"Russian History from the Most Ancient Times": work involuntarily. Vasily Tatishchev Russian history
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V.N. Tatishchev. Russian history.
Adaptation from Late Slavic - O. Kolesnikov (2000-2002)
PART ONE
Advice on the history of general and Russian history
I. What is history? History is a Greek word that means the same as ours. events or deeds; and although some believe that since events or deeds are always deeds committed by people, it means that natural or supernatural adventures should not be considered, but, having carefully examined, everyone will understand that there cannot be an adventure that cannot be called an act, for nothing itself cannot happen by itself and without a cause or external action. The reasons for every adventure are different, both from God and from man, but enough about that, I won’t go into more detail. Whoever is interested in an explanation of this, I advise you to familiarize yourself with “Physics” and “Morality” by Mr. Wolf1.
Divine. Church. Civil. Natural. What history contains in itself is impossible to say briefly, because the circumstances and intentions of writers are different in this regard. So, it happens depending on the circumstances: 1) History is sacred or holy, but it is better to say divine; 2) Ecclesiastics, or church; 3) Politics or civil, but we are more accustomed to calling it secular; 4) Sciences and scientists. And some others, not so well known. Of these, the first represents divine works, as Moses and other prophets and apostles described. Adjacent to it is the natural or natural history, about actions produced by the forces invested during creation by God. Natural describes everything that happens in the elements, that is, fire, air, water and earth, as well as on earth - in animals, plants and underground. In the church - about dogmas, statutes, orders, the application of any circumstances in the church, as well as about heresies, debates, affirmations of the right in faith and the refutation of wrong heretical or schismatic opinions and arguments, and also church rituals and orders in worship. The secular includes quite a lot, but mainly all human deeds, good and praiseworthy or vicious and evil. In the fourth, about the beginning and origin of various scientific names, sciences and learned people, as well as books published by them and other such things, from which general benefit comes.
II. The benefits of history. There is no need to talk about the benefits of history, which everyone can see and feel. However, since some have the habit of examining and reasoning about things clearly and in detail, repeatedly, to the extent that their meaning is damaged, putting what is useful into harm’s way, and what is harmful into being useful, and therefore making mistakes in actions and deeds, it is not without regret that I hear similar reasoning about the uselessness of history happened, and therefore I decided that it would be useful to briefly explain this.
First, let us consider that history is nothing more than the recollection of past deeds and adventures, good and evil, therefore everything that we have known and remembered before ancient or recent times through hearing, vision or sensation is the real history that we or from his own, or from other people’s deeds, teaches to be diligent about good, and to beware of evil. For example, when I remember that yesterday I saw a fisherman catching fish and thereby acquiring considerable benefit for himself, then, of course, I have in my mind some compulsion in the same way to be diligent about the same acquisition; or as I saw yesterday a thief or other villain condemned to heavy punishment or death, then, of course, the fear of such a deed, which exposes me to destruction, will deter me. In the same way, all the ancient stories and events we read are sometimes imagined so sensitively to us, as if we ourselves had seen and felt them.
Therefore, we can briefly say that no person, no settlement, industry, science, nor any government, much less one person on his own, without knowledge of it, can be perfect, wise and useful. For example, taking the sciences.
Theology needs history. The first and highest is theology, that is, knowledge about God, his wisdom, omnipotence, which alone leads us to future bliss, etc. But no theologian can be called wise if he does not know the ancient deeds of God declared to us in the holy scriptures , as well as when, with whom, about what in dogma or confession the debate was, by whom what was approved or refuted, for what ancient church some statutes or procedures were applied, abandoned, and new ones were introduced. Consequently, they simply need divine and ecclesiastical history, and also civil history, as Guetius2, the glorious French theologian, sufficiently demonstrated.
Lawyer uses history. The second science is jurisprudence, which teaches good morals and the duties of everyone before God, before themselves and others, and therefore, the acquisition of peace of mind and body. But no lawyer can be called wise if he does not know the previous interpretations and debates about natural and civil laws. And how can a judge judge the right case if he does not know the ancient and new laws and reasons for their applications? To do this, he needs to know the history of laws.
The third is medicine or medicine, which consists of preserving a person’s health, and returning what was lost, or at least preventing developmental diseases. This science depends entirely on history, for he must receive from the ancients knowledge of what causes which disease, what medicines and how it is treated, what medicine has what power and effect, which no one in a hundred years could know by his own testing and inquiry, and there is such a danger in doing experiments on patients that it can destroy them soul and body, although this often happens with some ignorant people. I don’t mention many other parts of philosophy, but briefly we can say that all philosophy is based on history and is supported by it, for everything that we find in the ancients, right or wrong and vicious opinions, is the essence of history for our knowledge and reasons for correction.
Political part. Janus. Politics is one of the three different parts consists of: internal management, or economy, external reasoning and military actions. All these three are not less history require and cannot be perfect without it, because economic management you need to know what harms happened from what before, in what way they were averted or reduced, what benefits and through what were acquired and preserved, according to which it is possible to wisely reason about the present and future. Because of this wisdom, the ancient Latins depicted their king Janus with two faces, because he knew in detail about the past and wisely reasoned about the future from examples.
Vasily TatishchevThe great-granddaughter of V.N. Tatishchev E.P. Yankova, from whose words her grandson D.D. Blagovo compiled the famous memoirs “Grandma’s Stories,” recalled that when N.M. Karamzin decided to write Russian history, many over They joked with him and said: “Well, where can some Karamzin compete with Tatishchev and Shcherbatov.” By this time, the future author of the “History of the Russian State” had not only carefully studied Tatishchev’s work, but also gave it a not entirely flattering assessment (Pantheon of Russian Authors // Bulletin of Europe. 1802. No. 20), which had a significant impact on scientific research. Tatishchev's reputation. Recognizing the tireless energy of his predecessor in the search for handwritten and printed sources, his active mind and passionate desire for historical sciences, Karamzin, however, noted that “this hardworking husband” could not “do everything in his head” and instead of history, he left for descendants only materials for it, providing the chronicle corpus he prepared with not always convincing comments.
Even contemporaries who read it in manuscript complained about the lack of “order and structure” in Russian History. Tatishchev himself, in the preface to the work, explained his position as follows: “I am not composing an eloquent composition for the amusement of the readers, but from old writers in their very order and dialect, as they laid down, but about sweet speech and criticism I wasn’t diligent.”
Later, the historian S. M. Solovyov, who had great respect for Tatishchev, would see his merit precisely in the fact that the chronicle code he prepared, equipped with geographical, ethnographic, chronological notes, “showed the way and gave the means to his compatriots to study Russian history " Modern scientists, having elevated Tatischev to the rank of “father of Russian historiography,” continue to ask the question: who wrote “Russian History” - the first Russian historian or the last chronicler?
Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev collected materials for “History” for thirty years. And almost all this time he was in service. In 1693, at the age of seven, Vasily Tatishchev was taken as a steward to the court of Praskovya Fedorovna, the wife of Tsar Ivan Alekseevich and a distant relative of the Tatishchevs. He would serve in the army for sixteen years, mainly in the artillery, and would take part in the battle of Narva, the Battle of Poltava, and the Prut campaign. Inspector of the Ural metallurgical plants (1720-1722), member of the Moscow Mint Office (1727-1733), governor of the Ural region (1734-1737), head of the Orenburg expedition (1737-1739) and the Kalmyk Collegium (1739-1741), governor of the Astrakhan region (1741-1745) - not like that full list Tatischev's positions. And although during trips abroad to Prussia, Saxony, Sweden and England, he had the opportunity to learn fortification, mining and coin making, most often he had to acquire new professional skills on the spot. However, for the 18th century, which believed that an enlightened person, with diligence, could cope with any task, this was a common occurrence.
The “beginning” of Tatishchev’s historical research was also associated with his official activities - as an assistant to Field Marshal Count Y. V. Bruce, who in 1716 decided to compose a detailed geography Russian state with land maps of all destinies and information about all cities. Due to the lack of time for desk studies, Bruce entrusted the main responsibilities for compiling geography to his assistant. Having started work, Tatishchev immediately realized that without ancient history it is “impossible” to compose geography, and therefore he soon left geography and began “to be diligent about the collection of this history.”
In Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kazan, Siberia, Astra-Khan - wherever Tatishchev found himself on official business, he did not miss the opportunity to rummage through the archives. He knew many personal libraries, in particular book collection leader of the “supreme leaders” D. M. Golitsyn. Buying books in Russia and abroad, Tatishchev compiled his own extensive library, numbering about a thousand volumes.
In 1745, five years before his death, Vasily Nikitich, by decree of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, was dismissed from service and exiled to his estate Boldino, Dmitrovsky district, Moscow province. Last years disgraced Astrakhan governor were dedicated to putting “Russian History” in order.
Tatishchev tried to publish his work back in 1739, introducing the manuscript to members of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and acquaintances, including Novgorod Archbishop Ambrose. The court of contemporaries turned out to be strict, but not unanimous. Some found that Tatishchev's work was too short, others that it was too lengthy, and others even accused the author of betraying the Orthodox faith. Having failed to achieve a positive decision in Russia, Tatishchev made attempts to publish “History” in England. It was for this purpose, as researchers believe, that he donated the manuscript of the Rostov Chronicle to the English royal collection. However, despite all his efforts, Tatishchev was not able to see his work published.
The publication of “Russian History,” divided by the author into four books, took eighty years. The first three books were published by Moscow University based on lists provided by Tatishchev’s son, Evgraf Vasilyevich. Work on preparing the manuscript for printing was carried out under the supervision of the historian G. F. Miller, who corrected, in particular, the scribes’ errors in writing geographical names and ethnographic realities. Having decided to begin publication as quickly as possible, Miller, at the request of Moscow University, divided Tatishchev’s first book into two parts, published in 1768 and 1769. The next two books appeared in 1773 and 1774. The fourth book, published in St. Petersburg, appeared only in 1784, and the last, fifth, part of the “History” (or the fourth, according to Tatishchev’s chronological division) was published by the Imperial Society of Russian History and Antiquities in 1848 from a manuscript discovered M.P. Pogodin.
“Russian History from the Most Ancient Times” is a somewhat journalistic work. Both in the extensive preface and in the text of the essay, the author set himself the task of defending Russian history from the attacks of “European” scientists who argued that Ancient Rus' did not leave behind her own written monuments. The “history” was extended only to the reign of Ivan the Terrible, although Tatishchev had plenty of materials from later times, including the Peter the Great era. In the preface, the historian explained why he did not dare to continue his work chronologically: “In real history Great vices will appear in many noble families, which, if written down, will incite them or their heirs to malice, and to bypass them will destroy the truth and clarity of history or turn the blame onto those who judged, if it was not in agreement with their conscience; For this reason I leave it for others to write.”
+: works of publicists +: works of writers
The compiler of the first edition of PVL is considered +: Nestor
The compiler of the second edition of the PVL is considered to be: +: Sylvester
In the XYI century it was written:
+: “The story of the Grand Duke of Moscow” A.M. Kurbsky
In the XYI century it was written: +: Facial vault
In the XYI century written: +: Degree book
“The Story of the Grand Duke of Moscow” A.M. Kurbsky was created in: +: ХYI century.
“Scythian History” by A.I. Lyzlova was created in: +: XYII century.
The first printed (typographical) historical work in Rus'+: Synopsis
L1: “The story of the Grand Duke of Moscow”
R1: A.M. Kurbsky
L2: "Scythian history"
R2: A.I. Lyzlov
L3: "History..."
R3: Fedor Griboyedov
R4: Nestor
“The Core of Russian History” was created by: +: A.I. Mankiev
“The History of Emperor Peter the Great from his birth to the Battle of Poltava” was created by: +: F. Prokopovich
“Discourse on the causes of the Sveian War” created by: +: P.P. Shafirov
“Russian History from the Most Ancient Times” was created by: +: V.N. Tatishchev
“Ancient Russian History” and “Brief Russian Chronicler” were created by:
+: M.V. Lomonosov
Correspondence between the title of the work and its author:
L1: “The history of Emperor Peter the Great from his birth to the Battle of Poltava”
R1: P.P.Prokopovich
L2: “Russian history from the most ancient times”
R2: V.N. Tatishchev
L3: “Brief Russian Chronicler”
R3: M.V. Lomonosov
L4: “Discourse on the causes of the Sveian War”
R4: P.P. Shafirov
L5: “The Core of Russian History”
R5: A.I. Mankiev
The ancestor (father) of the Russian historical science usually considered:
+: V.N. Tatishcheva
+: A.L. Schletser
In the 18th century a historian of German origin worked in Russia: +: G.Z. Bayer
In the 18th century a historian of German origin worked in Russia:+: G.F. Miller
Attempts to restore the original text of the PVL and transfer scientific methods of criticizing sources to Russia were made by: +: A.L. Schletser
The work “On the Damage to Morals in Russia” belongs to: +: M.M. Shcherbatov
M.M. Shcherbatov’s work “On the corruption of morals in Russia” was written in: +: ХYIII century
I.I. Golikov is a representative of:
+: merchant (early bourgeois) direction Published by N.I. Novikov’s “Ancient Russian Vivliofika” was:
+: archival historical magazine
: Correspondence between the title of the work and its author:
L1: “History of the Russian State”
R1: N.M. Karamzin
L2: “Brief Russian Chronicler”
R2: M.V. Lomonosov
L3: “Acts of Peter the Great, the wise transformer of Russia”
R3: I.I. Golikov
L4: “On the damage to morals in Russia”
R4: M.M. Shcherbatov
The Decembrists were representatives of the +: radical educational movement
is our first historian and last chronicler" (A.S. Pushkin)
+: Karamzin
Highly appreciated the work of N.M. Karamzin, the creator of a kind of “Karamziniad”:+: M.P. Pogodin+: second third of the 19th century
The works “The Accession to the Throne of Emperor Nicholas I” and “The Life of Count Speransky” were written by: +: M.A. Corfu
+: N.I. Kostomarov
L1: N.M. Karamzin
R1: “History of the Russian State”
L2: N.I. Kostomarov
R2: “Russian history in the biographies of its main figures”
L3: M.P. Pogodin
R3: “The fight, not to the stomach, but to the death, against new historical heresies”
L4: S.M. Soloviev
R4: “History of Russia since ancient times” in 29 volumes
+: N.K. Schilder
Books on the history of Russian emperors at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries. wrote:
+: S.S. Tatishchev
Books on the history of Russian emperors, as well as reference books on the capital’s necropolises, were compiled at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries:
+: Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich (Romanov)
+: N.K. Mikhailovsky
“Essays on the history of the Time of Troubles in the Moscow State of the 19th – 19th centuries.” written by: +: S.F. Platonov
“Essays on the history of Russian culture” -+: P.N. Miliukov
“Russian History Course” was created by: +: V.O. Klyuchevsky
“Methodology of History” written+: A.S. Lappo-Danilevsky
A professional Marxist historian was: +: M.N. Pokrovsky
“Russian history from ancient times” and “Russian history in the most concise outline” were written by a Marxist historian+: M.N. Pokrovsky
“Russian history from a sociological point of view” and “Russian history in comparative historical coverage” in 12 volumes written by: +: N.A. Rozhkov
Correspondence
L1: “Russian history course”
R1: V.O. Klyuchevsky
L2: “Russian history in the most concise outline”
R2: M.N. Pokrovsky
L3: “Essays on the history of Russian culture”
R3: P.N. Miliukov
L4: “Russian history from a sociological point of view”
R4: A.N. Rozhkov
L5: “Essays on the history of the Time of Troubles in the Moscow State of the XYI – XYII centuries.”
R5: S.F. Platonov-
Life activities of Russian historians:
1: S.M. Soloviev
2: I.I. Golikov
3: M.T. Kachenovsky
4: V.N. Tatishchev
Chronological sequence
1: A.I. Mankiev
2: A.N. Radishchev
3: N.M. Karamzin
4: M.P. Pogodin
5: A.N. Rozhkov
Chronological sequence
1: P.P. Shafirov
2: M.M. Shcherbatov
3: N.A. Field
4: V.O. Klyuchevsky
5: B.D. Grekov
Chronological sequence
1: F. Prokopovich
2: I.N. Boltin
3: K.A. Aksakov
4: D.I. Ilovaisky
5: B.A. Rybakov
Chronological sequence
1: G.F. Miller
2: K.D. Kavelin
3: A.S. Lappo-Danilevsky
4: A.M. Pankratova
5: Yu.N. Afanasiev
Chronological sequence
1: G.Z. Bayer
2: N.M. Karamzin
3: B.N. Chicherin
4: S.F. Platonov
5: A.A. Zimin
Chronological sequence
1: A.L. Schletser
2: M.T. Kachenovsky
3: N.I. Kostomarov
4: G.V. Plekhanov
5: L.N. Gumilev
Chronological sequence
1: M.V. Lomonosov
2: N.G. Ustryalov
3: N.K. Schilder
4: M.N. Pokrovsky
5: M.V. Nechkina
He left a series of aphorisms on Russian history: +: V.O. Klyuchevsky
A representative of the Moscow historical school, who studied the reforms of Peter I and began preparing a detailed biographical chronicle of Peter the Great:
+: M.M. Theological
Representative of the Moscow historical school, leader of the Cadet Party, Minister of Foreign Affairs in the first Provisional Government: +: P.N. Miliukov
“Revelations of the diplomatic history of the 18th century.” written by: +: K. Marx
The work “The Development of Capitalism in Russia” was written by: +: V.I. Lenin
Promoted Marxism in Russia, polemicized with the populists
+: G.V. Plekhanov
Representative of the Marxist trend in Russia, author of the work “Russian Worker in the Revolutionary Movement”: +: G.V. Plekhanov
Chairman of the Socialist (Communist) Academy social sciences was: +: M.N. Pokrovsky
The first rector of the Institute of Red Professorship was +: M.N. Pokrovsky
M.N. Pokrovsky was:
+: Chairman of the Socialist (Communist) Academy of Social Sciences
N.M. Lukin appeared:
+: first director of the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences
B.D. GB.D. Grekov wrote:
+: “Kievan Rus” and “Peasants in Rus' from ancient times to the mid-XYII century.”
Grekov was+: Director of the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1937-1953
A. Barbusse wrote: +: biography of I.V. Stalin
A.M. Pankratova was:
+: specialist in the history of the proletariat and the history of the workers' revolutionary movement in Russia
P.N. Savitsky (Peter Vostokov) was:
+: representative of the Eurasian trend in foreign Russian historiography
G.V. Vernadsky was:
+: leader and ideologist of the Eurasian trend in foreign Russian historiography
+: L.I. Brezhnev
Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, researcher of archeology, history, oral and written monuments of Ancient Rus' +: B.A. Rybakov
N.N. Pokrovsky and Lev Krasnopevtsev
+: participants in the “university case” of 1957
Rector of the Historical and Archival Institute Yu.N. Afanasiev:
+: most consistently advocated during the years of “perestroika” for a radical renewal of Soviet historical science
According to the PVL, Apostle Andrew:
+: illuminated the Kyiv lands
The idea of uniting Rus' on a contractual basis is typical for: +: Code of 1448
+: Moscow chroniclers
The idea of an all-Russian chronicle was put forward by: +: Tver chroniclers
The idea of God's chosenness of Rus' was developed in: +: The “Moscow–Third Rome” theory
The thesis about Moscow as the center of true Christianity was developed in:
+: Theories “Moscow – Third Rome”
+: Roman emperors
Historical works of the 16th century. associated Moscow statehood with:
+: Byzantine emperors
“The Message of Monomakh’s Crown” and “The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir” linked Moscow statehood with: +: Roman emperors
Russian statehood was connected with the world empires of the past:
+: “The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir”
The Norman theory of the origin of Rus' was adhered to by: +: G.Z. Bayer
He adhered to the Norman theory of the origin of Rus':+: A.L. Schletser
He adhered to the Norman theory of the origin of Rus'+: G.F. Miller
He adhered to the anti-Norman theory of the origin of Rus'+: M.V. Lomonosov
The statement that the historian “must seem without a fatherland, without faith, without a sovereign” belongs to: +: G.F. Miller
In the works of I.N. Boltin contains criticism:
+: works by M.M. Shcherbatova+: works by N.G. Leclerc
Theoretical (methodological) issues of historical science in the XYIII century. studied: +: I.N. Boltin
The phrase “Moscow owes its greatness to the khans” belongs+ to: N.M. Karamzin
The patriarchal (tribal) theory of social development was developed by:
I.F.G. Evers
The concept of Norman feudalism and family feudalism in the “History of the Russian People” was put forward by: +: N.A. Field
The principle of historicism and the idea of the state as the highest form social organization perceived by historians of the 19th century. from philosophy:+: Hegelianism
The theory of official nationality (“Uvarov’s triad”) included such a component as: +: Orthodoxy +: autocracy +: nationality
Russian exceptionalism historical path(“the theory of parallel threads”) defended: +: M.P. Pogodin
Work by M.P. Pogodin “The fight, not to the stomach, but to death, against new historical heresies” is directed against +: N.I. Kostomarova
He defined his views as a “system of pragmatic Russian history”:
+: N.G. Ustryalov
Petrine reforms were characterized as a “revolution from above” in “History of Russia since Ancient Times”: +: S.M. Soloviev
+: Ivan the Terrible
For representatives of the public school, one of the most significant figures in Russian history was: +: Peter I
The theory of “enslavement of the classes” was developed+: by the state school
Slavophil thinker who developed philosophical and religious problems and the general scheme world history, contrasting Orthodoxy and Catholicism: +: A.S. Khomyakov
Representative of the Slavophiles, whose concept is defined as “retrospective utopia” (“retrospective utopianism”): +: I.V. Kireevsky
Representative of the Slavophiles, who developed the concept of “Land and State”, the idea of the non-state character and “inner truth” of the Russian people: +: K.S. Aksakov
The creator of the historical and sociological concept of the Slavophiles, who affirmed the idea of the priority of Orthodox Christianity and communal principles:
+: Yu.F. Samarin
The idea of the struggle between the federal (specific veche) and autocratic (monarchical) principles is characteristic of: +: N.I. Kostomarova
Researcher of the national character of the Russian and Ukrainian peoples:
+: N.I. Kostomarov
+: N.G. Chernyshevsky
Attention to history masses and popular movements is clearly expressed in the works of: +: A.P. Shchapova
Attention to the history of the popular masses and popular movements is clearly expressed in the works of: +: A.I. Herzen
+: D.I. Ilovaisky
The history of Russia from a conservative (monarchical) position was covered at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century. in works: +: N.K. Schilder
Developed the theory of progress, the “subjective method”, criticized Marxism: +: representatives of populist historiography
The largest specialist on the history of the Time of Troubles in Russia at the end of the 19th century - beginning of the 19th century. was: +: S.F. Platonov
The largest specialist in the field of historical methodology in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century. was:+: A.S. Lappo-Danilevsky
Colonization was considered as the main fact of Russian history+ by V.O. Klyuchevsky
The first period of Russian history was characterized as “Dnieper, city, trade Rus'”: +: V.O. Klyuchevsky
He defined the Decembrist uprising as “a historical accident, overgrown with literature”: +: V.O. Klyuchevsky
Representative of the Moscow historical school, who developed problems of historical geography and history of the Lithuanian state:+: M.K. Lyubavsky
The thesis about low population density as one of the main reasons for Russia's backwardness in “Essays on the History of Russian Culture” was developed by: +: P.N. Miliukov
The concept of backwardness and the delayed nature of the historical development of Russia in “Essays on the History of Russian Culture” was put forward by: +: P.N. Miliukov
The thesis about the lack of independence of Russian culture and the large role in its development of foreign borrowings in “Essays on the History of Russian Culture” was defended by: +: P.N. Miliukov
Representative of the Moscow historical school, who created the “theory of mental types” and attached great importance to psychological factors in history:
+: N.A. Rozhkov
The theory of socio-economic formations and class struggle as the driving force of history was developed by: +: Marxism
In his work “The Development of Capitalism in Russia” he identified four conditions for the existence of a feudal (corvee) economic system: +: V.I. Lenin
Defined the new period of Russian history (approximately from the 19th century) as the process of creating bourgeois connections: +: V.I. Lenin
He distinguished three periods in the history of the revolutionary liberation movement in Russia: +: V.I. Lenin
The idea of merchant capitalism as the most important engine of the Russian historical process is characteristic of the concept: +: M.N. Pokrovsky
The state of the first Romanovs was defined as “merchant capital in a monomach cap”+: M.N. Pokrovsky
He considered the unification of Rus' around Moscow to be a matter of “impending commercial capitalism”:+: M.N. Pokrovsky
He considered the annexation of new peoples and territories to Russia as “absolute evil”:+: M.N. Pokrovsky
The phrase: “History is politics thrown back into the past” reflects the position:
+: M.N. Pokrovsky
The focus of Russian Marxist historiography of the 20s. there were problems: +: socio-economic history
The focus of Russian Marxist historiography of the 20s. there were problems: +: class struggle
The term “patriotic war” (1812) was rejected by Russian historiography as nationalistic in: +: 1920s
A nihilistic assessment of pre-revolutionary Russian history prevailed in Russia:+: 1920s
Kievan Rus was characterized as a slave state
+: I.I. Smirnov
Feudalism and serfdom as two different formations+: S.M. Dubrovsky
“Nationalization” and “denationalization” trends in Soviet historiography of the 20s. related to interpretation: +: history of imperialism
The theory of the dual (dual) nature of the October Revolution was developed by:
+: S.A. Piontkovsky
In a letter to I.V. The editorial board of the magazine “Proletarian Revolution” contains criticism of Stalin +: A.G. Slutsky
The idea of the victorious path of development of the party and the irreconcilable struggle within social democracy is clearly expressed in:
+: “A short course on the history of the CPSU (b)”
Collections “Against the historical concept of M.N. Pokrovsky" and "Against the anti-Marxist concept of M.N. Pokrovsky" came out+: late 1930s.
Books “Kievan Rus” and “Peasants in Rus' from ancient times to the middle of the 19th century.” written by: +: B.D. Grekov
The thesis about the feudal nature of Ancient Rus' was most consistently defended in the 1920s - 1930s. +: B.D. Grekov
Specialist in the history of the proletariat and the history of the workers' revolutionary movement in Russia: +: A.M. Pankratova
The creator of the original theory of ethnogenesis, which takes into account the role of cosmic energy, the Earth's biosphere, and passionarity+ when studying ethnic history: L.N. Gumilev
During the years of “perestroika” he most consistently advocated for a radical renewal of Soviet historical science: +: Yu.N. Afanasiev
The concept of “phenomenon of Soviet historiography” was introduced into scientific circulation:
+: Yu.N. Afanasyev
The annexation of new territories and Asian peoples to Russia as “voluntary entry” was interpreted in Russian historiography in:
+: 1970-1980s
Filling in the “blank spots” in history is typical for:
+: perestroika period
The state of methodological pluralism is typical in national historiography for:+: present tense
> Alphabetical catalog Download all volumes in DjvuRussian history from the most ancient times with tireless labors, collected and described thirty years later by the late Privy Councilor and Astrakhan governor, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev
Download Download Download Download Download Download- Russian history from the most ancient times with tireless labors, thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Astrakhan governor, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book one. Part one
- Russian history from the most ancient times with tireless labors, thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Astrakhan governor, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book one. Part two
- Russian history from the most ancient times with tireless labors, thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Astrakhan governor, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book two
- Russian history from the most ancient times with tireless labors, thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Astrakhan governor, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book three
- Russian history from the most ancient times with tireless labors, thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Astrakhan governor, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book Four
- Russian history from the most ancient times with tireless labors, thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Astrakhan governor, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book five, or according to the author, part four of the ancient Russian chronicle
Russian history from the most ancient times with tireless labors, collected and described thirty years later by the late Privy Councilor and Astrakhan governor, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev
DownloadRussian history from the most ancient times with tireless labors, thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Astrakhan governor, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book one. Part two
DownloadRussian history from the most ancient times with tireless labors, thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Astrakhan governor, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book two
DownloadRussian history from the most ancient times with tireless labors, thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Astrakhan governor, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book three
DownloadRussian history from the most ancient times with tireless labors, thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Astrakhan governor, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book Four
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Download Download all volumes from BitTorrent (PDF) Russian history from the most ancient times with tireless labors, collected and described thirty years later by the late Privy Councilor and Astrakhan governor, Vasily Nikitich TatishchevRussian history from the most ancient times with tireless labors, collected and described thirty years later by the late Privy Councilor and Astrakhan governor, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev
Russian history from the most ancient times with tireless labors, thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Astrakhan governor, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book one. Part two
Russian history from the most ancient times with tireless labors, thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Astrakhan governor, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book two
Russian history from the most ancient times with tireless labors, thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Astrakhan governor, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book three
Russian history from the most ancient times with tireless labors, thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Astrakhan governor, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book Four
Russian history from the most ancient times with tireless labors, thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Astrakhan governor, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book five, or according to the author, part four
Download all volumes from BitTorrent (DjVU) Russian History from the most ancient times with tireless labors, collected and described thirty years later by the late Privy Councilor and Astrakhan Governor, Vasily Nikitich TatishchevRussian history from the most ancient times with tireless labors, collected and described thirty years later by the late Privy Councilor and Astrakhan governor, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev
Russian history from the most ancient times with tireless labors, thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Astrakhan governor, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book one. Part two
Russian history from the most ancient times with tireless labors, thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Astrakhan governor, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book two
Russian history from the most ancient times with tireless labors, thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Astrakhan governor, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book three
Russian history from the most ancient times with tireless labors, thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Astrakhan governor, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book Four
Russian history from the most ancient times with tireless labors, thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Astrakhan governor, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Book five, or according to the author, part four
A major historical work by the Russian historian V.N. Tatishchev, one of the most important works of Russian historiography of the second quarter of the 18th century, a significant stage in its transition from the medieval chronicle to the critical style of narration.
The “History” consists of four parts; some sketches of the history XVII century.
- Part 1. History from ancient times to Rurik.
- Part 2. Chronicle from 860 to 1238.
- Part 3. Chronicle from 1238 to 1462.
- Part 4. Continuous chronicle from 1462 to 1558, and then a series of extracts about the history of the Time of Troubles.
- Genre:
- 33. The Slavs are named from what, where and when. Advance notice about general and Russian history I. What is history. History is a Greek word that means the same thing as events or deeds; and although some believe that since events or deeds are always deeds committed by people, it means that natural or supernatural adventures should not be considered, but, having carefully examined, everyone will understand that there cannot be an adventure that cannot be called an act, for nothing itself cannot happen by itself and without a cause or external action. The reasons for every adventure are different, both from God and from man, but enough about that, I won’t go into more detail. Whoever is interested in an explanation of this, I advise you to familiarize yourself with Mr. Wolf’s “Physics” and “Morals”.1 ...
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- Genre:
- Tatishchev Vasily Nikitich (1686 – 1750), Russian statesman, historian. He graduated from the Engineering and Artillery School in Moscow. Participated in Northern War 1700-21, carried out various military-diplomatic assignments of Tsar Peter I. In 1720-22 and 1734-37 he managed state-owned factories in the Urals, founded Yekaterinburg; in 1741-45 – Astrakhan governor. In 1730 he actively opposed the supreme leaders (Supreme Privy Council). Tatishchev prepared the first Russian publication historical sources, having introduced into scientific circulation the texts of Russian Pravda and Code of Laws of 1550 with a detailed commentary, laid the foundation for the development of ethnography and source studies in Russia. Compiled by the first Russian encyclopedic Dictionary(“Russian Lexicon”). Created a general work on national history, written on the basis of numerous Russian and foreign sources - “Russian History from the Most Ancient Times” (books 1-5, M., 1768-1848). “Russian History” by Tatishchev is one of the most significant works in the entire history of Russian historiography . Monumental, brilliantly and accessiblely written, this book covers the history of our country from ancient times - and right up to the reign of Fyodor Mikhailovich Romanov. The special value of Tatishchev’s work is that the history of Russia is presented here IN ITS COMPLETENESS - in aspects not only military-political, but religious, cultural and everyday!
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- Genre:
- Tatishchev Vasily Nikitich (1686 – 1750), Russian statesman, historian. He graduated from the Engineering and Artillery School in Moscow. He took part in the Northern War of 1700-21, carried out various military-diplomatic assignments of Tsar Peter I. In 1720-22 and 1734-37 he managed state-owned factories in the Urals, founded Yekaterinburg; in 1741-45 - Astrakhan governor. In 1730 he actively opposed the supreme leaders (Supreme Privy Council). Tatishchev prepared the first Russian publication of historical sources, introducing into scientific circulation the texts of Russian Pravda and Code of Laws of 1550 with detailed commentary, and laid the foundation for the development of ethnography and source studies in Russia. Compiled the first Russian encyclopedic dictionary ("Russian Lexicon"). He created a generalizing work on Russian history, written on the basis of numerous Russian and foreign sources - “Russian History from the Most Ancient Times” (books 1-5, M., 1768-1848). “Russian History” by Tatishchev is one of the most significant works throughout the entire history of Russian historiography. Monumental, brilliantly and accessiblely written, this book covers the history of our country from ancient times - and right up to the reign of Fyodor Mikhailovich Romanov. The special value of Tatishchev’s work is that the history of Russia is presented here IN ITS COMPLETENESS - in aspects not only military-political, but religious, cultural and everyday!