drills for metal.
• Metal table.
• Clamp that can be adjusted from 0 to 800 mm in height.
• Vise.
• Pencil.
• Square
• Roulette.
• Metal paint.
• White Spirit.
• Primer.

Given all this, and also suitable material you can start installation work. As for the selection of material, this can be done according to the completed drawing. We invite you to familiarize yourself with the principle of manufacturing a metal staircase on two stringers.

It is worth immediately noting that the entire process consists of the following step-by-step actions:

1. Manufacturing of blanks.
2. Making fillies, i.e. step fastening units.
3. Welding the support corner.
4. Installation of the stringer.
5. Welding steps and railings.
6. Sanding and priming/painting.

All work should be done slowly, strictly adhering to all dimensions of the drawing. Otherwise, any slight distortion will be difficult to correct; moreover, it will spoil the appearance of the finished structure. So, the work is carried out as follows:

• It is necessary to make fastenings for steps (fillies) from the corners. In relation to each other, they should be mirror images.
• You can make fillies from a corner. To do this, cut out the samples and join the corners together. The result should be L-shaped blanks with shelves down and inward. Depending on the number of steps, you make a pair of fillies. One of them will be left, the other will be right.
• Between each pair of angles, weld brackets for attaching the step and crossbar. The crossbar is similarly made from a corner.
• To increase strength, you can install small gussets at the bottom of the step towards the stringer.
• Now take the square one profile pipe and make markings on it, or rather, on its edge. Using it you can weld the fillies to the stringer. Transfer exactly the same markings to another stringer. As a result, the geometry of the entire structure will be achieved.

If metal staircase has a width of more than 1.2 m, then you will need to install an additional stringer.

Next you need to attach the stringer. At the bottom it is welded to the support platform, and at the top it is fixed to the floor slab or to the wall with anchors. In each individual case, the fastening method may differ. Therefore, be guided by the features of your opening. During this process, it is important to stay level. Moreover, the two stringers must be strictly at the same level. Finally, all that remains is to weld the steps to the fillets. Alternatively, you can install wooden steps for fillies. But for this you need to use fastening bolts.

The topmost step should be installed as close to the wall as possible (if the stringers are anchored to the wall). Next, weld the fence. At the same time, install it on the side so as not to reduce the width of the steps.

When arranging the railings, you can use forging or purchase prepared elements. Here again, it all depends on your personal taste and vision of the final result.

When all welding work completed, it's time to grind all the weld joints. It is also necessary to remove all burrs and nicks. Using a wire brush, sweep away any particles. After this, the surface of the stairs is primed and painted in the desired color.

If the steps are wooden, then their installation is carried out after the paint has dried.

Finally, you can decorate the stairs. For example, cover the steps from the bottom with wood. You can also make fencing from of stainless steel. Lay out the steps ceramic tiles. Due to this, a seemingly careless and bulky design will acquire beautiful outlines and will be an excellent addition to the interior of the house.

Although this entire process may seem straightforward, working with metal is very tedious. Unlike working with wood, when it is easy to correct defects and shortcomings, working with metal is much more problematic. However, the service life of the entire structure significantly exceeds its wooden counterpart.

Speaking of attractiveness and bright element interior, then competitors to the spiral staircase can hardly be found. If built correctly it will last long years. It can be made from wood or metal with forged elements. There are 4 main types of spiral staircases:

1. A design with wedge-shaped steps, the narrow side resting on a supporting central column, and the wide side resting on a wall or fabricated frame. In this case, spiral bowstrings are constructed on stringers.
2. A free-standing structure, remote from the walls, with cantilevered steps on a monolithic pillar placed in the center.
3. Design without a central support column. The support for the steps is curved bowstrings or stringers, which smoothly turn into railings. This option is very beautiful and sophisticated. However, it is very difficult to manufacture.
4. Design with a central support rod (asbestos-cement or steel pipeØ50 mm). This type of staircase is the most common.

As practice shows, the most convenient spiral staircases are with a span of 0.8–0.9 m wide. As a result, the diameter of the entire staircase design will reach up to 2 m, this taking into account the central support post and railings. If we talk about the shape of the staircase, it can be round, square, rectangular or oval.

If the traffic intensity in your house is low, then the total diameter of the stairs is sufficient to make it up to 1.5 m. In this case, the treads will have a width of up to 0.6 m.

It is also necessary to consider the ergonomics of the spiral staircase. The principle of the size and height of steps is the same as on ordinary straight stairs; we have already talked about such measurements above. But there are some features, namely comfortable height lifting for a person. For example, we suggest you consider the option of a spiral staircase, 3 m high and 0.8 m wide.

The calculations are presented below:

• The total diameter of the staircase with these dimensions is equal to twice the width of the flight, and the thickness of the support post is 20 cm. As a result, we get the following - D = 0.8 × 2 + 0.20 = 1.8 m.
• The lifting radius is equal to half the width of the flight of stairs and support: Rn = 0.4 + 0.1 = 0.5 cm.
• Now, by dividing the length of the movement trajectory by the depth of the tread, you can determine the number of steps in one turn: L = 2 π: 200 = 2 × 3.14 × 500: 200 = 17.2. As a result, there can be 17 steps in one flight of stairs.
• It is also necessary to calculate the ergonomic height of the step. This must be done taking into account that a person can move freely at full height. Let's take as an example a height of 1.8 m, add operational 20 to this value and divide by the number of steps in one turn. The result is this: h = 2000: 17 = 120 mm.

If the spiral staircase has a height of 3 m, then to determine the number of steps, do the following: n = 3000: 120 = 25. The result is 25 steps, 12 cm high.

In order for a spiral staircase to be durable and easy to use, it is important to follow the following rules:

1. It is better not to install risers on a spiral staircase. This will increase the safety of the structure, and the foot will rest well on the step and will not slip off the step in a narrow place.
2. If the passage height is 2 m, then even A tall man will be able to comfortably move up stairs.
3. To install the support post, select a location that will support the weight of the entire structure and 2-3 people.

For steps, it is best to choose a durable type of wood, such as oak or beech. Although it is much easier to buy ready-made steps. For example, you buy a step rectangular shape, and cut out the required configuration from it. The thickness of the product can be 40 mm or 30 mm. If one step is divided diagonally, the result will be two steps at once. The edges of the workpiece must be rounded and sanded with a grinder. Then you can varnish or paint them. A special bushing should be attached to the step, which will hold it on the support post.

When building a house with at least 2 floors, you definitely need to think about the stairs in it. And if the house is built with your own hands, it is logical to build the stairs as well.

Various photos of stairs help to take pre-selection and clearly understand what type of lift you need. But before you take on the work, carefully calculate the future structure for strength and dimensions, this will save time and money, because incorrect calculations (or lack thereof) will lead to numerous alterations of the original project.

Types of stairs

There is a large number different options flights of stairs. They differ in the material of manufacture (wood, concrete or metal), the type of rise (sloping staircase, spiral staircase, with a turn at a certain degree).

The most common is a wooden staircase. Staircases are also often constructed with a 90-degree turn. It is not uncommon for these two types of lifting devices to be combined into one.

In case of limited space, make a spiral staircase from metal. The screw type of lift allows you to save space, and making it from metal increases the strength of the structure. Concrete is used for stairs in massive buildings (for example, mansions).

What to pay attention to

In a low-rise building, without any construction experience, it is better to order a modular staircase, a kind of construction set, where all the parts are cut out and numbered, and all you have to do is assemble them using the instructions. This is how wooden stairs are usually made.

When building a concrete staircase, in addition to pouring the frame, you will need to external finishing (beautiful stone or wood materials). It turns out to be a double waste of time and money. However, for cottages with 3 or more floors, they are mandatory according to fire safety requirements.

When making a ladder for the first time, you don’t need to swing at it right away. complex design. The simpler the model, the more likely it is that you will be able to successfully build this lifting device on the first try.

Pay attention to the angle of inclination of the stairs: if it is more than 45 degrees, the ladder will be considered an extension, and you can only go down it backwards. Optimal angle the rise is considered to be 37 degrees.

Wood is preferable as a material for construction, since, thanks to its properties, it allows you to correct minor construction flaws that arose due to inaccurate calculations and inexperience of the work performer.

Also, after construction, the building may settle due to loose soil, as a result the staircase can become several centimeters higher or lower than the floor, and it is easier to correct this in a wooden structure.

When constructing a lift with a turn towards, the distance between spans must be at least 100 mm.

Construction stages

Answering the question of how to make a staircase to the second floor with your own hands, there are several stages of construction.

The first stage of any structure, be it a staircase into a house or an interfloor staircase, is the creation of a project. Special attention it is necessary to pay attention to the safety of the building and its ease of use.

The structure must withstand average weight ordinary person with a fair amount of reserve. Be sure to use railings!

If they are not there, another fence must be designed to ensure the safety of descent and ascent.

Consider creating a wooden staircase with stringers

After you have designed your building, you need to prepare the materials. In our case, choose boards of suitable thickness and length, prepare balusters with railings and prepare stringers. This will be the second stage of construction.

A 4 cm thick pine board is suitable as a material for stringers. On it, mark the steps according to the pattern and cut them out with a jigsaw.

Note!

We use the resulting product as a sample for the second (and if the width of the stairs more than a meter then and the third) kosour. Let's cut the required number of steps to size.

The third stage will be assembling all the parts together. First of all, the stringers are installed in their permanent locations. Then, using self-tapping screws, the steps are attached to the stringers.

Then, using pins, balusters are placed on the steps, and handrails are attached to them. The staircase is ready!

DIY staircase photo

Note!

Country houses and dachas are increasingly being built as one-story houses. This is understandable: home owners want everyone to be present in the house necessary premises and the territory of the site was not occupied by buildings. The optimal solution The issue of “comfort/saving space” becomes the construction of a house on two floors. And to make it convenient to climb to the second floor, you need to think through everything related to the stairs at the design stage of the future home.

Determining the purpose

Stairs are important structural elements for multi-storey building. To do good choice modifications and materials for stairs, The following factors should be taken into account:

• location: internal or external;
• functional purpose: main - interfloor and entrance, technological - roofing, auxiliary - in the attic or basement, emergency and fire;
• method of operation: stationary, transformable, portable;
• allowable space for stairs;
• budget.

For example, for a dacha small size with one residential floor and an attic for summer living would be optimal with a retractable or folding staircase.

For country house with a full residential second floor, it’s worth taking a closer look at comfortable views stairs: on stringers with two flights.

And for small rooms in which it is planned to place a passage to another floor, a screw on casing pipe or compact staircase on pain.

Varieties and popular materials

Now let’s look at all the nuances of the types of stairs.

At the pace of a country march

Marching stairs, often found in country houses, are staircases separated by a platform without steps. The more divided marches, the more comfortable it is to climb. However, for an ordinary interfloor staircase country house Two marches are enough.

The disadvantage of such stairs: what more quantity marches, the more difficult it is to make the stairs yourself. But it should be borne in mind that a single-flight structure requires a large space.

Various materials are used for manufacturing:

• completely wooden (from beams, logs) stairs are suitable for almost any style;
• V classic interiors the combination fits perfectly forged metal with wood or porcelain stoneware with wood;
• interiors in modern styles(modern, high-tech, fusion) can be complemented with a staircase made of metal and glass or metal and plastic.

"By screws!"

The design of the spiral staircase looks like a wooden or metal pole with steps attached to it. There are several types of spiral staircases, but the main thing is common to all: the steps are attached radially, each with a slight turn, while outwardly it looks like threaded connection screw, hence the name of the type of staircase.

The main advantages of spiral staircases:

• space saving;
• the whole structure looks light and uncluttered.

Their disadvantages are as follows:

• their design is not suitable for the elderly and small children;
• building on your own is more difficult than other types of stairs: the difficulty will be in calculations and making smooth bends of the railings.

Prefabricated

Prefabricated staircase models come in various configurations:

• on the bolts, which are the fastening elements of the steps to each other and to the wall;
• on metal frame(a stringer is assembled from separate metal sections, which serves as the main support).

Prefabricated models can be with one or more flights, screw, or L-shaped. As a rule, the base is always metal, the steps are most often made of wood.

The advantages of prefabricated models are obvious:

• ready-made prefabricated models are always cheaper than custom-made ones;
• you can place a prefabricated model in a house that was built a long time ago, even in a small hallway;
• a variety of modifications of prefabricated stairs allows you to plan any interior design;
• installation of prefabricated structures can be easily carried out by one man;
• Thanks to the completely disassembled design, transportation modular stairs possible in a passenger car.

Simple models

TO simple models include ladders in the form of stepladders. These are the most compact and budget-friendly of all those listed here. Any man can build such a model from wood, having in his arsenal standard set tools: hammer, saw, jigsaw, screwdriver.

However simple stairs inconvenient for frequent use: as a rule, they are very steep and unsafe. They should only be used as temporary objects or for technological services construction projects on the garden plot.

Important design elements

When choosing a staircase for your home, it is useful to know which important elements There are designs in every type and what they are called. Despite the complexity and a large assortment presented stairs on the market, At the heart of any staircase there are three components:

• fencing;
• load-bearing element;
• steps.

The function of barriers is to ensure traffic safety. Standard railings consist of railings (vertical elements on which a person’s hand rests; they run parallel to the slope of the stairs) and vertically installed posts (balusters).

Particular attention should be paid to fences in cases where there are children in the house.

The supporting function of balusters determines high strength requirements for the material of their manufacture. Balusters are most often made of metal, wood, concrete, and reinforced concrete. If the structure has supporting posts that have a decorative function, then they can be made of plaster or plastic. Intermediate distance between support pillars can be filled with glass, forged elements, gratings, wooden or plastic panels. Handrails and railings can be made of wood, stainless steel, coated aluminum and other materials.

Elements of fencing structures (entry post, balusters, handrails, decorative panels, heads of intermediate posts) most often become objects for decorating wooden stairs. Balusters can be asymmetrical geometric shapes, with elements of natural themes(for example, entwined with a liana), and the support-entry pillars are designed in the form of animals (for example, in the form of a lion’s head or a whole figure of another majestic animal) or mythical heroes (angels, dragons). On decorative panels Entire scenes are cut out.

Modern designers fencing is often excluded from the design of stairs in order to achieve an unusual minimalistic appearance. This is especially true for interiors in the high-tech, loft, and minimalist styles.

But it’s better not to neglect safety and not choose models without railings. If you want to make the fences less noticeable, you can design them from clear glass or plastic.

Load-bearing elements There are four types.

• Bowstring. A bowstring is an inclined side part load-bearing frame. The shape can be straight, curved or spiral. Steps are mounted on the string.
• Kosour. Essentially, a stringer is a bowstring, the upper surface of which has a carved shape similar to saw teeth. The steps are attached to these cutouts. There are stairs with one or two stringers.

• Boltsy. This is a hidden fastening system of steps to each other or to the wall of the house. Fastening is carried out with special bolts. Stairs on girders are more often found without guardrails.
• Rack. Spiral staircases are attached to the rack. Support posts are also made for prefabricated modular stairs. Material of manufacture for this type load-bearing structures– metal. Even if you come across a wooden post for a spiral staircase, most likely it has a metal frame inside.

There are models of stairs with the combined use of load-bearing supports.

Steps also come in various shapes:

• straight;
• beveled;
• winder (divided into rotary and screw);
• arcuate;
• "goose step"

The horizontal surface of the steps, where one steps, is called a tread, and the vertical surface, where the toe rests, is called a riser. There are models of stairs both with and without risers.

A straight section of stairs with steps that connects levels of a building or landings among themselves is called a march. At high level ceilings and a large number of floors, it is more advisable to install multi-flight stairs. In small country houses, it is enough to install a single-flight staircase. The first step of the march is called the starting step, after it there are intermediate steps, and the last step is called the exit step.

Ready-made, to order or do it yourself?

Depending on the manufacturing method, there are several types of stairs.

• Ready(designed according to standard sizes, prepared for installation in the house). Advantage finished stairs lies in the speed of receipt - no need to wait for production. But in ready-made options It’s not always possible to find what you need: the dimensions may not fit the given room, more standard materials, the design is usually simple.

• Self-production. This is the most a budget option making a staircase, however, requires time, some skills in working with wood (and possibly other materials), and the availability of certain tools.
• To order(production will be carried out according to individual project customer). When ordering the production of stairs from professionals, you can be sure of the quality of the product received.

But you should understand that the price in this case will be much higher finished products. The time it takes to produce a quality staircase can also be a disadvantage.

We design and calculate the load

Is it possible to design a staircase structure yourself? Of course, for this it is enough to know school course geometry. In addition, there are special computer programs and online calculators.

To calculate the stairs, it is important to take into account the layout features country house and the size of the rooms in it. The location and type of future structure will depend on this. In turn, you need to remember that for a comfortable and safe staircase it is important to provide a sufficient opening for top floor. It is also important to comply with all technical standards and take into account the basic parameters for the elements: length, width, angle of inclination, depth and height of the steps.

Calculations of the staircase structure should include the following points: steepness, size of steps, their number, width of the flight. Let's look at each of them in more detail.

• Steepness (angle of inclination). The best tilt can be considered in the range from 25 to 37 degrees - it is both convenient and safe. However, a staircase with such an inclination can take up quite a lot of space, so in small country houses more often used more steep stairs with a slope of 40–45 degrees.
• The size of the steps and their number. In each flight, the number of steps should be no less than 3 and no more than 18 - for comfortable movement it is better to install an odd number of steps. The optimal parameters of the step are in the following ranges: width 27–28 cm, riser 17–18 cm, overhang of the step nose - no more than 4 cm. All steps must be the same in height and width, otherwise it will be inconvenient to move along the stairs.

• March width. This parameter depends on the intensity of use of the staircase structure. The regulations provide minimum range width 100–140 cm for movement of 1-2 people, but no more. For a country house, in order to save space, you can reduce the dimensions to 70–90 cm. For two-flight structures (or more), the width of the flights should be the same along the entire length.

For stairs with a rotation of 90–180 degrees, there are certain calculation nuances:

• the length of the platform between the flights should not be less than 140 cm, the width should be equal to the width of the flight;
• a staircase on winder steps with a 90-degree turn must contain at least three such steps;
• optimal parameters of the winder steps: width from larger side should be at least 40 cm, in the middle - at least 20 cm, in a narrow place - at least 14 cm.