I2 color. What is iodine made from? Processing of natural iodine accumulators. Side effects of the substance Iodine

What is the role of iodine for our body? Many of us are used to seeing this medicinal product How antiseptic pharmaceutical industry. In fact, it belongs to a group of useful microelements that are responsible for a huge number of functions in our body.

A low level of this substance leads to hormonal imbalance. This affects the emotional and physical state of a person.

Composition and indications for use

The composition of the drug consists of potassium iodide and ethanol. These components are a solid molecular lattice. The liquid has purple shade and a pungent odor. When applied externally, it has an antiseptic effect, as a result of which up to 95% of pathogenic microflora is destroyed.

The use of iodine internally has a positive effect on the functioning of the thyroid gland. The composition helps enhance dissimilation processes, stimulates the production of the terrotoxin hormone, and also triggers tissue metabolism processes.

An incorrectly selected dosage can provoke excessive accumulation of radioactive substances in the tissues of the thyroid gland. Here, impaired production of vital hormones is noted. This entails the development of pathological processes that can cause ovarian or pituitary dysfunction.

WHAT IS IODINE USEFUL FOR THE HUMAN BODY?

The drug is intended for patients with the following symptoms:

• infectious - inflammatory processes on the mucous membranes;
• neuralgia;
• myositis;
• syphilis;
• atherosclerosis of the vascular system;
• excess cholesterol;
• laryngitis;
• intoxication of the body with heavy metals;
• ozena;
• disease of the cardiac system.

IMPORTANT: “Before starting therapeutic treatment, it is recommended to seek help from medical doctor. The specialist will select the optimal dosage based on clinical indications and medical tests. An incorrectly selected dose can provoke the emergence of new pathological foci in the body.”

How is iodine extracted and obtained?

Where do microelements iodine come from? Today, several methods are known for producing potassium iodide on an industrial scale. Each of them differs in its technology and the resulting volume.

HOW IS IODINE OBTAINED? There are several methods for extracting useful microelements. These include:

Processing of natural raw materials. Sea kelp is used here. It has been scientifically proven that 1 ton of dried seaweed contains up to 6 kg of iodine, while sea water is saturated with only 50 mg. Until the end of the 70s of the 19th century, this method of obtaining a natural trace element was considered one of the best;

Obtaining iodine from nitrate waste. They contain up to 0.5% iodized minerals and potassium iodide. This method of obtaining microelements began to be used in mid-1867. The main advantage of this method was its minimum cost. As a result of this, it has gained wide popularity among manufacturers all over the world;

Extraction from natural solutions. To do this, use salty sea water or liquid from oil settling tanks. These solutions contain up to 50 mg/l of iodide. Up to 100 mg/l of liquid is fixed in oil solutions;

Ionite iodination. This extraction method is based on chemical reactions, which result in selective absorption of iodinated molecules.

Contraindications and side effects

Select a row medical contraindications to the use of this drug. For example, dry iodine often causes individual intolerance to one of the components of the composition. As a result, a person experiences a severe allergic reaction in the form of redness and rashes.

People with the following diseases are prohibited from consuming iodine in water. These include:

• duodenal ulcer;
• diabetes;
• nephrosis;
• tuberculosis of the kidneys and lungs;
• furunculosis;
• diathesis of hemorrhagic environment;
• hives;
• acne;
• acne.

Improper use of radioactive iodine solution can cause adverse reactions in the body. These include:

• Quincke's edema;
• lacrimation;
• local application is accompanied by redness of the skin;
• hives;
• heavy salivation;
• increased sweating;
• tachycardia;
• diarrhea;
• increased nervousness.

If such symptoms are detected, it is necessary to seek appropriate help as soon as possible.

Where is the chemical element found?

In the periodic table, iodine is number 53. This chemical variety of non-metal under normal conditions appears as dark purple crystals that have a sharp and specific smell. This substance belongs to the group of active collagens.

Today you can get your daily dose of the substance from food. In some of them, the iodine content can reach the maximum permissible level. Excessive content of this microelement affects psycho-emotional state person. He becomes too irritable or, conversely, passive.

Foods high in iodide include:

• fish;
• sea ​​shellfish;
• crabs;
• squid;
• kelp;
• green apples;
• sea ​​herring;
• hard cheese;
• dairy products;
• mushrooms.

Products that do not contain iodine include:

• sugar;
• canned goods;
• fruit jelly;
• paste.

Iodine (Jodum), I (the symbol J is also found in the literature) - chemical element Group VII of the periodic system of D.I. Mendeleev, related to halogens (from the Greek halos - salt and genes - forming), which also include fluorine, chlorine, bromine and astatine.

The serial (atomic) number of iodine is 53, atomic weight (mass) is 126.9.

Of all the elements existing in nature, iodine is the most mysterious and contradictory in its properties.

Density ( specific gravity) iodine - 4.94 g/cm3, tnl - 113.5 °C, tKn - 184.35 °C.

Of the halogens found in nature, iodine is the heaviest, unless, of course, you count the radioactive short-lived astatine. Almost all natural iodine consists of atoms of one stable isotope with mass number 127. Radioactive 1-125 is formed as a result of the spontaneous fission of uranium. Of the artificial isotopes of iodine, the most important are 1-131 and 1-123: they are used in medicine.

The elemental iodine molecule (J2), like other halogens, consists of two atoms. Violet solutions of iodine are electrolytes (they conduct electric current when a potential difference is applied) since in the solution J2 molecules partially dissociate (break up) into mobile ions J and J. Noticeable dissociation of J2 is observed at temperatures above 700 ° C, as well as under the influence of light. Iodine is the only halogen that is in a solid state under normal conditions, and it appears as grayish-black plates or crystal aggregates with a metallic sheen with a peculiar (characteristic) odor.

A distinct crystalline structure, the ability to conduct electric current - all these “metallic” properties are characteristic of pure iodine.

However, iodine stands out among other elements, including differing from metals in its ease of transition into a gaseous state. It is even easier to convert iodine into vapor than into liquid. It has increased volatility and already at normal room temperature evaporates, producing a strong-smelling purple vapor. When iodine is slightly heated, its so-called sublimation occurs, that is, it transitions into a gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, then settles in the form of shiny thin plates; this process serves to purify iodine in laboratories and industry.

Iodine is poorly soluble in water (0.34 g/l at 25 °C, approximately 1:5000), but it dissolves well in many organic solvents - carbon disulfide, benzene, alcohol, kerosene, ether, chloroform, as well as in aqueous solutions of iodides ( potassium and sodium), and in the latter the iodine concentration will be much higher than that which can be obtained by directly dissolving elemental iodine in water.

The color of solutions of iodine in organic matter is not constant. For example, an iodine solution in carbon disulfide is purple, and in alcohol it is brown.

The configuration of the outer electrons of the iodine atom is ns2 np5. In accordance with this, iodine exhibits variable valence (oxidation state) in compounds: -1; +1; +3; +5 and +7.

Chemically, iodine is quite active, although to a lesser extent than chlorine and bromine, and even more so fluorine.

When slightly heated, iodine reacts vigorously with metals, forming colorless iodides salts.

Iodine reacts with hydrogen only when heated and not completely, forming hydrogen iodide. Iodine does not directly combine with some elements - carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and selenium. It is also incompatible with essential oils, ammonia solutions, and white sedimentary mercury (an explosive mixture is formed).

The cat ran and waved its tail. This is not a fairy tale about the chicken Ryaba, but history of the discovery of iodine. It was discovered at a Paris plant that converts sodium nitrate into potassium nitrate. The first became damp in the air, and the second was in short supply.

The transformation took place using the ash remaining from burning algae. The method was invented in 1808, but they did not know what its secret was. The cat that the factory workers were chasing did not know this either. knocked over two vessels - with sulfuric acid and residual production salts.

Purple vapors shot into the air. The owner of the factory, Bernard Kurt, saw this. He conducted several experiments himself, then passed on the information to scientists. The result is that in 1814 the world learned about the existence of a new element. He became iodine.

Chemical and physical properties of iodine

Properties of iodine determined by its location in. The element is included in the 7th group. It contains halogens - the most active non-metals. Iodine, for example, has an easily polarizable electron shell.

That is, it doesn’t cost her any effort to separate in space. This allows cations of other elements to penetrate into the nonmetal atom, whose mass, by the way, is 127. “Guests” in the electron shell change it, making iodine the most covalent of all halogens.

Simply put, an element can form a greater variety of bonds with other atoms. Often iodine is positively polarized. This atom is the most active. What makes it stand out is its color, that same purple.

Iodine atom listed in the periodic table - a natural specimen. It is a stable isotope with atomic mass 127. Other atoms with numbers 125, 129, 131 were also obtained artificially.

Each of them - radioactive iodine. Isotopes emit beta and gamma rays and are used in medicine. Radioactive iodine is obtained from the fission products of uranium. That is, nuclear reactors serve as laboratories.

Standard iodine is possible Compatible with most non-metals and approximately 40% metals. Noble people, and not only, do not react to the 53rd element. Interaction is also impossible with carbon, oxygen and all inert gases.

Is Yod study, or its compounds can be determined using water. pure element It almost does not dissolve in it. Iodites, that is, compounds of a substance with alkali and alkaline earth atoms, are soluble. In its original form, the 53rd element disappears in water only with strong heating.

Iodine solution easy to obtain if you use organic matter. Glycerin, carbon disulfide or carbon tetrachloride are suitable. If the solvent is oxygen-free, it will turn purple. If a liquid has oxygen atoms, iodine will make it .

In its pure form, at room temperature, iodine is purple-black. The luster of the substance is metallic, state of aggregation– . They are dense - almost 5 grams per cubic centimeter.

Crystals are made up of molecules, each of which has 2 atoms. The substance enters the gaseous state at a temperature of 183 degrees. Getting iodine liquid is possible already at 114 Celsius.

Application of iodine

Iodine salts used in the glass industry. We are talking about car headlights and lamps with special effects. The main effect is that iodites serve as filters from oncoming light rays. Drivers know how important it is, sometimes, to neutralize them.

This process is called Polaroid and, in fact, was first used in photographic art. The author of the idea is the Englishman William Talbot. He was an outstanding chemist and physicist of the 19th century.

In the 21st century they rule digital technologies. However, to obtain a negative photo, the iodine variety is still used. In combination with gelatin, it gives an emulsion, which is coated with a glass substrate. Light hits the coating and release begins. More light - more metal. This is how the picture is made.

Iodine application found in metallurgy. Compounds of the element help produce high purity metals. By decomposing iodites thermally, industrialists extract, for example, vanadium and zirconium. These refractory elements are needed for many rocket alloys and nuclear reactor materials.

Can also be found in automotive bearings iodine. Which does it make sense? The element is added to the lubricant. It is recommended for titanium and of stainless steel. The processing allows the parts to withstand a load 50 times greater than the standard one. This is despite the fact that there is only 1-2% iodine in the lubricant.

Without the 53rd element, medicine is unthinkable. Iodine in the body controls the functioning of the thyroid gland, is part of the hormones TSH, T3 and T4 produced by it. If there is a deficiency of the element, a goiter develops and cancer is possible.

At the same time, the body cannot produce the substance itself. Iodine comes exclusively from food, dietary supplements and medications. Of the latter, it’s easy to remember “ Iodomarin».

It is prescribed even to infants, especially in areas remote from the seas. In such areas, as a rule, there is a deficiency of the 53rd element, contained mainly in the waters of the oceans and their gifts.

One of the latest developments by doctors is blue iodine. Starch is added to it, which changes the color of the usual solution for external use. Starch also neutralizes the effects of alcohol and other harmful “additives”. Doctors allow this elixir already for internal use and for rinsing with iodine. Although a mixture can handle the latter salt, soda, iodine.

Treatment with iodine allowed not only in its stable, but also in radioactive forms. So the 131st isotope is used to restore the functions of the thyroid gland. The procedures are strictly regulated, since an excess of radioactive iodine can cause cancer.

Iodine extraction

How much iodine mined per year? About 30,000 tons. World reserves of the element are estimated at almost 15,000,000 tons. Most of them are hidden in iodine compounds. It is rarely found in its pure form.

The method of isolating substances from natural reservoirs – algae – is still relevant. A ton of dried kelp contains 5 kilograms iodine.

Iodine is a chemical element known to everyone. But most people are only familiar with its alcohol solution, which is used in medicine. Recently, there is also often talk about its deficiency in the body due to thyroid disease. Few people know the physical and Chemical properties Yoda. And this is a rather unique element that is widespread in nature and important for human life.

Even in everyday life, you can use the chemical properties of iodine, for example, to determine the presence of starch in foods. In addition, recently there has been a lot of advertising traditional methods the use of this microelement for the treatment of many diseases. Therefore, everyone needs to know what properties they have.

General characteristics of iodine

This is a fairly active microelement belonging to non-metals. IN periodic table Mendeleev, it is in the group of halogens along with chlorine, bromine and fluorine. Iodine is designated by the symbol I and has a serial number of 53. This microelement received its name in the 19th century because of the purple color of the vapor. After all, in Greek iodine is translated as “violet, violet.”

This is how iodine was discovered. Chemist Bernard Courtois, working at a saltpeter factory, discovered this substance by accident. The cat turned over the test tube with sulfuric acid, and it fell on the ash of algae, from which saltpeter was then obtained. In this case, a violet-colored gas was released. This interested Bernard Courtois, and he began to study new element. This is how iodine became known at the beginning of the 19th century. In the mid-20th century, chemists began calling this element “iodine,” although the older designation is still more common.

Chemical properties of iodine

Equations showing activity chemical reactions this element, do not say anything to an ordinary person. Only those who understand chemistry understand that they are used to describe its chemical properties. It is the most active element of all non-metals. Iodine can react with many other substances to form acids, liquids, and volatile compounds. Although among the halogens it is the least active.

Briefly, the chemical properties of iodine can be considered using the example of its reactions. WITH different metals Iodine reacts even with slight heating, and iodides are formed. The best known are potassium and sodium iodides. It reacts only partially with hydrogen, and does not combine with some other elements at all. It is not compatible with nitrogen, oxygen, ammonia or essential oils. But the most famous chemical property of iodine is its reaction with starch. When added to substances containing starch, they turn blue.

Physical properties

Of all the microelements, iodine is considered the most controversial. Most people are not aware of its features. The physical and chemical properties of iodine are briefly studied in school. This element is mainly distributed in the form of an isotope with a mass of 127. This is the heaviest of all halogens. There is also radioactive iodine 125, which is obtained from the decay of uranium. In medicine, artificial isotopes of this element with masses of 131 and 133 are more often used.

Of all the halogens, iodine is the only one that is naturally solid. It can be represented by dark purple or black crystals or plates with a metallic sheen. They have a slight characteristic odor, conduct electricity well, and are a bit like graphite. In this state, this trace element is poorly soluble in water, but very easily passes into a gaseous state. It can turn into purple vapor at room temperature. These physicochemical properties of iodine are used to obtain it. By heating the microelement under pressure and then cooling it, it is cleaned of impurities. Dissolve iodine in alcohol, glycerin, benzene, chloroform or carbon disulfides, obtaining brown or purple liquids.

Sources of iodine

Despite the importance of this trace element for the life of many organisms, iodine is quite difficult to detect. The earth's crust contains less of it than the rarest elements. But it is still believed that iodine is widely distributed in nature, since in large quantities it is present almost everywhere. It is mainly concentrated in sea ​​water, algae, soil, some plant and animal organisms.

The chemical properties of iodine explain the fact that it is not found in pure form, only in the form of compounds. Most often it is extracted from seaweed ash or waste from the production of sodium nitrate. Thus, iodine is mined in Chile and Japan, which are leaders in the extraction of this element. In addition, it can be obtained from the waters of some salt lakes or oil waters.

Iodine enters the human body from food. It is present in soils and plants. But in our country, soils poor in iodine are common. Therefore, iodine-containing fertilizers are most often used. To prevent diseases associated with iodine deficiency, the element is added to salt and some common foods.

Its role in the life of the body

Iodine is one of those microelements that are involved in many biological processes. It is present in small quantities in many plants. But in living organisms it is very important. Iodine is used in the production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland. They regulate the vital processes of the body. With a lack of iodine, a person’s thyroid gland enlarges and various pathologies arise. They are characterized by decreased performance, weakness, headaches, decreased memory and mood.

Application in medicine

The most common is a 5% alcohol solution of iodine. It is used to disinfect the skin around injuries. But this is a rather aggressive antiseptic, so recently softer solutions of iodine with starch have been used, for example, Betadine, Yox or Iodinol. The warming properties of iodine are often used to eliminate muscle pain or joint pathologies; an iodine mesh is made after injections.

Industrial Applications

This trace element is also of great importance in industry. The special chemical properties of iodine make it possible to use it in various industries. For example, in forensic science it is used to detect fingerprints on paper surfaces. Iodine is widely used as a light source in halogen lamps. It is used in photography, film industry, and metal processing. And recently, this microelement began to be used in liquid crystal displays, in the creation of dimmable glasses, as well as in the field of laser thermonuclear fusion.

Danger to humans

Despite the importance of iodine in life processes, in large quantities it is toxic to humans. Just 3 g of this substance leads to serious damage to the kidneys and cardiovascular system. At first a person feels weak, headache, he develops diarrhea and his heart rate increases. If you inhale iodine vapor, irritation of the mucous membranes, eye burns, and pulmonary edema occur. Without treatment, iodine poisoning is fatal.