1. Sigmatisms of hissing sounds

Characteristics of sounds w, w, h, u and their articulation

To identify the main (basic) sound among the hissers, it is necessary to get acquainted with the characteristics of each sound and compare them (see the figure on the back flyleaf).

All sounds of this group according to the place of formation anterior lingual, by way of education slotted,

with the exception of h, which is occlusive-slotted, i.e., during its articulation, the anterior part of the back of the tongue first closes with the alveoli, and then a gap forms between them.

Sound articulation and w having a voice.

Articulation of sounds sch and h different from the articulation of sound w additional rise of the middle part of the back of the tongue to the palate.

Thus, for the hissing sounds w, w, u, h, the articulation of the sound w is the main one, which means that it will be basic for this group.

If the sound sh is pronounced correctly, then:

By adding the rise of the middle part of the back of the tongue, we get sch;

Adding a rise in the middle part of the back of the tongue and a bow in front of the gap, we get h.

Therefore, sound disturbances w, w, h are the same as those w. To get acquainted with the main violations of hissing sounds and how to correct them, let's turn to Table 2 "Violations of the sound w and their corrections."

Sound Disturbances and Their Corrections

I. Correct articulation of soundw

Interdental.

Teeth: teeth are close together, but not in contact, the distance between them is 2-3 mm; upper and lower incisors are visible.

The tip of the tongue is wide, raised to the alveoli or the anterior part of the hard palate and forms a gap with them;

The front part of the back of the tongue is wide, raised to the palate behind the alveoli (resembles the shape of the front edge of the scoop), but does not touch it, but forms a gap with them;

The middle part of the back of the tongue is lowered, bending towards the bottom (the recess in the middle forms, as it were, the bottom of the bucket);

The back of the back of the tongue is raised and pulled back (resembles the back of a ladle);

The lateral edges are pressed against the upper molars (they resemble the lateral edges of a bucket in shape) and do not let the outgoing air flow through the sides.

The air jet is strong, wide, warm, easily felt with the back of the hand raised to the mouth.

Sound disturbances: with proper articulation, a hiss-like noise is produced; if the position of the organs of articulation is incorrect, the sound sh is distorted or replaced by another sound.

Predisposing factors: various disorders in the structure or movements of the organs of the articulatory apparatus.

Preparatory stage. In the absence of sound w, work begins with the formation of the correct articulation of sound; produced:

The ability to slightly push forward rounded lips;

Elevation of the wide front edge of the tongue to the tubercles behind the upper molars;

A long air stream running in the middle of the tongue.

Sound staging. Using the technique of imitation and at the same time paying the child's attention to the correct position of the organs of the articulatory apparatus, they achieve the correct pronunciation of the sound sh.

Side.

Lips: One of the corners of the mouth may be slightly lowered and pulled back.

Teeth: There may be a slight displacement of the lower jaw to the right or left.

Tip of the tongue:

a) raised up and rests against the roots of the upper incisors;

b) lowered by the lower incisors;

Anterior back of tongue:

a) forms a link with the alveoli;

b) the left (right) half forms a bridge with the alveoli, the right (left) half is lowered;

The middle part of the back of the tongue:

a) rises to the palate and forms a bow with them;

b) the left (right) half is arched, closed with the palate, the right (left) half is lowered;

The back of the back of the tongue:

a) raised;

b) the left (right) is raised, the right (left) is lowered;

Side edges:

a) omitted;

b) the left (right) edge of the tongue is lowered.

The soft palate is raised, pressed against the back wall of the pharynx and closes the passage to the nasal cavity.

Air jet:

a) comes out on both edges of the tongue;

b) goes sideways to the right (left)

Sound disturbances: squelching sound.

Predisposing factors:

Lateral open bite;

Weakness of the muscles of one side of the tongue.

Preparatory stage. There are exercises for:

Strengthening the lateral edges of the tongue;

Uniform lifting of both halves of the tip and front of the back of the tongue up;

Development of an air stream going in the middle of the tongue;

Sounds are being practiced t and With.

Sound staging. Using mechanical assistance (a flat, narrow, slightly curved handle from a teaspoon), they raise a wide tongue by the upper teeth, move it back - to the tubercles (the edges of the spoon are approximately at the level of the fourth incisors), ask the child to lightly clamp the spoon with his teeth and for a long time pronounce the sound with (the front teeth are always visible).

Sound automation.

Sound differentiation

Nasal.

Teeth: open.

The tip of the tongue is lowered down and pulled deep into the mouth;

The front part of the back of the tongue is lowered down, pulled deep into the mouth, does not form a gap with the palate;

The middle part of the back of the tongue is pulled back;

The back of the back of the tongue is raised up; connects with the soft palate;

The side edges are omitted.

The soft palate is down.

The air stream goes through the nasal cavity.

Sound disturbances: the sound is replaced by snoring (in the nose) or a sound like a deep x with a nasal tint.

Predisposing factors: excessive tension in the back of the back of the tongue.

Preparatory stage. Skills are developed:

Hold a wide spread tongue on the upper lip;

Direct the air stream to the wide tip of the tongue raised on the upper lip (blow off the cotton wool from the tip of the nose);

Distinguish sounds by ear w with nasal and oral pronunciation;

Sounds are being practiced t and With.

Sound staging. The child is offered:

With the mouth open, for a long time, without a voice, pronounce the sound p and with the tip of the handle of a teaspoon brought to the hyoid frenulum, stop the vibration of the front of the tongue - a hiss will be heard. After single repetitions, a hiss can be induced by barely bringing the spoon to the hyoid frenulum; then you can remove the spoon and, bringing your teeth together, achieve the correct sounding sh.

- if there is no sound p, then they put the sound sh from the sound c with mechanical help.

Sound automation

Sound differentiation. With sigmatisms, work on sound ends with the stage of automation, since in all these cases there is no replacement of the phoneme w with another phoneme.

2. Parasigmatisms.

2.1.Labo-tooth.

Lips: in a neutral position.

Teeth: Lower teeth not visible, upper teeth slightly exposed.

The tip of the tongue is lowered, slightly pulled back from the lower incisors;

The front part of the back of the tongue is lowered and slightly pushed back;

The middle part of the back of the tongue rises and is slightly pulled back;

The soft palate is raised, pressed against the back wall of the pharynx and closes the passage to the nasal cavity.

The air jet is narrower and colder.

Sound disturbances: the sound sh is replaced by the sound f (hat - “fapka”, car - “muffin”, shower “duff”).

Predisposing factors: prognathia, lethargy of the anterior part of the back of the tongue, impaired phonemic hearing.

Preparatory stage. The child is taught to compare and distinguish by ear the sounds of sh-f, using pictures-symbols. There are exercises for:

Practicing movements of the lower lip up and down,

Lifting the wide front edge of the tongue up.

Sound staging. They put the sound w by imitation, using visual control: the child watches in front of the mirror so that the lower lip is motionless, exposing the lower incisors (you can hold the lip with your finger placed in the dimple under it). You can also put the sound w from s with mechanical help, drawing the child's attention to the correct position of the organs of the articulatory apparatus.

Sound automation. The delivered sound is sequentially introduced into syllables (direct, reverse, with a confluence of consonants), words and phrasal speech.

Sound differentiation. With parasigmatism, work on sounds ends with the stage of differentiation of the sound sh and the substitute sound: sh-f.

2.2. Tooth.

Lips: in a neutral position.

Teeth: Slightly open.

The tip of the tongue closes with the alveoli behind the upper teeth;

The anterior part of the back of the tongue is closed with the alveoli;

The middle part of the back of the tongue is lowered, the groove is not formed;

The back of the back of the tongue becomes more convex;

The lateral edges are adjacent to the upper molars.

The soft palate is raised, pressed against the back wall of the pharynx and closes the passage to the nasal cavity.

The air jet is jerky.

Sound disturbances: the sound sh is replaced by the sound t (hat - “slipper”, car - “matina”, shower - “dut”).

Predisposing factors: closed bite, hearing loss, impaired phonemic hearing.

Preparatory stage.

Skills are developed:

Compare and distinguish by ear the sounds of sh-t, using pictures-symbols,

Distinguish, on the basis of tactile sensations, the sounds of sh-t along the air stream (with w - long, with t - jerky).

Exercises are carried out to develop:

Long, directed air jet;

The positions of the wide front edge of the tongue at the tubercles behind the upper incisors,

The sound is being processed.

Sound staging. Using visual control for correct articulation, as well as tactile sensations, they achieve the correct pronunciation of the sound sh.

Sound automation. The delivered sound is sequentially introduced into syllables (direct, reverse, with a confluence of consonants), words and phrasal speech.

Sound differentiation. With parasigmatism, work on sounds ends with the stage of differentiation of the sound w and the substitute sound: sh-t.

2.3. Hissing.

Lips: Rounded and slightly pushed forward.

Teeth: open, visible tops of the incisors.

The tip of the tongue is lowered down and moves back from the incisors or rests on the lower gums;

The front of the back of the tongue is tense;

The middle part of the back of the tongue is tense, arched, the groove is not formed;

The back of the back of the tongue is raised;

The lateral edges are lowered, do not close with the molars.

The soft palate is raised, pressed against the back wall of the pharynx and closes the passage to the nasal cavity.

The air stream spreads over the entire surface of the tongue.

Sound disturbances: the sound is similar to the sound of a soft sh (hat - “hat”, car - “machine”, shower - “shower”).

Predisposing factors: progeny, hearing loss, impaired phonemic hearing.

Preparatory stage. The child is taught to compare and distinguish by ear the sounds sh-sh, using pictures-symbols. Skills are developed:

Raise the wide front edge of the tongue to the tubercles behind the upper incisors;

Alternate movements of the wide tip of the tongue from the base of the upper incisors to the front of the hard palate (back and forth).

Sound setting. The child is invited to pronounce the sound s for a long time. At the same time, with the handle of a teaspoon, brought under the front of the tongue (across), lift the tongue up and slightly push it back until the sound sh is clearly heard.

Sound automation. The delivered sound is sequentially introduced into syllables (direct, reverse, with a confluence of consonants), words and phrasal speech.

Sound differentiation. With parasigmatism, work on sounds ends with the stage of differentiation of the sound sh and the substitute sound: sh-sh.

2.4 Whistling.

Lips: stretched without tension, as if smiling slightly.

Teeth: brought together by 1-2 mm.

The tip of the tongue is wide, lies at the base of the lower incisors, without touching their tops;

The anterior part of the back of the tongue is wide, raised, towards the alveoli and in the middle forms a gap in the form of a groove with them;

The middle part of the back of the tongue is lowered, in the middle of it a longitudinal groove is formed;

The back of the back of the tongue is slightly raised;

The lateral edges fit snugly against the inside of the upper molars, blocking the passage of the air stream on the sides.

The soft palate is raised, pressed against the back wall of the pharynx and closes the passage to the nasal cavity.

The air stream is narrow, cold, goes along the midline of the tongue.

Sound disturbances: the sound sh is replaced by the sound c (hat-"sapka", car-"masina", shower-"dus").

Predisposing factors: hearing loss, impaired phonemic hearing.

Preparatory stage.

The child is taught to compare and distinguish by ear the sounds of s-sh using pictures-symbols; the child is allowed to feel the difference in the outgoing air stream when the teacher pronounces the sounds c and w (with c - a cold stream, with w - warm).

Practice movements:

Wide tongue up, to the front of the hard palate;

Achieve a clear alternation of movements of a wide tongue, now for the lower, then for the upper teeth;

Alternating movements of the lips: stretching into a smile, pushing closed forward.

Sound setting. Using the technique of imitation, while paying attention to the correct articulation, they achieve the correct pronunciation of the sound sh.

Sound automation. The delivered sound is sequentially introduced into syllables (direct, reverse, with a confluence of consonants), words and phrasal speech.

Sound differentiation. With parasigmatism, work on sounds ends with the stage of differentiation of the sound sh and the substitute sound: sh-s.

Correction of sounds w, w, h, u for various types of violations

Lack of sounds w, w, h, u

Sound sh

Preparatory stage. Starting work on hissing sounds, you need to check if the child can lift the tip of the tongue by the upper teeth and can make the tongue wide (flatten it). If these movements make it difficult for the child, they are worked out.

To form the ability to keep the tongue wide, freely spread, the child is offered to put it on the lower lip, then lightly slap his lips, as if pronouncing the sound combinations py, py, py.

Then they bring up the ability to bend a wide tongue up in the form of a spoon. To do this, it is best, slightly sticking out a wide tongue, to show how its front edge can be pressed against the upper lip. If the child’s movement fails, the teacher puts the handle of a teaspoon under the tip of the tongue and, lifting it, presses it to the upper lip.

Having mastered the movement, the child can repeat it with his mouth wide open, gradually moving his tongue behind his upper teeth. You need to keep your tongue in your mouth on weight, without touching the tip to the palate.

Sound staging. After the child learns to spread his tongue and bend it up, the teacher suggests to him: “Open your mouth a little, lift your wide tongue by the upper teeth, like me. Now blow on your tongue. Do you hear how the wind roars? (Air, passing through a small gap between the front edge of the tongue and the palate, forms a noise resembling a hissing sound.)

It happens that a child blows with the sound x, then the jet dissipates, the sound is fuzzy, distorted. In this case, he needs to say: "Blow on the tip of the tongue with the sound c." The development of the correct sound sh requires repeated repetition and the use of various images (the wind makes a noise, a goose hisses, air comes out of a burst balloon, etc.).

The game form of explanation in combination with the show quickly focuses the attention of the child. Gradually, under the control of the educator, he begins to perform the required movements (bring his teeth together and slightly push his lips forward) and correctly pronounce the sound sh.

It must be remembered that when putting a sound, you should never call it to a child, so as not to cause him to habitually mispronounce it.

Sound automation. The teacher draws objects in the child's notebook, in the names of which the sound sh is

At the beginning of the word: naughty, overcoat, tire, spikes, dog rose, awl, chocolate, neck, fur coat, skimmer, puck, chess, mongrel, shampoo, hat, seam, wardrobe, helmet, boat, hat, sleepers, twine, barbell, bayonet;

In the middle: mouse, car, galoshes, wallet, porridge, ears, bag, fluff, jug, target, hood, peg, millet, collar, earflaps, tower, cat, cherries, pebbles, reel, pillow, cracker, bump, tub , club, gun;

At the end: a shower, a mouse, a ladle, ink, a baby, a lily of the valley, a hut, reeds, a pebble, keys. The child calls these words.

After automating the sound w in words, the teacher, together with the child, comes up with sentences and, under his dictation, writes to him in a notebook, for example: Naughty people were noisy and naughty. A hat and a fur coat - that's our Mishutka. Natasha sews a helmet. Misha takes a long step. Masha has hairpins in her jewelry box.

Sound w

After automating the sound w in words, you can put the sound w. At first, the child is given the opportunity to feel the vibration of the vocal cords when pronouncing the sound g. The teacher puts the back of his hand to his neck in front. Next, the adult, together with the child, pronounces the sound sh and adds a voice. With one hand, the child feels the vibration of the vocal cords at the teacher, with the other - at himself. An isolated sound is fixed with the help of onomatopoeia (imitation of the buzzing of a beetle, bee, bumblebee, etc.).

For audio automation Well in words, the teacher draws pictures in the child's notebook, in the names of which he is

Start: Toad, Stinger, Jacket, Belly, Vest, Animal, Acorn, Beetle, Yolk, Pearl, Jelly, Token,

In the middle: pajamas, blackberry, puddle, cuff, knives, floors, puddles, snakes, eggplant, dagger, lawn, hacksaw, jacket, snowflake, boot, flag, hedgehog, rain, clothes, scissors, snowdrop.

Words ending in zh are not taken, as in this position it is stunned and sounds like sh.

With the words worked out, sentences are made up and written down under the corresponding picture, for example: The toad lived in a puddle. The beetle is buzzing. Zhenya had live snakes. Jeanne has jelly for dinner.

Sound h

The sound h can be put from the sound t: with the tip of the tongue raised up, it is moved further inward from the upper incisors. The teacher shows on himself where the tongue is and how far it moves back. When the child accurately copies the movements, you need to push his lips forward (by pressing on his cheeks) at the time when he will say t-t-t-t-t. The result is the sound h. The child should be praised (“You are right, you said well, repeat again”). We can say that this sound resembles the chirping of a grasshopper (“It jumps high in the grass, just like your tongue jumps behind your upper teeth. You hear h - jumped, again h - jumped”).

If it is not possible to put the sound h by imitation, its correct sound can be achieved by the continuous pronunciation of the sound combination tsh, first at a slow, then at a fast pace.

Delivered sound automate in the words in which it is

At the end: night, daughter, oven, ray, sword, crying, key, kalach, pugach, tractor, ball, owl;

In the middle: barrel, dot, daughter, stove, match, kidney, bump, pack, birdie, mast, glasses, brush, butterfly, fishing rod, pipe, twig, knot, bundle, tank, cloud, pile, head of cabbage, boy, donut , cookies, swing;

And only then at the beginning (if the sound is not fixed in the previous positions, at the beginning of the word, two sounds can be heard instead of h: tsh): tea, check, stocking, turban, shuttle, cap, seagull, kettle, cast iron, stuffed animal, suitcase, Chippolino , clock, garlic, lentils.

Together with the child, the teacher comes up with and writes down sentences with words for hours. For example: The boy has a pipe and a duck. Tanechka, don't cry, the ball won't sink. Olga was swinging on a swing, and the bird was swinging on a twig. The girl is drinking tea with cookies.

Sound u

The sound u often appears automatically after the sounds sh, zh, h are delivered. To call u, the child needs to be shown that if we pronounce the sound sh, we move the tongue forward, closer to the teeth, the sound u will be heard.

Given the relationship in the movements of the muscles of the lips and tongue, you can ask the child to stretch his lips into a smile when pronouncing w for a long time; at this time, the tongue moves forward and the sound u is heard. The resulting sound is fixed through onomatopoeia (“Show how the fried eggs hiss in a frying pan ... What sound does the brush make when things are cleaned with it”, etc.).

For automation sound u in words draw pictures in the names of which it is located:

At the beginning of the word: cabbage soup, shield, gap, pike, cheeks, puppy, goldfinch, sorrel, chips, brush, bristle, heck, tongs;

In the middle: things, ticks, Kashchei, a box, a predator, a square, vegetables, a shaft, a rod;

At the end: bream, tick, ivy, raincoat.

At the request of the teacher, the child comes up with sentences with learned words. For example: Comrades pulled out a pike and a bream. Petya, bring the pincers, we'll pull out the nail.

(Additional material for audio automationsch see p. 218.)

Questions.

Why is the sh sound basic in the group of hissing sounds?

What types of sigmatism of hissing sounds do you know?

What types of parasigaatism of hissing sounds do you know?

How does work at the preparatory stage with sigmatisms of hissing sounds differ from the same work with parasigmatisms of hissing sounds?

What stage and why does the work end with sigmatisms and parasigmatisms of hissing sounds? Give specific examples.

What is the main way of staging the sound sh?

What are the features of the manifestation of the interdental pronunciation of the sound sh and its correction?

What are the features of the manifestation of the lateral pronunciation of the sound sh and its correction?

What are the features of the manifestation of the nasal pronunciation of the sound sh and its correction?

How is the automation of the delivered sound carried out? Give examples of hissing sounds.

In what sequence are the sounds in the group of hissing?

1. Modern Russian alphabet comprises 33 letters , 10 of which are intended to represent vowels and are accordingly called vowels. 21 the consonant letter is used to denote consonant sounds. In addition, in modern Russian there are two letters that are not sounds do not represent: b(hard sign) b(soft sign).

2. All sounds of the Russian language are divided into vowels and consonants.

• Vowel sounds are the sounds that are formed with the participation of the voice. There are six of them in Russian: [a], [e], [and], [o], [y], [s] .

• Consonants- these are sounds that are formed with the participation of voice and noise or only noise.

a) The consonants are divided into hard and soft. Most hard and soft consonants form pairs of hardness-softness:

[b] - [b′], [c] - [c′], [g] - [g′], [e] - [d′], [h] - [h′], [k] - [ k′], [l] - [l′], [m] - [m′], [n] - [n′], [p] - [n′], [p] - [p′], [ s] - [s′], [t] - [t′], [f] - [f′], [x] - [x′]

(the apostrophe at the top right denotes softness consonant sound). For example, onion - [bow] and hatch - [l′uk] .

b) Some consonants do not have correlative pairs of hardness-softness, that is, there are unpaired hard consonants [g], [w], [c](always only solid) and unpaired soft consonants [w′], [th], [h](always soft).

Notes:

• at the sounds [th], [h] it is not customary to designate softness with an apostrophe, although in some textbooks it is indicated;
• sound [sh′] denoted by the letter sch;
• a bar above the sound indicates double (long) sound. In some textbooks, long consonants So: [van:a] - bath.

in) Consonants formed with the participation of voice and noise are called voiced(for example, [d], [d′], [h], [h′], etc.); if only noise is involved in the formation of sounds, then such sounds are called deaf consonants (for example, [t], [t′], [s], [s′], etc.). Most voiced and voiceless consonants in Russian form voiced-deafness pairs:

[b] - [p], [b′] - [p′], [c] - [f], [c′] - [f′], [g] - [k], [g′] - [ k′], [d] - [t],
[d′] - [t′], [h] - [s], [h′] - [s′], [g] - [w] .
Compare: beat - drink, year - cat, live - sew .

G) Sounds [th], [l], [l′], [m], |m′], [n], [n′], [p], [p′] do not form a correlative pair with voiceless consonants, therefore, they are unpaired voiced (unpaired voiced consonants are also called sonorous, these are sounds in the formation of which both voice and noise participate). Conversely, voiceless consonants that do not pair with voiced ones are unpaired deaf . These are the sounds [h], [c], [x], [x′].

3. In the flow of speech, the sound of one sound can be likened to the sound of another sound. Such a phenomenon is called assimilation. So, in the word life, the sound [z], standing next to the soft [n′], also softens, and we get the sound [z′].

So the pronunciation of the word life is written like this: [zhyz′n′]. Rapprochement of sounding is also possible for sounds paired in sonority-deafness. So, voiced consonants in a position in front of the deaf and at the end of the word sound closer to paired deaf ones. Therefore, it happens stun consonants. For example, boat - lo [t] ka, fairy tale - ska [s] ka, cart - in [s]. The reverse phenomenon is also possible, when voiceless consonants in a position before voiced ones also become voiced, that is voiced. For example, mowing - ko [z ′] ba, request - about [z ′] ba.

The designation of the softness of consonants in writing

In russian language softness of consonants indicated in the following ways:

1. With the letter b(soft sign) at the end of a word and in the middle between consonants: benefit - [pol′za], elk - [los′], etc.

Note. The soft sign does not indicate the softness of consonants in the following cases:

a) if it serves to separate consonants, the second of which th(yot): leaves - fox [t′ya], linen - be [l′yo];

b) to distinguish between grammatical categories: rye (3 cl., f.r.) - knife (2 cl., m.r.);

c) to distinguish word forms (after hissing ones): read (2 lit., singular), cut (form of the imperative mood), help (indefinite form of the verb), as well as adverbs: jump, back.

1. Through the letters and, e, e, u, i, indicating the softness of the previous consonant sound and conveying vowels [i], [e], [o], [y], [a]: forest - [l′es], honey - [m′ot], lil - [l ′il], hatch - [l′uk], crumpled - [m′al].

2. With the help of subsequent soft consonants: cog - [v′in′t′ik], plum - [s′l′iva].

The sound meaning of the letters e, e, u, i

1. The letters e, e, u, i can represent two sounds: [ye], [yo], [yu], [ya]. This happens in the following cases:

• at the beginning of a word: for example, spruce - [ye] l, hedgehog - [yo] w, yula - [yu] la, yama - [ya] ma;

• after a vowel sound: washes - mo [ye] t, sings - po [yo] t, give - yes [yu] t, bark - la [ya] t;

• after dividing b, b: eat - sj [ye] m, drink - drink [yo] t, pour - l [yu] t, zealous - ry [ya] ny.

In addition, after the separation b two sounds will be denoted by a letter and: nightingales - nightingale [yi].

1. The letters e, e, u, i indicate the softness of the preceding consonant in a position after consonants, paired in hardness-softness: fur - [m′eh], carried - [n′os], hatch - [l′uk], crumpled - [m′al].

Reminder:

• Sounds [th], [l], [m], [n], [r]- voiced (do not have a pair of voiced-deafness)
• Sounds [x], [c], [h], [w′]- deaf (do not have a pair of voiced-deafness)
• Sounds [w], [w], [c] are always solid.
• Sounds [th], [h], [w′] are always soft.

Lesson summary "". Next topic:

What two groups are all speech sounds divided into? (vowels and consonants.)

What sounds do the letters e, e, u, i represent? ([ y'e], [yo], [y'u], [y'a])

When the letters e, e, u, i give two sounds? (At the beginning of a word; after dividing b, b; at the end of a word; after vowels.)

Give examples. ( Pit - [y'a]ma; whirligig - [y'u]la; winter storm - in[y'u]ha; congress- With[y'e]zd; army - army[y'a]; we know - zna[y'e]m.) How many consonants are there in Russian? ( 37 .)

Name the characteristics of consonants. ( Hard, soft, voiced, deaf.)

Make pairs of consonant sounds based on voiced and deafness. ([ b-p], [b'-p'], [Mr.], [g'-k'], [v-f], [v'-f'], [dt], [d't'], [s-s], [s'-s'], [f-w])

What voiced sounds are unpaired ([ R], [R'], [l], [l'], [m], [m'], [n], [n'], [y']), but deaf people? ([ c], [h'], [X])

What is the difference between hard and soft consonants? (Articulation. Soft consonants are formed by additional articulation - moving the tongue forward in the oral cavity. Hard consonants are not characterized by such articulation.)

Make pairs of consonant sounds according to hardness and softness. ([ b-b'], [p-p'], [in-in’], [f-f'], [d-d'], [t-t'], [y-y'], [k-k'], [x-x'], [z-z'], [s-s'], [l-l'], [mm'], [n-n'], [rr']).

What sounds are always solid? ([ and], [w], [c])

Name unpaired sounds on the basis of softness. ([ h'], [y'], [sch'])

What sounds are called hissing? ([ w] [sch'] [h'])

III. Check of knowledge. Development of skills and abilities

1. To several students given individual tasks for ex. 5 (tasks 2, 3, 4), and according to exercise. 6 (task 3).

2. At this time ex. 5, 6 are performed according to the options with subsequent mutual verification.

3. Write a descriptive text(3-5 sentences) on the topic "The forest drops its crimson dress." Use the expressive means of the language, imitating I. S. Turgenev (exercise 6).

Text example:

The first month of autumn is like a cunning fox. He silently sneaks along the ground, deftly hiding among the branches of trees. But soon everything around will turn red like fiery animals will sit on every bush, on every tree. The wind will blow, and the leaves will fall to the ground like a golden rain. The wind will drive them along the forest, roads and paths.

IV. Lesson summary

What branch of linguistics studies the sound structure of a language?

What is a phoneme? What function does it perform? (Distinguishes the sound side of the sound of different words.)

How many sounds are in Russian? (43 sounds: 6 vowels and 37 consonants.)

What does the section "Spelling" study?

What is the difference between vowels and consonants? (Acoustics: vowels are formed only by voice, consonants - by noise, or by voice and noise; articulation does not create barriers in the formation of vowels, a barrier is created in the formation of consonants; from the semantic side, consonants have greater distinguishing abilities than vowels, that is, consonants can guess the word, but the vowels are impossible.)

Homework

1. Compose a coherent answer in the section "Phonetics and Graphics".

2. Exerc. 7 (complete all tasks for the exercise).

Lesson 9 (9)

Basic norms of modern literary

Pronunciation and stress in Russian

Lesson Objectives:

Summarize the knowledge gained in grades 5-9 on the topic "Orthoepy"; consolidate spelling skills, spelling skills.

During the classes

I. Checking homework

1. Tell about the section of linguistics phonetics and graphics.

2. Check at the board tasks 1, 3, 4 to exercise. 7.

3. Commentary and interpretation incomprehensible words from the exercise:

wattle fence- a fence made of woven rods and branches;

plakhta- handicraft Ukrainian fabric, striped or checkered, as well as its quadrangular cut, worn as a skirt;

trousers- wide trousers, tucked into the tops, in general, trousers of a wide, free cut.

4. Three people perform an individual task:

Describe an oak tree in late autumn. Show the features of this tree.

Text example:

An oak grows on a hillock with sprawling, twisted branches, like old, weary fingers. He firmly dug into the ground with thick roots. Oak did not immediately feel the arrival of autumn. Its dense leaves did not succumb to cool nights for a long time and continued to turn green. But suddenly the frost hit. Oak leaves turned yellow, took frost. A breeze blew, and the leaves gradually began to fall off. Jing-ding! They rang like golden bells, hitting the frozen branches. The whole hillock was covered with a rustling carpet.

5. During student preparation To answer and complete individual lessons, the class writes a dictionary dictation:

Mayor, Prefecture, Pager, Broker, Showman, Producer, Contract, Asset, Guarantee, Dumping, Quota, Negotiation, Details, Rent, Loan, Customs, Tariff, Cent, Barter, Concessionaire, Broker, Denomination, Doorman, Exporter, Electorate.

Define the word electorate. (Voters participating in elections to state or other large public structures.)

II. Work on the topic of the lesson

1. Orthoepic warm-up(teacher pronounces words, students repeat after him).

nucleus, phenomenon heretic, sign, leisure, neurologist, reflection, astrologer, astronomer, tool, intercession, provision, Ukrainian, fetish, spark, drowsiness, yawning, bureaucracy, exaltation, voicing, utterly, concentration, concentration

What is the name of the branch of linguistics that deals with the study of normative literary pronunciation and stress? (Orthoepy.)

2. Can be offered students plan-summary of theoretical material.

Teacher's word:

The level of culture of each person is already manifested at the level of pronunciation. Inaccurate pronunciation of sounds makes it difficult to understand between people, creates obstacles to effective and adequate communication. Incorrect stress in a word, violation of norms, rules of pronunciation cuts the ear, interferes with constructive interaction in business and personal communication. The importance of mastering the norms of correct pronunciation is clear. There are general pronunciation norms regulating the pronunciation of a whole range of sounds covering a large number of words, and there are norms relating only to a number of combinations of sounds characteristic of a number of grammatical forms. All these norms create the pronunciation system of the language. In everyday life, we rarely think about how we pronounce individual sounds, do not know many of the normative requirements of orthoepy, and, nevertheless, pronounce sounds correctly. This is because, while mastering speech in early childhood, we automatically memorize, along with words and grammatical structures, the orthoepic features inherent in the language. They are so firmly acquired that they become automatic skills and are performed without prior conscious deliberation. Yes, it’s understandable to imagine what human communication would turn into if, before pronouncing a single sound or sound combination, we would consciously consider how to do it. Remember how you started learning a foreign language: the easiest to remember sounds that are pronounced similar to the sounds of your native language. But the sounds and their combinations, which have no analogues in your native language, required sufficient effort from you.

But although the implementation of common language pronunciation norms is usually not difficult for us, this does not mean that we do not make mistakes. The most common mistakes in the placement of stress, it is difficult to pronounce borrowed words, which have become more and more lately, quite often there are elements of dialect pronunciation, as well as youth urban slang, which manifests itself not only in the use of peculiar vocabulary, but also in deliberately careless pronunciation ( for example: “swallowing” endings and suffixes, pronouncing “in the nose”). Illegibility of pronunciation is akin to illegibility in the construction of a written text, as it reflects an insufficient level of culture, personal immaturity. Articulation exercises (for example, tongue twisters familiar to everyone) contribute to the hardness and clarity of diction. And the accuracy of the stress and pronunciation of individual sounds or their combinations can be clarified in the dictionary.

The concept of orthoepic norm.

The rules for the pronunciation of individual sounds, their combinations, individual words and grammatical forms constitute (reflect) the orthoepic norms inherent in the language.

Articulatory phonetics.

Articulatory phonetics studies the anatomical and physiological basis of articulation (speech apparatus) and the mechanisms of speech production. Articulatory characteristic allows you to consider the sound from the position of the speaker. Sound, from the point of view of articulation, is a certain sound unity, which consists of an attack (excursion), endurance and retreat (recursion). An attack of articulation consists in the fact that the organs of speech move from a calm state to a position necessary for pronouncing a given sound. Exposure is the preservation of the position necessary to pronounce a sound. The indentation of articulation consists in the translation of the organs of speech into a calm state. Articulatory characteristics are based on the work of the pronunciation organs, primarily the active organs of speech (tongue, lips).

Speech apparatus, i.e. a set of organs of speech, which include: lips, teeth, tongue, palate, small tongue, epiglottis, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm should be understood conditionally.

The entire speech apparatus of linguistics, i.e. From the point of view of the formation of speech sounds, speech can be divided into three parts:

Anything below the throat

Anything above the throat

The space in which articulation can take place from the vocal cords to the lips is called the vocal tract. Knowledge of articulation makes it possible to classify the sounds of the Russian language.

Articulatory differences are due to the division of the sounds of the Russian language into vowels and consonants. When vowels are formed, a weak air stream passes freely, without encountering obstacles. When consonants are formed, a stronger air stream encounters obstacles in its path.

Articulatory phonetics studies the anatomical and physiological basis of articulation (speech apparatus) and the mechanisms of speech production. The articulatory characteristic allows you to consider the sound from the position of the speaker. Sound (from the point of view of articulation) is a certain sound unity, which consists of an attack (excursion) and an indentation (recursion). Articulatory characteristics are based on the work of the pronunciation organs, primarily active organs.

The term "speech apparatus", i.e. the totality of speech organs, which include lips, teeth, tongue, palate, small tongue, epiglottis, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm, should be understood conditionally. Therefore, the entire speech apparatus linguistically (i.e., in terms of the formation of sounds in speech) can be divided into three parts:

1. everything below the larynx (respiratory apparatus necessary for the formation of speech sounds);

2. larynx (airflow transformation);

3. everything above the larynx (in which articulation is carried out).

The space in which articulation can take place from the vocal cords to the lips is called the vocal tract.

The value of articulation makes it possible to classify the sounds of the Russian language. Articulatory differences are due to the division of the sounds of the Russian language into vowels and consonants. When vowels are formed, a weak air stream passes freely, without encountering obstacles. In the formation of consonants, a stronger air stream meets obstacles.

In russian language vowels classified according to 3 criteria:

1. by row- determined by the movement of the tongue horizontally:

vowels front row - and, uh

vowels middle row - s, a

2.uplift- vertical movement of the tongue:

· lower lifting - a

· middle lifting - uh oh

· top lifting - and, s, u

3. by the presence or absence of labialization, those. by stretching or rounding the lips:

· labialized – OU

· non-labialized – other

Consonants sounds are characterized by 4 main features:

[r] [l] [m] [n] [j]

[p, ] [l, ] [m, ] [n, ]

· noisy

- voiced [b] [c] [d] [e] [h] [g] [d]

[b, ] [c, ] [g, ] [d, ] [h, ]

- deaf [n] [t] [k] [s] [x] [c] [h]

[p, ] [t, ] [k, ] [s, ]

2. at the place of education:

Consonants:

· labial

Ø labial [b] [n] [m]

[b, ] [n, ] [m, ]

Ø labiodental [c] [f]

[v, ] [f, ]

· lingual

Ø anterior lingual:

dental [d] [t] [s] [s] [l] [n] [c]

[d, ] [t, ] [s, ] [s, ] [l, ] [n, ] [c, ]

Palatal [w] [w] [r] [h]

[w, ] [w, ] [p, ] [h, ]

Ø Middle language [j]

Ø rear lingual [g] [k] [x]

[r, ] [k, ] [x, ]

3. according to the method of education - due to the nature of the obstacle that occurs in the path of the air stream (complete closure of the speech organs or gap)

· stop (explosive) [b] [p] [d] [t] [g] [k]

[b, ] [p, ] [d, ] [t, ] [g, ] [k, ]

In the formation of stop consonants, the pronunciation organs are first completely closed, and then the air stream sharply opens them.

· affricates [c] [h]

Consonant sounds, which are formed by closing the organs of speech, between which there is a gap and the air, passing through this gap, seems to explode.

· trembling (vibrants)[R]

They are formed with the help of a trembling tip of the tongue, which vibrates when the air jet exits.

· closure-through

Ø side [l]

Ø nasal [m] [n]

[m, ] [n, ]

They are formed as a result of the fact that the air stream finds another way out due to the closure of the organs.

· slotted (fricative) [f] [v] [s] [s] [g] [w] [x] [j]

[f, ] [v, ] [z, ] [s, ] [g, ] [w, ] [x, ]

When fricative consonants are formed, the active organ approaches the passive one, forming a gap through which the air stream passes, the gap is formed as a result of friction.

4. in relation to palatalization

One of the characteristic features of Russian consonants is a sign of hardness / softness. When pronouncing soft consonants, in addition to the main articulation, an additional articulation of palatalization (j-th pal.) is used. Hard consonants are characterized by a special articulation of hardness (velarization).

Consonants form pairs of hardness/softness.

[b] [c] [g] [e] [h] [k] [l] [m] [n] [p] [r] [s] [t] [x]

[b, ] [c, ] [g, ] [d, ] [h, ] [k, ] [l, ] [m, ] [n, ] [p, ] [p, ] [s, ] [t , ] [X, ]

Unpaired soft: [j] [h, ] [w, ]

Unpaired solids: [w] [w] [c]

Speech sounds zodiac circle
The turnover takes place in the universe,
Each sound is invisibly astral light
It pours into the world alternately...

The letter a
Historically: the shape of the letter comes from the Phoenician sign "Aleph" - the head of a bull, turned upside down, corresponds to the Greek "Alpha" and the Slavic "Az" - "I" (number 1).
Linguistically: the sound A is one of the fundamental sounds of speech, it is the first vowel that children learn, the simplest and most open, the most sonorous and bright, wide and guttural, at the place of formation it is related to guttural consonants (in Russian - Г, К, Х ).
Psychologically: the beginning - a strong-willed start, openness and scope, activity and fieryness, an unstoppable flow of energy that knows no barriers, avant-garde, strength and greatness, courage and loudness, directness and truth.
The victory of the present over the past, a cry of joy and fear, a gift of life and a burst of passion. Energy A is like an army going on the attack.

Wreathed in royal glory,
With the strength of a fiery lion,
Brave, loud and open
Bright scarlet symbol "A"

Sound A corresponds to the red-scarlet color of fire, energy and strength, expressing the same psychological characteristics.
Astrologically: the element of Fire is, first of all, the directness and courage of Aries, the greatness and mighty energy of Leo, and also to a lesser extent the qualities of this letter reflect Sagittarius, it is heard in the scope of the aspirations of this sign.

Letter B
Historically: the shape of the letter comes from the Phoenician sign "Bet" - "house", which corresponds to the Slavic "Buki" - "letter, beech".
Linguistically: the strongest of the labial sounds, sonorous, explosive, at the place of formation related to the vowel U. The pressure of air encounters the resistance of the lips and overcomes it.
Psychologically: volume and pressure, completeness and perseverance, overflowing potential. The internal energy, having accumulated (bomb, bud), confidently breaks out, taking possession of the external space (freedom, take).
B - big and healthy, striving for the possession of the good in the pressure of the struggle. This is the riot of life (bios), the richness of being and the material embodiment, which also brings suffering (trouble, pain).

B - riot and victory of being,
Stubborn battle of wealth and misfortune.
It is itself the potential of itself:
Bud, then - blooming gardens.

related to U sound B it is painted with a dense yellow-green color of living vegetation and material fullness.
Astrologically: expresses the qualities of Taurus, to a lesser extent Pisces
(fullness) and Capricorn (perseverance).

Letter B
Historically: Phoenician sign "Bet" - "house"; Greek "Beta" (in Byzantine pronunciation - "Vita"); Slavic "Vedi" - "I know, I know" (number 2).
Linguistically: this is a narrowed sound B, labial-tooth, slotted,
related to Y, in the method of formation it is close to Y. V is the softening and retention of air vibrations by the softness of the lips under the control of the teeth.
Psychologically: influence and excitement, attraction to mastering and uniting the internal with the external, the introduction and identification of feelings, their design. The desire for rapprochement, reciprocity and mutual understanding, absorption (input) and extradition (output). Rushing waves of emotion.

Wet spring river wave
Involved in fan dance.
And grown into turquoise water
Curly ribbon seaweed.

B - green-blue (turquoise) color, reflecting emotional liveliness, interpenetration and humidity.
Astrologically: the element of Water, the planet Venus, the signs of Pisces and Taurus, to a lesser extent Libra (reciprocity) and Aquarius (revealing and cool moisture).

Letter G
Historically: comes from the Phoenician sign "Gimel". Its meaning was originally "corner, hump", later - "camel". Greek "Gamma"; Slavic "Verb" - "speak" (number 3).
Linguistically: explosive, throaty, voiced consonant, close to the vowel A. A bend and a barrier form in the throat, which the air flow goes around with an effort of will.
Psychologically: sharpness and determination, angularity and surprise. Steep and radical turn, angle, shift, inflection and redistribution.
G is a short and strong-willed sound, in it the flexibility of the mind and the energy of the will, the unpredictability of thought and the indisputability of action. Overcoming obstacles with the mind (the smart one will not go uphill): the ability to go around, jump over, step over (knight's move), ingenuity.

Angle G - the lever of reason -
Breaks any dead end.
Bypass the barriers of the spirit
Crushing mountains into stones.

G - a sharp orange-gray color - the color of energy and rationalism.
Astrologically: the flexibility of air and the energy of fire, the signs of Aries and Gemini, as well as Aquarius (surprise) and less Capricorn (overcoming).

Letter D
Historically: formed from the Phoenician sign "Dalet" - "door of the house; Greek "Delta"; Slavic "Good" (number 4).
Linguistically: a voiced front-lingual consonant, related in place of formation to the vowel I. It is fixed by an elastic blow of the tongue against the edge of the teeth.
Psychologically: approval and support (home), certainty and reliability, creation and productivity, material goodness, positive kindness (yes! give), givenness and satisfaction with the result. Elastic, living hardness of wood - confidence and life-affirmation (oak).

D is the tree of the universe,
giving fruit to the earth,
What a generous spirit of creation
Adult to the sky of kindness.

D - gray-brown color, concrete and tangible, reliable and stable.
Astrologically: the element of the Earth, the signs of Taurus and Capricorn, also Leo and, to a lesser extent, Sagittarius (dynamism) and Virgo (activity), which are better reflected by the sound Db.

Letter E
Historically: the form comes from the Phoenician sign "Khe" - "lattice, frame or open window"; Greek "Epsilon", Slavic "There" - "to eat, exist" (number 5) and another letter "Yat" - "food, dishes", pronounced also as E.
Linguistically: a narrow vowel, transitional between A and I (soft in Russian), drawling, derived from the combination YAI, is formed by a flexible and slow movement of the tongue.
Psychologically: flexibility and pliability, duration and inertia, patience and penetration into the hidden, changeability and neutrality, caution and weakness (barely), politeness and tenderness, the ability to self-preservation and self-recovery, adaptation to the flow of life, attention to its processes. A plant or stream that skirts an obstacle.

A gentle sprout from the earth uncertainly
It turns into an eternal spruce slowly.
Silent stream of endless time
Life flows under a thin plant.

E is the light green color of eternal vitality, the color of flexible and indestructible grass.
Astrologically: corresponds to the signs delving into the subtlety of life processes - Cancer and Virgo.

Letter Yo
Historically: a variant of the letter E, of the same origin (introduced into the Russian alphabet in 1797) .

Linguistically: the newest sound of the Russian language, always under stress; iotated (softened version of O, but related in origin to E). A rounded front vowel, middle in sound between I and Yu, the air stream is directed upwards.
Psychologically: sound that puts emphasis on itself: attention and inclusion
quality, peculiarity and piquancy, surprise and enthusiasm, gaiety and frivolity, cunning and caution - and at the same time a call for contact and rapprochement, lack of independence and the need for a partner;

Lyolya embroidered with silk
House, sun and Christmas tree.
Look, the hedgehog dragged away
A thread of yellow balls.
We laugh: what is it?
The sun has come out bright!

Yo - light lemon (strontian) color, bringing together and refined.
Astrologically: the element of air, the partner sign of Libra and, to a lesser extent, cheerful Gemini.

Letter Zh
Historically: the shape of the letter comes from the Egyptian (Coptic) sign "Janja" - supposedly meaning "candle, point or dagger". Slavic "Live" - ​​"live".
Linguistically: complex, voiced hissing, formed from 3, but related to R in articulation. Strong and tense compression of the tongue forms a complex barrier to the air stream.
Psychologically: tension that gives birth to energy, compression and eruption, the image of an explosion and fire. The destruction of someone else's and the assertion of one's own, the burning fire of desire and the thirst for life. celebration of passion and
power, dominance and tyranny, festive luxury, prostrateness and piling up.

Lust for life, desire for power,
Intense energy heat
An eruption of unbridled passion
Spawn a violent fire.

Zh - dark red, burning color of flickering coals of fire.
Astrologically: passionate Leo and Scorpio, to a lesser extent Sagittarius (solemnity).

Letter 3
Historically: the shape of the letter comes from the Phoenician sign "Zain" - weapon, arrow"; Greek "Zeta" and "Stigma", Slavic "Earth" (number 7) and "Zelo" - "evil, strong, very" (number 6).
Linguistically: strong and sharp tension during the formation of a gap between the teeth, voiced dental spirant, related in articulation to the vowels E and I.
Psychologically: sharpness and sinuousness (zigzag, snake), loudness and sonority, invocative call, awakening and disturbing. A piercing and piercing sound, penetrating with effort (to thrust), penetrating through and unbearable (heat, frost), strong and evil (a beast), soulless and uncompromising. Inevitability (retribution), a sober mind and critical analysis, dissecting and sharp-sighted. An abrupt process of change and surgical intervention. Claim (envy) and dissatisfaction, excessive demands - "with a knife to the throat."

insight analysis
It plunges into the convolutions of the brain
Ringing poetry sounds
And base prose zigzags.

3 - blue-green with a metallic sheen, conveying a state of abrupt change and intense dissatisfaction.
Astrologically: the signs of Virgo and Scorpio, to a certain extent the sign of Aries (sharpness) and Gemini (efficiency).

Letter I
Historically: the form comes from the Phoenician sign "Het" - "fence, ladder", the Greek "Eta", later - "Ita"; Slavic "Izhe" - "which" (number 8) and "And" (number 10).
Linguistically: one of the fundamental vowels, most front, narrow and tense, breathtaking. According to the place of formation, dental whistling consonants are especially close to it (3, C, C in Russian).
Psychologically: tension and fading, detachment and detachment "from the near (other), susceptibility to the far, aspiration upwards (bird), idealization and search. Thinning and sublimation (needle, spark), inspiration and romanticism, separation from the given, dreaming and transcendent light, craving for the spiritual, the power of intuitive knowledge.

In other worlds - other ideals.
In flight to them - centuries are lost.
But the distance beckons, and in fading glad
Soul soar, leaving the shore.

And - the light blue of an ideal dream and distant horizons.
Astrologically: reflects the idealism of Aquarius, the romanticism of Sagittarius, as well as the daydreaming of Cancer.

Letter Y
Historically: modification of the letter I, introduced into the alphabet as an independent sign, by the reform of 1735 (before that, the letter I was used without indicating brevity).
Linguistically: a narrow semivowel associated with the vowel I. The tongue easily forms a short barrier, almost without changing its position.
The lightest and fastest sound, it easily combines with vowels and disappears at the end of words.
Psychologically lightness and elusiveness, fleetingness and disappearance, rise and dissolution, lightning speed of thought (genius), airiness and mentality, speed and fuss (sparrow), connection and loss, dashing and dashing, striving for freedom and dissolving away.

A light breeze blew
I flock birds from a branch,
And accidentally flew around
Old dandelion.

J - light lilac color with an ash-gray tint. This color becomes brighter in combination with other colors and is lost, taken separately, by itself.
Astrologically: the element of Air, signs of lightness of thought - Aquarius and Gemini, and to some extent dashing Aries.

Letter K
Historically: Phoenician sign "Kaf" - "palm, hand or plant; Greek "Kappa"; Slavic "Kako" - the adverb "how" (number 20). In Cyrillic, the double letter "Xi" was also used to use in borrowed words and indicate the number 60.
Linguistically: a voiceless posterior lingual explosive consonant, formed like G, but without the participation of the voice, lighter, with less pressure, which makes it flatter and drier.
Psychologically: brevity and specificity, delineation and clarity. (contour, edge), underlining and emphasis, determining one's place (who, which), clarification and correction, correctness of form (beauty, calligraphy), speed and efficiency, mobility and dynamics (tic- so, jump-jump). K - short and small (cube, rabbit), fixing space (window, room) and location (coordinates). Rapprochement with the object (k, ko).

The pencil draws a cube
By limiting the edge of the square,
Draw a clear outline
pointing out what is nearby.

K - ocher-brown color of specificity and tangibility.
Astrologically: the specific sign of Virgo and corrective Libra, as well as the mobile and disputed Gemini.

Letter L
Historically: Phoenician sign "Lamed" - "rope, ribbon, line"; Greek letter "Lambda"; Slavic "People" (number 30).
Linguistically: sonorous sound (middle between a vowel and a consonant), smooth, anterior lingual, lateral - a one-of-a-kind sound formed by the asymmetrical position of the tongue in the mouth.
Psychologically: smoothness and flexibility (ribbon, liana), smoothness to polishing (lacquer), lability and iridescence, purity and coolness, ideality (swan, angel). Continuity of lines and smoothness of change (from the cold of ice melting into waves of love), a soft outpouring of distant light that removes the oppression of the concrete.

White L - swan flock
A smooth ribbon floats across the sky.
Sweet smile melts in the cloud
Light angel long flight.

L - matte white, L - pink and white - the colors of perfect purity and angelic love.
Astrologically: the sign of the ideal - Aquarius, flexible and labile Cancer, to a lesser extent Libra - the ideal of harmony.

Letter M
Historically: the shape of the letter comes from the Phoenician sign "Mem" - "water"; Greek "Mu"; Slavic "Myslete" - "think" (number 40).
Linguistically: labial sonorant sound, related to nasal H and labial U. The most easily pronounced of the consonants, requiring no effort, the first to be assimilated by children (mother) and pronounced dumb. (This sound, due to its soft and inner sound, expressed the image of the mother substance of nature in the Indian "Aum" and in the Jewish Kabbalah, where "Mem" is one of the three "mother letters" of the world).
Psychologically: softness and passivity, moderation and slowness, all-acceptance and dissolution, naturalness and being in it (matter). M - maternal and sympathetic, forgiving and accepting, opaque, cloudy and dissolving (fog), giving itself and combining everything in itself (silence, music).

Silent wisdom of nature,
listening and guarding this world.
Wise music in a sea of ​​silence
Slowly pours sad prayer.
Listens to the dumb, understanding him,
The soft bosom of a misty paradise.

M - matte green color of naturalness and peace.
Astrologically: it is primarily a sign of confluence with the "waters of the world" - Pisces, as well as the contemplative natural Taurus, and to a lesser extent Cancer (motherhood) and Libra (peacefulness).

Letter H
Historically: the shape of the letter is formed from the Phoenician sign "Nun" - "water snake"; Greek "Nu"; Slavic "Nash" (number 50).
Linguistically: anterior lingual nasal sonant, close in articulation to D and M. The air jet hits the barrier of the tongue and goes up through the nose, keeping the sound as if inside.
Psychologically: neutrality to the external (zero), attention to the internal, giving level and dignity, confidence, poise and stability. Understanding the present, denying the temporary and accidental, withdrawing into oneself and finding support in the unchanging. Internal standard (norm) and monotonicity.

Column H supports the sky.
The dumb Atlantean preserves his dignity.
Will not accept the unreliable on faith
Imperishable standards monolith.

H - matte-beige color of external modesty and internal dignity.
Astrologically: H conveys the confidence of Leo, the inner faith of Pisces, as well as the constancy of Taurus.

Letter O
Historically: the shape of the letter from the Phoenician sign "Ain" - "eye, eye"; Greek "Omicron" - "About the small" and "Omega" - "About the big"; Slavic "On" (number 70) and "From" (number 800).
Linguistically: vowel, middle between open A and labial Y, lips keep the mouth open, forming a circle and fixing the exit of air to the outside.
Psychologically: roundness and coverage (eye, window, wheel, hoop), soft retention in shape (oval, about), the possession of ample opportunities: balance, charm and warmth, fullness and integrity, kindness and simplicity (good, good). Everything big and big (sun, elephant), contentment and complacency, spontaneity and openness, richness of emotions.

In the open window
The golden sun came out.
Well into the flow of his heat
Immerse yourself with childlike simplicity.

O - dense white-yellow color, reflecting soft warmth and spiritual openness.
Astrologically: emotionally rich natures of Leo and Taurus, to a lesser extent Libra (charm).

Letter P
Historically: from the Phoenician sign "Pe" - "mouth, mouth"; Greek Pi", Slavic "Peace" (the number 80, as well as the number 700, denoted by the letter "Psi").
Linguistically: a deaf, weakened version of the sound "B" - the lips, relaxing, release a stream of air.
Psychologically: calmness and balance, muffledness and modesty, combined with a sense of patronage. Comfort and acceptance, stability and the establishment of an external order that implies hierarchy (post, position, rules) and preserves the status quo (right). Peace of order, old age and some
pessimism (crah, bad, ashes). Relieve tension in details through attention to the overall plan.

The fields are covered with peace,
In truth - a natural stronghold of constancy.
Past experience - an invisible judge -
Governs the order of earthly space.

P has a muted, pastel shade of a calm marsh color, which can also be described as green-beige or khaki.
Astrologically: sign of general balance - Libra, hierarchy and experience - Capricorn, to a lesser extent Virgo (modesty).

Letter P
Historically: the form is formed from the Phoenician sign "Resh" - "head", the Greek "Ro"; Slavic "Rtsy" - "speak" (number 100).
Linguistically: A complex sound that requires a lot of energy and effort. Vibrating and rolling, in Russian - a multi-stressed anterior lingual sonant. It is hardly digested by children and loses its power and peals in the languages ​​of peoples who have lived for a long time in conditions of a purely civilization (rural residents pronounce R more energetically and more resoundingly than city dwellers).
Psychologically: strong-willed pressure and self-confidence, threat and destruction of barriers, heroic strength and power, masculinity, decisiveness to the point of rudeness, rage and firmness. Hugeness, disclosure of potential, energy of natural forces (peals of thunder), directness, action ahead, division into black and white (friend and foe). The assertion of strength and the triumph of victory.

Terrible R - thunder,
The trembling of the heavens and the trembling of the mountains -
Breaks the chains of doom
Lightning Furious Axe.

P - dark ruby ​​color, reflecting the power of potential and the pressure of aggression. (The burr R has a brick color).
Astrologically: furious Aries and mighty Leo, to a lesser extent Capricorn (pressure and hardness) and Scorpio (strength of potential).

Letter C
Historically: the shape of the letter comes from the Phoenician sign "Shin" - "hills, teeth"; Greek letter "Sigma"; Slavic "Word" (number 200).
Linguistically: a narrow gap between the teeth and the tongue, through which air rushes intensely, with a whistle, forming the widest (universal) spectrum of vibrations. The sound is less intense
than 3, but of greater duration, in terms of the place of formation and aspiration, it is close to the vowel I. C is the most natural fixer for the end of a word, it is a kind of arrow indicating that the word is finished and addressed to the listener: it is no coincidence that in the Proto-Indo-European language most words ended in "s", which is preserved in Latin, Greek and Lithuanian.
Psychologically: sharpness and aspiration (arrow), radiance and aestheticism. Strength of aspiration and weakness in affirmation, inconsistency (doubt), restlessness, but also receptivity leading to synthesis. The search for meaning, the exploration of consciousness, the ray of thought, intensity and universality. Power of search (from twilight to light, clarity and purity). The connection of the distant with the close (with, word, union).

In silver starlight
Sparks of truth sparkle.
The thoughts of the flock strive for them,
Breaking the web of doubt.

C is a silvery-blue color, transcendent and distant, but touching the close with sparks of the distant light of the stars.
Astrologically: aspiring Sagittarius and doubting Cancer, to a lesser extent Gemini seekers.

Letter T
Historically: the shape of the letter comes from the Phoenician sign "Tav" - "kink, sign, cross"; Greek "Tau"; Slavic "Tverdo" (number 300).
Linguistically: the shortest dull sound, more restrained and subtly pronounced than D: the tongue strikes the edge of the teeth accurately and briefly. Explosive consonant, at the place of formation close to the vowel I and the consonants C and C.
Psychologically: firmness and certainty (ending with "-st"), strict control and responsibility, exactingness and rejection. The fulcrum and skeleton of the structure. Destruction of the unstable and building
solid foundations (tradition). Inflexibility, adherence to principles and absolutism. Order in activity and work (tact, rhythm, sense).

T is an unshakable absolute
Looks at the world strictly.
Keeps track of minute accuracy
And we'll finish the deadline.

T - dark gray color of modesty and order, accuracy and control.
Acmrologically: Earth element: Virgo's precision and Capricorn's firmness.

Letter U
Historically: the shape of the letter from the Phoenician sign "Vav" - "nail, knob"; Greek "Upsilon"; Slavic "Uk" - "teaching, science" (number 400), as well as the letter "Yus big" - "mustache", used in Russian Cyrillic as "y"

.Linguistically: one of the fundamental sounds, the deepest of the vowels, labial, back, as if directed not outward, but inward.
Psychologically: depth and immersion, drowning and flowing away (loss, damage), despondency and sadness, indifference and inertia, slowness and passivity, phlegmatism and pessimism, regret and humility. The wisdom of understanding (mind, hearing), merging with the life stream (street, beehive), going into the past, but also hope for the future.

Sadness U - a dull dream of the moon in the pond,
Smile U - a snail on the run,
And the wisdom of Wu is immersion in learning,
Departure of the soul into someone else's depths.

U - deep green color of peace and secret hope.
Astrologically: the element of Water is the sign of Pisces, as well as Taurus with its natural peace.

Letter F
historically: the shape of the letter is a Greek modification of the Phoenician sign "Tet" - "bundle, bale, goods." Greek "Theta / Fita" and "Phi"; Slavic "Fita" (number 9) and "Firt" (number 500).
Linguistically: an unusual and alien sound for Slavic languages. A voiceless labial-dental consonant, related to the consonants В and П and the vowels Yu and Y. It is more relaxed compared to the voiced В, so the lips easily lose their correct shape when pronouncing it: a stream of air, as it were, twists them.
Psychologically: incomprehensibility and intoxication, blurring and confusion. Loss and formation of form (figure), transformation and reshaping. Magic and deceit (focus), quirks (buffoon) and irregularity, inflation (fountain, sweatshirt) and swindle (fiction, bullshit). Unusual, complex, mysterious and mysterious (fantasy, sphinx), more often negative (fu!).

in a fantastic mix
Phosphorus foggy gas -
Myth fantasy magical
And real facts farce.

Ф - matte dark emerald color: in the twilight fog, emeralds dimly gleaming. The color of instability of forms and hidden penetration. (Due to the influence of the name of the color, this letter is seen by many
va purple).
Astrologically: the element of Water: misty Pisces and the mysterious Scorpio.

Letter X
Historically: the shape of the letter is a Greek modification of the Phoenician sign "Kaf" - "palm, plant"; Greek "Chi"; Slavic "Kher" is an abbreviation for the word "cherub" (number 600). The name of this letter is reflected in the word poherit, that is, to cross out with a cross, resembling the drawing of this letter.
Linguistically: the least sonorous consonant in Russian is an exhalation, producing a quiet noise. Compared to its close K, it is not pronounced sharply, forming a gap at the fold of the throat. According to the place of formation, it is associated with the vowel A.
Psychologically: dryness and deafness, hoarseness and roughness, weakness (stunted, frail) and secrecy (cunning, viper), quietness and dullness, modesty and extinction. Conservation and restraint of energy, fading heat. The search for detours and sources of energy, material poverty. Finding combinations and similarities, deceptive and obvious (chimera and god). Release of the hidden (breath, laughter).

Do not exhale under the heat of dry wind,
And hoarse "X" hold your breath.
In the desert, a quiet stunted bush withers
The two-faced chimera of a mirage.

X - ocher, dry and rough: a mixture of yellow (mediation, warmth) and gray (modesty, secrecy).
Astrologically: restrained Virgo and hidden Scorpio, conserving energy.

Letter C
Historically: Phoenician sign "Tsade" - "hook, trailer, chain"; Slavic "Qi" (number 900).
Linguistically: a combination of sounds Т and С, in articulation close to TB and Ch, but pronounced harder, sharper and always firmly "(in modern Russian). Compared to soft Th, the sound Ts is more directed upwards, it is more concentrated and narrower than softened Ch .
Psychologically: detachment and distance, coldness to insensibility, sterility and sobriety. Absolutism and adherence to principles, rigor and formality, systematism (concept) and consistency (chain), discipline and diligence. valuation principle. Clear fixation and ability to distinguish. Metallic cold (zinc, lead) and glass shine.

C - in the metal integrity of steel,
The tenacity of lead in freezing cold.
Appreciates the colorless chains of crystals
More than the glitter of chalcedonic stars.

C - silvery gray-blue color, cold and impregnable.
Astrologically: the sober sign of Virgo, and to a lesser extent the conceptual, distance-loving Sagittarius.

Letter H
Historically: the shape of the letter is associated with the Phoenician sign "Kof" - "appearance, nape or monkey"; Greek "Koppa"; Slavic "Worm" - "scarlet - red, like a worm" (number 90).
Linguistically: a combination of sounds Т and Ш in a softened form, it is not hard in Russian. H is most similar to Th, but the tongue almost completely touches the palate, which makes this sound more hissing and
wet.
Psychologically: sensitivity and impressionability, changeability of sensations, a sensitive touch of either hot or cold, humidity (tea, abyss), switching from thought to feeling and from feeling to thought, from distant to close, from whole to particular, from eternal to fleeting, involvement in larger (person) and reducing it to a small part (boy, girl). Attraction to the abstract, as a source from which dreams are drawn (miracles, happiness, wedding).

Shuttle in sky-high dreams
Meets wonderful pictures:
The priest is telling fortunes by candlelight,
That the Milky Way flows into the abyss.

H - blue-violet color, clear and brilliant - the color of a charming starry night, variability and miracles.
Acmrologically: the receptive sign of Cancer and fascinated by the wonder of the cosmic sky is Sagittarius.

Letter W
Historically: Phoenician sign "Shin" - "hills, teeth"; Slavic "Sha"
Linguistically: A wide and massive barrier forms a noisy and muffled sound. A wider and more complex contact of the tongue with the palate compared to the narrow S. At the place of formation, Ш is associated with the vowels I and Y. Unlike the voiced Zh, it is pronounced flatter and lower. In modern Russian, it does not soften. Requires great pronunciation skills and is absorbed late by children.
Psychologically: breadth and power of the material, roughness, tangibility and scale of contact with matter, noise and silence (rustle and rustle). Intimidation (nightmare) and heaviness, the attraction of the earth and the comprehension of life, the feeling of the essence of being.

The breadth of the earth's matter
Absorbs with the attraction of force.
Silence will fall into this heaviness
All that storms of life felt.

Ш - deaf black color, the darkest and heaviest, materially saturated.
Astrologically: a sign of the essence of life Capricorn, to a lesser extent Leo - a sign of material breadth and charm.

Letter W
Historically: the shape of the letter comes from the Slavic modification of the combined letters Ш and Т in one sign. The name of the Slavic letter "Shtya, Shcha" is an onomatopoeia.
Linguistically: the only long consonant sound in Russian is a soft Sh. It comes from a complex combination of ShT, later ShCh, merged into one sound. Unlike Ch, it is less clear; more saturated and refined than Sh, whistling and dynamic.
Psychologically: saturation and tension, penetration and sophistication, splitting and insight into the hidden essence, sublimation of sensations. Security and revenge, hidden passion and danger, burning and stinging, penetrating and pinching. Achieving the goal in a sophisticated, sophisticated way, hidden opportunities, complex processes.

Shch - a three-headed snake-lizard
Sorrow aching will penetrate into the heart
And a lizard of sensations
Pierce the bristles of prohibitions.

Щ - a dark red-brown-violet color, which is sometimes called beet (beet), the color of combining extremes and hidden expansion.
Astrologically: the dangerous and passionate Scorpio and, to a lesser extent, the piercing Sagittarius, who sometimes knows how to savor his sensations.

Letter b
Historically: the shape of the letter is a modification of the sign b, taken from the Glagolitic, and which, in turn, comes from a modified letter O. The name of this Slavic letter "Er" is apparently associated (like other "ers") with an external resemblance to the shape of the letter R.
Linguistically: the former short vowel, which retains the sonority and hardness of the previous consonant, resembled a short O. Now it can be considered as a dull overtone after consonants, separating
syllables and words apart.
Psychologically: hardness and deafness, alienation and affirmation, definition and consolidation, highlighting the significant, pride. Mastery by separation, division, establishing one's own order (the principle of "divide and rule"). Lifting, erection in support of the unshakable, cementing foundations, granite.

The steep rise provokes protest,
Exorbitant heaviness in vain.
But, having shouldered a hard stone cross,
A solid sign divides the space.

Ъ - ocher-black or dark brown color of static and definiteness.
Astrologically: The hardest sign of the Zodiac is Capricorn.

Letter Y
Historically: the shape of the letter is formed from two Slavic letters - b and I: this is a complex modification of the letter "He" (from the Greek "Omicron"; the Phoenician sign "Ain" - "eye, eye") and the letter "I - decimal" (from the Greek " Iota"; Phoenician sign "Yod" - "hand"). The Slavic name of the letter Y is "Era".
Linguistically: is a diphthong of vowels U and I fused into a single one (the initial combination of two separate sounds b and I). Y is a closed vowel, opposed to open A, mixed and long. Pronounced as a wide and low I.
Psychologically: malleability and massiveness, tension and slowness, pessimism and gloom, depth and cold, magnetism, quagmire.Y - heavy and cast (block), carrying the heavy burden of fate, painfully overcoming adversity with patience and perseverance (bull).

We have become old and wise.
With a groan of lingering wheels
Heavy thought-oxen
They carry the universe.

S - dark brown, a mixture of black and marsh, the color of blurred heaviness, pulling into the depths of the bog.
Astrologically: a heavy sign of Capricorn and immersed in the depths of being Pisces.

Letter b
Historically: the Slavic form of the letter originated from a modified letter U (from the Greek "Omicron" and the Phoenician sign "Ain" - "eye") and was called Er".
Linguistically: the former short vowel after soft consonants resembled a short E. Now the sign indicating softness is palatalization (pressing the tongue against the palate) when pronouncing consonants. Also,
like b, it acts as a syllable separator before iotated (soft) vowels.
Psychologically: reduction and merging, intimacy and attachment, dependence and weakness, sentimentality and childishness (tenderness to lisping), crushing and thinning, fragmentation and partiality, clarification and approximation. b - small, shallow, thin and wet.

Little boy on thin skates
Right down the river on a January day
With weak hands squeezing the sides,
Slowly drove sideways."
You can, of course, run faster,
Yes, my knees are trembling from impotence.

b - blue-lilac color, changeable and dependent.
Astrologically: sentimental Cancer and to a lesser extent Virgo (subdivision and dependence).

Letter E
Historically: Russian modification of the letter E, taken from the Glagolitic alphabet and introduced into the alphabet under Peter I. It originates, like E, from the Greek "Epsilon" and the Phoenician sign "Het" - "frame, window". (Number-
vogo value, like some other letters, did not have).
Linguistically: the letter used in Russian to indicate the hard pronunciation of E in foreign words and in the demonstrative pronoun "this" (previously pronounced "getot"). The Russian language is characterized by softening of this vowel, which happens in foreign words. The letter E occupies a special place as a pointer letter to those words that have not yet taken root in the language and are perceived as exotic. The sound E is located between the open and simple A and the closed and tense I, which makes it quite open, but at the same time collected.
Psychologically: indication and disclosure from an unexpected side, aestheticism and pretension, extravagance and eccentricity, foreign and exotic. Recognition and self-confidence, elegance and fashion,
modernity and saloon. Initiation to the worthy, brilliance and perfection. Confidence in success.

Elegant esthete
Eccentrically dressed.
Perfection for all
Produces an effect.

E - light orange-yellow color of an open smile of superiority and electric light of artificial heat.
Astrologically: the sign of modernity is Gemini, the sign of perfection is Leo, and to a lesser extent Libra (elegance) and Aquarius (eccentricity).

Letter Yu
Historically: a combination of the Slavic letters I and O (OU), the first of which goes back through Greek to the Phoenician sign "Yod" - "hand", and the second to the sign "Ain" - "eye". The Slavic name of this letter is simply "Yu".
Linguistically: iotated labial-dental vowel combining Й (б) and У, which makes it both narrow and deep. It comes from Wu, but has features in common with Y.
Psychologically: flexibility and elasticity, maneuvering and escaping (yula, bindweed), understanding and penetration (humor), adoption and renewal, lyricism and youth. Yu - elongated and thin, wet and feminine, a light stream, continuous and forever young.

Youth gentle goddess named Yu
In the moonlight, the water frolicked carelessly.
Her gaze, like a trace of a wave, slipped away,
The sea tried in vain to catch him.

Yu - light emerald (turquoise green) color, flexible and lyrical color of nature renewal.
Astrologically: the femininity of Cancer and the renewal of Aquarius, to a lesser extent Pisces (escapism).

Letter I
Historically: the shape of the letter comes from the Slavic combination and the combination of the letters I and A, connected by origin through Greek with the Phoenician signs: "Yod" - "hand" and "Aleph" - "bull". In addition to the Slavic letter "I", the modern Russian I replaced another Slavic letter - "Yus small", whose name comes from the word "mustache" (and denoted the number 900).
Linguistically: iotized vowel combining Y (b) and A: narrower than A. It has the energy of A and the dynamic drive of Y. Narrow closed beginning and wide open end.
Psychologically: brightness and inspiration, penetrating activity and causticity (stinging, poison), passion and enthusiasm, sensual attraction and romanticism, falling in love and self-appearance, beauty, a combination of strength and susceptibility, energy and emotionality, moisture and fire. Rage, sexuality, aspiration, ready to reveal its potential (Yarila, spring), an impulse of energy directed through itself (I!)

A bright beam illuminates the senses
And the scarlet berry of love,
Giving birth to the sweetness of the minute,
It burns in the blood with desire.

I am a bright red-pink color, the color of love and narcissism, sensual impulsiveness.
Astrologically: romantic Sagittarius, sensual Scorpio and to a lesser extent Aries (manifestation).

Semira and Vitaliy Vetash "Name Astrology"