Industrial centers of the city's Far East. Far Eastern Federal District. Industry of the Far East. General characteristics of the farm

Administrative and territorial composition: Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Khabarovsk, Primorsky, Kamchatka territories; Amur, Magadan, Sakhalin regions; Chukotka Autonomous Okrug; Jewish Autonomous Region (Fig. 9.8).

Territory – 6169.3 thousand km 2. Population: approximately 6.27 million people.

The administrative center is Khabarovsk.

Rice. 9.8.

According to the territorial division of labor in the Far Eastern Federal District, non-ferrous metallurgy, the fishing industry, shipbuilding and ship repair, forestry and livestock are distinguished.

The importance of the Far Eastern Federal District in the Russian economy can be characterized by its economic indicators (Table 9.15).

Table 9.15

The share of the main economic indicators of the Far Eastern Federal District in the all-Russian

Table 9.16

Structure of industrial production of the Far Eastern Federal District by type of economic activity

The specialization of industrial production in the district by type of economic activity is highlighted on the basis of the localization coefficient (Table 9.16).

The Far Eastern Federal District has the largest area and the lowest population of all federal districts of the Russian Federation. It completely coincides with the territory of the Far Eastern economic region.

In terms of localization coefficient, the Far Eastern District specializes in mining, wood processing and the production of wood products, as well as in the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.

According to the inter-regional division of labor in the Far East, production of non-ferrous metals, diamonds, mica, fish and seafood production, timber and pulp and paper industries, ship repair and fur fishing are distinguished. In the field of agriculture, the district specializes in growing soybeans, grains, reindeer husbandry, and beef cattle breeding. All sectors of national economic specialization are based on the use of local natural resources. The Far East plays an important role in Russia's maritime foreign trade relations.

Natural resource potential. The natural resources of the Far East are distinguished by sharp contrasts, which is due to the enormous extent of the territory from north to south. Most of it is occupied by mountains and highlands.

There are more than 20 active volcanoes and many geysers in Kamchatka. The largest of the volcanoes is Klyuchevskaya Sopka with a height of 4750 m.

Deposits of diamonds, gold, tin, mercury and tungsten have been explored in the area. There are huge fuel resources, various ore raw materials and building materials.

The main tin deposits are located in the Republic of Sakha (Deputatskoye) and in the Magadan region (Nevskoye, Iltinskoye, etc.). Its largest industrial developments (Khrustalnoye, Lifutsinskoye and other deposits) are concentrated in the Primorsky Territory. There are also tin deposits in the Khabarovsk Territory (Solnechnoye, Festivalnoye, Khinganskoye deposits). Impurities with tin include polymetals (lead, zinc, arsenic, silver, cadmium). The large deposit of polymetallic ores Tetyukhe is located in the Primorsky Territory. Mercury reserves have been discovered in Chukotka, in the northeastern part of Yakutia and in the Koryak Highlands. Tungsten deposits are located in the Magadan region (Ilta tin-tungsten deposit) and the Primorsky Territory (Armu-Iman region).

Iron ores are concentrated mainly in the south of the Khabarovsk Territory, in the Amur Region and the Republic of Sakha. The Garinskoye field stands out especially. The Malokhingan iron ore region is located on the territory of the Jewish Autonomous Region (Kimkan deposit). In the south of the Sakha Republic in the river basin. Aldan is located in the South Aldan iron ore region (Taiga and Pionerskoye deposits).

The region is provided with fuel and energy resources. The main coal reserves are concentrated in the Kivda-Raichikhinsky lignite region, Bureinsky, Svobodnensky, Suchansky, Suifunsky, Uglovsky regions, as well as the Lena and South Yakutsk basins. A number of deposits have been explored on the island. Sakhalin, where coal deposits are very diverse in their composition.

In the Leno-Vilyui oil and gas province, the most significant gas fields are Ust-Vilyuiskoye, Nedzhelinskoye, Sredne-Vilyuiskoye, Badaranskoye and Sobo-Khainskoye. The largest oil and gas resources are available on the island. Sakhalin. The Kolendovskoye, Tungorskoye, Okhtinskoye, Nekrasovskoye fields are exploited here, and the Sakhalin shelf is especially promising for oil and gas production.

In the Republic of Sakha there are diamond deposits, the Mir, Aikhal, Udachnaya and other kimberlite pipes have been explored. Mining was carried out using open-pit mining. Today, the ALROSA company is simultaneously building three underground mines in three deposits in Yakutia. The need for their construction arose in connection with the completion of open-pit mining. It has been proven that the remaining ore reserves will allow the deposits to be effectively used underground, which will help maintain the company and Russia’s position in the rough diamond market.

In the basins of the Vilyui and Aldan rivers there are deposits of Iceland spar and rock crystal. The largest fluorspar deposit in Russia was discovered in Primorye (village Yaroslavky). The Far East occupies an important place in the country in terms of reserves of mica - phlogopite. Its main deposits include Timptonskoye and Emeldzhanskoye.

There are chemical raw materials (table salt and sulfur) in the area. There are deposits of cement raw materials in Primorye and the Amur region, graphite deposits are located on the territory of the Jewish Autonomous Region.

The Far East has a dense river network. The largest rivers are the Lena and Amur with many tributaries. It should also be noted the rivers of the extreme northeastern part of the region, such as the Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma.

Population and labor resources. The average population density is 1.1 people per 1 km2. The most densely populated area is Primorsky Krai, the southern part of the island. Sakhalin.

The overwhelming majority of the population is Russian; Ukrainians, Jews and a large group of indigenous peoples also live in the region: Koryaks, Itelmens, Evenks, Aleuts, Chukchis, Eskimos, etc.

For decades, the labor resources of the Far East have been formed due to the influx of qualified personnel from other regions of Russia, mainly from the European part of the country, to large construction projects.

Location and development of the main sectors of the economy. The main branch of specialization is non-ferrous metallurgy, which is represented by the mining of tin, mercury, gold, polymetals, tungsten, and arsenic. Based on the development of the Deputatskoye deposit, the Festivalny and Perevalny mines and a processing plant in the village were put into operation. Gorn. In the Primorsky Territory, a tin plant was built in Khrustalny and the Solnechny plant of the same profile in the Khabarovsk Territory.

The lead-zinc industry, concentrated in the Primorsky Territory, has developed, producing lead-zinc concentrates and lead. The Voznesenskoye and Nikolaevskoye deposits of lead-zinc ores have been developed. Tungsten is mined in the Magadan Region and Primorsky Territory.

The diamond mining industry has been developed in Yakutia, specialized mining and processing plants “Mir”, “Aikhal”, “Udachny” (AK ALROSA) have been built.

Sectors of specialization include the fishing industry. The main commercial fish are: salmon (chum salmon, pink salmon), herring, flounder, tuna, saury, mackerel, halibut, sea bass, etc. Whaling and crab fishing are developed in the area.

The main fishing and marine fishing areas are the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, the Sea of ​​Japan, the Bering Sea and the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Fishing vessels also conduct production in the waters of the Indian and South Pacific oceans. Large fish processing centers are Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Ust-Kamchatsk, Nevelsk, Kholmsk, Korsakov, Yuzhno-Kurilsk, Nakhodka, Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, Okhotsk, etc. The fishing fleet is equipped with floating fish processing plants, whaling fleets, etc.

The area also has developed timber, pulp and paper and wood processing industries. The timber industry is mainly concentrated in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories, as well as in the Amur region. Sawmill centers are located in the cities of Imans, Lssozavodsk, Blagoveshchensk, Svobodny, Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Amursk, Khora, Bikin, etc. Plywood production was established in Vladivostok and Birobidzhan; furniture - in Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Birobidzhan; matches - in Blagoveshchensk; The pulp and paper industry is developed on the island. Sakhalin (Uglegorsk, Poronaysk, etc.). The Amur Pulp and Cardboard Mill was built.

Mechanical engineering has a diverse structure, but its leading industries are shipbuilding and ship repair, as well as the production of power equipment. One of the largest machine-building centers is Khabarovsk. Ship repair is developed in Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Vladivostok, Nakhodka, and river shipbuilding is in Blagoveshchensk. Agricultural engineering is located in the city of Svobodny (Amur Region). The Amurelectropribor plant was built in Blagoveshchensk, a tool plant and others were built in Vladivostok, the Daldizel plant operates in Khabarovsk, a lifting and transport equipment plant operates in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, and the Dalselmash plant operates in Birobidzhan.

There are ferrous metallurgy and fuel industry enterprises in the area. The leading coal mining holding company "YAKUTUGOL" is developing deposits in the South Yakutsk coal basin.

The leading place in agriculture is occupied by the production of grain, soybeans, and rice. Agricultural land is located mainly in the south (Amur region, Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories, southern regions of the Sakha Republic). Livestock farming, especially reindeer husbandry, is developed in the region.

Transport and economic relations. The main role in the region is played by railway transport, with its help 80% of cargo is transported. A number of branches branch off from the Trans-Siberian Railway. One of them goes from Komsomolsk-on-Amur to Sovetskaya Gavan. The region received its second access to the Pacific coast as a result of the construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM).

Export-import relations are developing thanks to maritime transport. The largest ports are Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Nagaevo (Magadan), Nakhodka, Sovetskaya Gavan, Vladivostok.

The district's highways run in the following directions: Never – Aldan – Yakutsk; Yakutsk – Magadan; Khabarovsk – Vladivostok; Khabarovsk – Birobidzhan; Kolyma Highway, etc. In intra-regional communications, especially between hard-to-reach and underdeveloped territories, the role of air transport is great.

The region exports non-ferrous metal concentrates, paper, fish, and fish products. Light industry products, food products, machinery and equipment, oil and petroleum products, and rolled ferrous metals are imported.

Intradistrict differences. Gold, tin and diamonds are mined in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The metalworking, forestry, gas, coal and fur industries are developed. Enterprises in the food and engineering industries operate in Yakutsk. A branch of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Far Eastern State University were established here.

In the Primorsky Territory, industries of specialization are the fishing industry, mechanical engineering, forestry industry, agriculture: growing soybeans, rice, vegetables, wheat; dairy farming, pig farming, poultry farming.

The Khabarovsk Territory specializes in mechanical engineering, machine tools, power engineering, and also has developed forestry, light and food industries. Agriculture is suburban in nature.

Main problems and development prospects. For the district, the main problems are the environmental and economic development of non-ferrous metallurgy as the main branch of specialization and employment of the working population.

Development prospects are associated with the formation of a special economic zone in the Magadan region. Important tasks in the economy and social sphere are strengthening the energy base of the region, building gas pipelines, and creating market infrastructure.

Table 9.17

Types of economic activity of the Central Federal District, billion rubles.

In the structure of the economy of the Far East, the leading place belongs to industry.

The contribution of the region's industry to the total volume of industrial production in Russia is 4.3%, while the mining and manufacturing industries account for 7.6% each. The share of industrial sectors of the Far Eastern Federal District in the industry of the entire country is as follows: food industry - 8.8%, building materials industry -8.8%, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries - 8%, electric power industry - 4.5% , mechanical engineering and metalworking – 3%, fuel industry – 2.7%, non-ferrous metallurgy – 1.6%, chemistry and petrochemistry – 1.2%, light industry – 1.2%, ferrous metallurgy – 1.1%.

The leading industry in the Far East is food

Mainly fish

industry. In terms of fish catch, the region ranks first among all economic regions of Russia. The main fishing for fish and sea animals is carried out in the Seas of Okhotsk, Bering and Japan. Fish production is based on active fishing in the open seas using large fishing vessels. The main commercial fish are herring, sea bass, pollock, tuna, salmon species - chum salmon, pink salmon, coho salmon, red fish, the production of which is constantly decreasing. Large fish processing centers are Petropavlovsk-Kachatsky, Ust-Kamchatsk, Okhotsk, Nakhodka, Yuzhno-Kurilsk, Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, etc. Refrigeration plants have been built, the largest of which are located in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

Crab fishing is carried out in the waters washing the southern and western parts of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. The products of the crab canning industry of the Far East are widely known both in Russia and on the world market. Fishing for marine animals is carried out: walruses, seals, and fur seals. Seaweed, shellfish, sea cucumbers, shrimp, squid and mussels are harvested.

Among other branches of the food industry in the Far East, the flour milling industry, which is developing in the Amur region, Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories, is of great importance. There are also enterprises in the dairy, cheese-making, dairy, meat, confectionery, sugar and other industries located there. However, the food industry does not meet the needs of the district. In terms of the volume of food industry products produced, the Primorsky Territory as a whole stands out, as well as the Kamchatka and Sakhalin regions and the Khabarovsk Territory. The most stable, steadily developing enterprises in the industry are: OJSC Khabarovskmakaronservis, OJSC Amurpivo, OJSC Taiga; JSC Distillery "Khabarovsky".

Forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper

industry is also a branch of specialization in the Far Eastern Federal District. It developed mainly in the southern part of the region: in the Khabarovsk Territory and the Sakhalin Region, as well as in the Primorsky Territory and the Amur Region.

The logging industry has formed mainly in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories, as well as in the Sakhalin and Amur regions and in the south of the Sakha Republic. The largest amount of commercial timber is exported from the Amur and Kamchatka regions and the Khabarovsk Territory. In all other parts of the region, the import of commercial timber exceeds its export.

Among the branches of the wood processing industry, sawmilling has received the greatest development. The export of lumber exceeds the import in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories, the Amur and Sakhalin regions. Sawmill centers are Imen, Lesozavodsk, Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Amursk, etc. In addition to sawmilling, the woodworking industry of the district is represented by furniture (Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Birobidzhan), plywood (Vladivostok, Birobidzhan), matches (Blagoveshchensk), packaging and other industries. Large centers of the woodworking industry are the cities of Blagoveshchensk, Amursk, Lesozavodsk, Dalnerechensk, Khabarovsk.

The pulp and paper industry is developing in the south of the Sakhalin region (Uglegorsk, Poronaysk), as well as in the city of Amursk.

Non-ferrous metallurgy

is an industry of specialization in the Far East. It is represented mainly by the mining and processing of tin, mercury, gold, polymetallic ores, tungsten, i.e. mining industry. Non-ferrous metallurgy has the largest share in the Republic of Sakha (more than 60% of the entire industry of the republic) and the Magadan region (about 60%).

One of the leading industries in the region is the mining of both placer and ore gold. The main gold mining areas are located in the basins of the middle and upper reaches of the Zeya, Selemdzha, Bureya, Argun, Iman, Upper and Lower Amur rivers, as well as in the mountains of the Aldan Highlands, Khingan and Sikhote-Alin.

An important role is played by the extraction and enrichment of tin ores, mainly in the Republic of Sakha (Deputatskoye deposit), in the Primorsky Territory (Khrustalnensky Tin Plant), Khabarovsk Territory (Solnechny Mining and Processing Plant). Tin ores are intensively mined in Dalnegorsk.

Lead-zinc ores are mined in the Tetyukhinsky district. Concentrating factories and a lead smelter were built near the mines.

Diamond mining is local in nature. The main center of this industry is the city of Mirny in the Sakha Republic. The Aikhil and Udachnoye deposits are also being developed.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking

occupy fourth place in the industrial structure of the region, behind the food industry, non-ferrous metallurgy and industries of the fuel and energy complex. This industry has received the greatest development in the Khabarovsk, Primorsky territories and the Amur region. One of the largest machine-building centers is Khabarovsk. The main branches of the engineering complex of the Far East are: shipbuilding and ship repair. The main shipbuilding facilities are located in Komsomolsk-on-Amur (Amur Shipyard OJSC), which builds Volga class river-sea dry-cargo ships, timber package carriers, sea rescue tugs; in Nikolaevsk-on-Amur (JSC Nikolaev Shipyard); in Khabarovsk (Khabarovsk Shipyard), which specializes in the construction of a series of civil vessels: the sea passenger hydrofoil motor ship "Olympia", the sea high-speed multi-purpose boat, the sea air-cavity boat "Mercury", the unified landing hovercraft " Moray", speed boat "Terrier", fish protection vessel. Large enterprises for the construction and repair of ships are located in the city of Sovetskaya Gavan (OJSC "Northern Shipbuilding Plant", OJSC "Yakor"; production of ship equipment in Khabarovsk, OJSC "Khabsudmash" - (deck mechanisms, winches, ship and pier cranes, water desalinators , water-jet ejectors. The main industry is also agricultural engineering (the Dalselkhozmash plant in Birobidzhan. It was founded on April 2, 1935. The first products of the enterprise were carts and steam-horse carts. Currently, Dalselkhozmash is the only large specialized enterprise in the Far East. in the field of agricultural engineering. Over the entire history of its existence (more than 65 years), the plant has produced 54,228 heavy tracked combines for 48 regions of the former USSR and 22 countries of the world. Today, the plant has five actual areas of activity: production of tracked combines; production of tracked undercarriages; spare parts for crawler combines; production of agricultural equipment; production of parts, coal preparation. All further activities of Dalselmash are focused on real documentation of market demand. The main directions of Dalselmash OJSC for the coming years (2004-2008) are: production of tracked undercarriages for all types of combine harvesters; production and assembly of the combines themselves; increasing production volumes of coal preparation parts); production of power equipment (Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Birobidzhan, etc. ), as well as machine tool industry, electrical engineering industry, and transport engineering.

The metalworking industry is represented by the following enterprises:

OJSC "Khabarovsk Machine Tool Plant" - metal-cutting and woodworking machines of a wide range.

JSC Dalenergomash Plant (Khabarovsk) – hydraulic, steam, gas turbines, pumps, fans, compressors, valves for large-diameter pipelines.

JSC Daldizel Plant (Khabarovsk) – marine diesel engines and diesel generators of a wide range.

DAO PO "PODMA" (Komsomolsk-on-Amur) – overhead and gantry cranes, serial and according to customer orders.

KSUE "Amur Cable Plant" (Khabarovsk) - power, telephone, ship, signal-interlocking cables, bare wires, winding, installation, etc.

JSC "Electrotechnical Plant" (Komsomolsk-on-Amur) - batteries for internal combustion engines.

Ferrous metallurgy

The products, which are clearly insufficient for the needs of the Far East, are presented mainly in the Khabarovsk Territory - JSC Amurmetal in Komsomolsk-on-Amur. It was formed on February 25, 1997. Here, scrap ferrous metals are processed into rolled sections and sheets. Currently, a plan has been developed for the technical and economic development of the enterprise until 2009, the main task of which is to create a modern, highly profitable, highly profitable electrometallurgical plant in the Far East with a production volume of more than 2 million tons of liquid steel per year; OJSC "Amurstal-profile", where the production of bent profiles, road barriers and electric-welded straight-seam water and gas pipes with a diameter of up to 53 mm is organized.

Industry building materials

It is developing almost throughout the entire territory of the Far Eastern Federal District, but most of all in the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories, as well as the Republic of Sakha. Despite the presence of cement factories, factories for reinforced concrete structures, brick production enterprises, etc., this industry does not fully meet the needs of the region.

Light industry

most developed in the Khabarovsk Territory, as well as in the Amur Region and Primorsky Territory. It is provided by the clothing (Vladivostok, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Yakutsk, Magadan), knitting (Birobidzhan), cotton (Blagoveshchensk), leather and footwear (Ussuriysk) industries. However, most consumer goods are imported from other regions of Russia from abroad.

The fuel and energy complex of the Far East contributes to the development electric power and fuel

industry of Russia. The fuel balance of the region is based on hard and brown coal, the total production of which accounts for 12% of coal production in Russia. The largest amount of coal is mined in the Primorsky Territory (Artem, Partizansk), the Republic of Sakha (Neryungri), as well as in the Amur (Raichikhinsk) and Sakhalin regions.

Natural gas production accounts for 0.5% of Russian production. At the same time, gas is produced only in the Sakhalin region and the Republic of Sakha. Oil extracted mainly from Sakhalin accounts for only 0.46% of the country's oil. In general, the Republic of Sakha, Khabarovsk Territory, Sakhalin Region, and Amur Region stand out in terms of development of the fuel industry.

The district's electricity supply is provided by Neryungri, Yakutsk, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsk and other thermal power plants; Zeya, Kolyma and other power plants; Bilibino Nuclear Power Plant and Pauzhetskaya Geothermal Power Plant in Kamchatka. In general, the electric power industry is most developed in the Amur, Magadan and Kamchatka regions.

Chemical and petrochemical

industry is located only in the Khabarovsk Territory (Khabarovsk) and the Primorsky Territory (Komsomolsk-on-Amur), where oil comes from the Sakhalin region. The Dalkhimprm enterprise stands out, which produces plastic products; paint and varnish materials; polyethylene films; synthetic detergents; cleaners; household chemical goods; perfumery and cosmetic products; varnishes on condensation resins, paints, enamels, primers, putties. The volumes of products produced are clearly insufficient to meet the needs of the region.

Nauru
Republic of Nauru, a state on the island of the same name in the southwestern part of the Pacific Ocean (0°30¢ S and 166°55¢ E). The island of Nauru is a coral atoll located at the top of a volcano...

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Population, labor force and social situation

The population of the Far East is 7.6 million people. The urban population is about 76%. The Far East is the most sparsely populated region of the country. The average density is 1.1 people per 1 km2. The population is distributed extremely unevenly throughout the region. Primorsky Krai has the highest density - 12.1 people. The southern part of Sakhalin is quite densely populated. At the same time, in the Republic of Sakha, Magadan and Kamchatka regions, the population density is only 0.3-0.8 people per 1 km2. The population has a diverse national composition. The vast majority of the population is Russian. Ukrainians, Tatars, Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Jews and a large group of indigenous peoples also live here - Koryaks, Itelmens, Evenks, Aleuts, Chukchis, Eskimos

The development of the Far East during the period of industrialization and the ill-conceived national policy caused acute demographic problems. The destruction of the habitat of small peoples has brought them to the brink of extinction. Therefore, the current task is to fully promote the revival of the habitat of these peoples, create favorable social conditions for their normal life and revive traditions. As in other regions of Russia, in the Far East, in the initial period of market development, an employment problem arose and unemployed people appeared, which is primarily associated with the conversion of the defense complex. Social problems have worsened.

For decades, the labor resources of the Far East have been formed due to the influx of qualified personnel from other regions of Russia, mainly from the European part of the country, to large construction projects. In territorial terms, production and population gravitate towards southern regions, which are more or less favorable in terms of climate and transport. Almost all enterprises of mechanical engineering, the defense complex, ferrous, oil refining, forestry and woodworking industries, railways, and large transit ports of all-Russian importance are located here. The main largest cities in the region are also concentrated here. The population in the southern territories and regions is 5 million people, or two-thirds of the total population of the Far East.

In the Far East there are favorable conditions for the development of recreational services: the development of tourism, sanatorium and resort treatment. But at present this area has not received proper development.

The Federal Target Program for the Economic and Social Development of the Far East and Transbaikalia for 1996-2005, approved on April 15, 1996 by the Government of the Russian Federation, includes measures to ensure high-income employment, retain the population, and maintain a decent standard of living, taking into account complicated living conditions. The system of regional social compensation must be improved.

The outflow of part of the population from the regions of the Far North is inevitable, but the Program provides for measures to streamline this process, which will minimize economic and psychological losses through organized assistance in resettlement mainly to the southern regions of the Far East. The natural resources of the northern territories should be developed in parallel with the creation in the southern zone of rear bases and permanent housing for those working in northern enterprises on a rotational basis.
CHAPTER 2: Structure and location of production forces of the Far Eastern economic region

2.1 Territorial organization and structure of production forces of the Far Eastern economic region
The leading sectors of the market specialization of the Far Eastern region are based on the widespread use of its natural resources. The main industries with which the region acts in the inter-district division of labor are fishing, forestry and mining. Of the industries that strengthen the comprehensive development of the region, mechanical engineering and metalworking, fuel and energy management, the building materials industry, food and light industry have received significant development.

The Far East faces large and diverse tasks for its further industrial development: increasing the production of tin, tungsten and some other rare and valuable resources; strengthening the material and technical base of the fishing industry and increasing the output of its products; expansion of seaports and berths, increasing the capacity of ship repair yards; increased production of lumber, pulp, paper and cardboard; expansion and strengthening of the fuel and energy sector, food and light industry; creating the best material and living conditions for further increasing the influx of population and retaining personnel; rapid development of housing, social and cultural construction; creation of a highly efficient market economy.

The leading place among the industries of market specialization of the Far Eastern region belongs to the metallurgical complex, which includes the mining industry, as well as ferrous metallurgy.

The mining industry of the region includes the extraction of gold, diamonds, tin, tungsten, lead-zinc and other ores, the production of non-ferrous metals, as well as ferrous metallurgy.

It is obvious that the mining industry is focused on reserves of raw materials, therefore the centers of the mining industry are located near rich deposits of raw materials. The following 2 factors are also of great importance: the factor of natural conditions and the environmental factor.

The production of non-ferrous metals has grown rapidly in the Far East, and even now it is not experiencing such a significant decline as in other industries. The main part of the country's tin is mined in the Far East; the region has a significant share in the all-Russian production of gold, silver, tungsten, lead, zinc, mercury, fluorite, bismuth and other valuable minerals.

The “Queen of the Far East” continues to be the gold mining industry, which is one of the oldest sectors of the national economy of the region. Enterprises in this industry are located throughout the Far East. It has long been carried out in the basins of the Zeya, Selemdzha, Bureya, Amgun rivers, in the mountains of the Aldan Highlands, Khingan and Sikhote-Alin. Now new areas have become gold mining areas - Kolyma-Indigirsky and Chukotka; in the first, gold mining began in the 30s, in the second - in the 60s. The Magadan region and the Republic of Sakha provide 2/3 of all gold in Russia. The oldest gold mining area is the Amur region. It was she who at one time created world fame for the Far East as the largest gold-bearing region. And today the Amur region gives the country a lot of gold. The main method of extracting gold here is the cheapest, dredging. The Kolyma-Indigirsky mining region is connected by highway with Magadan and Yakutsk, and by sea routes with the south of the Far Eastern region. The distribution of gold mining is of a focal nature. The boundaries of the centers are determined by the distribution areas of ore formations and placer gold of the developed deposits, the creation of common service areas and infrastructure for a certain group of mines: power plants, construction, repair, supply and trading bases, schools with boarding schools, medical institutions. This focal nature of the mining industry is, by the way, also typical for other northern regions of the Far East.

Mining and enrichment of tin ores in the Far East is also common in many places. After the war, the Khabarovsk Territory became one of the leading regions of the country in terms of tin mining. Tin ores are also mined in the west of the Jewish Autonomous Region and near Komsomolsk. But their production has reached a particularly significant scale in the south of Sikhote-Alin, in the Dalnegorsk-Kavalerovo region. A large complex of diverse mining industries has developed here. Even before the revolution, gold mining and the development of lead-zinc ores had begun, and during the Soviet years several tin mining and processing enterprises were built. The region has a developed transport network and uniform repair centers for mining equipment.

With the commissioning of the Plamennoye mine in the Magadan region in the Far East, a new industry appeared - mercury mining. In the 70s, new mercury deposits were discovered in the Koryak Highlands. In 1959, the Iultin mining plant in Chukotka came into operation and this marked the beginning of the tungsten industry in the Far East.

Centers for the mining industry have been created for diamond mining in the Verkhne-Vilyuisky region of Yakutia. The city of diamond miners, Mirny, has already grown here, connected by a highway to Lensk, and the Vilyuiskaya hydroelectric power station has been built. Centers for the development of diamonds are being created at the Aikhal and Udachnoye deposits, where a highway has been built.

The creation of ferrous metallurgy was of great importance for the region. Its firstborn was the Komsomolsk Metallurgical Plant (conversion metallurgy), which entered into operation at existing enterprises during the Great Patriotic War. The plant's capacity is systematically increasing, but the demand for metal is also growing, which is imported here from afar with high transport costs. Therefore, another conversion plant was built in Komsomolsk-on-Amur. The creation of the South Yakutsk TPK also involves the development of iron ore deposits in the Aldan Highlands in order to expand ferrous metallurgy and create a full-cycle metallurgy in the Far East.

The Far Eastern seas constitute the richest base for the fishing industry. They provide 60% of fish production in Russia. The presence of rich and varied fish resources and the provision of modern fishing equipment ensure high efficiency of fisheries: the cost of raw fish here is lower than in the northern and western seas adjacent to the European macrozone.

The fishing industry of the Far East reached its greatest prosperity in the 70-80s. At that time, its share accounted for almost 1/3 of the all-Union catch of fish, sea animals and seafood. In our time, the situation has not worsened at all, now the Far Eastern seas provide about 60% of fish production in the Russian Federation, and even now, in our difficult times, canned fish, canned seafood, fresh frozen fish, salted herring are supplied from here to many parts of the country, as well as for export. Active fishing areas included the Bering and Okhotsk Seas (fish and sea animals), the Sea of ​​Japan (fish), the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and Antarctica. Crab fishing is carried out in the waters washing the southern and western parts of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. Currently, the basis of the fishing industry is active fishing in the open seas, which is occupied by a large fishing, fish processing and refrigerated transport fleet. Ocean fishing has significantly expanded the range of fish products: sea bass, hake, hake, halibut, saury, tuna, sable fish and such fairly new types of seafood as shrimp, squid, scallops, mussels.

The most important factor in the orientation of the fishing industry is raw materials, that is, the entire industry as a whole is oriented towards the coast (this applies to coastal farming).

About half of all fish production in the Far East comes from the Primorsky Territory. A special place in its fishing industry is occupied by crab canning and whaling, which has now almost completely ceased under the moratorium on the conservation of the whale population, which was signed by the Russian Federation. Other large fishing areas in the Far East are Kamchatka and Sakhalin (they account for 2/5 of the total catch, approximately equally). Crab fishing is carried out in the waters washing the southern and western parts of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. A crab canning production facility has been created, the products of which are in great demand on the world market.

The fishing industry of the Khabarovsk Territory is represented by 6 fish factories and 10 fish factories, in addition, about 50 fishing collective farms conduct fishing. The importance of fishing in the Magadan region has increased. Among the fishing bases, we can highlight the bases of the Vladivostok-Nakhodka and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatka complexes, which play the main role in catching and processing fish. The Amur River plays a special role in the fisheries industry of the Far East; in its waters one can find such valuable fish species as kaluga, whitefish, silver carp, and carp.

In the fishing industry, the main task is to eliminate the imbalance in the development of the fleet and its coastal base. In the future, the expansion of ocean fisheries will be accompanied by an increase in coastal fishing. Great importance is attached to measures for the protection and breeding of salmon fish. One of the promising areas is the commercial farming of scallops and other shellfish, as well as algae. The increase in fish catch will be accompanied by the processing of low-quality fish raw materials into products of increased nutritional value using new technology.

The enormous forest wealth of the Far East (about 11 billion cubic meters) led to the creation here of one of the largest logging and wood processing complexes. The factor of raw material resources plays a decisive role in the location of the timber industry, and the factor of areas of consumption of finished products plays a strong role. The location of the woodworking industry is equally influenced by two factors: raw materials and areas of consumption of finished products. The factor of raw material resources plays a decisive role in the location of the pulp and paper industry, and two factors have an equally weak impact: fuel and energy resources and areas of consumption of finished products.

The largest amount of wood - over 40% - is harvested by the Khabarovsk Territory (it produces more than 40% of lumber, 70% of plywood and more than 20% of cardboard), almost 20% by Primorye, and approximately 10% each by Sakhalin, Amur Region and Yakutia. Mainly larch, spruce, cedar and fir are cut down, and in the Amur and Ussuri regions, deciduous forests are also cut down; Small-leaved forests are used very little. Among the forest products exported from the Khabarovsk Territory, we must first of all mention standard houses, plywood, containers, parquet, pine-vitamin flour, feed yeast, ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. In the Primorsky Territory, a significant increase in timber harvesting, production of lumber, plywood, fiberboard and particle boards occurred in the 70s and 80s. Around that time, new capacities came into operation at the Iman woodworking plant, the Artyomovsky and Iman woodworking plants, and the Ussuriysk woodworking plant. Cities such as Lesozavodsk and Iman became centers of woodworking. Their products - lumber, plywood, furniture, parquet, prefabricated houses, barrels, boxes, skis, particle boards and fiberboards - are in great demand. About 2/3 of wood and its processed products are sent to other areas and for export to Japan, Australia and other countries.

Transporting Far Eastern timber to the west, through forest-rich regions of Siberia, where the cost of harvesting it is lower, is economically unprofitable (with the exception of high-value timber species that are not available in other areas of the country). The level of development of the forestry and woodworking industries does not yet fully correspond to the opportunities available here. In the logging industry, the parameters of actual deforestation are lower than the calculated cutting area (approximately 1/3), that is, there are large reserves for increasing logging. A lot of broadleaf timber remains unremoved, while coniferous species are completely removed. Conditional clear-cutting sometimes takes on an extensive scale, which adversely affects the restoration of forest resources. The noted circumstances are associated with delays in the construction of logging roads, fragmentation and insufficient production capacity of logging organizations, and a lag in the development of deep mechanical and chemical processing of wood raw materials. Available calculations show that in the Far East, for every thousand cubic meters of wood produced, much less processed forest products are produced than in a number of western regions of the country. The insufficient level of development of wood processing leads to the export of unjustifiably large amounts of roundwood to European regions, which causes high transport costs and increases the load intensity of western railway transport communications. In addition, waste from logging and wood processing is practically not used. Therefore, in the forestry, pulp and paper and woodworking industries, back in the 80s, a course was taken to organize production for the complete processing of wood. The development of chemical-mechanical and chemical processing of wood will make it possible to use forest raw materials more fully and rationally, increase the yield of the most important types of products from each cubic meter of harvested wood and increase the efficiency of the industry. The integrated use of wood raw materials would reduce transport costs due to the transportation of more qualified wood products, save a lot of valuable wood, and increase the efficiency of the forestry and woodworking industries. Available data show that out of 1000 cubic meters of industrial wood, 450 cubic meters are obtained. plywood and 500 cubic meters of waste, from which 320 cubic meters can be made. particle boards. These boards and plywood are enough to replace 2000 cubic meters. lumber, the production of which requires 3000 cubic meters. industrial wood. In the Far East, all the necessary conditions are available for the widespread development of mechanical and chemical processing of wood: rich forest resources, fuel and energy, good water supply, free land for industrial construction.

One of the main directions for increasing the economic efficiency of the forestry and woodworking industry of the Far East is the creation not of individual isolated, although powerful enterprises, but of large forestry complexes consisting of production facilities for timber harvesting and its consistent and deep mechanical and chemical processing.

The timber and wood processing industries are most developed in the Far East. They have received especially great development in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories, in the Republic of Sakha, Amur and Sakhalin regions, from where a significant part of lumber is exported. The pulp and paper industry is developed in Southern Sakhalin, which is the leader in paper production in the entire Eastern Economic Zone. Cardboard production is located in the Khabarovsk Territory (Amursk) and Sakhalin, plywood production is located in the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories. The woodworking industry is also represented by housing construction, the production of containers, furniture, plywood and hydrolysis plants, but these industries are not well developed. This hinders the further development of logging, since transportation of round timber over such long distances to the European part is ineffective, and round timber is also unprofitable for export. Therefore, in the future, constant attention will be paid to expanding highly qualified wood processing, including in the area of ​​the Baikal-Amur Mainline.

The mechanical engineering and metalworking complex includes large industrial sectors of the region. They account for 1/5 of the cost of manufactured industrial products and almost 1/3 of the industrial production personnel. Mechanical engineering itself is developed only in the Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories and in the Amur region; in other regions and Yakutia, repair work and the production of some spare parts for local machinery and equipment have been established.

Shipbuilding and ship repair, directly related to the fishing industry, sea and river transport, have received the greatest development. There are shipbuilding and ship repair enterprises in the sea and river ports of the region. They build small and medium-sized fishing vessels and repair large ones. The mechanical engineering industries for the production and repair of equipment for the fishing, mining and forestry industries are developing. There are enterprises of this profile in Vladivostok, Khabarovsk and some other cities.

Agricultural engineering has been created, represented by a plant (Birobidzhan), which produces a variety of equipment adapted to the peculiarities of the natural conditions of the Far East, including combine harvesters with caterpillar tracks. Numerous repair bases have been built in all major agricultural areas, some of which produce spare parts. Transport engineering is represented by numerous automobile repair enterprises and railway transport repair plants in Ussuriysk, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk and Svobodny.

In recent years, electrical engineering, the production of power equipment, and machine tools have developed noticeably in Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Ussuriysk, Birobidzhan and some other cities. However, a number of types of products produced here are exported to other regions, including the European part, over vast distances, which cannot be considered rational, especially since the main technological equipment for most sectors of the region’s economy is imported from other regions. The most urgent task for the Far East is a significant expansion of the repair base and the production of a number of mass-produced spare parts for the equipment used here.

The construction industry is represented by cement factories in the Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories and the Sakhalin region, factories of reinforced concrete structures and building parts mainly in large cities, and enterprises producing building materials. However, the scale of industry development is still insufficient. Of particular importance here is the creation of large bases for the construction materials industry in connection with the rapid pace of the housing and household construction program in order to significantly improve the life of the population of the region and consolidate the influx of new settlers.

The fuel and energy complex of the region is developing at a faster pace. The energy sector is based mainly on the use of brown and hard coals. More than half of brown coal production comes from deposits in the Primorsky Territory, a significant part from the Amur and, to a lesser extent, Sakhalin regions. The latter not only meets its needs for coal, but also exports it. The main sources of hard coal production in the region were coal mining enterprises in Primorye, Khabarovsk Territory and Magadan Region.

Nowadays, the leading place in coal mining belongs to the South Yakut coal basin, which was approached by the railway, the so-called Small BAM. The South Yakut basin of high-quality open-pit coking coal has become the core of the territorial production complex of the same name that is being formed here. The complex includes, in addition to the coal industry, the electric power industry and other industries. In the future, there is the development of large, rich iron ore deposits in the Aldan region. The combination of South Yakut coal and iron ores is the basis for the future full-cycle ferrous metallurgy. High-quality coals from the South Yakut basin (Neryungri) are exported to Japan and other countries.

In the northeast of Sakhalin - from Okha to Katangli - oil is produced. From here, through two oil pipelines, it goes to the oil refineries of Komsomolsk-on-Amur and Khabarovsk. But the amount of oil production on the island is small and does not satisfy the needs of the area. Therefore, a lot of oil and oil products are imported to the Far East from Western Siberia. The problems of oil and gas production on the shelf of Sakhalin Island are being successfully resolved. In the future, in the Far East it will be necessary to develop not only the Sakhalin shelf, but also other areas of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, in particular the shelf of the Magadan coast and the western coast of Kamchatka. Oil-bearing structures have been discovered in the Bering Sea. The shelf of the Arctic seas has a high forecast estimate of hydrocarbon reserves. For the long-term development of the region's fuel and energy economy, the development of the Leno-Vilyui gas-bearing province, the natural gas of which is already supplied to Yakutsk, is of great importance. Oil and gas-bearing Sakhalin is connected to the mainland, in addition to the existing oil pipeline, by the Okha - Komsomolsk-on-Amur gas pipeline.

The main electric power capacities of the Far East are concentrated in the southern part of the region, where they are connected into a common energy system. Energy hubs in the northern territories operate in isolation, have lower power and supply local consumers. Among the operating power plants, hydroelectric power stations and thermal power plants predominate in the southern part of the region. The largest hydroelectric power station is Zeyskaya (1.3 million kW). The construction of the largest hydroelectric power station in the region, Bureyskaya (2 million kW), is underway. The construction of hydroelectric power station cascades in Vilyui and Kolyma continues. In the north, we have our first ATPP - Bilibinskaya, as well as the Pauzhetskaya geothermal power plant in Kamchatka. The national economy of the Far East is tasked with fully satisfying its energy needs using its own resources. continuation
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2.2 Agro-industrial complex

Agriculture plays an important role in the comprehensive development of the Far East. The main agricultural lands here are located in the Middle Amur region, the Ussuri region and on the Khanka Plain, accounting for 95% of the sown area of ​​the region. The entire cultivated area of ​​the Far East is almost 3 million hectares, including approximately 40% under grain crops, 35% under soybeans, 6-7% under potatoes and vegetables, and 15-20% under fodder crops.

Wheat, barley, oats and buckwheat are common among grains, but the yield of these crops still remains below the Russian average. Here little fertilizer is applied to their crops. In addition, harvesting difficulties associated with high soil and atmospheric humidity often lead to large losses of grown grain. Approximately half of the Far East's grain needs are met by imports from Siberia and Kazakhstan. Rice is grown in the Khanka lowland, but its crops are still small. Here, as well as in the Priussuri Lowland, there is a leveled topography for the creation of rice plantations, a sufficiently long and warm growing season, and fertile soils favor the expansion of rice cultivation.

The Far East is the main soybean production area. It accounts for over 90% of all our crops of this valuable crop. In the southern part of the region, potatoes and vegetables are grown everywhere; the population of the Primorsky Territory and the Amur Region is fully provided with these products through local production, but in the region as a whole, the population's needs for these crops are not yet fully satisfied. The district is faced with the task of providing the population with locally produced potatoes and vegetables.

In the Far East, cattle, pigs and deer are raised. Primorsky Krai and the Amur region are distinguished for breeding cattle and pigs, and Yakutia, Magadan and Kamchatka regions, and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug for breeding deer. However, in general, livestock farming in the region is poorly developed, the number of livestock is insignificant, and its productivity is lower than the Russian average. For meat and dairy products, approximately 1/3 of the population's needs are met through local production. Most of these products are imported from Western Siberia and Kazakhstan.

The Far Eastern taiga, mainly mountainous areas, is rich in fur-bearing and other game animals. Hunting and fur farming are especially developed in the northern regions, throughout Sikhote-Alin and Sakhalin. Fur farms have been organized to breed sables, arctic foxes, silver foxes, musk deer and red deer.

Among the branches of the food industry (except for fish) in the Far East, flour milling remains of great importance, developing in the Amur region, Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories. It also houses butter, cheese, dairy, meat, confectionery, sugar (Ussuriysk) and other industries. However, the food industry of the region is still far from meeting the needs of its population. A significant part of the food industry products is imported from Siberia and the European part of Russia. A large oil-processing industry for processing soybeans has been created in Ussuriysk and Khabarovsk, and part of its products is exported outside the region. Various food enterprises are expanding and building. Among them, most are meat processing plants, which will use the increased number of deer in the north of the region, and beef cattle in the south; The network of city dairies is also expanding.
2.3 Transport and economic connections

The economic development of the region depends to a great extent on the accelerated development of transport, since the sparse population requires the active functioning of intra-district connections based on the close interaction of various modes of transport.

All existing modes of transport operate in the Far Eastern region, but the main role is played by the railway. It accounts for up to 80% of transported cargo.

The beginning of active transport development of the southern part of the region is associated with the construction in the 19th century. Trans-Siberian Railway. It plays a vital transit role, ensuring the transportation of goods from the countries of the Pacific coast to European countries. Recently, the Trans-Siberian Railway has acquired side lines, sometimes serving as access branches to logging bases, but in some cases having independent significance: to Sovetskaya Gavan (via Komsomolsk-on-Amur), to Nakhodka and Posiet.

The railway development of the middle zone of the Far East is connected with the Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM). With the construction of this highway, Russia received a second access to the Pacific coast and the opportunity to develop various types of minerals in the BAM gravity zone. In addition to the latitudinal mainline, the BAM also includes a road from the Trans-Siberian Mainline through Tynda, Berkakit, Tommot, Yakutsk - “Small BAM”, as well as a number of lines connecting the Baikal-Amur Mainline with the Trans-Siberian Mainline. The construction of the BAM led to the creation of a number of complexes on the route and, especially important for the Far East region, the South Yakut territorial production complex.

A significant amount of inter-district and intra-district transportation of goods in the Far Eastern region is carried out by sea. Navigation in the harsh Arctic seas is provided with the help of icebreakers. The Lena River adjoins the Northern Sea Route, forming a transport link between the railway and the sea route along the shores of the Arctic Ocean. A completely different mode of operation of maritime transport in the Pacific seas. Intra-district and international transportation is carried out almost all year round in the Sea of ​​Japan and Bering Sea. The main cargoes transported in the Far Eastern region are timber, coal, building materials, oil, fish and food products. The largest ports of these seas are Tiksi, Vanino, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Nagaevo (Magadan), Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Sovetskaya Gavan.

The area is poorly provided with roads. But in areas isolated from other transport routes, the importance of motor transport is great. For long-distance transportation there are several large highways, for example, the Never-Aldan-Yakutsk road leads from the south to the Republic of Sakha. The northernmost road runs from Yakutsk to Magadan. The Khabarovsk - Birobidzhan road and the Kolyma tract are of great transport importance. In addition to highways, in the north of the region there are many winter roads and local roads. The network of highways is more developed in the southern regions of the Far East.

The importance of air transport for the Far East is enormous, both for connections with other regions of Russia and for intra-regional transportation (especially for passenger transportation). Airplanes and helicopters provide communications with hard-to-reach areas. In the vast expanses of the northern Far East, along with other types of transport, reindeer transport is preserved.

Program measures for the development of transport infrastructure, provided for by the Federal Target Program for the Economic and Social Development of the Far East and Transbaikalia for 1996-2005, include the completion of the construction of the BAM and AYAM (Amur-Yakutsk Mainline), the reconstruction of sections of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the creation of a unified railway network of Sakhalin, the construction two bridge crossings across the Amur, expansion of transshipment capacities of 12 seaports, formation of a supporting road network (including the completion of the Chita - Khabarovsk highway), reconstruction of airports and renewal of the aircraft fleet. Transport services to the northern territories must be improved. The base port of the Lena basin will be moved to Yakutsk after the completion of the AYAM.

Analyzing the cargo flows of the Far Eastern region with other regions of the country, it should be noted that the region receives more cargo than it exports. The main volume of transportation is carried out by railways. The share of transport costs in the cost of Far Eastern products is higher than in other regions. This is due to the fact that most of the cargo is brought from afar. Exports from the Far East are dominated by fish products, timber and lumber, and non-ferrous metal ore concentrates. However, in recent years, the level of complexity of the region’s development has increased, new industrial enterprises have appeared, related and service industries and the service sector are developing, which has affected the structure of cargo turnover.

The share of the Far East in the exports of the former Soviet Union was 4.4%, but for certain product items it was much higher, this applies to the export of round timber (40%), fish (26%), canned fish (22%), cement ( more than 10%). Now the Far East exports only 4.6% of its industrial products to the foreign market, while in Russia as a whole this figure is 7.2%.

Currently, Japan is the main foreign economic partner in the Far East. A number of long-term agreements on a compensation plan were signed with this country for the development of forest resources in this region, the development of wood processing industries, the production of pulp and paper, the development of the coal industry, transport construction, and the expansion of port facilities.

Thanks to these and other agreements, the involvement of all these natural resources in economic circulation was accelerated, it was possible to create new export bases in this region, remote from the main developed areas and centers, and to strengthen its transport equipment. With the help of Japanese loans, for example, the coal deposits of Southern Yakutia (Neryungri) were developed, the BAM-Tynda-Berkakit railway was built, and special berths were built in the port of Vanino for transshipment of coal, timber, and containers. In repayment of the loans, Japan receives timber, technological chips, and Yakut coal. The issues of developing offshore oil and gas deposits of Sakhalin with the participation of foreign companies are being considered. One of these Japanese companies, Sodeko, in accordance with an agreement with the former Ministry of Foreign Trade of the USSR, has been conducting geological exploration work for oil and gas on the Sakhalin shelf since 1975. A feasibility study for the development of some explored deposits by this company is currently being studied taking into account environmental problems and the interests of the inhabitants of the island and all of Russia. There are projects for the development of other resources in the region on the same basis. For example, to develop the Khakanja complex ore deposit (near Okhotsk) in the Khabarovsk Territory, containing gold, silver, and manganese, a joint venture must be created with equal Russian and foreign shares in the authorized capital. Japanese firms will undoubtedly take part in the tender for the right to develop the Khakanja gold deposit.

Foreign economic relations between the Far East and China are expanding in many areas. Cross-border trade is growing rapidly, transactions and agreements are being concluded with Chinese companies to develop the natural resources of the region. For example, in the trade turnover of the Primorsky Territory, the share of China is almost 60%. Primorye exports mineral fertilizers, fish products, timber, etc. to China, and in return receives consumer goods and food. An agreement was reached between the authorities of the Chinese province of Heilongjiang and the Khabarovsk Territory on the protection and reproduction of fish stocks of the border rivers Ussuri and Amur. Currently, China is showing a certain interest in Russian iron ore deposits. This is explained not only by the fact that Russian ore is twice as high in quality as Chinese ore, but also by the fact that in the near future the needs of the ferrous metallurgy cannot be satisfied through its own mining. Therefore, it is very likely that Chinese capital will participate in the development of iron ore deposits in Southern Yakutia, Khabarovsk Territory and Primorye, which are located closer to the Chinese centers of iron production and have become closer than deposits of raw materials in Brazil and even India.

Now the foreign economic activity of the Far Eastern regions of Russia is not only a source of replenishment of financial resources, but also the most important factor influencing the socio-economic situation of the region as a whole. Due to foreign economic activity, it is possible to largely compensate for the negative consequences of remoteness from the main industrial centers of the country, create additional jobs, expand markets for products, ensure market saturation with goods and uninterruptedly supply the population with food.

In economic terms, the turn of the Far Eastern economy towards neighboring countries is sometimes seen as the only possibility for the survival of individual enterprises. But the creative potential of foreign economic specialization in the conditions of the Far East is not realized. It is very likely that its importance is greatly exaggerated for the country as a whole. Then the “open door” policy needs serious adjustments based on the domestic assessment of the progressiveness of foreign economic relations, not in general, but for a given stage of the country’s development and taking into account the specific forms of implementation of such activities.
CHAPTER 3: Main prospects for the development of the Far Eastern economic region

Prospects for the development of the Far East in market conditions are associated with the development of new natural resources and the further formation of the South Yakut territorial production complex.

In the future, it is also possible to create another new complex in the BAM area, the basis of which will be ferrous metallurgy based on coking coals of southern Yakutia and iron ore deposits of the same area.

The Zeysko-Svobodnensky complex will receive further development on the basis of energy, forestry and woodworking industries, mechanical engineering, tin mining and other minerals. The Zeya hydroelectric power station has already been put into operation here; the Urgal TPK will be created on the basis of the Bureyskaya hydroelectric power station and the development of coal from the Urgal deposit. The energy base of the new complex will be strengthened through the construction of a thermal power plant. Mechanical engineering branches will emerge - the production of road vehicles, and a powerful repair base will be created. The timber and wood chemical industries will begin to develop based on the use of the richest forest resources.

In the area of ​​Komsomolsk-on-Amur, it is planned to create a powerful chemical complex based on West Siberian oil, Sakhalin shelf oil, Yakut natural gas, South Yakut coal, local apatites and phosphorites of the Udsko-Selemdzhinsky region.

In the northwest of Komsomolsk-on-Amur there are large tin deposits - Burzhalskoye and Komsomolskoye, and a plant is already operating, which can be expanded in the future.

The Sovgavansky TPK is being formed on the eastern section of the BAM route. Sovetskaya Gavan will turn into a powerful transport hub of the Far East. The port is being reconstructed and a ferry service has been introduced to Sakhalin across the Tatar Strait from Vanino to Kholmsk. The ship repair and fish processing industries are growing.

In the future, it is planned to put into operation about 40 million hectares of the Siberian and Far Eastern taiga. It is planned to increase timber harvesting to 6 million cubic meters. m. (especially spruce and fir). New construction in the Far East region will require the development of a powerful construction base. The construction of a number of new cement plants and other construction industry facilities is envisaged.

Currently, the South Yakutsk TPK continues to develop: a powerful coal mine, a processing plant, and the Neryungrinskaya State District Power Plant have been built. The South Yakutsk TPK is formed on the basis of a combination of high-quality coals and iron ores. In the river basin Aldan, north of the Stanovoy Range (80-100 km) and not far from the South Yakut high-quality iron ores, is the South Yakut coal basin. The coals are of high quality and are suitable for coking. Chulmakanskoye, Neryungrinskoye and other deposits have been explored here. The thickness of the seam at the Neryungri deposit exceeds 50 m. At the Chulmakan deposit, the coal seams have a horizontal strike. A mine with a capacity of 6 million tons of coal per year was put into operation in the South Yakutsk basin.

Near the coal basin there is the Aldan iron ore basin with an iron content in the ore of up to 42%. The most studied deposits are Taezhnoe, Pionerskoye, Sivaglinskoye, whose reserves amount to 2.5 billion tons.

Magnetite quartzites have been explored in the basins of the Olekma and Chara rivers, which makes it possible to create in the future a large base for ferrous metallurgy in the Far East.

In the zone of the South Yakutsk mineral complex, significant deposits of apatite, large deposits of mica, corundum, shale and other minerals have been identified.

The BAM-Tynda railway and its continuation from Tynda to Berkakit provide access to Yakut coal to the BAM and the Trans-Siberian Railway. High-quality coking coals from the South Yakutia basin, in large part, will be supplied to the southern regions of the Far East to metallurgical plants and for export to Japan. Their export to Japan will go through the major port - Vostochny.

At the same time, the development of the richest resources of the Far East requires huge capital investments. Therefore, a priority investment program for the region and attraction of foreign investment, primarily from neighboring countries - Japan, China, South Korea, are necessary. Currently, there is already a decision on joint development of oil resources of the Sakhalin shelf with Japan. An agreement was signed with China on the demarcation of the state border along the Amur River and the joint exploitation of a number of river islands. Joint ventures will be created. The Nakhodka free economic zone has been created, which is successfully developing and bringing considerable dividends to the region.

The primary economic task of the Far Eastern region is to strengthen the energy base, convert thermal power plants to more efficient gas fuel, reconstruct them and increase capacity. In the near future, this problem will be solved through the construction of a main gas pipeline from the Kovykta gas field in the Irkutsk region to the Far East and neighboring countries - China, Japan

The most promising direction in the economic development of the region is the development of industry for the extraction and processing of natural raw materials through the conversion of the defense complex, the enterprises of which are oversaturated in the region. The tasks are to further develop market relations, create market infrastructure, reorient the economy to the needs of the population, develop free economic zones, solve environmental and demographic problems and expand transport and economic ties with other regions and foreign countries. The priority task in the region should be the comprehensive development of small businesses and joint ventures with joint countries.

On April 15, 1996, the Government of the Russian Federation approved the Federal Target Program for the Economic and Social Development of the Far East and Transbaikalia for 1996-2005. The government customers of the Program were the Ministry of Economy (coordinator), the Ministry of Labor, the State Committee for Industry, the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations, and the main developer was the Council for the Location of Productive Forces and Economic Cooperation (SOPSiES).

The program provides for three stages, reflecting changes in priorities, internal and external conditions: the first (1996-1997) - the implementation of urgent measures to overcome the crisis; the second (1998-2000) - economic and social stabilization; the third (2001-2005) - concentrating efforts on the tasks of structural restructuring and ensuring sustainable development. It includes the main subprograms: a set of priority measures of state support (its implementation constitutes the content of the first stage of the Program); economic restructuring; promoting employment and population stabilization; economic cooperation with Asia-Pacific countries.

The priority measures to stabilize the socio-economic situation in the region include eliminating the energy supply deficit by increasing the supply of energy resources from Siberia and ensuring a sustainable volume of local coal production. Subsidized support for enterprises in the fuel and energy complex should be combined with a policy of curbing electricity tariffs. To reduce transport costs, especially when implementing economic relations with central regions, it is planned to expand the use of preferential tariffs for long distances and transportation in empty directions, to rationalize transport schemes for supplying the region, taking into account the possibilities of imports from Asia-Pacific countries. Measures are envisaged to eliminate the consequences of natural disasters that occurred in recent years on Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, Kamchatka, Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories, and it is also planned to begin solving long-term tasks to create the necessary scientific and material and technical base for the prevention of natural disasters and their elimination consequences.

At the first stage, the bulk of the overdue debt was eliminated, the relationship between the federal and regional budgets was regulated, and other pressing issues of financial and economic relations were resolved.

Structural restructuring of the economy. The program systematizes forecasts for the development of economic sectors and the possibility of improving the structure of production, taking into account changes in regional, national and world markets. Although the main specialization of the Far East and Transbaikalia remains the same - mining and processing of mineral raw materials, timber and fisheries complexes - qualitative changes will occur within these industry complexes: the production of products with deep processing of natural raw materials, competitive in the domestic and foreign markets, will mainly increase.

In the mining industry, it is planned to significantly expand the raw material base for the extraction of gold, titanium, tin, and polymetals. The development of the Udokan copper ore deposit will begin, new tin, lead and zinc smelting facilities will be created and existing facilities will be reconstructed.

The main direction of development of the timber industry complex is to increase the production and export of lumber, pulp, paper, as well as other products of advanced wood processing. It is not envisaged to restore maximum logging volumes (1989 level), taking into account trends in domestic demand, changes in global conditions and the need to rationalize forest management.

The subprogram “Fisheries Complex” assumes an increase in fish catch and seafood production in 2005 - up to 3.8 million tons. Non-fishery fishing, primarily squid and other mollusks and crustaceans, should increase significantly. It is planned to allocate funds for the purchase of ships, the maintenance of a research and rescue fleet, and it is planned to reconstruct and technically re-equip manufacturing enterprises to produce products that are in steady demand.

The main change in the fuel and energy complex is the development of oil and gas fields on the shelf of the island. Sakhalin and Yakutia. In 2005, gas production will amount to 22 billion m3 (of which 10 billion m3 is for export), oil - 20.8 million tons, which will satisfy the region's needs for oil products by 50 - 60% (currently - 7 - 8%). Coal production may increase to 85 million tons, which will almost completely meet the region's needs for solid fuel. In the electric power industry, it is planned to commission the Bureyskaya HPP at full capacity and increase electricity production in 2005 to 70.7 billion kW. h.

The main structural changes in mechanical engineering are the organization of production of equipment for industries of specialization, the development of machine tool manufacturing, instrument making, and electrical engineering, mainly through the respecialization of existing defense enterprises. The Program includes conversion programs for 22 enterprises. Small enterprises for the production of high-tech products will be created, as well as factories for assembling products based on components imported from the countries of East and Southeast Asia. It is planned to produce civil aviation equipment using dual technologies.

The goal is to overcome the decline in agricultural production by improving its specialization taking into account natural conditions. It is justified to increase grain production to 3.2 million tons, soybean production to 600 thousand tons, to fully meet the macroregion's needs for potatoes and 70% for vegetables.

Program activities for the development of transport infrastructure include the completion of the construction of BAM and AYAM (Amur-Yakutsk Mainline), the reconstruction of sections of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the creation of a unified railway network of Sakhalin, the construction of two bridge crossings across the Amur, the expansion of transshipment capacities of 12 sea ports, the formation of a supporting road network (including including the completion of the Chita - Khabarovsk highway), the reconstruction of airports and the renewal of the aircraft fleet. Transport services to the northern territories must be improved. The base port of the Lena basin will be moved to Yakutsk after the completion of the AYAM

Promotion of employment and social protection of the population. The program includes measures to ensure high-income employment, retain the population, and maintain a decent standard of living, taking into account complicated living conditions. The system of regional social compensation must be improved.

It is proposed to compensate state-owned enterprises in the form of subsidies from the federal budget, and enterprises and organizations of private and mixed forms of ownership - in the form of tax benefits. . The outflow of part of the population from the regions of the Far North is inevitable, but the Program provides for measures to streamline this process, which will minimize economic and psychological losses through organized assistance in resettlement mainly to the southern regions of the Far East. The natural resources of the northern territories should be developed in parallel with the creation in the southern zone of rear bases and permanent housing for those working in northern enterprises on a rotational basis.

Intensifying economic cooperation with Asia-Pacific countries. To increase the export potential of the region, stimulate foreign investment and create favorable conditions for foreign entrepreneurs, it is planned to introduce a special export procedure for enterprises in the region, tax incentives to compensate for unfavorable business conditions, a guarantee system and risk reduction for foreign investors. This will require appropriate changes in Russian and local legislation, improvement of the mechanisms of production sharing agreements, collateral of natural resource deposits, the formation of free economic zones, etc. The question of creating an international Far Eastern Bank for Reconstruction and Development is being raised.

The priority objects for attracting foreign investment in the Far East are: development of oil and gas fields in Sakhalin and Yakutia, participation in the development of diamond deposits in Yakutia, gold in Kamchatka, tin in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories, development of forest resources of the Khabarovsk Territory, fisheries resources of the eastern seas, recreational - in Kamchatka, construction of transport, warehouse and port complexes in Nakhodka, on the river. Amur and the coast of the Tatar Strait, construction of bridges across the river. Amur near Khabarovsk and Blagoveshchensk, as well as various forms of free economic zones, technology parks and technopolises.

To intensify foreign trade activities, it is necessary to legislatively resolve issues of giving a special status to border territories, using a portion of customs duties by the subjects of the Federation for their needs

The program also includes implementation mechanisms, including a management system. Ideas about the management structure changed somewhat after the Program was approved. Now its highest body is the Government Commission, formed on a parity basis from representatives of federal bodies and heads of administrations of the territories of the Far East and Transbaikalia. The main executive body will be the Program Directorate. To manage the finances of the Program, the Fund for Reconstruction and Development of the Far East and Transbaikalia will be created, the main objectives of which are the accumulation of financial resources from state federal and regional sources, attraction of private domestic and foreign capital, justification for the provision of state guarantees for the implementation of projects of paramount importance, etc. .d. The main share in the Fund's capital will be owned by the state and local governments.

Not all problems could be worked out in sufficient depth; some inconsistencies and uncertainties in quantitative estimates remained. Understanding the inevitability of such shortcomings, the developers provided a mechanism for eliminating them during implementation. For this purpose, a special section “Further development of the Program” has been introduced. continuation
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Industrial production of the Far Eastern Federal District includes several specialization sectors - fishing industry, forestry industry, non-ferrous metallurgy and mechanical engineering.

The leading place among the industries of market specialization of the Far Eastern Federal District belongs to non-ferrous metallurgy. It is represented mainly by the mining and processing of tin, mercury, gold, polymetallic ores, tungsten, that is, the mining industry. Non-ferrous metallurgy has the largest share in Yakutia, more than 60% of the entire industry of the republic and the Magadan region, about 60%. Gold mining is one of the oldest industries in the Far Eastern Federal District. It has long been carried out in the basins of the Zeya, Selemdzha, Burei, Am-guni rivers, the mountains of the Aldan Highlands, Khingan and Sikhote-Alin. Two-thirds of all gold in Russia comes from the Magadan region and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Moreover, the main problem in the industry is the transition from placer to ore gold mining. Diamond mining takes place in the west of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

The tungsten industry is concentrated in the Magadan region and Primorsky Krai; tungsten deposits in Yakutia are promising. Antimony is mined in Yakutia. In the Primorsky Territory there is a large fluorspar deposit - Voznesenskoye, on the basis of which the Yaroslavl Mining and Processing Plant operates. There are several tin industry enterprises in the Far Eastern Federal District - the Deputatsky, Solnechny, Khinganolovo, Iultinsky, and Khrustalnensky mining and processing plants. There are tasks to expand the production of non-ferrous metals: tin in the Khabarovsk Territory, manganese in the Jewish Autonomous Region, rare earth metals in Sakha (Yakutia), lead-zinc and tungsten in the Primorsky Territory. It is necessary to update the equipment at the lead production plant in Rudnaya Pristan (Primorsky Territory).

The lead-zinc industry, concentrated in the Primorsky Territory, has developed, producing lead-zinc concentrates and lead. Large deposits of lead-zinc ores have been developed - Voznesenskoye and Nikolaevskoye. Tungsten is mined in the Magadan Region and Primorsky Territory. In the Primorsky Territory, a mining and processing plant operates on the basis of this deposit.

The diamond mining industry stands out in the Far East. Three large mining and processing plants were built in Yakutia: Mir, Aikhal, and Udachny.

Ferrous metallurgy is important for the district. Metallurgy is represented mainly in the Khabarovsk Territory by two companies: PJSC Amurstal and PJSC Amurmetal in Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

The fishing industry complex of the Far East is the largest in Russia. The main fishery is carried out in the Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese seas. The main fishing regions are the Kamchatka and Primorsky Territories, which account for 62 and 65% of the regional catch of fish and seafood, followed by the Khabarovsk Territory and the Magadan Region. The bulk of the fish catch comes from large fishing vessels. The range of commercial fish is varied. To increase the quantity

salmon fish a special agreement was concluded between Russia and Japan on the regulation of their fishing; In the Kamchatka Territory, factories for the artificial breeding of salmon and other valuable fish species have been built. Crab fishing is carried out off the southern and western coasts of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. Several crab canning factories have been created, the products of which are in great demand on the world market.

In the Far East, there is fishing for walruses, seals, seals, etc. It is worthwhile to master the production of a wider range of seafood: edible algae, shellfish, shrimp, sea cucumbers, mussels, squid, which are rich in coastal sea waters. The largest coastal fishing facilities are concentrated in the areas of seaport centers - the cities of Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Vanino, Kholmsk, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Magadan. The specificity of the fishery complex of the Far East is that the extraction of raw materials is ensured through ocean fishing, and almost 98% of it occurs in the economic zone of Russia.

All this calls for the need for proportional development of the fleet in various directions - mining, processing, transport, auxiliary - as well as the infrastructure that serves it. The goal is to increase the volume of coastal fishing. Its implementation will increase the number of people employed in the fishing industry to 40 thousand people and will contribute to the development of the industry. It is planned to modernize the fishing fleet, as well as to build new vessels in the Far East, primarily for the development of the coastal fishing fleet. Further development of the coastal processing base of the fishing industry in the Far Eastern Federal District provides for the reconstruction and technical re-equipment of production to ensure the production of fish products that are competitive in the domestic and foreign markets.

The district's forest resources account for 55% of the forest fund area of ​​the Russian Federation, and the total timber reserve is 25% of Russian reserves, over 20 billion m3. The timber, pulp and paper and woodworking industry is a branch of specialization of the Far Eastern Federal District, which has developed mainly in the southern part of the region: in the Khabarovsk Territory and the Sakhalin Region, as well as in the Primorsky Territory and the Amur Region.

The logging industry has formed mainly in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories, as well as in the Sakhalin and Amur regions and in the south of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Among the branches of the wood processing industry, sawmilling has received the greatest development. Large centers of the woodworking industry are located in the cities of Blagoveshchensk, Amursk, Lesozavodsk, Dalnerechensk, Khabarovsk. The pulp and paper industry is developing in the south of the Sakhalin region (Uglegorsk, Poronaysk), as well as in the city of Amursk.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking occupy 4th place in the industry structure of the Far Eastern Federal District. This industry has received the greatest development in the Khabarovsk, Primorsky territories and the Amur region. The main sub-sectors of the engineering complex of the Far East are: shipbuilding and ship repair located in the cities of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk; agricultural engineering (Dalselkhozmash plant in Birobidzhan); production of power equipment (Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Birobidzhan, etc.), as well as machine tool building, electrical industry, transport engineering.

The fuel and energy complex (FEC) of the Far East contributes to the development of the electric power industry and fuel industry in Russia. The potential fossil fuel reserves of the Far Eastern Federal District amount to 10.8 billion tons of oil, 24.3 trillion. m of natural gas and 1.2 trillion. tons of coal The main centers are the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Ї coal, natural gas, and the Sakhalin region Ї oil, natural gas. The main export positions of the region's fuel and energy complex are coking and steam coals from Southern Yakutia, Sakhalin oil, and products from oil refineries in the Khabarovsk Territory.

The electric power industry of the region is represented by the Neryungri, Yakutsk, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsk and other thermal power plants, the largest Zeya hydroelectric power station, etc., as well as the Bilibino nuclear power plant and the Pauzhetskaya geothermal power plant in Kamchatka. In general, the electric power industry is most developed only in the Amur, Magadan and Kamchatka regions. The effective hydro potential of Russia is 8.3% of the world potential, and the hydro potential of the three large basins of the Far East: Lensky, Amur, Kolyma, is almost half. In terms of technically accessible hydropower potential, the Far Eastern Federal District ranks 4th among the Asia-Pacific countries. The development of hydro potential in the Far East is 3%, for comparison in China - 18%, Japan, Sweden, Greece - from 65% to 90%, in Brazil, Canada, USA, Italy - from 50% to 65%.

The oil and gas industry is represented by enterprises producing, processing, transporting and marketing crude oil, petroleum products, and natural gas. The main volume of oil and gas production, about 90%, is provided by the Sakhalin region, which is associated with the commissioning on the shelf of the island. Sakhalin large fields under the Sakhalin-1 and Sakhalin-2 projects. The main oil refining capacity in the Far Eastern Federal District is concentrated in the Khabarovsk Territory and is represented by two large oil refineries in the cities of Khabarovsk and Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

The coal industry is represented in all Far Eastern regions of the Russian Federation, but the basis of regional coal production volumes is 67.4%: provided by the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Ї 34.7% and Primorsky Krai Ї 32.7%. The development of coal reserves is carried out mainly by open-pit mining, a little more than half of the production comes from hard coal (50.8%).

The light industry of the Far East is represented by textile, clothing, knitwear, leather and footwear and other industries, the enterprises of which are located mainly in medium-sized and large cities.

In addition to the development of the main branch of the food industry - fish - other industries have been created in the Far East: flour milling, the largest enterprise of which is the Khabarovsk flour mill; meat, which includes meat processing plants in Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Birobidzhan; oil and fat production, the raw material for which is soybeans, is represented by oil and fat factories in Khabarovsk and Ussuriysk.

Localization coefficient

Cl = Or/Chr x100 / Os/Xc x100 = (14478/2808367.8 x 100) / (113100/54013599.2 x 100) = 2.5

where Or (wood removal) - 14,478 thousand m3;

XP (2014) - 2808367.8 million rubles;

OS (timber removal) - 113,100 thousand m3;

Xs (2014) - 54013599.2 million rubles.

Specialization level index

Is = Or/Oc x100 / Chr/Xc x100 = (14478/113100 x 100) / (2808367.8/54013599.2 x 100) = 2.5

Conclusion: the leading industrial production of the Far Eastern Federal District includes several branches of specialization - fishing industry, forestry industry, non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy and mechanical engineering.

Geography project

“Identification of industrial, transport, scientific, business, financial, defense centers of the Far East.”

Supervisor: Elena Aleksandrovna Borsch, geography teacher, Secondary School No. 73, Ulyanovsk

Introduction

Chapter 1. The Far East is the stronghold of the state

Chapter 2. Types of centers

A. Industrial

B. Transport

B. Scientific and financial

G. Defense

Chapter 3 Research part

Conclusion
Literature

Introduction

The relevance of the topic of my research is explained by the fact that it reflects the need and timeliness of solving the problem under study for the further development of the Far East. Knowledge on this topic is necessary for studying the economy of the Far East in the 9th grade geography course “Russian Economy”.

Getting to know the most remote region of Russia - the Far East;

Formation of skills in working with a geographical atlas, encyclopedia, press, and the Internet;

Give an idea of ​​the natural resources of the Far East, the economy, transport system, scientific and defense centers;

Fostering a sense of pride for your country;

Know: historical facts, important events taking place in the area.

Methods: statistical, working with Internet and ICT sources, working with media materials, methods of analysis and synthesis.

Preparatory,

Basic,

Creative.

Expected Result:

1) educational:

a) obtaining knowledge about the geographical location of the Far East, industrial, transport, scientific and defense centers;

b) improving the quality of geographical and economic knowledge;

c) acquiring skills in working with various sources of information: the Internet, printed literature;

d) improving the quality of knowledge and worldview.

2) educational:

a) the formation of interest and love for every corner of our vast Motherland (in this case, the Far East);

b) the desire to understand and reveal the characteristics of this region.

3) communicative:

Ability to conduct research activities: collect, correctly record, classify material for a given project.

Summing up forms:

Familiarization with printed materials with their further discussions;

Participation in school and district conferences with reports and scientific articles;

Chapter 1. The Far East is the stronghold of the state

The Far East, having an advantageous geographical location and huge reserves of natural resources, plays an important role in Russian politics. The Far East has been attracting the attention of foreign states for centuries, so today it is especially relevant to know the history of securing the borders of the Pacific coast of the Russian Federation. The Republic of Sakha-Yakutia, Khabarovsk Territory, Primorsky Territory, Amur, Sakhalin, Kamchatka and Magadan regions are located on the territory of the region. Based on a number of basic characteristics (economic and geographical location, natural resources, conditions for their development, economic specialization), two subregions are distinguished: North (Yakutia-Sakha and Magadan region) and South (Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories, Amur, Sakhalin and Kamchatka regions) . The Far Eastern South is much more favorable for economic development than the North. About 30% of the area of ​​the entire region is home to 80% of its inhabitants. The North, on the contrary, is distinguished by its harsh nature and sparse population. The development of valuable mineral resources is the main specialization of the region, which determines its place in the Russian economy. Industrial centers, mainly associated with the extraction of mineral resources, are significantly distant from each other. There are two most important factors that determine the position of the Far East in the system of Russian regions.

First of all, the special economic and geographical position of the region. It is characterized by remoteness from the main, most populated and developed regions of the country, as well as outskirts and limited contacts with its only neighbor - Eastern Siberia.

The second factor is powerful resource potential. The Far East is one of the richest regions of Russia. This gives it the opportunity to occupy an important place in the country’s economy in a number of raw materials positions.

The development of the regions of the Far East for many years was strictly regulated from the center in order to ensure the defense security of the state; most regions of the region were closed zones, since significant potential for the needs of the military-industrial complex had been created here for many years. As a result, for a long time, these regions were economically largely isolated from the countries of the Asia-Pacific region, from their closest neighbors. In recent years, against the backdrop of the dynamically developing economies of many Asia-Pacific countries, the Far Eastern region of Russia, for a number of reasons, has found itself lagging behind.

Chapter 2. Types of centers of the Far East
A. Industrial centers

The Far East is part of the great Pacific Ore Belt, in which during the Mesozoic rich deposits of gold, ores, rare and non-ferrous metals, as well as fossil fuels - oil and coal - were formed. Kamchatka, a country of natural contrasts, also belongs to the Far East. Mountains, active and extinct volcanoes, vast valleys and lowlands, mountain and lowland rivers, cold and hot mineral springs - all this is the Far East. Important industrial centers of the Far East are Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Yakutsk, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Komsomolsk-on-Amur is the largest industrial center in the Far Eastern region. City-forming enterprises: aircraft plant, shipbuilding, oil refining, metallurgical plants. Oil and gas pipeline from Sakhalin. Transport hub on the Baikal-Amur Mainline and regional highway; River port. There are technical and pedagogical universities.

Vladivostok - the largest city and port in the Russian Far East, the administrative center of the Primorsky Territory, the terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The industry of Vladivostok is focused on mechanical engineering, instrument making, energy, and the production of building materials. In Vladivostok there are factories: “Vladivostok Shipyard” - a large ship repair enterprise in Vladivostok. “Holding Company Dalzavod” is an enterprise for ship repair, shipbuilding, general and marine engineering. Plant “Metalist” - producing pumps and various metal structures for agricultural needs. “Tool Plant” - a mechanical engineering enterprise, manufacturer of dies and taps. Vladivostok - the largest fisheries base fishing and seafood production.

Blagoveshchensk - administrative center of the Amur region. There are large enterprises in the city: “Amur Metalist” - produces mining equipment; “Shipbuilding Plant” - produces sea tugs and seiners. “Malomyrsky mine” is a gold mining enterprise.

Khabarovsk - administrative center of the Far Eastern Federal District of the Russian Federation and Khabarovsk Territory. A large economic, transport, political and cultural center of the Far East. The industrial complex of Khabarovsk is represented mainly by mechanical engineering, energy, chemical, food and wood processing industries. “Daldizel” is a machine-building plant for the production of ship engines. “Khabarovsk Tank-Building Plant” is the production of metal-cutting machines. “Dalenergomash” is an enterprise operating in the field of compressor manufacturing. “Avtoremles” is the production of machine tools and equipment for forestry and woodworking industries. “Arkaim- MetalKonstruktsia” - production of corrugated sheets, metallurgical structures, wall and roofing panels. “Metal Products Plant” - production of metal products for the construction industry. “Amur Prospectors' Artel” - mining of precious metals: gold and platinum.

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk - the administrative center of the Sakhalin region, the largest transport hub on the island: the intersection of regional roads, a railway station and an airport. There are Sakhalin State University and the Sakhalin Scientific Center of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk there are: “Sakhalinenergo” - the largest energy company in the East of Russia, “Exxon Neftegaz Limited”, “Sakhalin Energy”, “Gazprom”, “Rosneft”. Among the industrial enterprises of the city are a cement plant, building materials factories, Stroydetal, a diesel locomotive-car repair plant, a furniture factory and others. Electricity is generated at the largest on Sakhalin, Yuzhno-Sakhalinskaya CHPP-1. The reasons for creating enterprises are the beneficial EGP of these cities.

B. Transport centers

Land, sea and air routes pass through the territory of the Far East, providing communication between Western Europe and the countries of Northeast Asia and the Asia-Pacific region. Transport plays an exceptional role in the development of the Far East due to its geographical location and the special structure of the territorial organization of production. The region has a long border with the People's Republic of China and Mongolia, ice-free seaports in the east, and large transport arteries - the Trans-Siberian and Amur Railways. All this creates favorable conditions for the development of economic cooperation with foreign countries, primarily with the countries of the Asia-Pacific region. The railway transport infrastructure of the Far East is, first of all, the Trans-Siberian Railway - the longest railway in the world.

Along 5.6 thousand miles of the Far Eastern coast there are 32 seaports, including 22 commercial, 10 fishing, as well as about 300 small ports and port points. The most important ports are: Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Magadan, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Blagoveshchensk. Sea transport is practically the only way to deliver goods there.

Main transport gate Magadan- a sea trade port through which the main flow of cargo arrives. The only specialized river transport enterprise in the Kolyma River basin is the Kolyma Shipping Company. Near the city of Magadan there is the Magadan International Airport (Sokol). The airport accepts all types of passenger airliners and heavy transport aircraft.

Sea port Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky carries out transshipment of various cargoes, including fish products, round timber and lumber, grain cargoes, cement in bags, containers, wheeled vehicles and equipment, salt, metals, coal, various coastal and oil cargoes, etc. Imports are dominated by grain, cement and refrigerated cargo. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky is connected with other cities of Russia by air and sea communications. Yelizovo Airport, which serves the city, is international: in addition to regular flights to a number of Russian cities, in 2012 there are also flights to China and the USA. There are also domestic flights to Ozernovsky, Ust-Kamchatsk, Nikolskoye, Palana, Ossora, etc.

Port Nakhodka. The largest port operator, Evraz-Nakhodka Sea Trade Port, is focused on exporting products from metallurgical enterprises of the Evraz holding - ferrous metals, as well as coal. In Novidtsky Bay there is an operator of the oil loading terminal “Rosneft - Nakhodkanefteprodukt” - one of the largest in Russia. The Nakhodka Sea Fishing Port company, despite its traditional name, transships mainly dry cargo, the share of fish processing is less than 10%. Ship repair enterprises are represented by the Nakhodka Ship Repair Plant and the Primorsky Plant, which is also engaged in transshipment of hard coal on free berths. The ports of Vostochny, Nakhodka and the railway stations of the Nakhodka junction form the largest transport hub in the Russian Far East - “Vostochny - Nakhodka”. The total cargo turnover of the two ports of Nakhodka in 2012 amounted to 59.7 million tons (about 11% of the cargo turnover of Russian ports). The main export commodities are coal, oil and metals. Over 15% of Russian export rail transportation is carried out through the Nakhodka station.

Vladivostok- a sea city. It is located on the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula between the Amur and Ussuri bays of the Sea of ​​Japan. The Vladivostok port is the base for the refrigerated fishing fleet. There is active fishing here for crabs, shrimp, oysters, scallops, squid and seaweed. In addition, the main forces of the Pacific Fleet are based near the city in numerous bays. Vladivostok is the last point of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which opened direct railway communication in 1903, the city is also connected by Moscow, St. Petersburg, Irkutsk, Magadan and other cities of Russia and the world airlines. Vladivostok Airport “Artyom” (44 km from Vladivostok) is capable of handling up to 700 passengers per hour, and taking into account the newly built international terminal - up to 800 passengers per hour. By air, Vladivostok has direct connections with 20 Russian cities.

Khabarovsk- a large transport hub at the junction of water, air, railway and road communications. The Trans-Siberian Railway passes through the city, as well as the railway line to Komsomolsk-on-Amur, connecting the Trans-Siberian Railway with the Baikal-Amur Mainline. The city ranks first in the region in terms of volume of railway, river and road transportation. Khabarovsk is home to the Far Eastern Railway administration, three depots, and four railway stations within the city. In 2009, the reconstruction of the bridge over the Amur was completed, as a result of which the bridge became not only a double-track railway, but also a road one. The city is a connecting point of the federal highways “Amur” (Chita - Khabarovsk), and since 2012 the highway “Ussuri” (Khabarovsk - Vladivostok) and the highway “East” under construction (Khabarovsk - Nakhodka).

Through the river port, the Amur River Shipping Company delivers goods to the north, and carries out passenger river transportation along the Amur River, including to the cities of neighboring China. The largest production enterprise of the shipping company, the Khabarovsk Fleet Repair and Operation Base, is also located here.

Air transportation is carried out through Novy Airport (has international status). Japan - Europe flight routes pass here.

Inland water transport in the region is used mainly in the Amur and Lena river basins. With the opening of borders to trade with China, the Amur became an international transport artery. On the Russian side, Blagoveshchensk, Poyarkovo, Khabarovsk, and Komsomolsk-on-Amur acquired the status of open ports. Far Eastern exporters supply river sand and other building materials, wood, and fertilizers to the neighboring country. Food and consumer goods are imported from China. In the future, it is planned to carry out transit transportation of goods from Japan and South Korea to the Northern provinces of China along the Amur and its right tributary Sungari.

The Primorsky Territory occupies a favorable geographical position in the transport system of the Russian Federation; it is a region through which transit trade routes run between Europe and East Asia, between North-East Asia and North America. All transport interchanges connecting the ports of the region, land border crossings between Russia and China, the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Vladivostok-Khabarovsk state highway converge here.

B. Scientific and financial centers

The major administrative centers of the Far East are Vladivostok, Khabarovsk, and Blagoveshchensk.

Vladivostok stands out for its scientific and cultural potential. The Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences with 14 academic institutes is located here. Among them are geological, oceanological, biological-soil, geography, automation and control processes and others. Scientists of the Academy of Sciences are engaged in a comprehensive study of the ocean and the Pacific ore belt, developing the scientific basis for the use and protection of soils, flora and fauna, obtaining new medicines, and conducting research on ways for the integrated development of the national economy in the region. There are many other research institutes and design organizations operating in the city.

Vladivostok is a student city. There are 9 higher educational institutions here, the largest of which are the Far Eastern State University, the Far Eastern Technical University, the Maritime Academy named after. G.I.Nevelsky, Academy of Economics and Management and others. The city's universities train sea captains, doctors and teachers, engineers and scientists, naval officers and specialists in the field of commerce. Among the secondary specialized educational institutions of Vladivostok are shipbuilding, hydrometeorological and energy technical schools, medical, music and pedagogical schools, many vocational schools. Its theaters play a huge role in the cultural life of the city: Chamber, Drama Theater named after. Maxim Gorky, the Primorsky Philharmonic, the circus, and art galleries operate. In Vladivostok there is the oldest local history institution in the region - the Primorsky branch of the Geographical Society of Russia. The nature and history of the region are studied in numerous museums, which have accumulated many thousands of exhibits over the years of painstaking work. Among the museums, the Primorsky Museum of Local Lore stands out especially for its holdings. Arsenyev, the Museum of the History of the Pacific Fleet, the Museum of Oceanography and Fisheries, there is an oceanarium. Near the city there is a Marine Reserve. Vladivostok is the largest historical center of Primorye. It has more than two hundred monuments. The architectural appearance of the city is a mixture of old and new. Buildings of the late XIX - early XX centuries. adjacent to buildings built at the end of the 20th century. Residential buildings, monuments of Russian wooden architecture of the late 19th century, have also been preserved. Despite the massive urban development of recent decades, the city still preserves individual historical buildings and entire streets.

To date Khabarovsk is rightfully considered the capital of the Far Eastern region. This was officially recognized when Khabarovsk was appointed the capital of the Far Eastern Federal District. This choice was not made by chance. Khabarovsk is the second most populous city in the region and the fourth in the country in terms of area. In addition to the fact that Khabarovsk geographically occupies a central position in the Far East, it is home to the largest number of federal and regional institutions (Headquarters of the Far Eastern Military District, Far Eastern Railway Administration, associations Glavdalstroy, Dallesprom, Dallesstroy, etc.). Today's Khabarovsk is the largest industrial, transport, cultural and scientific center of the Far East. The city has about 100 enterprises in mechanical engineering, metalworking, construction, food, light industries and other industries. The city is the largest transport hub in the Far Eastern region. Khabarovsk railway junction is the largest in the region. The river port is one of the largest on the Amur. The city has 23 Khabarovsk universities and branches of the country's largest universities, 16 secondary specialized educational institutions and 17 vocational technical schools and more than 100 secondary schools, which makes Khabarovsk an educational center in the Far East. Khabarovsk is a cultural center. There are 4 museums, 4 professional theaters, many creative organizations - writers, composers, Unions of artists, theater workers, filmmakers, journalists.

Blagoveshchensk was and remains one of the largest industrial and cultural centers of the Far East. This is a modern city with industrial enterprises, higher and secondary specialized educational institutions, vocational schools, theaters, museums, landscaped streets and squares, squares and parks. In 4 universities and 15 secondary specialized educational institutions, more than 15 thousand students and about 12 thousand students study respectively. Pedagogical, medical, agricultural, polytechnic institutes. Two higher military schools. The oldest river school in the Far East (1899). Research Institute: Amur Complex D. Oriental, All-Russian Institute of Soybeans, Far Eastern Zonal Veterinary, Far Eastern Design and Technological Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture, Physiology and Pathology of Respiration of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Medical Sciences, etc. Amur Regional Hydrometeorological Center. The life and work of the writer A.A. are connected with Blagoveshchensk. Fadeev, artist A.N. Yar-Kravchenko, scientists V.L. Komarova, M.I. Sumgin. Among the participants in the foundation of the city is the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia N.N. Muravyov, geologist and paleontologist F.B. Schmidt; P.A. visited Blagoveshchensk Kropotkin, N.M. Przhevalsky, A.P. Chekhov and others

The reason for the emergence of these centers: favorable natural conditions, the highest population density in this territory.

D. Defense centers

The military-industrial complex is a system of production, research and development, research and development institutions that develop and produce military equipment, ammunition and weapons. The administrative centers of the Far East, which are part of the military-industrial complex, are Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok.

Komsomolsk-on-Amur- one of the largest industrial centers for the concentration of military-industrial complex production in the Far East, in particular, the Khabarovsk Territory and one of the largest economic centers in Russia. The center of an industrial agglomeration, which also includes the satellite city of Amursk, as well as more than ten urban and rural settlements. The city's production potential is concentrated in high-tech branches of mechanical engineering (aircraft manufacturing, shipbuilding, production of lifting and transport and foundry equipment), ferrous metallurgy, oil refining industry, electrical and thermal power engineering. A distinctive feature of the industry is the high share of manufacturing and defense industries. Aviation Production Association named after. Yu.A. Gagarin produces combat aircraft of the “SU” brand. Arsenyev Aviation Company “Progress” (city of Arsenyev, Primorsky Territory) produces competitive helicopters of military importance. IN Khabarovsk There is a military airfield "Terek". The most important strategic airfield in the Khabarovsk Territory, consisting of several military units, repair buildings and the garrison itself. Throughout the airfield there are helicopters and airplanes of various modifications and types. They constantly fly combat and training missions.

Vladivostok- the most important strategic point in the Pacific Ocean. The headquarters of the Pacific Fleet is located in Vladivostok. The Russian Pacific Fleet, as an integral part of the Navy and the Russian Armed Forces as a whole, is a means of ensuring Russia’s military security in the Asia-Pacific region.

To carry out its tasks, the Pacific Fleet includes strategic missile submarines, multi-purpose nuclear and diesel submarines, surface ships for operations in the ocean and near sea zones, naval missile-carrying, anti-submarine and fighter aircraft, ground forces, units of ground and coastal forces .

IN Amur region Construction of the Vostochny cosmodrome has begun near the village of Uglegorsk. The cosmodrome will become not only the largest link in the Russian aerospace system, but also an important center for the implementation of advanced scientific developments. It is planned to build 10 technical and support sites directly on the territory of the cosmodrome. A launch complex for a medium-class carrier rocket with increased payload capacity (up to 20 tons) will be built, consisting of two launchers, an airfield, an oxygen-nitrogen plant, a hydrogen plant, a power supply system, 115 km of roads and 125 km of railways, including a railway line from the station. Icy. In the near future, more than 10 thousand people will work here, and in the future the population of the city serving the cosmodrome will grow to 30 thousand people. The creation of the Vostochny Cosmodrome will contribute to solving technical and economic problems in the development of the Russian aerospace industry, strengthening Russia’s technological and geopolitical positions in the Asia-Pacific region. The implementation of the project will be an additional stimulus for the socio-economic development of the Far East and Transbaikalia and will give impetus to fundamental and applied research in the field of space exploration, the creation of new materials and types of fuel, in biology, physics, chemistry, computer science and other fields of science.

Reason for occurrence: border location.

Chapter 3 Research part

Research results:

I conducted a survey among students in grade 9A on the topic “What do you know about the Far East?” and drew the appropriate conclusions. I developed a questionnaire with seven questions that allowed us to obtain and process information. A total of 10 people were interviewed.

The following questions were asked:

1. Which city is the capital of the Far East?

A) Blagoveshchensk

B) Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

B) Khabarovsk

D) Vladivostok

2. The main water artery of the Far East is the river…. ?

3. Which city is the main seaport of the Far East?

A) Sovetskaya Gavan

B) Nakhodka

B) Petropavlovsk - Kamchatsky

D) Vladivostok

4. What is the highest hill in the Far East and Russia?

A) Yakut - mountain

B) Klyuchevskaya

B) Eagle's nest

D) Refrigerator

5. What is the largest lake in the Far East?

A) Lake Khanka

B) Petropavlovskoe

D) Jack London Lake

6. What is the name of the island in the Far East where the 2012 APEC SUMMIT was held?

A) Sakhalin

B) Putyatin Island

B) Russky Island

D) Wrangel Island

7. Which region has no land borders?

A) Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky

B) Sakhalin

B) Khabarovsk

D) Vladivostok

Based on the results of processing the questionnaires, the following data was obtained:

The question “Which city is the capital of the Far East?”

The question “What is the main water artery of the Far East?”

The graph shows that out of 10 people surveyed, all 10 people gave the correct answer. According to the survey, all students know that the main waterway of the Far East is the Amur River.

Question “Which city is the main seaport of the Far East?”

The graph shows that out of 10 people surveyed, 7 people gave a positive answer, and 3 people answered incorrectly.

The question “What is the highest hill in the Far East and Russia?”

The figure shows that out of 10 people surveyed, all 10 people gave the correct answer.

The question “What is the largest lake in the Far East?”

The graph shows that out of 10 people surveyed, 6 people gave a positive answer, and 4 people gave a negative answer.

Question “What is the name of the island in the Far East where the 2012 APEC SUMMIT was held?”

The graph shows that out of 10 people surveyed, 9 people gave a positive answer, only 1 person gave an incorrect answer.

Question “Which region of the Far East does not have land borders?”

The graph shows that out of 10 people surveyed, all 10 people gave the correct answer.

Based on the results obtained, the following can be done: conclusions.

According to the study, most students know that the capital of the Far East is Khabarovsk, the main waterway is the Amur River, the main seaport is the city of Vladivostok, the highest hill is Klyuchevskaya, the largest lake is Khanka, the island where the 2012 APEC SUMMIT was held - Russian and the Sakhalin region have no land borders. Pupils of class 9A showed good knowledge of the geography of Russia, namely the Far East.

Conclusion on the project

The Far East is a potentially important region of Russia, but irrational use of natural resources, passive industrial development, and low population density in the region harm the development of the Far East.

Prospects for the development of the region. To serve the local needs of the Far East on a certain scale, it is necessary to develop more labor-intensive industries: engineering, metalworking, light, food. With the growth of the region's productive forces, new tasks arise related to the expansion of agricultural production and an increase in the degree of development of production and social infrastructure. The development of the Far East on the basis of its rich natural resources is only the general basis. Fundamentally, at the moment the innovative model of regional economic development seems to be the most promising. This model involves diversifying the economy with an emphasis on the development of human capital, stimulating the emergence of new types of activities, preventing further degradation of the region. Developing according to this scenario, the region will be able to achieve comparable and even increased growth rates relative to the “Concept 2020”, the level of GRP per capita and overcome the gap that has developed at the moment. As for my research, I believe that this region needs to be studied more in detail, because D. The East is the stronghold of the state!!

The Internet was used in preparing the project: