How to determine which tense of a verb has not passed. How to determine verb tense
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Verb tense expresses the relationship of the action denoted by the verb to the time of its implementation. Shapes stand out past, present And future tense.
In most cases, the use of tense forms is determined by the relationship to the moment of speech; This use of them is called absolute time.
In relatively rare cases, the starting point for the use of tenses is not the moment of speech, but other starting points, for example, the time of other actions reported in the speech. This is called the relative use of tenses. In additional (explanatory) subordinate parts of a complex sentence, the tense of verbs is determined by their relation to the time of action of the main part:
My brother said that he had sent (sending, will send) the book I needed.
The grammatical reference point for time here is the verb of the main part “reported”, in relation to which the action of the verb of the subordinate part has been performed, is being performed or will be performed. “Wrote that he works”: the present tense of the verb “works” indicates the coincidence of the time of the action not with the moment of speech, but with the time of the action expressed by the verb “wrote”.
Imperfective verbs have all three forms of tense (I decide - I decided - I will decide).
Verbs of the perfect form, denoting actions limited by a limit, are used only in the past and future (simple) tense (decided - I will decide), and do not have a present tense.
Past tense denotes an action preceding the moment of speech. It is formed by adding a formative suffix to the base of the infinitive -l-: write - wrote, read - read, count - count.
When forming past tense forms, some features are observed:
If the stem of the past tense ends in g, k, x, z, s, b, then when forming a masculine verb, the suffix -l- falls out: guarded, baked, sokh, carried, carried, rowed, but is retained in the feminine and neuter gender, and also in plural: guarded, baked, dried, carried, carried, guarded.
Verbs in - heret in the past tense they lose the second in the full vowel combination e, and in the masculine gender they do not have the suffix -l-: erase - erased, die - died.
Verb go and derivatives from it form the past tense from another base - shed- with the loss of the root d: walked, walked, walked, came, came, came.
The past tense allows the verb to change in number. In turn, the singular number can easily be declined according to gender. It should also be noted that verbs in the past tense in the plural do not change according to persons.
Verbs in the form present time denote an action that occurs at the moment of speech, for example: I am looking for a meeting with you. Verbs in the present tense change according to persons and numbers.
From verbs perfect form present tense forms are not formed: the concept of completeness, effectiveness, characteristic of perfective verbs, is incompatible with the concept of present tense.
Only verbs have present tense forms imperfect form . These forms are formed using personal endings depending on whether the verb belongs to the I or II conjugation.
I conjugations: -u (-yu), -eat, -et, -eat, -ete, -ut (-ut)
II conjugations: -у (-yu), -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at (-yat)
Example of verb I conjugation:
1st person → I’m walking, we’re walking
2nd person → you are walking, you are walking
3rd person → he is walking, they are walking
Example of verb II conjugation:
1st person → I drive, we carry
2nd person → you carry, you carry
3rd person → he carries, they carry
The present tense has the following basic meanings:
shows that the action expressed by a verb, coincides with the moment of speech: The Caucasus is below me. Again the ancient coniferous forest rustles above me solemnly and wisely (V. Belov);
denotes a permanent, timeless action; The earth revolves around the sun.; In communicating vessels, the surface of the liquid is set at the same level;
denotes an action that turns into a property. Compare: a boy reads a book and student Petrov reads Pushkin well; Birds fly in the garden and swallows fly faster than sparrows.
is used instead of the past to give life to the story and make the reader (listener) seem to be a witness to the event being depicted: I was walking down the street yesterday and I saw. This is the so-called real narrative (pictorial, historical);
The present tense is used to mean the future if we're talking about about an action that must certainly take place; I'm taking my last exam tomorrow and going on vacation. The use of present tense forms in this function is usually characteristic of verbs of motion - run, go, go. Sometimes the forms of the present tense convey the picture imagined by the author: Another day of this accursed inferno - and here you have a hungry winter, typhus, cattle are dying, children are dying (A. N. Tolstoy).
Future denotes an action (process) that is upcoming or subsequent in relation to the moment of speech. It has two forms: synthetic (simple) and analytical (complex). These forms differ from each other both in their structure and in their meaning.
The synthetic form is characteristic of verbs of the perfect form (I will write, I will tell, I will read), the analytical form is characteristic of verbs of the imperfect form (I will write, I will tell, I will read).
The future tense of the analytical form is formed from the personal forms of the future tense of the verb be and an infinitive (necessarily imperfect form). Acting as a service component, the auxiliary verb be forms with an infinitive one grammatical form.
The future complex always denotes an unlimited, limitless action that will take place after the moment of speech and cannot be used in the meaning of another time: We will continue to consistently defend the cause of peace.
The form of the future tense from perfective verbs is simple: it coincides with the present tense form of imperfective verbs: I will read, you will read, you will read, we will read, you will read, they will read; build, build, build, build, build.
The future of the synthetic form (from perfective verbs) has various meanings:
its main meaning is the expression of upcoming (future) actions that have a limit, completeness: We will obtain, understand and open everything: the cold pole and the blue arch (V. Lebedev-Kumach);
denotes an action that turns into the property: Whatever problem you give him, he will definitely solve it (you cannot say he solves or has solved). The future tense in this meaning is often used in proverbs: Tell the truth - the truth will help you out. On a crooked road you will break your legs.
denotes a repeated action (in descriptions next to the present one):
The storm covers the sky with darkness (present tense),
Whirling snow whirlwinds
The way she howls like a beast,
Then he will cry like a child (A. Pushkin);
with negation does not indicate the impossibility of action in the present: will not read quickly (cannot read quickly), will not say simply (cannot say simply), will not see at a far distance (cannot see at a far distance);
used in the past tense: During the day she mostly dozed. He sits in a chair in front of the table... and dozes (present tense). Then he will shudder, wake up, look out the window and for a long time, without any conscious thought, does not take his eyes off (present tense) from the endless distance stretching out (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin).
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Many of those who study English know that it contains two groups of tenses.
Three main ones:
- Present;
- Past;
- Future.
The presented times, depending on the situation, are added to the secondary times:
- Simple;
- Progressive;
- Perfect;
- Perfect Progressive.
The result of adding these two groups is the presence of 12 times in English language.
The listed tenses are usually arranged in a table that clearly shows what form the verb takes when it is in a particular time period.
Also in the table you can see the first indications of how in English.
To remember better complex material, you need to study it playfully, for this, in addition to the scientific table of times, we will show you a comic one, which for some will be easier to study.
Rules for determining tenses
Having looked at how verb forms are correctly called, we will answer the question of how to determine tense in English. To answer, let's look at the step-by-step instructions.
- The first step is to translate the sentence we are working on to make it easier to understand what information is being given to us.
- The second step is to determine the time marker. In each tense in the language we are considering, there is a marker - a word that easily allows you to determine the time. Such words indicate a specific point in time or a relative one. For example, in Present Simple Similar markers are words such as: every day, often, constantly. These markers, as can be seen from the example, indicate regular time, but not only this sign indicates this type time. Another marker is the usual name of the action: I like watermelon. IN in this case is indicated inaccurately when you like him, and you simply talk about your action without specifying the time period.
This example shows that such markers provide ease of recognition and correct definition time in a sentence. Based on this simple example we want to show that each time has its own markers - words by which you can easily understand what time is in front of you. The main thing is to remember the markers.
- The third step is to remember what time the marker refers to.
- The fourth step is to determine the time.
Having considered how to correctly determine time in English, let us pay attention to the following point: how to determine tense
Rules for determining verb tense
To solve this problem, as in the previous case, we will use step-by-step instructions.
- The first step is to underline the verbs that we see in the sentence.
- The second step is to remember: is this a correct verb or not, because, according to reference books in English language, the verb has three properties by which it is easy to identify:
- Time is one of the main ones: past, future or present.
- Type of time - subtime determined by the marker.
- The voice is passive (an action is performed on the speaker) or active (an action is performed on the speaker).
If the verb is correct, you can refer to the dictionary or lexicon, otherwise - to the table irregular verbs or again to verbs of the same type that you have learned.
- The third step is to find a compound next to the main verb that relates directly to time.
For example, for the group Past - was, did ...; verb ending in -ed.
For Present: do, does…; verb ending in -s.
Such examples most clearly show that it is easy to determine the tense for any verb, and answer the constantly arising question for those who are just beginning to figure out how to determine the tense of a verb in English.
Let's summarize
So, to summarize, we would like to note that we have examined the main and difficult issues when studying English, focusing on the first: how to determine time in English, since it is the key to correct and quick learning. In addition to answering main question, we have also described how to easily learn and understand each tense and recognize it in a sentence.
Finally, I would like to give some advice: spend some time maximum amount time and attention to the topic "How to determine the tense of a sentence in English." The main thing here is practice and its regularity. Then you can easily answer the question of how to determine time in English. Good luck.
A verb is a part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object.
At night the weather became noisy, the river became agitated, and a splinter burned out in the man’s smoky hut. The children are sleeping, the housewife is dozing, the husband is lying on the bed, the storm is blowing; suddenly he hears: someone is knocking on the window. (P.)
Words: knocks, howls, makes noise, gets excited, burns out, listens-denote the actions of an object. Words: sleeping, dozing, lying- indicate the condition of the item. The verb answers the questions: /i>what does the object do? what is being done with it? The student (what is he doing?) is reading a story. The story (what is being done with it?) is read by the students.
Changing the verb.
A verb, denoting an action, can also indicate the time when the action is performed. The verb has three tenses: present, past and future.
I knock (present tense), knocked (past tense), I will knock, I will knock (future tense).
The verb has 3 persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and two numbers: singular and plural.
In the past tense, the verb has no special personal endings, and the person is expressed only by a personal pronoun.
For example: I knocked, you knocked, he knocked. In the past tense, the verb changes according to gender and number: brother knocked (masculine), sister knocked ( feminine), something knocked (neuter gender), we knocked (myoj. number).
Changing the verb according to persons, tenses and numbers is called conjugation.
Verbs can end with the particle -sya or Verbs ending t-sya(-s), are called returnable. After consonants and th used -xia, and after vowels -s: washes - washes, soap - washed, wash - wash, my - wash, mine - wash, washed - washed.
The role of the verb in a sentence.
In a sentence, the verb is usually predicate. The predicate-verb denotes the action or state of an object that is the subject of a given sentence, and agrees with the subject in number and person, and in the past tense - in number and gender.
We boldly rush towards the enemy; after us the red cavalry rushed into battle; the enemy hastily retreats.
We rush. Predicate let's rush agrees with the subject we in person and number.
The cavalry rushed. Predicate rushed agrees with the subject cavalry in gender and number.
Indefinite form, or infinitive
The verb has a special form that only names an action, does not itself indicate time, number, or person and is therefore called an indefinite form, or infinitive; read, cherish, carry, come. The infinitive form of the verb answers the question: what to do? what to do?
The infinitive form of the verb ends in -t, -ti: build, carry. Eat special group verbs with infinitive form -ch. Verbs have -whose the stem in the present tense ends in G or to: I can, I can, I bake, I bake, I take care, I take care. Here we find the alternation G And To with sound h.
Letter b V indefinite form is also preserved in front of the particle -xia: build - build, take care - take care.
Note. The indefinite form of the verb is derived from the verbal noun. That's why she doesn't indicate the time and person. Our language still retains several words that can be both nouns and verbs, for example: hot oven (noun), bake pies (verb); big leak (noun), water stopped flowing (verb); old noble nobility (noun), wants to know a lot (verb).
Types of verbs.
Verbs can be imperfect or perfect.
1. Imperfective verbs show an unfinished action or a repeated action: work, scream, sleep, buy, take, throw, look in.
Verbs of the imperfect form form the future tense by auxiliary verb: I Will work.
Note. Verbs that denote only a repeated action are said to be of the multiple type if there is a verb with a continuous meaning nearby: read (when reading), walk (and walk), sit (when sitting).
2. Perfect verbs show the completeness of the action: buy, take, bring, leave, read, write.
Perfective verbs cannot have the present tense; the form of the present tense has the meaning of the future for them: I will buy, I will take, I will start, I will bring, I will leave, I will read, I will write, I will speak.
Note. Verbs of the perfect form, which denote an action that happened only once, are said to be of the one-time form. These are especially the case with verbs with the suffix -path, which preserve it in the past tense: jump when jump (cf. jumped), spit, spit (cf. spat), shout when scream (cf. shouted).
Formation of verb types.
Majority simple verbs refers to the imperfect form: to carry, write, work. However, give, lie down, sit down, stand, child and a number of verbs: buy, throw, finish, let, forgive, decide, captivate, deprive, etc. will be of the perfect form.
Note. Some simple verbs have both perfective and imperfective meanings: to wound, to marry.
This also includes many verbs in -irate and -ovate: telegraph, organize, attack.
Complex verbs with prefixes in the vast majority of cases belong to the perfect form: bring, leave, read, sign, speak, sketch, throw. However, verbs are complex, formed from verbs wear, drive, carry, walk, run, fly, will be mostly imperfect. For example: bring, take away, bring in, enter, leave, etc.; take out, bring out, take out, go out (but in&carry, take out, go out etc. will be perfect); bring in, take down (but bringing in a shirt, taking off boots, etc. will be perfect).
I. Almost every perfective verb can be used to form an imperfective verb with the same meaning: give-give, start-start, bring-bring, etc.
The main way of forming imperfect verbs from the corresponding perfect verbs is the suffix -yva or -two, and often the root o alternates with a, and the final root consonant of a number of verbs alternates according to: read-read, lubricate - lubricate, sign - sign, rise - scoot, jump - jump, push - push, smooth - smooth, hang - hang, freeze - freeze, ask - ask, manure - manure, nip - nip - nurturing - feed, accumulate - accumulate etc. etc.
Another way to form imperfective verbs is to change the suffix -And- to suffix -I-(or -A- after sibilants) with the same changes in final root consonants as in the previous case: meet - meet, peel - peel, give birth - give birth, illuminate - illuminate, design - design, get ahead - get ahead, load - load, finish-finish, decide-decide, surround - surround and so on.
The third way of forming verbs of the imperfect form is the suffix -A-, and the root e or I (A after hissing ones) often alternates with and: erase - erase, die - die, subtract - subtract, light - light, hush - hush, begin - begin.
2. The fourth way to form verbs of the imperfect form is the suffix -va-, used in cases where the root of the verb ends in a vowel: break-break, ripen-ripen, give (ladies) - give (I give), find out (learn) - find out (know).
Notes
II. From simple verbs of the imperfect form, the perfect form is formed either by means of a suffix -Well-(single verbs): jump - jump, scream - shout etc. or through so-called “empty” prefixes that do not change the basic meaning of the word: o- (about-), po-, s-, na-, etc.: to grow stronger - to grow stronger, to please - to please, to destroy - to destroy, to do - to do, to write - to write, etc.
However, from most simple verbs of the imperfect form perfect view not formed: bite, sit, sleep, lie down etc. This also includes verbs welcome, be absent, participate and some others.
Alternation of vowels in the formation of species.
Sometimes the formation of species is associated with the alternation of vowel sounds in the root: die - die, lock up - lock up, throw away - throw away, light up - light up.
Table of alternation of vowels in verb roots during the formation of species.
Verb tenses.
The present tense of a verb means that the action occurs simultaneously with the moment of speech, that is, when it is spoken about.
1. The wind blows across the sea and propels the boat. He runs in the waves on swollen sails. (P.) 2. And they sail under a scarlet flag from the midday seas along concrete channel caravans of ships.
The present tense is also used to denote an action that is performed constantly, always. 1 The plant reaches towards the light source. 2. A person breathes with his lungs. 3. The northern shores of the USSR are washed by the waters of the Arctic Ocean.
Past tense means that the action took place before the moment of speech. They defeated the atamans, dispersed the governors and Pacific Ocean finished our hike.
The future tense means that the action will take place after the moment of speech. 1. And if the enemy wants to take away our living joy in a stubborn battle, then we will sing a battle song and stand up for our Motherland. 2. We beat the enemies of the Soviet regime, we beat them and we will beat them.
Two verb stems.
The verb has two stems: the indefinite stem and the present tense.
To highlight the base of the indefinite form, it is necessary to discard the suffix from the verb of the indefinite form -t, -ti, for example: carry a piss.
The present tense stem is highlighted if the personal ending is dropped from the present tense or future simple verb, for example: write-ut, bear-ut, say-ut.
All verb forms are formed from these two stems.
Changing verbs according to persons and numbers.
Verbs in the present and future tenses change according to persons and numbers.
The first person of the verb shows that the action is performed by the speaker himself: I work, read, study.
The second person of the verb shows that the action is performed by the one to whom the speaker is speaking: you work, read, study.
The third person of the verb shows that the action is performed by the one about whom they speak: he, she works, reads, studies.
In the plural, all these forms show that the action refers to more than one person: we work (we), work (you), work (they).
Present tense.
Personal endings.
Verbs with endings: -eat (-eat), ~et (-et), -eat (-et), -ete (-ete)3 -ut (-et) are called first conjugation verbs.
Verbs with endings -ish, -yga, -im, ~ite, -at, (-yat) are called verbs of the second conjugation.
For reflexive verbs, a particle is added to the personal ending -sya (s). I study, I study, I teach, I study, I teach, I study, well, I swim - I swim, I swim - I swim, I bathe - I swim,
Note. When conjugating some verbs, there is an alternation of consonants preceding the personal endings: shore - you take care (g - g); flow - flow (k - n) - in verbs of the first conjugation; I wear - you wear (w - s); I drive - you carry (f - h); I’m sitting - sitting (w-d); twist - twist (h - t); sad? - sad (w - st): love - love (6l-“6); catch - catch (ate - in); sculpt - sculpt (pl - p); feed - feed (ml - m); graflu - grafish (fl - f) - in verbs of the second conjugation.
Spelling personal verb endings.
At the end of the 2nd person singular of the verb after w letter is written b: you carry, you give, you hurry, you stand.
The letter b is retained in the 2nd person singular and in cases where a particle is added to the ending of the verb -running around, studying, swimming.
3. It is necessary to distinguish the indefinite form of verbs into -tsya from the 3rd person singular and plural present tense to -tsya. We must remember that b written only in the indefinite form: he can(what to do?) work(indefinite form), but He(what is he doing?) works(3rd person).
Spelling of verbs of the first and second conjugation.
Verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugations differ in hearing if the stress falls on the personal endings.
You go, you go, you go, you go, you go-1st conjugation.
In a hurry, in a hurry, in a hurry, in a hurry, in a hurry-:2nd conjugation.
If the stress falls on the stem, then the personal endings of verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugations are almost the same by ear. For example: you prick - you saw, you prick - you saw. In such cases, the conjugation of the verb is determined by its indefinite form.
Of the verbs with unstressed personal endings, the 2nd conjugation includes:
1. All verbs with unstressed personal endings, having an indefinite form in ~it, for example: build - build, build; love - love, love (except for the verb shave - shave, shave).
2. Seven verbs per -to: watch, see, depend, hate, offend, endure, twist.
3. Four verbs per -at: hear, breathe, hold, drive.
These verbs in the 1st singular form do not have present tense suffixes -e-, -a-: look - I look, see - I see, breathe - I breathe, hear - I hear. Compare: blush - blush(1st conjugation verb, suffix -e- exists at the base) and answer - answer(also 1st conjugation, with the suffix -o- at the base).
All other verbs with unstressed endings belong to the 1st conjugation.
Note. Verbs with a prefix belong to the same conjugation as the unprefixed verbs from which they are formed: If you get enough sleep, you sleep, if you bear it, you carry it. (I. Utkin.)
Variably conjugated verbs.
Verbs want and run are called heteroconjugated. They are conjugated partly according to the 1st, partly according to the 2nd conjugation;
Singular Plural.
I want to run we want to run
do you want to run do you want to run
he wants to run they want to run
Verbs are specially conjugated eat and give:
I eat I'll give we eat I'll give
you eat you give you eat you give
he eats will give they eat will give
Verbs derived from these verbs are also conjugated: eat, eat, give out, give away, etc.
Note. In the Old Russian language, the auxiliary verb to be was also conjugated in a special way: I am, we are, you are, you are, he is, they are
In modern literary language Only the 3rd person forms have been preserved: there is also less of a point.
Past tense.
The verb in the past tense has no personal endings: I read, you read, he read (compare with the endings of the present tense: I read, you read, he reads).
The verb in the past tense in the singular changes according to gender: the steamer has sailed, the boat has sailed, the ship has sailed.
In the masculine gender there is no gender ending, c. feminine generic ending is -A, average -o: took, took-a, took-o.
In the plural, the past tense verb does not change according to gender and has the ending -i. Compare: students read-and - students read-and.
The past tense is formed by adding the suffix -l to the stem of the indefinite form: run-bezyua-l, walk-walk-l, build-build-build-l. Before the suffix -l the vowel that comes in an indefinite form before -t: see - saw, hear - heard.
In the masculine gender, after the consonant sound at the end of the word, the suffix -l drops out: crawled - crawled, carried - carried, carried - carried, wiped - wiped.
Reflexive verbs in the past tense have a particle at the end -xia or -s: took care, took care: took care, took care; took care, took care; took care, took care.
Notes
Later auxiliary verb be they started to miss. The past tense began to be denoted by one word, that is, a verbal adjective that retained its generic endings.
Verbal adjectives in -l in the Old Russian language they could be not only short, but also complete. The remainder of the complete ones are adjectives such as former (compare the verb was), mature (compare mature), skillful (compare could), etc.
Future
The future tense can be simple and complex. Verbs of the perfect form have a simple future tense: to do - I will do, to decide - I will decide. The future is complex for imperfective verbs: do - I will do, decide - I will decide.
The future simple consists of one word and has the same personal endings as the present tense: to do, to decide - I will do, I will decide; you will do it, you will decide; will do, decide.
The future complex is formed from the future tense of the verb be and indefinite shape conjugated verb: I will do it, I will decide. Verb be, with the help of which the future tense is formed, is called in this case an auxiliary verb.
Use of tenses.
In our speech, we sometimes use one tense to mean another.
1. The present tense is sometimes used to mean the past: the past is told as if it were now passing before one’s eyes. This helps to vividly imagine what is being said. I was returning home from the station last night, walking along a dark street. I'm in a hurry. Suddenly I see: near the nearest lantern something is getting dark.
2. The present tense is used to mean the future. To make things more vivid, we talk about the future as if it were already happening. I often paint myself a picture of my future life: I finish school, go to university, study in the winter, and in the summer I certainly go on an excursion.
3. We use the future simple tense to mean the past when we talk about something that has been repeated several times.
I remember that my old friend would come to me in the evening, sit down next to me and start talking about his travels to the distant north.
The future tense in the meaning of the past is also used in combination with the word it happened. In winter, it used to be that in the dead of night we would lay down a daring troika... (P.)
4. We use the future simple in the meaning of the past when we talk about something that happened unexpectedly. I came closer to the girl, and she screamed.
Impersonal verbs.
A special group of verbs consists of impersonal verbs.
Impersonal verbs mostly denote natural phenomena (it's getting dark, it's freezing) or various states and experiences of a person (fever, unwell, remember, think).
In a sentence, impersonal verbs are predicates, but they represent an action without an agent. With them there is not and cannot be a subject.
Impersonal verbs do not change according to persons and numbers. They have in the present and future tense only one form of the 3rd person singular, and in the past tense only a neuter form: It's getting dark - it's getting dark, it's getting dark - it's getting dark, it's getting feverish - it's getting feverish.
Note. Impersonal verbs like feverish, chilly, freezing, were once personal. This was in those distant times when people did not yet know how to fight nature, they believed in the existence of supernatural forces, good and evil, and explained the action of these mysterious forces and various natural phenomena and the human condition. When they spoke feverish, freezing, They thought that both fever and frost were the actions of some special mysterious force, some supernatural being.
Transitive and intransitive verbs.
Verbs, according to their meaning and how they are connected in a sentence with other words, are divided into two groups: transitive and intransitive.
Transitive verbs denote an action that passes to another object, the name of which is in accusative case without preposition: I take (what?) a book and see off (who?) my sister.
The remaining verbs are intransitive: I lie, sleep, walk, run, do (what?), hope (for what?).
Notes
The meaning of reflexive verbs.
Reflexive verbs formed from any transitive verb are intransitive: lift (transitive) - rise (intransitive), wash (transitive) - wash (intransitive), meet (transitive) - meet (intransitive).
Note. There are verbs that are not reflexive: I walk, I sleep, I sing. On the contrary, there are also verbs that are used only as reflexives: I'm afraid, I laugh, I admire, I work.
Particle -xia in reflexive verbs has several meanings. The most important of them are the following.
a) Particle -xia denotes only the intransitivity of an action, i.e. an action that is not directed at any object: the dog bites, the horse rushes, the sea is rough, the fog rises.
b) Particle -xia gives the verb its own reflexive meaning: it indicates that the action returns to the actor himself. Compare: bathe (who?) a child and bathe (i.e. bathe oneself).
c) Particle -xia gives the verb a reciprocal meaning: it indicates that the action occurs between two or more actors or objects. With these verbs you can ask a question with whom? with what? For example: meet(with whom? - with a friend), fight, fight.
d) Particle -xia gives the verb a passive meaning.. With these verbs you can ask questions by whom? how? For example: Rocks(subject) are washed away (by what?) with water. Compare: Water erodes rocks.
e) Particle -xia gives the verb an impersonal meaning. At the same time, she indicates that the action is performed as if by itself, against anyone’s will. With these verbs you can ask questions to whom? what? For example: I can’t sleep (who?) (compare: he doesn’t sleep), he doesn’t want to, I think.
Note. Origin of verbs -xia. In Old Russian, after transitive verbs it could be used short form wine pad. units including the reflexive pronoun sya (i.e. yourself). For example, wash(i.e. wash yourself). Previously, xia was a separate member of the sentence and could stand in different places sentences, i.e. in Old Russian one could say: I want to wash myself (I want to wash myself).
Later, the pronoun xia turned from an independent word into a particle, began to be used only after the verb, and finally merged with it into one word. In this case, the verb changed from transitive to intransitive. ¦
Compare: wash (who? or what?) and wash (yourself), dress (who? or what?) and dress (yourself).
Inclinations.
The verb has three moods - indicative, subjunctive and imperative.
The indicative mood of a verb denotes an action that has happened, is happening, or will actually happen: read - read - will read; I read it - I'll read it. The indicative mood has three tenses: present, past and future.
The subjunctive (or conditional) mood denotes an action that is possible or desirable. The subjunctive mood is formed from the past tense form by adding a particle would: You should have come home earlier. If it were yesterday good weather, we would go boating.
The particle can appear either after or before the verb, and can also be separated from the verb in other words: If the best rider on the most fast horse galloped along our borders, he would have spent about two years on this unprecedented run in the world.
The imperative mood denotes an order, command, as well as a request, a wish. Verbs in the imperative mood are used in the 2nd person singular and plural: carry - carry, work, work, cook - cook.
Formation of the imperative mood.
The imperative mood is formed from the present tense stem in two ways.
Some verbs add an ending to the base of the present (future) tense -and: go-ut-go, sit-yat - sit, take-out-take out, shout-ut - shout.
In other verbs, the imperative mood is formed without an ending and is equal to the present tense stem. The stem of such verbs in the imperative mood ends:
1) to a soft consonant (in writing b): throw (kin-ut), throw (throw-yat), hit (hit-yat), prepare (ready-yat);
2) to hissing (in writing b): cut (rez-ut), hide (hide-ut), console (console-at);
3) on -th; read, throw, draw.
In the 2nd person plural. ending is added to the number -those: go-go, throw-throw, read-read, hide-hide.
The imperative mood of reflexive verbs on the code has a particle -sya or -sya: Look after - look after, look after; take a closer look, take a closer look. Throw - throw, throw; rush - rush, rush. Throw-throw, throw; rush - rush, rush.
Sometimes the particle is added to the imperative mood -ka. This particle usually softens the order and gives it the character of a friendly address. Let's go and pick some chestnuts in the garden. Come here
Note. For the expression of the 1st person plural. numbers of the imperative mood, the usual forms of the 1st person plural are used. numbers of the present or future tense with imperative intonation: Let's go. We'll decide. Let's sit down. These forms are also used with the ending -te: Let's go. Decide. Let's sit down. They then either indicate that the command is addressed to several persons, or indicate a polite address to one person.
To express the 3rd person imperative mood, the usual form of the 3rd person is used in conjunction with particles let, let, yes: Long live the muses, long live the mind! (P.) Long live the sun, may the darkness disappear! (P.) Let your face glow like the dawn in the morning.
Replacing inclinations.
In Russian, one mood can be used to mean another.
The imperative mood is often used in the meaning of the subjunctive mood and the conjunction if. The subject can be in any number and person and usually comes after the predicate. If he had told us earlier, everything could have been arranged. (Compare: If he had said earlier...) If we were five minutes late, he would have left. (Compare: If we were five minutes late...)
In other cases, on the contrary, the subjunctive mood has the meaning of the imperative mood. You should rest a little. Someone should sing for us. Such phrases express a request, advice, a polite offer.
Often in meaning imperative The infinitive form of the verb is used. Be silent/Sit still! Keep quiet/ This use of the indefinite form expresses a persistent and strict command.
Verb suffixes.
From nouns, verbs are formed using suffixes -oe- (at), -ev- (at). In the present tense these suffixes are replaced by the suffixes -yes, -yu-: conversation-conversation - talking, grief - grieving - grieving.
Verbs are formed from adjectives and nouns using a suffix -e-(t) (in the present, tense -e-yu): white - turn white - turn white (with the meaning of becoming white), gray-gray - turn gray (with the meaning of becoming gray), beast - become wild - beast (with the meaning of becoming beast) or using the suffix -i-(t) (in the present tense -/o): white - whiten - whitewash (with the meaning of making white), litter - litter-litter (with the meaning of making litter).
Verbs are also formed from nouns using a suffix -a-(t): carpenter - to do carpentry; smart guy - to be smart (with a change from k to h).
The suffixes -ir-(at), -izir-(at) occur mostly in verbs of foreign origin: telegraph, register, agitate, collectivize, organize.
Spelling verb suffixes.
To distinguish unstressed suffixes -ov-(at), -ev-(at) from the suffixes -iv-(at), -iv-(at), it is necessary to form the 1st person singular. numbers of the present (future) time.
If the verb is in the 1st person singular. numbers of the present tense end in -yu-, -yu-, then th is in an indefinite form, and in the past tense it is necessary to write -ovat (-oval), -evat (-eval): advise, advised, advise; I'm grieving, grieving, grieving.
If the verb is in the 1st person singular. the number of the present tense ends in -Ivayu, -Ivayu-, then in an indefinite form", and in the past tense you must write -yyat (-yval), -iv (-ival): showing - showing, showing; arrange-arrange, arranged
Notes
Spelling particles ns verbs
Negation Not written separately with the verb.
The exception is those verbs that are not used without no. For example: to be indignant, to hate.
If verbs missing and lacking indicate a lack of something, they are written together: My friend lacks (that is, he does not have) the ability to get down to business right away. He lacks (that is, he does not have) endurance in his work.
Verb not enough- in the sense of not reaching for something - written separately: The child cannot reach the table with his hand:
Verb lacks-in the sense of not taking it, it is written separately: Our dog barks at strangers, but doesn’t grab anyone’s legs
Instructions
So now practice. Verbs can change according to number, and in the singular - also according to gender. Moreover, they do not have multiple face shapes. To form the past tense in speech, it is necessary to use an infinitive stem or a past tense stem with the suffix -l, which change according to gender and number. For example: “He spoke a lot and passionately and attracted the audience,” “She said interesting things and attracted the audience,” and “They spoke outside the rules and attracted the audience.”
Moreover, in the form of the masculine singular, the only indicator of gender and number is zero: “Last day he was wet through and through”, “He prudently warned those around him about the danger”, “He faithfully guarded the catch”, “The man was very cold and was constantly shaking” and “The old one suddenly became deaf and did not move.”
It is also interesting that the historical formation of the past tense form, according to the opinion large quantities linguists, goes back to the perfect participle, which has the suffix -l and is used in the perfect with the present tense form and with the help of the auxiliary verb “to be”.
Video on the topic
In Russian, there are two forms of verbs in the future tense. These are the future simple or synthetic and the future complex or analytical. In addition, and depending on belonging to the first or second category, verbs of the future tense change in only two ways.
In fact, the article is planned to be even a little broader: I will tell you how to accurately find out the tense form and voice of a verb in a sentence.
Any form of a verb in English is described by 3-4 words that express time, type And bail . For example:
Present Simple Active
Past Perfect Continuous Passive
To correctly determine the form of the verb, use the diagram above. In addition, it is recommended to read the articles: and.
At school they usually talk about 12 / 16 / 26 (underline as appropriate) “times of the English language”... However, in fact, this typestemporary forms verb. There are three tenses in English. As with us: Past, Present and Future.
* Strictly speaking, there are two grammatical tenses in English, but today’s article is not about that. If you are interested in discussing this, write comments or take a look at.
- Past time indicators: verbs did, was, were, had or any verb in the second form (V2, Ved).
- Time indicators Present: verbs do, does, am, is, are, have, has or any verb in the first form (V1, Vs).
- Future time indicators: will.
** would, could, might belong to a special group: .
Step 2: determine the type
This is a little more complicated. Legend: V1 is the first form of the verb, V2 is the second form of the verb, V3 is the third form of the verb, Ving is the verb ending in -ing.
- Simple: the sentence contains only V1, V2 or will + V1.
- Continuous: corresponds to the structure to be + Ving.
- Perfect: corresponds to the structure to have + V3.
- Perfect Continuous: corresponds to the structure: to have + been + Ving
The above forms are typical for active voice. Move on to step 3 to identify the passive voice.
Step 3: determine the collateral
The structures for the active voice are written above. Formula passive voice: to be + V3. You can try to determine the pledge without formulas. In the case of the passive voice, an action is performed on the object, rather than the object itself performing it.
- Simple Passive: am/is/are/was/were/will be + V3
- Continuous Passive: being + V3.
- Perfect Passive: have/has/had/will have + been + V3.
- Perfect Continuous Passive: not used.
Let's practice and understand with examples
1) I don't eat much ice cream. — Present Simple Active, because contains do + V1.
2) I was sleeping in the tent yesterday at 12 o’clock. — Past Continuous Active, because contains was + Ving.
3) The shop was being visited yesterday at 12 o’clock. — Past Continuous Passive, because contains was + being + V3.
4) What have you been doing? — Present Perfect Continuous Active, because contains have + been + Ving.
5) The missing children have been found. — Present Perfect Passive, because contains have + been + V3.
6) They will be swimming tomorrow at 7 o’clock. — Future Continuous Active, because contains will + be + Ving.
I tried to cover everything complex cases. Pay special attention to examples 4 and 5. If something does not fit into the scope of this article, and you still cannot determine the tense of a verb in English, then either you misunderstood something, or you came across: infinitive, participle or gerund.