Say transitive or intransitive. Transitive and intransitive verbs

Verbs are independent parts of speech that denote the action of a subject. They, like any part of speech, have constant features, that is, those that are characteristic of them in any form, no matter how the word is changed. One of these properties is transitivity.

What is the transitivity of a verb, how to determine the transitivity and intransitivity of a verb, what methods to use for this?

What is a transitive verb?

Transitive verbs denote an action that is aimed at an object, “transitions” to it. Such verbs have or may have words in the accusative case without a preposition.

Words with transitive verbs can also appear in the genitive case in two cases:

• When denoting a part of a whole, for example: drink milk (easy to replace accusative case- drink milk).
• If the verb has a negation: fail to complete the task (it’s also easy to replace it with the accusative case: fail to complete the task).

Difficulties may arise when determining the transitivity of a verb. How to determine the transitivity of a verb? We propose an algorithm for how this can be done.

Algorithm for determining verb transitivity

1. We find the verb. Let's see if there are words in the sentence to which we can ask questions in the accusative case (who? what?), such words are called direct objects. If questions are asked and the words do not have a preposition, then these are transitive verbs. We remember that these additions are expressed by nouns or pronouns. Examples: “I read (what?) a book.”; "I saw (who?) him."
2. If no with the verb direct object, then we still ask questions in the accusative case and try to find a word that would answer these questions. It was said above that transitivity is a permanent feature. This means that it will be characteristic of a transitive verb even without an object. For example: He said (what?) - we can easily find the word (truth); "I noticed (who?) them." BUT: “Hurry (who? what?)” - the word is not chosen, the verb is intransitive. “Laugh (who? what?)” is also intransitive.
3. If the object of the verb is in the genitive case, does not have a preposition and denotes part of the whole, or if the verb has a negation, then the verb will also be transitive. For example: “Drink (what?) water.”; "Don't write (what?) letters."

Remember: all reflexive verbs, that is, having the suffixes “-sya”, “-sya”, are intransitive, since the action is not directed at something or someone, but “returns” to the subject of the action: it seems, it seems, it is decided

Write the verbs in a column, determine their type, find, if possible, a species pair, if not, explain the reason.

Guessing game

cut - cut

Characterize – two-species

Hearing is one-species, does not strive for change.

To appear - to appear

Run - one-species, verb. movement

Applaud – single-species, multiple times

Take - take

To know - to know

Vesti - single-species, verb. movement

Talk - say

All verbs of the Russian language in relation to the object (subject) of action are divided into 2 groups: transitive and intransitive. Transitivity - intransitivity is related to the meaning of the verb itself.

In the language, some verbs denote an action aimed at an object, which at the same time changes (paint the house) or arises as a result of this action (write a letter), such verbs are called transitional.

Possibility or impossibility of asking a verb a question whom? What?– method of determining transitivity/intransitivity.

The object to which the action is directed is direct object action, it is expressed by a noun in the accusative case without a preposition: Old man caught seine fish.

The object of action in transitive verbs can also be expressed in the genitive case:

1) when designating part of an object ( drink tea),

2) if there is a negation of the verb ( don't buy milk).

Morphological characteristics Verbs have no transitivity, with the exception of a group of verbs like whiten - turn white, blacken - turn black and verbs with a prefix obes- (obes-): depopulate - depopulate, bleed - bleed. In these pairs the verbs end in – it are transitive, and verbs in -there are– intransitive.

Transitive verbs are:

1) verbs denoting actions that create something: build, draw, construct;

2) verbs denoting actions that destroy something: break, demolish, destroy;

3) verbs of perception: see, hear, feel.

When determining the transitivity/intransitivity of a verb, it is necessary to establish indicators of transitivity. In a sentence, the indicator of transitivity is the direct object - a noun or pronoun in V.p. without pretext or in R.p. – when denying or expressing a part of the whole, as well as equivalents of V.p.

1) The sentence lacks a direct object, but it can be restored from the context or situation: They probably have bread. Buy they have, okay?

2) The verb has inf-v, which can be replaced by V.p. without preposition: I love sleep in attics(K. Paust).

3) The verb does not have a direct object, but there is subordinate clause, which can be replaced by V.p. without preposition: Natasha saw that steam locomotives run on rails.

4) There is no V. or R.p with the verb. direct object, but there is stable combinations(D.p. with By, quantitative combinations), which can be replaced by V.p. without preposition: Now I'd like a hot cutlet eat. Let's more details - I'll collect everything(I. Vasilenko).

5) With the verb there is a substantivized unchangeable word, which is replaced by V.p. without preposition: I bet you feel good".

In all of the above cases, the verb in the sentence does not have a direct object, but you can ask a question about it whom? What?, so it's transitional.

Intransitive verbs- these are verbs that denote an action that is not capable of moving to a direct object, therefore they are not combined with nouns in the accusative case without a preposition: turn blue, walk, be sad, rush.

Intransitive verbs are:

1) verbs of being, existence: to be, to exist, to be;

2) verbs of motion: walk, swim, ride;

3) verbs of physical and mental state: stand, get sick, get angry;

4) verbs of type of activity, occupation: teach, carpenter;

5) verbs denoting behavior: to be brave, to be young;

6) verbs of auditory and visual perception: knock, sparkle.

Intransitivity can be formally expressed or unexpressed. The affix serves as an indicator of intransitivity -sya: rejoice, gather. But verbs without - can also be intransitive. Xia:dream, work.

Verbs with the suffix –sya (-s) are called returnable, they constitute a special type of intransitive verbs (cf.: wash the baby - transitive verb, wash – intransitive). Thanks to the addition of the affix -sya verb wash became intransitive and received an additional semantic connotation - myself.

Difficult cases of determining the transitivity / intransitivity of verbs

1. When determining transitivity/intransitivity, you need to take into account the meaning in which the verb is used in a sentence: there are cases when in one meaning it is transitive, in another it is intransitive.

Finally everything fell silent.

Everything can be lost, everything that has been collected over centuries, everything can shut up, threatening reprisals... And only human memory cannot be concreted and destroyed!(S. Mikhalkov).

2. When analyzing V.p. a direct object must be delimited from the V.p. with adverbial meaning: Village residents light fires all night long (K. Paust.). The soul must work and day and night, and day and night (N. Zabolotsky).

In this lesson we will talk about transitive verbs. Of course, the verbs themselves do not go anywhere. But the actions that they denote can go directly to the object to which this action is directed. You will learn how to distinguish transitive verbs from intransitive ones in this lesson.

Topic: Verb

Lesson: Transitive and intransitive verbs

1. The concept of transitive verbs

Actions that verbs denote can go directly to the object to which this action is directed. Such verbs are called transitional.

You can always ask a question from transitive verbs whom? or What?(questions in the accusative case without a preposition):

Write ( What?) letter

See ( whom?) boy

With intransitive verbs, the action does not pass directly to the subject.

You can ask any questions from intransitive verbs, except questions in the accusative case without a preposition:

Study ( how?) sports

Understand ( what?) to the muses ke

Refuse ( from what?) from help

It is important to correctly find the word to which the action denoted by the verb is directed. A transitive verb always carries with it a noun or a pronoun without a preposition, which is not just in the accusative case, but is the object of the action that the verb names:

See boy

See their

There may be cases when, despite the fact that the nouns are in the accusative case, the verbs are intransitive. Because these nouns are not the object of action, which are called verbs.

stand still hour

Wait a week

Transitivity/intransitivity verb is closely related to its lexical meaning. In one meaning a verb can be transitive, and in another it can be intransitive:

Learn At school.

The verb “teach” in the meaning of “teach” is intransitive.

Learn children.

The verb “teach” in the meaning “to teach” is transitive.

Editor rules manuscript.

The verb “rules” in the meaning of “corrects” is transitive.

Peace rules the man himself.

The verb “rules” in the meaning of “manages” is intransitive.

3. Sentences with transitive verbs

Sentences with transitive verbs can be either affirmative or negative. True, when negated, the accusative case of a noun can be replaced by the genitive.

He's a fly will kill .

IN in this case with a transitive verb will kill noun fly is in the accusative case.

Compare the same sentence, albeit with a negative meaning.

He flies won't kill .

The accusative case of the noun is replaced by the genitive.

However, remember: despite this, the verb does not lose its transitivity.

Often in the store we can hear the following phrases:

Please weigh me some sugar.

Cut off that cheese.

Form R.p. with transitive verbs it is used so that we understand that only part of the subject is being said, and not about the subject as a whole.

In a similar situation, if we're talking about about an object that is not divided into parts, V.p. is used:

Please weigh the pear for me.

Cut off that piece.

And if we are talking about an object that is divided into parts, we can use the form R.p.

Bibliography

1. Russian language. 6th grade: Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.
2. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades: V.V. Babaytseva, L.D. Chesnokova - M.: Bustard, 2008.
3. Russian language. 6th grade: ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta - M.: Bustard, 2010.

1. Definition of verb transitivity ().

Homework

1. Exercise 1.

Indicate transitive verbs, underline the subject and predicate.

Autumn has come. The trees in the forest turned yellow. Leaves cover the bare ground with a variegated carpet. Many birds flew away. The rest are busy, preparing for winter. Animals are also looking for warm housing, stocking up on food for the long winter: a hedgehog made a hole in dry leaves, a squirrel brought in nuts and cones, a bear is preparing its den.

2. Exercise 2.

From this text, write down phrases with transitive and intransitive verbs in two columns, determine the case of the noun.

1. Young birch leaves have always delighted me with their delicate greenery. The guys planted these birch trees when they were at school.

2. There is no longer a feeling of piercing dampness in the air.

3. B open window the noise of the street burst in.

4. I returned the book as soon as I read it.

5. He stood at the fence and held a dog on a leash.

3. Exercise 3.

Indicate the transitivity and intransitivity of verbs in the text.

1. Monkeys are very afraid of snakes. Even cobras frighten them, although cobras feed on lizards and mice and do not hunt monkeys. A little monkey saw a boa constrictor. She climbs the tree with lightning speed, grabs the branches and, petrified with horror, cannot take her eyes off the predator.

2. Find Sakhalin Island on the map, draw a straight line to the south, and when leaving the bay you will see a tiny dot, and above it the inscription “Seal Island”. This is a famous island. A whole herd of fur seals, valuable fur-bearing animals, swims there every spring..

The indicator that we want to present in the article is one of the most difficult to understand verbal differences in the Russian language. Therefore, we will try to analyze it in many ways. What is a transitive and intransitive verb is the main topic of our material. Let's start by defining the basic concept.

What is transitivity?

In this context, transitivity is one of the grammatical features of verbs, which reflects the ability of the latter to attach direct objects. In other words, it is she who indicates the ability to control nouns without a preposition. Those that denote an active object - a person, an animal, inanimate object and so on.

From here the transitive and intransitive forms of the verb are distinguished. Let's take a closer look at each group.

Transitive verbs

We begin to determine what a transitive and intransitive verb is. Let's look at the first category.

A transitive verb denotes an action or attitude that is aimed at a specific object, passes to it. The main feature is that such verbs control an unprepositional noun, a pronoun, which is in the accusative case. But this is not an absolute rule.

If the verb form is negative, then the noun or pronoun will be in the genitive case. This state of affairs is also typical for the case when the verb does not control the entire object, but only part of it.

Transitive verbs are usually formed from adjectives by adding the suffix -i- and a prefix: green up, whitewash and so on.

To make it clearer what an intransitive and transitive verb is, let's look at examples of the latter:

• Invite relatives.
• Experience joy.
• Read a newspaper.
• Get paid.
• Drink some juice.

Features of transitive verbs

Speaking about transitive and intransitive verbs, the rules for their definition, we note that it is from the former that passive participles can be formed.

Let's look at the lexical features. In this regard, transitive verbs have the following meanings:

• Creation, change, destruction of something, material and intangible, movement ( write a book, repaint a wall, break a contract).
• Sensory perception ( hear footsteps, see the world, feel the cold).
• Impact on something that does not lead to a change in this object ( thank your mother, scold your student, pet your puppy).
• Expressing your emotional attitude, feeling or perception ( hate betrayal, love the Motherland, prefer fruits).

Intransitive verbs

We continue to find out what a transitive and intransitive verb is. Logically, we will include in the second group what is not included in the first.

An intransitive verb denotes any action that does not transfer to the object and does not need the latter at all. Hence, it does not combine with accusative case nouns without a preposition.

Here are some examples of intransitive verbs:

• Sit on the chair.
• Go to the shop.
• Live with you.
• Enjoy the new day.

Features of intransitive verbs

In lexical terms, intransitive verbs can have the following meaning:

• Narration about mental, physical state, position in space ( lie down on the couch, feel homesick, get a sore throat).
• Existence, movement ( walk the road, be yourself, show up at the office).
• Description of any activity, property of a person, object ( teach at school, lounge around in the garden).
• The appearance, change of any qualities, the formation of a certain characteristic ( turn red to the ears, lose weight).

Intransitive verbs are also distinguished by the following:

• Many have the suffixes -sya, -sya ( meet, get carried away, catch fire).
• They are also characterized by the suffixes -icha-, -nicha-, -e- ( to become weak, to be greedy, to be capricious).
• A considerable part of them are returnable (

All verbs in the Russian language in this category are divided into two large groups - transitive and intransitive .

TO transitional include verbs that can control the accusative case without a preposition. Such verbs denote an action that is directly aimed at an object.

In a sentence, transitive verbs have or may have direct object .

For example:

1. I am writing a letter.

2. Yesterday I read all day

In the second example there is no direct object, but it is potentially possible ( interesting book).

It should be remembered that transitive verbs cannot be reflexive.

Exercise:

Compare:

1. On the way to the university I met my friend.

2. My friend wasn’t at home

In addition to the accusative case, transitive verbs in two cases can also control the genitive case forms.

First case: When Genitive has the meaning of being part of the whole.

For example:

I drank milk.(Wed: drank milk)

Second case: when a transitive verb has a negative particle Not.

For example:

I haven't received a letter from my brother for a long time

Such additions are also straight .

TO intransitive These include verbs that cannot control the accusative case form without a preposition. Such verbs denote an action that is not directly directed at an object. With intransitive verbs there is no and cannot be a direct object (after them you cannot pose a question whom? or What?)

For example:

sit, sleep, walk, dream, talk

Intransitive verbs can control all indirect cases except the accusative without a preposition. They can also control the accusative case, but only with a preposition.

For example:

step on a stone, trip over a stone

It should be remembered that intransitive verbs in a sentence have indirect object .

For example:

I'm talking on the phone with a friend

It should also be remembered that if a reflexive postfix is ​​added to a transitive verb -xia-, then it becomes intransitive.

Exercise:

Compare:

teach - learn, bathe - swim, build - build, dress - dress

Pledge is a constant lexical and grammatical category of a verb, which expresses the relationship of the action to the subject (i.e., the producer of the action). There are two collaterals - active and passive .

Verbs active voice denote an action not directed at the subject (i.e., the producer of the action).

For example:

1. Workers are building a house.

2. Snow covered the ground

In such constructions, the subject of the action is expressed by the subject (in the I.p.), and the object by the direct object (in the V.p. without a preposition).

Verbs passive voice denote an action directed at the subject.

For example:

1. The house is being built by workers.

2. The ground was covered with snow

In such constructions the subject of action is expressed indirect object(in T.p. without a preposition), and the object became the subject (in I.p.).

It should be remembered that verbs in the passive voice are always reflexive, i.e. have postfix -sya-, (-s-), and active verbs can be either non-reflexive or reflexive.

For example:

The child is sleeping.

The children are frolicking.

It's getting dark outside

In all these examples the verbs are active voice.

Type categories– this is also a constant grammatical category of the verb. The aspect of the verb expresses the relation of the action to its internal limit. Distinguish between verbs imperfect and perfect forms.

Verbs imperfect form denote an action that has not reached its internal limit, i.e. your final result. They answer the question what to do?(There is no prefix in the question -With-).

For example:

I solved this math problem yesterday

This verb form contains an indication that I have coped with this task.

1) verbs, correlative in appearance;

2) one-type verbs;

3) two-aspect verbs.

Verbs with correlative aspect– these are verbs that have correlative aspect pairs.

For example:

1) write - write, do - do, carry - bring, wake - wake up etc. (differ by the presence or absence of a prefix);

2) decide - decide, push - push, order - order, snack - snack etc. (differ by suffixes);

3) pull out - pull out, scream - shout, forgive - forgive, etc.(they differ in alternation in the root, as well as in suffixes);

4) cut - cut, scatter - scatter etc. (differ only in emphasis);

5) catch - catch, take - take(these are suppletive forms).

Monotype verbs- these are verbs that are correlative species pairs Dont Have. In turn, this group has two varieties:

1) single-aspect verbs only imperfective;

For example:

1. walk, sit(denote actions that took place in the distant past);

2. peek, cough(with the value of intermittent action);

3. dance, say etc. (with the meaning of accompanying action).

2) single-aspect verbs only perfective.

For example:

1. sing (start singing), walk (start walking), run (start running)(with the value of the beginning of the action);

2. make noise, dissuade, spoil etc. (with the value of completion of the action);

3. to gush, burst etc. (with the value of the intensity of action).

Bi-aspect verbs - These are verbs that combine the meanings of the imperfect and perfect forms at the same time.

For example:

attack, telegraph, promise, command, wound, marry, etc.

The type of such verbs is specified only in a sentence or in related text.

For example:

1. People get married; I see that I’m the only one who’s not married.

(Pushkin. The Tale of Tsar Soltan)

2. Meanwhile, he marries Maria Ivanovna.

(Pushkin. Captain's daughter)

Verbs perfect form may have such shades of meaning :

1. They call an action that was single (happened once): I ran to the shore and threw myself into the water, quickly swam up to the boy, grabbed him with my hand and, rowing with the other, headed back to the shore.

2. They call effective action, i.e. one whose result is obvious: We hung a wall newspaper in the hallway.(This is what a member of the editorial board of this newspaper could say if he were asked: “Well, how is the newspaper? Is it ready?” The answer would mean: This newspaper is ready, you can read it - the result of the work is obvious). Nikolai grew up over the summer, tanned, got stronger and lost a little weight.(Having met him, you can be convinced of this). The words that are placed in brackets here emphasize the meaning that perfective verbs allow us to imply in these statements.

3. They call it a one-time action: I jumped onto the windowsill.

Verbs imperfect form may have such shades of meaning :

1. They call an action that was performed (is being performed, will be performed) repeatedly, usually or always: In the summer we ran to the river and swam in the still cold morning water. The cheetah even outruns the leopard.

2. They call actions that are ongoing, not yet exhausted, lasting (in the past, present and future tense): In the morning I wrote a letter and thought about what Natasha would answer to it. The rain is noisy outside, water drops and streams are ringing against the glass of my room. These roses will bloom and smell fragrant for many more days.

3. They call an action consisting of a series of acts; Moreover, although each act is completed, exhausted, the series itself is not exhausted and is depicted as continuing: Every day we learned five new words. We weeded both of these beds many times.

Related information.