How to determine types of verbs in Russian. Type category. Imperfect verb

The meaning of the verb morphological characteristics and syntactic function

Verb - This independent part speech that denotes an action, state or attitude and answers questions what to do? what to do?: work, clean, get sick, be afraid, want, be wealthy. All forms verb have morphological characteristics of the species (there are perfect or not perfect form) and transitivity (they can be transitive or intransitive). Among the verb forms there are differences conjugated(change according to moods, tenses, persons or genders, as well as numbers) and unconjugated(initial form verb, participles and gerunds).

In a sentence, conjugated verbal forms play the role of a predicate (they have special forms of predication - forms of mood and tense), non-conjugated verbal forms can also be other members of the sentence. For example: Mermaid swam along the blue river, illuminated full moon... (M. Lermontov); So thought a young rake, flying in the dust on postage... (A. Pushkin).

Infinitive

The initial (dictionary) form of the verb is infinitive, or infinitive(from Latin infiniti - vus - “uncertain”). The infinitive denotes an action regardless of mood, tense, person, number, that is, without its connection with the actor (subject).

The infinitive is an unchangeable form of the verb, which has only constant morphological features of the verb: aspect, transitivity/intransitivity, reflexivity/nonreflexivity, type of conjugation. (If the conjugated verb forms have an unstressed ending, then the type of conjugation is determined by the infinitive.)

The formal indicators of the infinitive are suffixes -t, -t(at school they are usually considered as graduations). Suffix -th comes after vowels (watch, think, sing), A -ty- after consonants (carry, carry, weave). Some verbs end in the infinitive with -ch: bake, protect, flow, be able and etc.; historically in -whose merged infinitive indicator -ty and the final root sound [G] or [To]: shape type “bake”, “take care” as a result of phonetic changes transformed into "oven", "preserve" and so on.

In a sentence, the infinitive can be any part of the sentence. For example: 1) Be in love for others - a heavy cross... (B. Pasternak); 2) He [Startsev] decided to go to the Turkins(for what purpose?) see what kind of people they are (A. Chekhov); 3) I acted carelessly, indulging in the sweet habit of seeing and hearing you every day (A. Pushkin); 4) The cleanest shirts orders captain put on!_ (B. Okudzhava).

Note. Example (2) - with verbs of motion (leave, come in etc.) or stopping movement (stop, stay, sit down etc.) the infinitive is a circumstance of the goal (names the goal of movement or cessation of movement): Sometimes he stopped in the sands(for what purpose?) relax (K. Paustovsky).

Example (4) - the infinitive is not included in the predicate and is an addition in the sentence if it denotes the action of another person (object) other than the one named as the subject.

Verb Basics

The verb has two basics: infinitive stem And basis of present/simple future tense.(Sometimes it also stands out past tense basis but for most verbs it coincides with the stem of the infinitive.) Some verb forms are formed from basics infinitive, and the other part is from basics present/simple future tense. These two basics Many verbs are different.

To highlight the base of the infinitive, you need to separate the formative suffix of the infinitive: carried- you, pussy- yea, speak up- oh, read- ugh, rice- t.

To highlight the basis of the present/simple future tense, you need to separate the personal ending from the form of the present/simple future tense (usually the 3rd person form is taken plural): carried- ut, write- ut, dialect- yat, read j - ut, pucyj - ut.

To highlight basis past tense, you need to discard the formative suffix -l- and the ending from the past tense form (you can use any form except the masculine singular form, since it can contain a zero suffix, which makes it difficult to distinguish basics): carried- l-a, pisa- l-ah, speak- l-a, read- l-a, rice- l-a.

There are verbs that have the same basics infinitive and present/simple future tense, and the past tense stem differs from them: eid- here you go- ut, w- l-a. basics different: I'll get wet- ugh, wet- ut, wet- l-a; tere- tb, tr- ut, ter- l-a. There are verbs that have all three basics match up: carried- you, carried- ut, carried- la.

Verb type

Verbs in Russian belong to one of two types: to imperfect or to perfect.

Verbs perfect form answer the question what to do? and denote an action limited in its duration, having an internal limit, completeness. Perfect Verbs can denote an action that has ended (or will end) having achieved a result (learn, draw), an action that has begun (or will begin), and this very beginning of the action is understood as its boundary, limit (play, sing), one-time action (push, shout, jump- verbs with suffix -Well).

Verbs imperfect form answer the question what to do? and denote an action without instructions

to its limit, without limiting its course in time, the action is long or repeated (teach, draw, play, shout).

Imperfect and perfect verbs form species pairs. The species pair consists of imperfective verb and a perfective verb that have the same lexical meaning and differing only in meaning type: read- read, write - write, build- build.

Imperfect verbs are formed from perfective verbs using suffixes:

1) -iva-, -yva-: consider- examine, question- ask, sign- sign;

2) -va: open- open, give- give, put on- put on shoes;

3) -a-(-s): save- save, grow up- grow up.

Perfective verbs are formed from imperfective verbs in various ways:

1) using view attachments on-, with-, pro-, you-, on- and etc,: treat- cure, bake- bake, make- do, write - write, read- read, build- build, teach- learn etc. (But more often, with the help of a prefix, perfective verbs are formed, which differ from imperfective verbs not only in the meaning of the aspect, but also in a change in the lexical meaning; such verbs do not form an aspectual pair: read- reread, recount, read out etc.);

2) using a suffix -well-: get used to it- get used to it, nod- nod, jump- jump.

Some verbs that make up an aspectual pair may differ only in the place of stress: scatter- scatter, chop- slice.

Separate aspect pairs are made up of verbs with different roots: speak- say, search- find, put- put, take- take.

Some verbs are single-species. They do not form a species pair and are either only perfect form (to find yourself, rush, sleep, scream etc.), or only imperfect form (prevail, be present, sit, be).

There are also bispecies verbs that combine meaning with perfect and imperfect forms. Their appearance is determined from the context: marry, execute, wound, order, as well as verbs with suffixes -ova(t), -irova(t): influence, use, automate, asphalt, telegraph etc. For example: The guns are firing from the pier, they are ordering the ship to land (what are they doing?) (A. Pushkin); Would you like me to order (what will I do?) bring the rug? (N. Gogol).

Verb type influences the formation of its forms (primarily forms of time): in imperfect verbs in the indicative mood there are forms of all three tenses (and in the future tense they have complex shape) and a complete set of tense forms of participles; at perfective verbs There are no forms of the present tense in the indicative mood (the form of the future tense is simple) and present participles.

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Vary verbs transitive and intransitive.

Transitional Verbs denote an action that is directly aimed at an object. They may carry a direct object in the accusative case without a preposition, answering the question who?"/what?", write an article, knit a sweater, sing a song.

Instead of accusative case the object of a transitive verb can also appear in genitive case without preposition:

1) if there is a negative particle Not before a transitive verb: understood the problem- did not understand the task; read the novel- haven't read the novel; Waste time- don't waste time;

2) if the action does not transfer to the entire object, but only to part of it: drank water(all the water in question) - drank water(Part), bring firewood- bring firewood.

When determining transitivity/intransitivity of verbs It is also necessary to take into account the meaning of the noun in the form of the accusative case - it must name the object of the action. Wed: stand for an hour (in line) or live for a week (at sea), where the verbs are not transitive, although they are followed by nouns in the accusative case without a preposition: All night long(V.p. with the meaning of time, not object) thundered(intransitive verb) a neighboring ravine, a stream, bubbling, ran towards the stream (A. Fet).

Verbs that cannot be carried direct object, are intransitive: to engage(how?) sports, understand(in what?) in music, refuse(from what?) from help.

Note. Transitivity/intransitivity closely related to the lexical meaning of the verb: in one meaning verb can be transitive, and in the other - intransitive. Wed: I'm telling the truth (I'm telling- “I express” is a transitive verb). The child is already speaking (speaking- “talks” - intransitive verb); Tomorrow I will go alone, I will teach(intransitive verb) at school and I will give my whole life to those who may need it (A. Chekhov); learn lessons(transitive verb).

Reflexive verbs

TO reflexive verbs include verbs with a postfix -sya, -sya. All reflexive verbs are intransitive. They are formed both from transitive verbs (distinguish - differ, please- rejoice, dress- dress), and from intransitives (knock- knock, blacken- turn black). From ordinary derivational suffixes -xia differs in that it is attached to verb forms after endings (knocking, knocking). Suffix -xia is added after consonants, and -s- after vowels (studied- studied); in participle forms and after vowels it is added -sya, and not -s: differing - differing.

Joining transitive verbs, suffix -xia turns them into intransitive: dresses whom?/what?- gets dressed. By joining intransitive verbs, -xia enhances the meaning of intransitivity: turns white- turns white.

Suffix -xia also serves to form impersonal forms from personal verbs: I am not sleeping- I can't sleep, I want- I would like to.

Among verbs with suffix -xia there are also those that do not have parallel forms without this suffix: laugh, hope, bow, fight and etc.

Verb conjugations

Conjugation - this is a change in the verb by persons and numbers. (Term conjugated forms the verb is used in a broader sense than the term conjugation . The conjugated forms of the verb include all forms except the infinitive, participles and gerunds, i.e. forms of all moods.)

Depending on the personal endings in the Russian language, it is customary to distinguish two conjugations - I and II, which differ from each other by vowel sounds in the endings: carry, sing, speak, remain silent, carry, sing, speak, remain silent, carry, sing, speak, remain silent, carry, sing, speak, remain silent, carry, sing, speak, remain silent

If the ending is stressed, conjugation determined by the end: you call, you lead - I conjugation, you're burning, you're sleeping- II conjugation.

But most verbs conjugation has no emphasis on personal endings. In such cases conjugation is determined by the infinitive (by the vowel that comes before the infinitive suffix).

Ko II conjugation These include those verbs with an unstressed personal ending in which 1) the infinitive ends in -i-t (carry, saw, spend etc.), except for verbs shave, lay, rare verbs rest on(“to be founded, to be built”) and be ruffled(“to waver, to sway, to swell”). (Verbs rest on And be ruffled are used only in the 3rd person unit form. and plural numbers, other forms are not used.); 2) exception verbs whose infinitive ends in -e-t (look, see, hate, offend, depend, endure, twirl) and on -a-th (drive, hold, hear, breathe).

All other verbs with unstressed personal endings belong to I conjugation.

It should be remembered that prefixed verbs formed from unprefixed verbs belong to the same type conjugations, as without prefixes (drive- catch up- overtake- kick out etc. - II conjugation). Verbs with -sya (s) belong to the same type of conjugation as without -sya (-s) (drive- chase- II conjugation).

In the Russian language there are also differently conjugated verbs, in which some forms are formed according to I conjugation, and others - according to II. These include: 1) want- in the singular it changes according to I conjugation (Want- Want- wants), and in the plural - according to II (we want- want to- want); 2) run, which has all forms like verbs of II conjugation (running- you're running- runs- let's run- run), except 3rd person plural. numbers - are running(according to I conjugation); 3) honor- varies according to II conjugation (honor- honors- we honor- honor), except 3rd person plural. numbers (honor) although there is a form honor which is now used less frequently than honor; 4) disdain(“dawn, glow a little”) - used only in the 3rd person singular form (it's dawning- II conjugation) and plural (they are dawning- I conjugation): Dawn is just breaking; The stars are faintly shining in the sky.

Uncharacteristic for verbs I and II conjugations verbs have an ending system (archaic) eat, bother, give, create(and their prefix derivatives: overeat, overeat, hand over, give away, betray, recreate and etc.).

Verb be also unique. From him, rarely used forms of the 3rd person singular have been preserved in modern Russian. and plural numbers of the present tense - There is And essence: A straight line is the shortest distance between two points; The most common general abstractions accepted by almost all historians are: freedom, equality, enlightenment, progress, civilization, culture (L. Tolstoy), and the future tense is formed from another root: will- you will- will- we will- you will- there will be.

It should be remembered that verbs are conjugated (changed according to persons and numbers) only in the present and simple future tense. If the form of the future is complex (in imperfective verbs), then only auxiliary be, and the main verb is taken in the infinitive. Verbs in the past tense are not conjugated (they do not change according to persons).

Verb mood

Verbs change according to mood. Form moods shows how the action relates to reality: whether the action is real (taking place in reality), or unreal (desired, required, possible under certain conditions).

In Russian, verbs have forms of three moods: indicative, conditional (subjunctive) and imperative.

Verbs in indicative mood denote a real action that is happening, has happened or will actually happen in a certain time (present, past or future). Verbs in the indicative mood change over time: I'm doing(present time), was studying(past tense), I'll study(Future tense).

Verbs in conditional mood do not indicate real actions, but desired, possible ones. Conditional forms are formed from an infinitive stem (or past tense stem) with the help of a suffix -l-(followed by an ending with the meaning of number and in the singular - gender) and particles would (b)(which can come before the verb, after it, or can be torn away from it). For example: If I were a poet, I would live like a goldfinch and would not whistle in a cage, but on a branch at dawn (Yu. Moritz).

IN conditional verbs vary by number and gender (there is no tense or person in this mood): would have passed, would have passed, would have passed, would have passed.

Verbs in imperative mood denote an incentive to action (request, order), that is, they denote not a real action, but a required one. Verbs in the imperative mood change according to numbers and persons (there is also no time in this mood).

The most common forms are the 2nd person singular and plural, which express the motivation for action of the interlocutor (interlocutors).

Form 2 faces unit. numbers are formed from the stem of the present/simple future tense using a suffix -And- or without a suffix (in this case, the stem of the verb in the imperative mood coincides with the stem of the present/simple future tense): talk, see, write, hold, work(the basis of the present tense is pa6 omaj- ym), rest (rest)-ut), remember (rememberj-ut), cut (cut), stand up (will stand up).

2nd person plural form numbers are formed from the 2nd person singular form. numbers using endings -those: speak- \those\, hold- \those\, for-remember- \those\ And etc.

Forms 3rd person unit. and many more numbers express the motivation to action of one or those who are not participating in the dialogue. They are formed using particles let, let, yes + shapes 3rd person unit. or more indicative numbers: let them go, let them go, long live, long liveetc.: Yes they know descendants of the Orthodox land of their native land have suffered a past fate (A. Pushkin).

1st person plural form numbers expresses the impulse to joint action, in which the speaker himself is a participant. It is formed using particles come on, come on + infinitive of imperfective verbs (Let's, let's + sing, dance, play) or 4- form of 1st person plural. indicative numbers of perfective verbs (come on, let's + sing, dance, play): Let's talk compliment each other... (B. Okudzhava); Let's drop words are like a garden- amber and zest... (B. Pasternak); Comrade life, Let's quickly let's trample, trample According to the five-year plan, the days are left... (V. Mayakovsky).

Mood forms can be used not only in their own direct meaning, but also in a figurative meaning, that is, in a meaning characteristic of another mood.

For example, the imperative form can; have the meanings of the conditional mood (1) and indicative mood (2): 1) Do not be It’s God’s will, they wouldn’t give up Moscow (M. Lermontov);2) Since he told him Tell:“I see, Azamat, that you really liked this horse” (M. Lermontov).

Verb in the indicative mood can be used in the imperative sense: However, it is already dark in the field; hurry up! went, went, Andryushka! (A. Pushkin); The commandant walked around his army, telling the soldiers: “Well, kids, let's wait today for Mother Empress and we will prove to the whole world that we are brave and sworn people” (A. Pushkin).

The conditional form can have an imperative meaning: Dad, you I'd like to talk to Alexandra, she is behaving desperately (M. Gorky).

Verb tense

In the indicative mood, verbs change tenses. Forms of time express the relationship of action to the moment of speech. In the Russian language there are forms of three tenses: present, past and future. The number of tense forms and the way they are formed depends on the type of verb. Imperfective verbs have three forms of tense, and their future form is complex. Perfective verbs have only two forms of tense (they do not have a present tense), the future form is simple.

Form present time shows that the action coincides with the moment of speech or is carried out constantly, regularly repeated: Full steam ahead rushes train, wheels twirls steam locomotive... (B. Pasternak); Oh how murderous we are we love you How V in the violent blindness of passions we are most likely we're ruining whatever is dearer to our hearts! (F. Tyutchev).

Only imperfective verbs have present tense forms. They are formed with the help of endings that are attached to the base of the present tense and indicate at the same time not only the time, but also the person and number. The set of endings depends on the conjugation.

Form past tense shows that the action precedes the moment of speech: We all learned a little something and somehow... (A. Pushkin).

Past tense forms are formed from the stem of the infinitive using a suffix -l-, followed by an ending with the meaning of the number and in units. number - kind: sang, sang, sang, sang.

Some verbs have a suffix -l- absent in the masculine form: carried, rubbed, grew, shore, froze and etc.

Past verb tense go is formed from another base, different from the base of an indefinite form: go- walked, walked, walked, walked.

Form future tense indicates that the action will occur after the moment of speech: The cold will come, the leaves will fall off- and it will be ice- water (G. Ivanov).

Both imperfective and perfective verbs have future tense forms, but they are formed differently.

Shapes of the future verb tenses perfective forms are formed from the base of the simple future tense using the same endings as the forms of the present verb tenses imperfect form (this form is called form simple future tense): I will write, I will tell, I will bring.

Shapes of the future verb tenses imperfections are formed by joining forms will, will, will, will, will, will to the infinitive of an imperfective verb (this form is called the form complex future tense): I will write, I will tell, I will carry.

Forms of tense can be used not only in their basic meaning, but also in a figurative meaning characteristic of forms of other tenses.

Present tense forms can denote an action preceding the moment of speech (the use of present tense forms in a story about the past is called present historical): Only, you understand, I'm going out from the world, look- my horses are worth quietly near Ivan Mikhailovich (I. Bunin).

Present tense forms can also denote an action following the moment of speech (future tense meaning): I'm all ready, I'm after lunch I'm sending things. The Baron and I tomorrow let's get married tomorrow we're leaving on brickworks, and the day after tomorrow I’m already at school, begins new life (A. Chekhov).

Past tense forms can be used to mean future tense: Run, run! Otherwise I died (K. Fedin).

Future tense forms can have past tense meaning: Gerasim looked and looked, and suddenly he laughed (I. Turgenev).

Person, number and gender of the verb

Forms verb faces express the relationship of the action indicated by the verb to the speaking person.

There are three different verb faces: first, second and third.

Form first faces the only one numbers denotes the speaker's action: I'll sing, I'll come in.

Form first faces plural numbers denotes the action of a group of people, which includes the speaker: Let's eat, let's go.

Form second faces singular indicates the action of the interlocutor: eat, come in.

Form second faces plural denotes the action of a group of people, which includes the interlocutor: sing, come in.

Forms third faces singular and plural denote the actions of one or those who do not participate in the dialogue, i.e. is not a speaker or interlocutor: sings, comes in, sings, comes in.

Category faces And numbers Verbs They have only the present and future tenses of the indicative mood and the imperative mood. Verbs in the past tense and in the conditional mood have no category faces, but vary according to numbers And childbirth:(I, you, he) led\ \ - male genus, (me, you, she) led\a\- female genus, (me, you, it) vel-\o\- average genus, (we you they) vel-\and\- plural number.

Not all Russian verbs have a full set of personal forms.

In Russian there are so-called insufficient And redundant Verbs.

Insufficient verbs do not have a full set of forms for one reason or another. Some verbs do not have a 1st form faces units numbers, since they are difficult for pronunciations:win, convince, convince, dissuade, find, feel, outshine, dare etc. In cases where it is still necessary to use the 1st form the faces of these verbs, resort to a descriptive method; I have to win, I want to convince, I can find myself.

A number of verbs do not use the 1st and 2nd forms faces singular and plural numbers for semantic reasons (these verbs name processes occurring in nature or in the animal world): calve, whelp, rust, dawn, turn white, brighten, resound(about sound) flare up and so on.

In modern Russian, the opposite phenomenon also occurs, when some verbs form forms faces present (or simple future) tense is two different ways: splash- splashes / splashes, drips- drips/drips, splash- splashes/splashes, poke- pokes/pokes, wave- waves/waves and etc.

Impersonal verbs

Impersonal verbs - these are verbs that name actions or states that occur as if by themselves, without the participation of the actor: to shiver, to feel sick, to be unwell, to get light, to dawn, to get cold, to evening, to get dark etc. They denote the states of man or nature.

These verbs do not change for persons and do not combine with personal pronouns. They are used as predicates of impersonal sentences, and the subject is impossible with them.

Impersonal verbs have only the infinitive form (dawn, chill), form coinciding with the 3rd person singular form (it’s dawning, it’s chilling), and the neuter singular form (it was getting light, it was chilly).

Group impersonal verbs is replenished by personal verbs by adding a postfix to them -sya: I can’t read, I can’t sleep, I can’t believe it, easily breathe, live etc.

Quite often, personal verbs are used to mean impersonal. Wed: Lilac smells(personal verb) good o And Smells(personal verb in impersonal meaning) hay over the meadows (A. Maikov); The wind bends the trees to the ground and makes me sleepy; Something is getting dark in the distance And It gets dark early in winter.

Morphological analysis of the verb includes the identification of four constant features (aspect, reflexivity, transitivity, conjugation) and five unstable ones (mood, tense, person, number, gender). The number of permanent verb features can be increased by including features such as verb class and stem type.

Verb aspect is one of the topics in school curriculum, which students forget or even “fly by.” Without a doubt, if you do not understand the easy rules of this section, you will not be able to understand the other, more complex ones. Students often confuse an imperfect verb with a perfect verb, but they have no idea how easy and simple it is, you just need to clearly sort out what is what.

A form is a unit without which not a single verb in the Russian language can exist. It is worth remembering that it can always be determined! In some cases, the answer is on the surface, and in others you have to dig deeper. In our language there are two types of verbs: perfect (SV) and imperfect (ISV).

Perfect view

This is a type that denotes an already completed action; most often we use it in the past tense. If we draw a parallel with the English language, there a completed action can be indicated by tenses such as Past Simple And Present Perfect. We must take into account that SV verbs direct us to the result, the end of the action or its beginning. For example: “He read the book.” How can you tell that it is not an imperfective verb? You just need to ask the question: “What did you do?” Teachers give this hint to children in almost all schools, explaining that if the predicate in a question has the prefix “s”, then it is a perfective verb.

This type can also be used in the future tense, questions to check: “what will (will) do?” etc.

You should take into account the fact that SV completely lacks the present tense, so if you see a verb of this tense, know that it is NSV.

Imperfect species

An imperfective verb denotes the duration of an action without emphasizing the result. The process can be regular, that is, someone does something every day. Or simply repetitive, in other words, someone does something infrequently. IN English language There are also tenses denoting process, for example, Present Continuous. Adverbs in a sentence can also “give away” imperfect species verb. Examples: constantly, often, always, regularly, usually, long - they all indicate the absence of an end to the action.

To easily identify an imperfective verb, you just have to ask it the question: “What to do?” (the question lacks the letter “c” indicating SV, therefore it is NSV). For example: Marina loves to sing (what to do?).

Verbs of this group can be either present tense (what is (am doing) doing?, etc.), or future (what will be doing (will I be doing)?, etc.) and past tense (what did (did)?, etc.). d.).

Single-form verbs and verbs with two forms

Many verbs in Russian have a pair of the opposite form (davit (SV) - davit (NSV)). They are formed by alternating vowels and consonants of letters and syllables:

• o/a - late/late (SV/NSV);
• o/s - sigh/sigh (SV/NSV);
• I / them - raised / will raise (SV / NSV);
• u/im - took out/took out (SV/NSV);
• d/f - accompanied/sees off (SV/NSV);
• t/h - answered/will answer (SV/NSV);
• p/pl - strengthened/strengthened (SV/NSV);
• st/sh - treated / will treat (SV/NSV).

In addition to such verbs, there are also single-type verbs, which in no case can have a pair; they have only one of two forms: imperfect or perfect. Among them: to be, to be present, to be absent, to be inactive (NSV only), and also: to scream, to be needed, to gush, to find yourself (SV only).

Examples of imperfect and perfect verbs

As it turned out, NSV and SV are quite easy to find on the question, but most often students begin to understand the topic only after the teacher explains it with examples.

Imperfect view: boils, takes, cares, will play, cut, looked for, sawed, interfered, will sleep, etc.

Perfect form: water, kill, put away, bought, disappeared, moved, opened, sat down, etc.

These are just some examples of perfective and imperfective verbs.

Type (differ in the meaning of the finiteness/unlimitability of the action):

Imperfect (what to do?) - the meaning of the incompleteness of the action, it has not reached the result, the limit - in the form n., etc., bud. complex.

Perfect (what to do?) - the meaning of the completion of an action, it has reached a result, a limit - in the form of ex., bud. simple

Ways to form perfective/imperfective verbs

Perfection - education Ch. owls V. from a non-derivative verb stem by adding consoles(fly – at + fly);

As well as the education of Ch. owls V. using suf. – WELL with the value of one-time occurrence ( prick - prick, butt - butt).

Ness verbs. type with prefixes borrowed from the st/sl language: anticipate, belong, sympathize.

Imperfectification – education ch. nesov. type from ch. owls type using suffixes - yva, -iva, -va, -eva, -a, -ya(give - give, decide - decide, read - read).

1. Determine the aspect of the verb, the method of formation of the aspect (from which verb it was formed) and the indicator of the aspect.

Species pair

Ch. if it is possible to form a species pair, they are divided into:

Correlative by species - single-species - two-species

Comparable by type verbs can form an aspectual pair.

Species pair form verbs of opposing types with identical lexical meanings, differing only in the seme “ultimacy/infinity of action”

Usually the meaning does not change with imperfectification

When perfected, the prefix often adds an additional touch

Most scientists distinguish pure species prefixes ( to-write, to-drown, to-do). If a verb is formed using a purely aspectual prefix, then in the dictionary when interpreting its meaning there will be a reference to the verb nes. kind.

Many verbs are not comparable in appearance, those. single-species.

Single species Ch. nesov. forms express the absolute infinity of the action, it cannot be completed:

Verbs indicating connection, relationship (to count, to resemble)

Modal ch. (want, hopes, strive)

Intellectual state (know, believe)

Verbs of possession

Ch., indicating position in space

Ch. movement

Bispecies verbs are those verbs that, using the same stem, can express the meaning of both. and Nesov. type ( marry, run, order, crown, bestow, use..., Ch. na –irovat/izova).

2. Underline the pairs in which the verbs are correlative in aspect, determine the method of forming the aspect and highlight the aspect indicator.

a) remake - remake, tie - tie, throw - throw, break - break, extract - extract, wash away - wash away, sit - sit, sow - sow, freeze - freeze, decide - decide, take - take, say - talk, catch - catch, cut - cut.

b) go blind - go blind, look - look, lose weight - lose weight, write - write, build - build, love - love, sit down - sit down, design - construct, write - rewrite, swim - swim across.

A verb, like any part of speech, has a huge number of grammatical and morphological signs by which it can be easily identified. When comprehending the verb, the question may arise about how to define ideal and imperfect verbs.

Instructions

1. All Verbs divisible by two type. To begin with, we need to define the term “species”. Aspect is a verbal category that shows how an action occurs in time and expresses the relationship of the action to its outcome. Category type in any form, have everything Verbs Russian language. As usual, Verbs there are ideal and imperfect type .

2. Definition of perfect verbs type Verbs of ideal type called Verbs, answering the question “what to do?” and denoting the action of an object, limited in time, completeness. Verbs of ideal type also denotes an action that has already ended (or will end), an action that informs about the achievement of a result (remember, run), an action that has already begun or will soon begin (speak, run), a single action (push, shout, jump - Verbs having the suffix -nu).

3. Definition of imperfective verbs type Verbs of the imperfect type called Verbs, answering the question “what to do?” and denoting an action without indicating a conclusion, as well as without limiting it in time, the action is long or repetitive (write, look, speak, sit, stand).

4. Verbs imperfect and perfect type form pairs by type. A specific pair is made up of an imperfective verb type and perfect verb type having identical lexical meaning and differing only in meaning type: look - view, write - write, build - erect, run - come running.

The term “verb” came into our speech from Ancient Rus'. In those distant times, the Slavs called their alphabet “Glagolitic”. IN modern language This part of speech occupies a significant place. Verb words are often found in sentences, together with the subject they form grammatical basis. A verb has a number of grammatical signs and can be a primary or secondary member of a sentence.

Instructions

1. The action and state of an object are conveyed with the support of verbs that have unchangeable signs of ideal or imperfect form, transitivity - intransitivity, reflexivity - irrevocability and conjugation.

2. The imperfect form of the verb is more common in our speech. Usually morphemes help to form an ideal from it: “look - look”, “yell - shout”. But it also happens the other way around: “sew - sew”, “decide - decide.” Such verb variants represent aspect pairs.

3. If verbs can lead nouns that appear with them in the accusative case, and the connection between them is expressed without the help of a preposition, then they will be considered transitive: “show”, “cook”, “lie”. Intransitives are not characterized by similarity subordinating connection: “to be absent”, “to take a closer look”, “to sit”.

4. The suffix –sya (-s) at the end of the word indicates that the verb is reflexive. Non-returnables do not have such a suffix. It should be remembered that reflexivity indicates intransitivity.

5. Conjugation is indicated by a set of endings when changing according to persons and numbers. It is primitive to recognize this sign if the personal ending of the verb is stressed. If the conjugation is not established by stress, you need to pay attention to the infinitive. All, excluding “shave” and “lay”, verbs ending in -it, and a few excluded from this list (on -et, -at) - constitute II conjugation. The rest represent the I conjugation. Among the verbs there are several different conjugations: “to want”, “to run”, “to honor”.

6. The present category of verb mood helps to establish how the actions being performed relate to reality. Verbal words in each mood have a certain set of signs. Verbs of the indicative mood convey actions that take place in reality. The time category representation is used for them. It is typical for the present and future tense to change according to persons and numbers, and for the past, instead of the person, according to gender. The imperative mood contains a call to action. A similar form of the verb can form solidarity with the words “yes”, “come on”, “let”. The probability, certain data of actions is indicated by the conditional slope, in which the verb is strictly in the past tense and has with it the particle “would (b)”.

7. With verbs, there may be no person or object performing the action. The purpose of similar verb words is to convey different states of nature or man. They have a corresponding name - “impersonal”. Examples of the use of such verbs in impersonal sentences: “It was getting dark outside,” “I’m chilling.”

8. The usual purpose of a verb in sentences is to play the role of a predicate. Syntactic functions expand when used in indefinite form: here it can be the subject, performing the function of collateral members of the sentence. Take a look various options: “Whistle (predicate) everyone up!”, “The travelers began to carefully move (part of the predicate) forward”, “Studying (subject) will invariably do”, “The guests asked to turn on (additional) music louder”, “The boy expressed a desire take (def.) volleyball seriously”, “I came to see (obv.) you.”

Note!
Linguistic scientists have two points of view regarding participles and gerunds formed from verbs: they are distinguished as independent parts of speech or verb forms.

Slavic languages sharply contrasted with other Indo-European languages ​​in the forms of expression of the categories of time and aspect. Modern system species developed in linguistics only at the beginning of the 20th century. In order to correctly determine the type of verb in the Russian language, you need to consider a number of reasons.

The aspect of the verb is the lexico-grammatical category of the verb, expressing the relation of the action to its internal limit. The internal limit is the point in the course of an action when action turns into inaction.

History of the verb aspect category

Until the 20th century In Russian linguistics, 3 types were distinguished:

1. An indefinite appearance, coinciding with the modern imperfect appearance.

2. Multiple view. Examples are the following words: sat, used to talk, walked.

3. One-time look, matching modern ideal look.

In modern linguistics, it is customary to distinguish grammatical types of a verb on the basis of semantics, i.e. meanings.

In Russian grammar, there are ideal and imperfect forms.

The type of verb can be determined based on the following grounds:

1) Based on semantics.

Verbs of the ideal form denote an action that has reached an internal limit (say: looked, did). Imperfective verbs denote an action that has not reached an internal limit (say: looked, did).

2) For questions.

Verbs of the ideal form answer the question “what to do?”, and verbs of the imperfect form answer the question “what to do?”. Let's say: (what did you do?) looked, (what did you do?) looked.

3) Based on word formation.

The perfect form of verbs is formed with the help of prefixes, the imperfect form - with the help of suffixes. Thus, verbs of the ideal form “looked, did” have prefixes, but verbs of the imperfect form “looked, did” do not.

4) By compatibility.

Imperfective verbs harmonize with the adverbs “long”, “slowly”, with the words “every day” and others, but ideal verbs do not have such a probability. Thus, it is permissible to say “I looked for a long time,” but it is impossible to use the expression “I looked for a long time.”

5) By difference in the set of word forms.

Verbs of the ideal aspect cannot be in the true form, and verbs of the imperfect form cannot have 3rd tense forms.

Note!
on interspecific connections of verbs

Helpful advice
to consolidate the studied material, you need to select a large number of examples

The term "species". Aspect is a verbal category that shows how an action occurs in time and expresses the relationship of the action to its result. All verbs of the Russian language have the category of aspect in any form. Like, perfect and imperfect verbs.

Definition of the perfect formPerfect form verbs are verbs that answer the question “what to do?” and denoting the action of an object, limited in time, completeness. Perfective verbs also denote an action that has already ended (or will end), an action that reports the achievement of a result (, run), an action that has already begun or will soon begin (speak, run), a single action (push, shout , jump - verbs with the suffix -nu).

Definition of imperfective verbs Imperfective verbs are verbs that answer the question “what to do?” and denoting an action without indicating the outcome, as well as without limiting it in time, the action is long or repeated (write, watch, talk, sit, stand).

Imperfective and perfective verbs form pairs according to aspect. A species pair is made up of an imperfective verb and a perfective verb, which have the same lexical meaning and differ only in the meaning of the aspect: look - view, write - write, build - build, run - come running.

note

on interspecific connections of verbs

Helpful advice

To consolidate the studied material, it is necessary to select a large number of examples

Sources:

• Determining types of verbs
• perfect verb

Slavic languages ​​are sharply contrasted with other Indo-European languages ​​in the forms of expression of the categories of tense and aspect. The modern system of species developed in linguistics only at the beginning of the 20th century. In order to correctly determine the type of verb in Russian, it is necessary to take into account a number of reasons.

The aspect of the verb is the lexico-grammatical category of the verb, expressing the relation of the action to its internal limit. The internal limit is the point in the course of an action when action turns into inaction.

History of the verb aspect category

Until the 20th century In linguistics, 3 types were distinguished:

1. An indefinite appearance, coinciding with the modern imperfect appearance.

2. Multiple view. Examples are: sat, walked.

3. One-time appearance, coinciding with the modern perfect appearance.

In modern linguistics, it is customary to distinguish grammatical types of a verb on the basis of semantics, i.e. meanings.

In Russian grammar, there are perfect and imperfect forms.

This can be determined based on the following grounds:

1) Based on semantics.

Perfective verbs denote an action that has reached an internal limit (for example: , did). Imperfective verbs denote an action that has not reached an internal limit (for example: looked, did).

2) For questions.

Perfective verbs answer the question “what to do?”, and imperfective verbs answer the question “what to do?”. For example: (what did you do?) looked, (what did you do?) looked.

3) Based on word formation.

The perfect form of verbs is formed with the help of prefixes, the imperfect form - with the help of suffixes. Thus, verbs of the perfect form “looked, did” have prefixes, but verbs of the imperfect form “looked, did” do not.

4) By compatibility.

Imperfective verbs are combined with adverbs “long”, “slowly”, with the words “every day” and others, but perfective verbs do not have this option. So, you can say “I looked for a long time,” but you cannot use the expression “I looked for a long time.”

5) By difference in the set of word forms.

Perfective verbs cannot be in the present tense, and imperfective verbs cannot have 3rd tense forms.