Measuring space and time. Dimension of space and time First dimension
1. Measurement. Basic concepts and definitions.
Physical quantities (PV)– a limited number of properties that are common in quality. relation for different objects, but individual for each of them in quantity/m. Quality side determines the type of PV (el. resistance), and the quantity. - its size (resistance of a given resistor). Quantity total property content in quantity. relation for specific object – PV size.
Measurement– finding the PV value experimentally using special technical means, the found value is measurement result. Important: 1) you can measure the properties of real-life objects; 2) measurement requires experiments; 3) the measurement is carried out using measuring instruments brought into interaction with the object; 4) the measurement result is the PV values.
The fundamental feature is the reflection of physical quantities by a named number, i.e. the measurement result must be expressed in certain units accepted for a given value. Cumulative quantities interconnected by dependence forms system of physical quantities.Measurements are made in generally accepted units (in the Russian Federation - SI).
2. Types of measurements. Examples.
Dimensions (I) - varied, most. widespread classification depending on the method of processing experimental data: 1) straight I., when the desired PV value is found directly from experimental data, for example. I.U voltmeter. 2) indirect, when the desired PV value is found on the basis of a known relationship between this quantity and quantities subjected to direct measurements, for example. R from Ohm's z-z I,U, received. in the result I. 3) a joint, when at the same time I. several different quantities, to find the relationship between them, while solving a system of equations, for example. R on temperature T. 4) cumulative, when at the same time I. of several quantities of the same name, in which the desired values of the quantities are found by solving a system of equations consisting of straight lines. I. of different ones. combinations of these quantities, for example. I. R, conn. ∆.
The interaction of measuring instruments with an object is based on physical phenomena, collectively of which is measurement principle, and the set of techniques for using the principle and measuring instruments - measurement method. Number meaning measured quantity is obtained by comparing it with a known value reproduced by the definition. type of funds I. – measure.
3. Measurement methods.
Depending on the methods of application, measures or quantities are distinguished direct assessment method (INR) And comparison with measure method (MCM).
At INR the value of the measured quantity (MV) is determined directly from the reading device of the measuring instrument (MI), the scale of which was previously calibrated using a multi-valued measure reproducing known values of the MV, for example. measuring U with a voltmeter.
At MSM a comparison is made of the IV and the value of the reproducible measure; the comparison can be made either directly or through other values that are uniquely related to each other. For MSM – obligatory. participation in the process of measuring a measure of known quantity (IQV), homogeneous with the IV.
Group MSM includes: 1) null method, when the difference between IW and IWV is measured, the difference in effects is reduced to 0 during the measurement process and is recorded by the indicator. At high precision measures, reproducible IZV and high sensitivity of the 0-indicator, high accuracy is achieved, for example. measurement of R with a four-arm bridge. 2) differential method, when looking for the difference between IV and IZV, a reproducible measure of measurement using a meter. device. Unknown the value is determined by the known and unknown difference. The method is accurate when the IPM is reproduced with high accuracy, and the difference between the IPM and non-IPM is small. 3) substitution method, when there is an alternating connection to the input of the IV, IZV device and, according to the secondary readings of the device, the value of the unIZV is estimated, for example, measuring a low voltage using a highly sensitive galvanometer, to which an unknown source is first connected. voltage, determine the deflection of the arrow, then, using a regulated source, achieve the same deflection of the arrow. 4) matching method, when the difference between the IV and the value reproduced by the measure is measured, using coincidences of marking scales or periodic. signals, e.g. calipers.
According to superstring theory, fifth and sixth dimensions arise in the same place as the concept of possible worlds. If we could see in the fifth dimension, we would notice that that world is slightly different from ours, and would have mechanisms to measure the similarities and differences between our world and another possible one.
In the sixth dimension we would see a plane of possible worlds on which we could compare and arrange all possible Universes that began with the same initial conditions as ours (that is, with Big Bang). In theory, if you could master the fifth and sixth dimensions, you could travel back in time or choose a different future.
In the seventh dimension do you have access to possible worlds, which started with different initial conditions. If in the fifth and sixth the initial conditions were the same and only the subsequent actions were different, here everything will be different from the very beginning of time. Eighth Dimension again gives us a plane of all possible histories of the Universe, each of which begins with different initial conditions and branches out indefinitely (they are called infinities, obviously).
At nine dimension we can compare everything possible stories Universe, starting with everyone possible laws physics and initial conditions. In the tenth and in the last dimension we come to a point where we can embrace everything possible and imaginable. Beyond these limits we mere mortals cannot imagine anything, this is a natural limitation of what we can comprehend in dimensional terms.
The existence of these extra six dimensions, which we cannot perceive, is necessary for string theory to be a candidate for a fundamental explanation of the interactions in nature. The fact that we can only perceive four dimensions of space can be explained by one of two mechanisms: either the extra dimensions are compact and located on the smallest scales, or our world lives in a three-dimensional submanifold corresponding to the brane, which will be bounded by all known particles except gravity ( brane theory).
If the extra dimensions are compact, then the extra six dimensions should be in the form of a Calabi-Yau manifold (in the image above). Being invisible to our senses, they could determine the formation of the Universe from the very beginning. Therefore, scientists believe that by peering and detecting the light of the early Universe using telescopes (which was emitted billions of years ago), they could see how the existence of these additional dimensions could influence the evolution of space.
Like other candidates for a grand unified theory - a "theory of everything" - the proposal that the universe consists of ten dimensions (or more, depending on the model of string theory you base it on) is an attempt to reconcile physics elementary particles with the existence of gravity. In short, it is an attempt to explain how all the known forces in our Universe interact and how other possible Universes might work.
To the question what is measurement? there is the first, second, third given by the author Lyokha Shutov the best answer is Dimension 1. length. Line expressed by number
degrees of freedom of movement, has one dimension, the plane has two,
physical space – three. Our world exists in four dimensions
space-time continuum, where three dimensions -
spatial and fourth – temporal. Each world exists in its own
space-time continuum, which has different number measurements.
The larger the dimensions the world exists, the greater order it has and the higher the Level it occupies, the higher the degree of development of matter;
2. the direction in which development can go,
expansion, evolution. IN physical world three spatial dimensions and
one time, in which the development of forms and processes occurs.
Time, in turn, also has three dimensions, three directions
movements: past, present, future.
higher-world.ru/alphabet/index.php?word=303
Source: Information from the books of Seklitova L.A. and Strelnikova L.L.
Answer from No[guru]
Once in meditation I tried to feel myself in only one dimension, these were the sensations.
Answer from Tatyana Limonova[guru]
Theophilus. Planet Cibrion The first dimension - life in the form inanimate objects, plants and trees. There is a process of assimilation of information from the Universe and the planet without active participation in the process of information exchange, without concrete transmission of it to others like us. The second dimension - the origin of mental activity - is animal world in all its diversity. The third dimension is active life activity with the presence of brain activity aimed at creativity, creation, mutual communication and development, cognition of all the parameters that make up the planet and circumplanetary space. The fourth dimension is access to the worlds through the channel of clairvoyance. The fifth dimension is the telepathic perception of information from the Universe from any source of supply. The sixth dimension is the energetic reorganization of human energy bodies for the possibility of fruitful communication with any representative of the Intelligent Universe. The seventh dimension is the ability to reshape your appearance at any desired time.
Answer from Guardian of Order[guru]
These are the parameters of worldview. The first dimension is just a point. The second is straight. Third - length, width, height and conditionally time. And so on ad infinitum. But in order to perceive dimensions above our third and live in them, it is necessary to have sense organs capable of this, which we do not have. At least for now. Or access to them from the outside is denied.
Answer from Deimos Dark[guru]
These are the object parameters
length, width, height - the first three dimensions
Time is the fourth, because with the passage of time the object changes
All kinds of auras are there, “subtle bodies”, chakras, the astral plane are still in other dimensions and these are additional parameters -
5th dimension, 6th and so on
There are many dimensions, but not everyone is able to perceive them
The world exists as it is perceived by living beings inhabiting their habitat. And this is considered the Truth. We live in such a “truthful” world, despite the fact that we understand that it is not whole, because... is open to us only in part. We understood this from observations of nature, determining that everywhere there is a range of perception of the same area of space, which is different for different living beings.
Despite the fact that this range has its differences for many, we are all united by the fact that we are born in one Common space what planet earth is.
All that remains is to understand what the space in which we live is. Today.
In fact, everything is completely different, and the three-dimensionality of things reflects the still invisible Third Dimension. And we live in the Second Dimension, as indicated by all the phenomena of our life and the things themselves.
Both the length and width of something are on the same plane, forming an ANGLE. The height of a thing is not very different from the length and width, because... with one of them the height can be in the same plane.
Imagine the floor in your room, which can be in the form of a square or rectangle. One wall from the floor has the same dimension in length, although this dimension is not limited in height (it can be any). Next to this wall there is another wall adjacent to it in a different plane, which forms an ANGLE with the first wall, but not the one formed by the length and width of the floor. This Angle has a certain extent in height. On the floor we have a “Flat Angle” from its length and width, and between the walls there is a “Volume Angle”, i.e. we have two Corner. The angle symbolizes the number 2, because composed of two lines (two units). So we have two types of Angles. In the Russian alphabet, under the number 22, there is the letter “F”, indicating with its outline the specularity and duality. And our GOD, as a word, has the number 22 (“B” 2 + “O” 16 + “G” 4 = 22).
These two types of angles create the visible three-dimensionality of things in space, but this is not yet the Third Dimension of space itself. One(1) floor and two(2) walls created three planes connecting at one place. This can be considered the “Composite Three” from the union of numbers 1 + 2 = 3. The Three itself, which follows the number 2, can be considered two such “Composite Threes”, because Three planes (1 floor + 2 walls) are reflected, like a Double, from the opposite side of the room. It turns out that our room can be more perfect with two such compound angles, i.e. the sum of the numbers 1 + 2 and 1 + 2 = 3 and 3, = 33, = 6. The number 6 is the number of Perfection not only in mathematics. Thus, we will consider the Third Dimension double three plane, or a six-rayed figure (STAR in alphabetical order this word = 33). In Geometry, this is the figure of the Cube. In the number 3, which stands in its place after the mirror Two, the number 6 is “hidden”, which arises from the union of the first three numbers, i.e. 1 + 2 + 3 = 6. We do not live in the Cube, considering it a dimension of space, but in a half cube, and it looks like a HUT - the word mirrors duality. On one side of the cube you will get two squares, and on the other two triangles. A square base connects one half cube to another.
Transferring this example with a room to the Space of the Universe, and to a living entity, you will need to understand that two the adjacent walls of the room (similar to SHALASH - a mirror word) are the world of the Earth and our Body. Land having two directions of movement (around the Sun and around its axis) and the Bodies of earthly people who have two sexes (male and female) reflect the Second Dimension of Space and Time. The word EARTH and the word MIRROR have the same number - 75. The floor in the room is the world of our satellite the Moon, and for living beings these are our invisible Bodies, which we call Souls. The World of the Moon and Soul is the First Dimension of Space and Time.
The established Partnership (LIBRA) of two dimensions, and therefore Body and Soul, will lead us to the Third Dimension of Space and Time of the Universe, which now exists on the Sun-star, where living beings are located with their developed light Body, which we know as Spirit.
Living on Earth, we lose sight of our Soul of the First Dimension, which we can only feel or assume. Only the earthly Body of the Second Dimension becomes visible. At some moments in life, a “Remembering” of one’s cosmic origin comes, or a belief in the Soul may arise. A person understands his immortality, meaning his Soul, and his mortality of a temporarily existing earthly Body. The concepts arise: “Circle of lives and deaths”, “Incarnation of the Soul into the Body”, “Wheel of Samsara”. There is also a desire for “Salvation” from such a cycle, because... the imperfection of the world, its incompleteness, is understood.
You can “be saved” if you receive Knowledge about the world, changing your consciousness from the perception of the Second Dimension to the perception of the Third. But it is very difficult to gain the consciousness of the Third Dimension here on Earth, because... bipolar perception of everything that exists in the earthly world inclines us to one or the second pole to express our opinion, perception, judgment... - which is CHOICE. First we need to understand everything that concerns the Second Dimension, the dimension in which we now have to live.
Time is not the Fourth Dimension of Space, as many people believe today. This category is inherent only in the first three dimensions, but not in the Fourth. The fourth is considered to be Eternity, which reflects the Simultaneous perception of Three-Dimensional Time. Time has Three dimensions, according to Space. So the First Dimension of Time exists for our Souls living on the Moon as the PAST. The second dimension exists here on Earth for our physical Bodies, as a moment of the PRESENT. The third dimension of Time exists on the Sun for the spiritual Body, as the FUTURE.
Time is the movement of Eternity, the flow of events flowing from it, weaving the plots of Fate.
A person needs to understand that living by Fate is very difficult, because... it comes from the Future Time, i.e. from the Third Dimension. Living in the Future means that a person has no desires, he accepts an unknown Fate, even if it does not suit him. If there are desires, then the person lives in the Past, because everything that is thought already lives in the past tense. This should be understood not as Fate, but as Karma, when a person desires something according to the scenario existing in the Soul. It turns out that karmic life is formed in the First Dimension. In union with the earthly Second Dimension, the “ILLUSION OF THE FUTURE” is obtained, and the FUTURE itself remains unlived. This all determines repeated incarnations, because there is no movement towards the Third Dimension.
The two-dimensionality of the perception of Time is expressed for earthly man in the rotation of the planet around its axis and around the Sun. The number of daily and annual revolutions can be considered only as a dimension of Time, but not as Time itself. Seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years, centuries... - all this is the infinity of the unit-second. For the convenience of counting, we combined seconds into other types of names, otherwise we would not be able to calculate life (it would not be convenient).
The two-dimensionality of the perception of Time can be described as movement in a closed circle, which implies two semicircles. The starting point and the ending point, meeting, ultimately have 86400 unit-seconds, or 14400 minutes, or 24 hours, or 1 day.
As you can see: it is more convenient to use days, although everything is the same measurement: the sum of seconds. For the Earth, this circle is its equator (or any imaginary circle whose axis would pass through the center of the Earth).
The time of the Third Dimension passes into our dimension of space (second), becoming two-dimensional.
Our luminaries: the Sun and the Moon, according to the same duality, are alternately present in the sky, but sometimes, striving towards the Whole, i.e. to the next dimension, appear together. An eclipse is a union of two luminaries that are opposite in terms of the illumination of the Earth, pointing at that moment to the Third Dimension, because The Earth, Moon and Sun are lined up along one line.
The Earth receives from this union a Destiny for itself from the Third Dimension (i.e. Future Time), which will later be realized by every living living being and by us in our Second Dimension.
Such eclipses in the “Science of Numerical Symbolism and the Sacred Word” (Numerology and Numberology) are called “Sacred Marriage”. The same thing happens in people.
The desire for spirituality implies, or is first felt (intuition), that one’s other half is necessary for life (spiritual, cosmic, or earthly - depends on the level of consciousness).
The connection of opposites gives acceptance and awareness of the Third Dimension, your future. Otherwise (before the connection is made) there will be a run in a circle (the Zodiac). This run means the next birth of a repeatedly repeated life in the physical body.
Thus, spirituality is a Third Dimensional concept. Spiritual improvement means living Fate from the Future, and not from its projection, or its opposite, i.e. from past. If the future does not come to life because a person desires what the Soul desires, then Karma arises, because. The soul lives in the First Dimension, where Past Time exists. What once “passed” is in the memory - the Soul, and you want to repeat it if there was something pleasant. Or repeat after a person who has something pleasant, and wants to have this pleasant thing himself.
The desire to change Fate ahead of Time gives rise to an extension of Fate and the Future. Living according to Destiny means shortening the Future. This refers to the number of subsequent incarnations, not the length of this life. The measurement of the time of earthly life is similar to units of seconds (years). This is movement in a Circle. Exit from the Circle is exit from incarnations, i.e. This is a movement across the circle, which can mean movement along a radius, or the expansion of the Circle. The expansion of consciousness is thus main indicator a person who has come into contact with what is Time.
This is carried out by the thirteenth sign of the Zodiac - Ophiuchus. But its influence is also dual (good and bad), because the process of expansion and contraction occurs along the same radii. The direction is important: centrifugal or centripetal.
Also, time has two directions: for the physical perception of the body - from the Future to the Past (i.e. we live due to the existence of the Future, what we call Fate, until it passes, becomes the past, the past); for the Soul - from the Past to the Future (i.e., according to desires and actions, the Fate of the Future is determined).
The two states of consciousness of the Second Dimension: waking and sleep are not yet continuous consciousness of the Third Dimension. Life after the birth of the body and after death is also a duality that determines the cycle from life to life through death and conception.
The second dimension of space lies in two states of consciousness: wakefulness and sleep. The division of life into sleep and reality is inherent in this dimension. The connection between life phenomena and dreams, which has not been fully studied by science, does not provide a complete picture that answers the questions posed in this area.
The answers will come when the Third Dimension begins to be perceived, because... our activities in all spheres are divided into three parts (can be considered as the names Faith - Hope - Love), of which only two are perceived (the Second Dimension). So the first part is the questions posed that arise due to information coming from outside. “What’s going on?”, “Why is this like this?” and others: they do not provide an understanding of what is happening, because the first part (Faith) is only Contemplation, perception by the organs of the body, a set of information, both general and specific on the issue of interest.
The first part is the Game.
The second part (Hope) is hints of answers through logical thinking, analysis and synthesis, method of analogy (etc.), which will lead to a single answer in the Future time (in the Third Dimension). The second part is Study, Knowledge.
The third part (Love) is finding the answer that was formed by the second part, the end of study, searching and gaining an understanding of knowledge. The third part is Reason, Creativity.
The three dimensions of consciousness and space are the basis for the perception of the Fourth and further the Fifth dimensions. The main dimension for a person, which he is able to achieve (in perception) in the near future, is the Third, then the Fourth.
The first dimension has the status “Multiple”. Every person is right according to his opinion.
The second dimension is “Conciliarity”. People begin to receive opposite answers, which they also agree with if consciousness has moved to the second part of perception - synthesis, the desire to unite different opinions on one issue.
The third dimension is “Unity”, the implementation of a common view in knowledge. This is what the people, scientists, all people in given time. This is the unity of views that is inherent in the Third Dimension and will be the basis for the perception of the Fourth Dimension.
The fourth dimension is “Completeness”. This is the addition of Unity, Mirror, symmetry, the connection of the visible and invisible. Two three-dimensional dualities: the visible three-dimensional is like one triangle, and the invisible three-dimensional is like the second.
The square (2 x 2 = 4) is already the area of the son of Sophia the Wise (Mother of Peace and daughters of Faith, Hope and Love) whose name is Glory.
The fifth dimension is “Integrity”, the symbol of the Circle, it is Sophia herself (Mother of the World.) Whole perception can be achieved in the Fifth Dimension, which after the Eternity of the Fourth becomes the Divine Kingdom. Only in the Fifth Dimension do we perceive everything truly.
[In mathematics there is the number “Pi” (3.14...), named after Pythagoras. This number contains the essence of the Circle of the Universe. The Circle is the first number 3. Next comes a breakthrough beyond the Circle - the numbers after the decimal point, they indicate the fourth and fifth dimensions (3.1415...)].
Continuing to consider the topic of the duality of consciousness: wakefulness and sleep, I will try to show this in connection with cosmic objects. Main cosmic bodies for the Earth are: the Moon - a satellite and the Sun - a star. Planet Earth itself occupies a dual position: having a satellite near it, it itself is one, but in relation to the Sun.
Being born into the world of the Second Dimension, where the physical Body is present, the First Dimension remains, because the number “two” is obtained by adding two units (1 + 1 = 2). The first dimension has the body of the Soul. Living alternately in two dimensions (First and Second), we have dreams and reality (although everything is reality).
So waking is life physical Body. But one Body is terrestrial (planetary), and the other is lunar (satellite). On Earth we are awake for three parts of the day (morning, afternoon and evening), according to the universal trinity. And on the Moon, living in a dream, we also seem to be awake. And we also dream in three parts: either morning events, or afternoon, or evening events. A dream in a dream means the depth of consciousness and a breakthrough into the fourth perception of space, which may not be a dimension, but only four-dimensionality.
Waking like one state of consciousness has three phases (three dimensions of all things).
A dream, as one thing, also has three phases.
Both the first and second states of consciousness exist alternately only on planet Earth. Although when we are awake, our still undeveloped body of the Third Dimension (Spirit) is present (so far externally) on the Sun, and the body of the First Dimension (Soul) is present on the Moon.
While living on Earth, when we sleep, we find ourselves on visible side The moon, which also has three phases: waxing, full moon, and waning. During life after death, we find ourselves on the far side of the Moon, which is why we cannot see it now. The Moon coincides in its rotation with the Earth not only as a physical random reality, it is also a psychological fact, because refers to our invisible Body and our feelings of the Soul.
Two states of life are two realities that exist equally, but in parallel, like two sides of one thing: the face and the back.
Thus, what we refer to as the Third Dimension of Space turns out to be a continuous state of solar consciousness. The sun-star is our spirituality. Striving towards the Sun, we move against the flow of radiating energy of its rays. That is why it is so difficult to live in the Future time, the time of the Third Dimension, your Destiny. Such people can be called saints (light) great martyrs, because... they lived (are living) not according to desire, but according to the Fate prepared for them, which was formed from past lives. The sun simply does not accept anything into itself, and you can only get there by the Spirit.
The development of Body, Soul and Spirit has its own stages.
In order to gain spirituality, it is necessary to free oneself from the earthly consciousness, then from the lunar one, and this liberation is given only under the condition of knowing one’s habitat. Therefore, the process of studying the World is very important for all people, because... first of all, self-knowledge occurs.
I also want to say about one important phenomenon: just as the Earth, Moon and Sun are perceived by us visible, so our three bodies (Body-Soul-Spirit) are visible. Invisible bodies and the invisible Universe are the next step of humanity on the path of Knowledge. And today's conversations about Soul and Spirit are still the visible space of three separate dimensions, which have their own separate and common perception.
Only after each person on Earth has acquired spirituality will the perception of space change, another type of which exists here. It will seem to us that the world, our habitat, has changed.
And the moment in life will come when there will be a leap in the development of the Earth, because... the union of three dimensions (1 + 2 + 3) is the number Six (6), which will be forced to turn over into the number Nine (9). Both numbers are a copy of each other. This revolution is carried out by the numbers 7 and 8 (intermediate), which you can also become familiar with by studying number theory (Numerology). How many people are enough to carry out this action? How many will be ready at the time of the coup? What if someone doesn’t have time to be ready, what will happen to them? Does the coup mean some kind of global catastrophe?
These and similar questions can arise only in two-dimensional space (question-1, answer-2), because know– this is the Mind of the third dimension, spirituality. Spiritual people are not afraid of change, because... The future is the activity of time (the Sun), leading to Eternity.
The past is passive (Moon). The earth is between two times, and not even in the present time, but only in its moment, which is considered the present.
Speaking about the dimension of Time, we cannot help but say that the duration of residence in the Second Dimension of our body does not depend on the Third Dimension. Even before our birth, when our souls are in the First Dimension of Space, in past time, the prerequisites for the formation of a future Destiny appear. It comes from the past life experience, if there was one, because A wasted life exhausts a person’s energy information collected by the soul, which looks in the Second Dimension as illnesses of the body.
At the time of conception, just as the Sun and Moon are united during an eclipse, and the Earth is on the same imaginary line with them, a “sacred marriage” occurs, and the child’s Fate is determined. The Future tense enters, which becomes the MASTER of the life of the body, determining the time of residence on Earth. And the count began in the measurement of time in the form of seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years.
The ultimate goal of life is death, which allows you to return back to the First Dimension, or move forward into the Third Dimension. The exit from the Second Dimension is decisive, because... only from life, from our knowledge, does the transition take place. Only Knowledge determines the possibility of evolution and movement forward. The life allotted by the MASTER of time (Fate) is exhausted for everyone at a certain year of life. Those who gain knowledge of the Third Dimension can extend the years allotted to life for a longer period. In one birth you can be reincarnated twice, three times. This is called superbirth.
Usually talented people live less, because... from the energy information collected in the past incarnation, everything that is available for life is exhausted, and if there is no flow of receiving the NEW (from the Third Dimension), then death lurks more quickly. If the coefficient of the past is equal to, say, the number 7 (out of 10), then 3 units of measurement are allocated for the future. And only new 10 units can give new superbirths, prolonging life. The union of two dimensions: the First and the Second (“sacred marriage” of Soul and Body) gives rise to the Spirit. This is why the issue of spirituality is very important. The Birth of the Spirit displaces into the Past all existing diseases of the body (into the First Dimension, where it is better not to return), which torment a person during life, and Fate leaves.
The Crucifixion of Fate is a change of position when the person who conquered Time becomes the MASTER.
To the question: “Where can I get such knowledge that comes from the Third Dimension?” – the answer can be expressed in the following lines:
And there is no end to knowledge,
Like a series stretching into the infinity of numbers,
Where each number has its own outfit -
The Veil of Eternity is destined.
How much Knowledge, but how little you need to know:
Only ten numbers, but what combinations?...
Know their essence, and to all your quests
The end will come, because you will learn to read.
The language of numbers is a Universal language, and by learning the “alphabet of numbers” you can achieve a lot. Just as the letters of the alphabet give rise to words, phrases, sentences and texts, so do numbers. Through the Word we receive Knowledge that we can doubt. There is no lie in the number, because... mathematics is an exact science.
Numberology is the union of Word and Number, therefore the birth of the Third (understanding) occurs. Numerology, which is currently known, is a messenger only of the Word, but it is the predecessor of Numberology, broadcasting about Number. And if someone is already interested in numbers and their connection with a person, then the day and hour is not far off when the decisive moment of READINESS will occur: the Student will meet the Teacher. They will find each other, because... The law of esotericism says: “When the Student is ready, the Teacher comes!”
Movement.
In the First Dimension, the movement of objects occurs along a Line - this is the aspiration of the Soul to the Future, but the distance traveled behind (increasing points is the distance traveled), which is the Past, can turn this aspiration and movement back (involution), which most often happens, like attraction to the Beginning, to the Source.
Line is the basis of movement and in the First Dimension it is a symbol of the number 1, and there is only one Line (1).
Second Dimension Movement is Angularity added to Line because... The second dimension does not exist without the first. Due to the fact that the Line tends to infinity, which looks like a Straight line on a plane going into the distance, the Angle attached to it does not allow it to continue this infinity along the Straight Line. There is a movement along closed circle, which remains that infinity that is visible in the physical world of the Second Dimension in the celestial satellite of the Earth. The Moon is a First Dimensional object, so its linear motion appears to be one that is aligned with the Earth's Second Dimensional Angle. That's why we can't see back side Moons, because the movement coincides (the line of the First Dimension coincides with one of the angle lines of the Second Dimension), and during sleep we find ourselves on the visible side, and after death - on the invisible, opposite side. The Earth seems to be “dragging” the Moon along with it.
The Earth itself, as an object of the Second Dimension, has a Double, Angular motion, known to us as an Orbit around the Sun (one direction) and rotation around its axis (the second).
An angle is a symbol of the number 2, therefore in the Second Dimension two Lines (2) already form a figure - an Angle. But this Angle lies in one plane, so the orbit is planar.
We know the movement of the Third Dimension in visible stellar objects, and the closest star to us is the Sun. These objects have a triple movement, which can be geometrically represented as connected by two types of movements: the First and Second dimensions, i.e. An angle with a Line superimposed on it, i.e. flat Angle and third Line, like Height, giving rise above the plane and Volume. The movement is directed along three Lines.
A Triangle, a symbol of the number 3, is formed on the plane, and in the Third Dimension already Three Lines (3) form a Triangle - the first closed figure on the plane and a Pyramid of Triangular faces in volume. The word STAR = 33 shows this with its Threes: one Three is a Triangle on a plane, and the other indicates their presence in volume (in the amount of three triangles).
Movement acquires that property that we know as a state of relative rest. It seems like there is no need to strive for anything, because... the space is “pulled” inside the created volume. Resilience, which we know as, emerges. here and everywhere(space) and now and always(time). At this Time on the planet-star there is no dependence on the space of the Second and First dimensions, and the existing new form allows you not to lose existing Content. Nothing comes from the stars, because A triangle is a closed figure. These objects live their own inner Light. Our Second Dimension and First Dimension for the Star are inside their volume (i.e. we are inside the Sun, although we cannot perceive this and our perception may be - outside, or behind Sun). Everything we can see and count as LIGHT is a reflection of the energy-substance of its Two Dimensions, which have no Forms and fill their lives with what returns from sources of the Third Dimension, in particular the Sun and stars.
The science of Astrology is built on this. We both fill and lose - this is our bipolar life, in which the figure of the Angle has in the symbolism of Everyday life the form of a Cup, from which we have to draw energy for life, and if we do not fill it (the desire for Knowledge is filling), then the form is collapsing(a person is exposed to diseases and bad events Fate) until leaving for the First Dimension (and the transition to it is death). The first dimension cannot be filled due to lack of form.
The Third Dimension preserves what was received during the period of the Second Dimension, during life in which a person filled himself with Knowledge to the Limit of the Second Dimension and to the foundations of the Third Dimension. This is Renunciation of the World, when the whole world is concentrated in a person. This becomes alien to him aging the world is ready for new. But getting there means: leave All dual, i.e. balance two strength, Two opposites, achieve friendship. This only chance, which will lead to a place where everything is available and you don’t need to acquire anything.
This is a world of Quality, as opposed to our Quantitative world. All Stars are United in the Third Dimension, but in our Quantitative world we see their Multitude. We need to renounce Quantity, everything that will delay our entry into the Third Dimension (and since we are already in it, we just need to prepare for a new perception by receiving Knowledge).
The Third Dimension will give us a state of consciousness - always Awake, as opposed to sleeping in the First Dimension and alternately changing from sleepy to awake in the Second Dimension.
This is not like our waking life, which is subject to slump (fatigue leading to a state of sleep) due to the Quantitatively perceived world. There is already another wakefulness - High quality look, and fatigue does not occur.
And only the Fourth perception in the Fourth Dimension of space will plunge us into the state of Eternal Sleep - Quality Time, which is Eternity. In the Third Dimension Time is the Future, i.e. this is a constant stay in the Present time, and not in a moment between the Past and the Future, as we now have in the Second Dimension. In the Fourth Dimension we will plunge into a state of Eternal Sleep, where the entire past Evolution in Memory will pass before us different types bodies, not just human ones. Death after that existence will be awakening after Eternal Sleep, sort of like Death from all Deaths.
With awakening, we will find ourselves at the threshold of the Fifth Dimension - the Kingdom of God, where Number of Three dimensions with the Quality of the Fourth (for now, for us Quality is the Third Dimension that we can achieve).
It is advisable not to miss Time, because... The future eludes us, it is difficult to accept it without balance. It's easier to live in the past. It is easier to spin around the Circle, it is more difficult to go across it, along the RADIUS (74) to the CENTER (83), bypassing many levels that reflect this Center in NUMBER (83).
About the Devil.
I should also say about the devil, of whom people who consider themselves to belong to the light category are afraid. Light – shines in darkness, and for Darkness. Love extends to everything around us and to what seems bad to us. When the Whole is divided into two, into two opposites - this is not bad and not good (which is true only for us) - this is a necessity.
The Circle is part of the Common Ball. If a line cuts this circle in half, you will get two semicircles. The line is called diameter (divides in half). Word DIAMETER = 74 (11). TIME = 74 is formed. Two diameters reflect duality, because one line is 1 (there must be 2 to reflect the duality of the two: division). It turns out the Cross (four phases), and in time it is morning, day, evening and night (the circle is a day).
Diameter – dia And meter: 16 and 58 = 7 and 4. Diameter fluctuation is a wave, and wave = 48. First syllable: dia= 16 (from diameter), and the first syllable: ox(from the wave) results in a new word DEVIL = 16 + 32 = 48 (equal to the number of the wave and the word SECRET, something invisible). Modern word DEVIL – has the meanings: devil = 68 (number of the word CHILD = 68) + ox 32, and in total 68 + 32 = 100. We go through what we call the DEVIL to the number of the Whole value 1 (100 = 1), number 68 = 14 = 5 and the number 32 = 5, i.e. 5 and 5 (10 = 1). CIRCLE = 55 (10 = 1). Win the devil is to gain spiritual vision, Wholeness. Then there will be no talk about the fear of the devil, which appears in communication between people today. “It’s all from the devil,” you can hear even from believers who are far from any teaching. For them more important than prayer and mantras, observance of rituals, fasts and commandments. They believed and stopped.
But we need to go on the WAY (88), we are called by the FUTURE (88), which attracts people to itself through Numberology, giving rise to interest in NUMBER (83). Therefore, to break away from the Circle (and the signs of the Zodiac) means to break away from the usual gyre life and accept the TEACHING (= 83). This is Spiritual Baptism.
We need to become a Wanderer who is always on the Path, and the word Wanderer = 110, helping to be in balance. This does not mean that you need to leave your houses, apartments and travel. The wanderer is our consciousness, receiving new impressions from the Path of Knowledge along which it goes step by step.
- Tutorial
Introduction
Hi all! After completing the cycle on sensors, there were various questions about measuring the consumption parameters of household and not very electrical appliances. Who consumes how much, how to connect what to measure, what subtleties there are, and so on. It's time to reveal all the cards in this area.In this series of articles we will look at the topic of measuring electricity parameters. These parameters are actually very a large number of, which I will try to gradually talk about in small series.
So far there are three series planned:
- Electricity measurement.
- Power quality.
- Devices for measuring electricity parameters.
Based on the results of the entire cycle, we will produce some kind of smart electricity meter with Internet access. Completely inveterate fans of controlling the electrical appliances of their smart home can provide all possible assistance in implementing the communication part on a base, for example, MajorDomo. Let's make it OpenSource smart House better, so to speak.
In this two-part series, we will explore the following questions:
- Connecting current and voltage sensors in devices direct current, as well as single-phase and three-phase circuits alternating current;
- Measurement of effective values of current and voltage;
- Power factor measurement;
- Total, active and reactive power;
- Electricity consumption;
1. Connecting sensors
In the last series about voltage and current sensors, I talked about the types of sensors, but did not talk about how to use them and where to place them. It's time to fix it
Connecting DC Sensors
It is clear that the entire series will be devoted to AC systems, but let’s quickly go over DC circuits, as this may be useful to us when developing DC power supplies. Take for example a classic PWM buck converter:
Figure 1. PWM Buck Converter
Our task is to provide a stabilized output voltage. In addition, based on information from the current sensor, it is possible to control the operating mode of inductor L1, preventing its saturation, and also implement current protection of the converter. And to be honest, there aren’t really any options for installing sensors.
A voltage sensor in the form of a resistive divider R1-R2, which is the only one capable of operating at direct current, is installed at the output of the converter. As a rule, a specialized converter chip has an input feedback, and makes every effort to ensure that this input (3) has a certain voltage level specified in the documentation for the microcircuit. For example 1.25V. If our output voltage coincides with this level - everything is fine - we directly apply the output voltage to this input. If not, then set the divider. If we need to provide an output voltage of 5V, then the divider must provide a division factor of 4, i.e. For example, R1 = 30k, R2 = 10k.
The current sensor is usually installed between the power supply and the converter and on the chip. Based on the potential difference between points 1 and 2, and with a known resistance, resistors Rs can be determined present value current of our inductor. Installing a current sensor between the sources and the load is not the best good idea, since the filter capacitor will be cut off by a resistor from pulse current consumers. Installing a resistor in the gap of the common wire also does not bode well - there will be two ground levels with which it will be a pleasure to tinker.
Voltage drop problems can be avoided by using contactless sensors current - for example hall sensors:
Figure 2. Non-contact current sensor
However there are more tricky way current measurements. After all, the voltage drops across the transistor in exactly the same way and the same current flows through it as the inductance. Consequently, the current value of the current can also be determined from the voltage drop across it. Honestly, if you look at the internal structure of converter chips, for example, from Texas Instruments, then this method is as common as the previous ones. The accuracy of this method is of course not the highest, but this is quite enough for the current cutoff to work.
Fig 3. Transistor as a current sensor
We do the same in other circuits of similar converters, whether boosting or inverting.
However, it is necessary to separately mention transformer forward and flyback converters.
Figure 4. Connecting current sensors in flyback converters
They can also use either an external resistance or a transistor in its role.
This is where we are done with connecting sensors to DC converters. If you have suggestions for other options, I will be happy to supplement the article with them.
1.2 Connecting sensors to single-phase AC circuits
In AC circuits we have much more choice possible sensors. Let's consider several options.The simplest is to use a resistive voltage divider and a current shunt.
Figure 5. Connecting resistor sensors
However, it has a couple of significant disadvantages:
Firstly, we will either provide a significant amplitude of the signal from the current shunt by allocating a large amount of power to it, or we will be content with a small amplitude of the signal and subsequently amplify it. And secondly, the resistor creates a potential difference between the network neutral and the device neutral. If the device is isolated, then this does not matter, but if the device has a grounding terminal, then we risk being left without a signal from the current sensor, since we will short-circuit it. It might be worth trying sensors that operate on other principles.
For example, we will use current and voltage transformers, or a Hall effect current sensor and a voltage transformer. There is much more possibilities on working with equipment, since neutral wire has no losses, and most importantly - in both cases there is galvanic isolation measuring equipment, which can often come in handy. However, it must be taken into account that transformer current and voltage sensors have limited frequency response and if we want to measure the harmonic composition of distortions, then we are not sure what will happen.
Figure 6. Connecting transformer and non-contact current and voltage sensors
1.3 Connecting sensors to multi-phase AC circuits
In multiphase networks, our ability to connect current sensors is slightly less. This is due to the fact that it will not be possible to use a current shunt at all, since the potential difference between the phase shunts will fluctuate within hundreds of volts and I don’t know of any controller general use, whose analog inputs can withstand such abuse.Of course, there is one way to use current shunts - for each channel you need to make a galvanically isolated analog input. But it is much easier and more reliable to use other sensors.
In my quality analyzer I use resistive voltage dividers and remote sensors current on the Hall effect.
Figure 7. Current sensors in a three-phase network
As you can see from the figure, we are using a four-wire connection. Of course, instead of Hall effect current sensors, you can use current transformers or Rogowski loops.
Instead of resistive dividers, voltage transformers can be used, both for four-wire and three-wire systems.
In the latter case, the primary windings of the voltage transformers are connected by a triangle, and the secondary windings by a star, the common point of which is common point measuring circuit
Figure 8.Use of voltage transformers in a three-phase network
2 RMS value of current and voltage
It's time to solve the problem of measuring our signals. Practical significance for us, it primarily represents the effective value of current and voltage.
Let me remind you of the equipment from the series on sensors. Using the ADC of our microcontroller, we will record the instantaneous voltage value at regular intervals. Thus, during the measurement period we will have an array of data on the level of the instantaneous voltage value (for current everything is similar).
Figure 9. Series of instantaneous voltage values
Our task is to calculate the effective value. First, let's use the integral formula:
(1)IN digital system we have to limit ourselves to a certain quantum of time, so we move on to the sum:
(2)Where is the sampling period of our signal, and is the number of samples during the measurement period. Somewhere here in the video I start talking nonsense about the equality of areas. I should have gotten some sleep that day. =)
In the MSP430FE4252 microcontrollers, which are used in single-phase Mercury electricity meters, 4096 counts are made over a measurement period of 1, 2 or 4 seconds. We will rely on T=1c and N=4096 in what follows. Moreover, 4096 points per second will allow us to use fast Fourier transform algorithms to determine harmonic spectrum up to 40 harmonics, as required by GOST. But more on that in the next episode.
Let's sketch out an algorithm for our program. We need to ensure a stable launch of the ADC every 1/8192 seconds, since we have two channels and we will measure this data alternately. To do this, set up a timer and the interrupt signal will automatically restart the ADC. All ADCs can do this.
We will write the future program on arduino, since many people have it at hand. For now, our interest is purely academic.
Having a system quartz frequency of 16 MHz and an 8-bit timer (so that life doesn’t seem like honey), we need to ensure that any timer interrupt operates at a frequency of 8192 Hz.
We are sad that 16 MHz is not divided as much as we need and the final operating frequency of the timer is 8198 Hz. We close our eyes to the error of 0.04% and still read 4096 samples per channel.
We are sad that the overflow interrupt in arduino is busy calculating time (responsible for millis and delay, so it will stop working normally), so we use the comparison interrupt.
And we suddenly realize that the signal coming to us is bipolar, and that msp430fe4252 copes with it perfectly. We are content with a unipolar ADC, so we assemble a simple bipolar to unipolar signal converter using an operational amplifier:
Fig 10. Bipolar to unipolar signal converter
Moreover, our task is to ensure that our sinusoid oscillates relative to half the reference voltage - then we will either subtract half the range or activate the option in the ADC settings and get signed values.
The Arduino has a 10-bit ADC, so we will subtract half from the unsigned result in the range 0-1023 and get -512-511.
We check the model assembled in LTSpiceIV and make sure that everything works as it should. In the video material we are additionally convinced experimentally.
Figure 11. Simulation result. Green is the source signal, blue is the output signal.
Sketch for Arduino for one channel
void setup() ( autoadcsetup(); DDRD |=(1<
The program is written in the Arduino IDE for the ATmega1280 microcontroller. On my debug board, the first 8 channels are routed for the internal needs of the board, so the ADC8 channel is used. It is possible to use this sketch for a board with ATmega168, but you must select the correct channel.
Inside the interrupts, we distort a couple of service pins to clearly see the operating digitization frequency.
A few words about where the coefficient 102 came from. At the first start, a signal of various amplitudes was supplied from the generator, the effective voltage value was read from the oscilloscope, and the calculated value in absolute ADC units was taken from the console.
| Umax, V | Urms, B | Counted |
| 3 | 2,08 | 212 |
| 2,5 | 1,73 | 176 |
| 2 | 1,38 | 141 |
| 1,5 | 1,03 | 106 |
| 1 | 0,684 | 71 |
| 0,5 | 0,358 | 36 |
| 0,25 | 0,179 | 19 |
Dividing the values of the third column by the values of the second we get an average of 102. This will be our “calibration” coefficient. However, you can notice that as the voltage decreases, the accuracy drops sharply. This is due to the low sensitivity of our ADC. In fact, 10 digits for accurate calculations is catastrophically small, and if it is quite possible to measure the voltage in a socket in this way, then using a 10-bit ADC to measure the current consumed by the load will be a crime against metrology.
At this point we will take a break. In the next part, we will consider the other three questions in this series and will smoothly move on to creating the device itself.
You will find the presented firmware, as well as other firmware for this series (since I shoot video materials faster than I prepare articles) in the repository on GitHub.