Guest from the Ice Age. How mammoths were found in Russia. Savva Mamontov: biography, personal life, philanthropic activities, interesting facts Where did the mammoth live

Contemporaries nicknamed Mamontov Savva the Magnificent and the Moscow Medici. He was brought together by his love of art and statesmanship with the Florentine ruler Lorenzo de' Medici the Magnificent. As an impresario, Mamontov showed the world the talent of Fyodor Chaliapin, and as a person acting for the good of the country, he built the Donetsk and Arkhangelsk railways.

Heir to fortune

Savva Mamontov was born on October 14, 1841 in the Siberian city of Yalutorovsk. His father Ivan Mamontov was engaged in wine farming: farmers paid the state a tax on alcohol and received the right to sell it at their own prices. In 1847, Ivan Mamontov began trading wine in the Moscow province. Having moved to Moscow, he founded the Trans-Caspian Trade Partnership, acquired shares of the Moscow-Kursk Railway, and participated in the construction of the Moscow-Yaroslavl Railway.

Merchants of that time considered it sufficient to educate children at home. But six of the Mamontov children studied at gymnasiums and universities. The restless Savva, the third eldest, was among the lagging students. In 1859, having passed the entrance exam to St. Petersburg University through a dummy, he transferred to Moscow. Studying at the Faculty of Law did not make Mamontov a lawyer, but he became a regular at the theater studio and political circles. In the summer of 1862, after student riots in Kazan, St. Petersburg and Moscow, the father sent his son to Baku - away from the police, who suspected Savva of revolutionary activities. He wanted his son to finally stop “playing music, singing and tumbling around in dramatic society.”

Savva Mamontov. Photo: peoples.ru

Savva Mamontov. Photo: rulit.me

Savva Mamontov. Photo: dobrohot.org

In the office of the Transcaspian Trade Partnership, 20-year-old Savva finally got down to business. He spent almost a year in Baku and the cities of Persia, and at the end of 1863 he returned to Moscow and soon went to Milan to improve his health after a long Caspian voyage. Here Mamontov began taking operatic vocal lessons and rehearsed bass parts in the Milan theater - although he never performed on a professional stage. But he clearly understood that art for him was more than just a hobby. Savva felt and understood beauty like a true artist. Later, the painter Ilya Repin confessed to his colleague Valentin Serov: “I like to consult with him [Mamontov], he is a very sensitive person - an artist and a smart person!”.

The second life of the Abramtsevo estate

Valentin Serov. Pond. Abramtsevo. 1886. State Tretyakov Gallery

Isaac Levitan. Abramtsevo. 1880s. State Historical, Artistic and Literary Museum-Reserve "Abramtsevo", Moscow

Konstantin Korovin. River Vorya. Abramtsevo. 1880s. State Tretyakov Gallery

In Italy, Savva Mamontov met 17-year-old Elizaveta Sapozhnikova, the daughter of a wealthy Moscow silk merchant. In the spring of 1865, the young couple got married and five years later bought Abramtsevo, the estate of the Slavophile writer Sergei Aksakov near Moscow. Under the previous owner, Nikolai Gogol and Ivan Turgenev, publicist Mikhail Pogodin, and actor Mikhail Shchepkin visited here. Under the Mamontovs, Abramtsevo became a place of pilgrimage for artists. Ilya Repin, Victor and Apollinary Vasnetsov, Vasily Polenov, Vasily Surikov, Mikhail Nesterov, Konstantin Korovin, Mikhail Vrubel regularly visited the estate. Valentin Serov spent his adolescence here, whose mother was friendly with the Mamontovs. Konstantin Stanislavsky also had friendly and family relations with Abramtsev’s owners.

The Mamontovs traveled a lot around Europe, where they made new acquaintances. The sculptor Mark Antokolsky, who then lived in Rome, wrote: “Yesterday one of my new friends, a certain Mamontov, left. Arriving in Rome, he suddenly began to sculpt - the success turned out to be extraordinary... His sculpting turned out to be broad and free... I must say that if he continues and takes up art seriously for at least a year, then the hopes for him are very high.”. And Ilya Repin once said to Savva: “If you were an artist, you would thunder louder than Shchepkin, louder than Martynov”.

But Savva the Magnificent was too passionate about all the arts to remain faithful to one. He published albums with drawings by Abramtsevo artists. Later he financed the art magazine “World of Art”. Several times a year, with the help of the “Abramtsevo circle,” Mamontov the director staged amateur performances, which in terms of the quality of costumes were many times superior to the productions of the Imperial Theaters.

Mamontov Opera

Savva Mamontov, Valentin Serov, Konstantin Korovin, Ilya Repin, Vasily Surikov. 1889. Photo: pravda.ru

Valentin Serov. Portrait of Savva Mamontov. 1879. State Russian Museum

Easter table in the Mamontov family. 1888. Photo: peoples.ru

His passion for theater grew into the idea of ​​forming his own troupe. In 1882, the state monopoly on entertainment enterprises that had existed since the time of Nicholas I was abolished. In January 1885, the Krotkov Theater opened in Moscow with the premiere of “The Mermaid” by Alexander Dargomyzhsky. It was named after the director, but went down in history as the “Mamontov Opera”.

Young people were recruited into Mamontov’s troupe; the oldest artists - mezzo-soprano Tatyana Lyubatovich and bass Anton Bedlevich - were 25 years old. The main role in the premiere was entrusted to 19-year-old Nadezhda Salina. Due to the inexperience of the actors, the performance was not particularly successful: the audience was delighted only by the scenery, painted by Viktor Vasnetsov. Mamontov realized: in order to raise your own singers, they need to be taught by masters. In the 1885/86 season, European stars Libia Drog, Maria Duran, Maria van Zandt, brothers Antonio and Francesco d'Andrade performed on the stage of the theater along with the regular singers. Still, too much in the theater was done in haste, in an amateurish manner, and in 1888 it closed.

In 1896, the Mammoth troupe resumed work under the guise of the Winter Private Opera. The director was Claudia Winter, the sister of Mamontov’s favorite Tatyana Lyubatovich. On the Nizhny Novgorod tour of the Private Opera, the soloist of the Mariinsky Theater Fyodor Chaliapin made his debut in the role of Ivan Susanin. Mamontov lured the unknown 23-year-old singer to Moscow, where Chaliapin became famous by performing the roles of Boris Godunov in the opera of the same name by Modest Mussorgsky, Ivan the Terrible in Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov's "The Pskovite", Melnik in Alexander Dargomyzhsky's "Rusalka", Mephistopheles in "Faust" Charles Gounod and others.

Sergei Rachmaninov, who served as conductor at the theater, instilled in the singers an attitude towards the performance as a single musical canvas. Chaliapin later recalled how Rachmaninov taught to start from music in understanding the role, to memorize not individual parts, but the entire opera. The best artists worked on the scenery and costumes for the theater: Vrubel, Polenov, Vasnetsov, Korovin.

Mamontov was perhaps the first in Russia to think about the synthetic nature of the opera theater.

Bankruptcy of the Mamontov Empire

Ilya Repin. Portrait of Elizaveta Mamontova. 1874. State Historical, Artistic and Literary Museum-Reserve "Abramtsevo", Moscow

Ilya Repin. Portrait of Savva Morozov. 1880. State Theater Museum named after. Bakhrushin

Konstantin Korovin. Portrait of the artist Tatyana Lyubatovich. 1880s. State Russian Museum

At the same time, Mamontov’s industrial empire was expanding. After his father's death in 1869, Savva extended the railway from Yaroslavl to Kostroma. This decision caused general discontent: trade turnover with the Russian North at that time did not cover the costs of building the road. In 1878, the Donetsk railway was opened, which was also recognized as “unprofitable.” In 1882, it was brought to Mariupol, and Donetsk coal began to flow to the sea. In 1897, Mamontov extended the Kostroma road to Arkhangelsk. His plans were to begin construction of the St. Petersburg - Vyatka road, as well as a railway line from Tomsk to Tashkent. At the same time, Mamontov wanted to create a conglomerate of factories that would produce metal and equipment for railways. To get money for the project, he had to take it from the Yaroslavl Railway cash desk.

In September 1899, Savva Mamontov was arrested. Some historians believe that he became a victim of the rivalry between Finance Minister Sergei Witte and Justice Minister Nikolai Muravyov. Others believe that the ruin was orchestrated solely by Sergei Witte. With his tacit consent, Mamontov began to implement his plan, and it was Witte who gave the order for the arrest. While the industrialist was kept in prison, his enterprises and real estate were sold for next to nothing. The bail amount was raised from 763 thousand to a sky-high 5 million in order not to release the industrialist, because he would have time to save his capital. The former mistress of Savva Lyubatovich and the director of the Private Opera Winter hastily removed property from the theater, part of which was sold, and part of which they began to rent to the “native” troupe for a lot of money.

But society came to the defense of the Moscow Medici. The head of the Yaroslavl road workshops gave the following testimony: “Savva Ivanovich is the second father, a kind soul, there will be no other like him. We cried bitterly when he was taken into custody. All the employees wanted to join forces, to contribute as much as they could, just to get him out.”. Lawyer Fyodor Plevako delivered a speech at the trial that went down in the history of Russian jurisprudence: “After all, theft and appropriation leave traces: either Savva Ivanovich’s past is full of insane luxury, or the present is full of unjust self-interest. And we know that no one pointed this out. When, looking for what had been appropriated, the judiciary... entered his house and began to look for illegally stolen wealth, they found 50 rubles in his pocket, an out-of-use railway ticket, a hundred-mark German bank note... what was there? Crime of a predator or miscalculation? Robbery or blunder? The intention to harm the Yaroslavl road or a passionate desire to save its interests? Judge, but attribute part of the trouble to the spirit of the times, the spirit of profit, which makes you hate successful rivals, which makes you snatch goods from each other. Nowadays it’s not enough to work - you have to sit like a dog on your work.”.

In July 1900, the court found Mamontov not guilty. The former millionaire settled with his daughter Alexandra and lived on modest income from a pottery workshop moved to Moscow from Abramtsevo.

15 years later, at the height of the First World War, journalist Vlas Doroshevich wrote:

“Two wells, into which we spat a lot, came in handy. It is interesting that we owe both the Donetsk and Arkhangelsk roads to the same person. The “Dreamer” and the “Entertainer”, who at one time got a lot for this and that “useless” road - S.I. Mamontov. And now we live thanks to two mammoth “undertakings”. "The 'useless' turned out to be necessary."

I wrote this article primarily for myself, and only then for all lovers of natural science and the “obvious-incredible.” I wanted to put together the facts found in a variety of sources into a logical chain and connect them with consistent logic. What I ended up with is for you, the reader, to judge.

The first indisputable fact proving that herbivorous mammoths once lived on the territory of what is now Siberia and Yakutia is these artifacts extracted from the ground:

The second indisputable fact is that there were extremely many mammoths in Siberia and Yakutia!

“The remains of mammoths, in particular their tusks, today have the status of the most common fossil finds in the Siberian regions. According to scientists, reserves of this ancient material in Russia reach hundreds of thousands of tons, and annual production amounts to several tens (20-60) tons. Considering the volumes of relics mined, one can only imagine what a huge number of mammoths lived on these lands in ancient times. The famous record-breaking tusks curled in a spiral for 4-4.5 meters, their weight was 100-110 kg, and their diameter was 18-19 cm."

If we take the weight of one large tusk, which is up to 100-110 kg, and compare it with the weight of an animal that could wear such tusks, it turns out that the weight of the mammoth itself was at least 20 times greater than the weight of two tusks, which is 4 at least tons. And if we multiply the fossil amount of mammoth tusks buried in the soil of Siberia and Yakutia by this weight of one animal, which is hundreds of thousands of tons according to scientists, we get that the total weight of animals that once roamed the land of Siberia and Yakutia was several million tons! And they ate exclusively plant foods!

The third indisputable fact is that the world’s only specialized World Mammoth Museum is located in Yakutsk.

“Yakutia is a mysterious region, with its own unique culture, ethnicity, and nature. And the most fascinating thing is the number of extinct animals that once lived here. After all, the musk ox, cave lion, woolly rhinoceros, bison and mammoth once lived here. It is not for nothing that the last of them is the main symbol of the national culture of Yakutia.

The depths of Yakutia, bound by permafrost, have become a wonderful natural storehouse, where not only skeletal bones, but also the unique cadaveric remains of mammoths have been preserved in a frozen state to this day.

The territory of Yakutia accounts for more than 90% of all finds of ancient animals with preserved soft tissues.

Finds of mammoths over the past 50 years have no less scientific and museum value. This is the Berelekh “cemetery” of more than 150 mammoths, a perfectly preserved complete skeleton of the Shandri mammoth with entrails, the head and leg of the Yukagir mammoth, the complete carcass of an adult female Kolyma rhinoceros, the carcass of a young Khrom mammoth calf.

In 1991, the world's only specialized World Mammoth Museum was created in Yakutsk. The museum is engaged in the search and study of mammoths and mammoth fauna, the natural environment of the Ice Age, museum and exhibition work."

The fourth indisputable fact is the ancient book “VIVLIOTIKA”, which mentions “elephants” living in Siberia, the “global flood” and the subsequent sharp cooling of the climate:

For this unique material containing "a collection of Russian antiquities related to Russian history, geography and genealogy", I want to thank the blogger ASCETIC. Further, part of its text, part - written by me.

N. I. Novikov drew material for this and his other books from private, church, and state ancient repositories, access to which was personally allowed to him by Empress Catherine II in 1773.

On pages 397-398 of "VIVLIOTICS" a source of Russian antiquity, dated 1692, is quoted. This source is called:

That is, attention, reader! The book by N.I. Novikov, which was published in 1789, provides historical evidence of the Russian ambassador Eberhard Izbrannedes, who traveled from Moscow to China in 1692. It’s not clear whether he was going through Siberia to China? At the same time, the said Russian ambassador kept a diary in which he wrote down what he saw and heard along the route. And this is what he learned in 1692:

If elephants and mammoths are herbivorous animals that, in order to survive, had to eat grass, fruits and leaves all year round, then it is clear and logical that they could live in huge quantities only in a warm climate. But how can one believe that in place of Siberia and Yakutia, with their current severe frosts, there was once quite a resort climate, both in summer and winter?!

However, on the other hand, how can we deny the obvious - the numerous remains of these large herbivores in these regions of modern Russia?

It is also clear that the Russian ambassador and traveler Eberhard Izbrannedes, being in cold Siberia with its current frosty climate in 1692, perceived the stories of local residents with a great deal of skepticism: “before the flood, they say, their places were supposedly very warm, and there were a lot of elephants there, which, along with all other creatures, were drowned...”, “and after the flood their climate changed, and it became very cold!”

The commentary of the Ascetic, who was one of the first to get to the bottom of this unique information, is interesting in this regard:

"Please note, the ancient Siberians and Russians say: "before the flood..." STOP!!! Until what flood? Both the author himself (sent by the Romanov brothers to China) and the narrators (from his words) narrate about which flood quite calmly (as if everyone knows about it, and there is no need for detailed description).

Why don't we know anything about this from official history?

And it's not easy flood(the river overflowed its banks...).

Elephants and mammoths swam there! This means that populated areas were also washed away (a mammoth is the size and weight of a log house, if not more)!

In this small excerpt, there is a lot of information confirming an alternative version of history about what happened not so long ago flood, with mud-mud flows that created layers of soil layers, on top of the existing soil level at that time, containing various artifacts, such as the remains of bodies, bones, fragments of ceramics, objects, utensils, and other things that the mudflow collected as it moved.

Usually, when conducting excavations, experts take into account the depth of the found artifact when calculating its age, without taking into account the fact that the various layers were not necessarily formed as a result of dust settling over many thousands of years, but most often simultaneously, through soil bedding with mud and mudflows streams.

In this consideration, everything found can be shifted both in time (it was much later, closer to our time) and in space (where the artifact was brought to the place of discovery is unknown). By and large, the entire house of cards of MODERN X/Z-toria is collapsing !

Let us consider this passage, carefully subjecting it to a detailed, detailed analysis:

Local residents openly say that THEIR PLACES WERE VERY WARM (before the flood) AND THERE WERE A LOT OF ELEPHANTS THERE. About the fact that there was a flood (!!!) that elephants and “other creatures” swam on the water, and were DROWNED IN MUDS (caused by mudflows) and swamps (naturally formed at the same time), which in itself, directly, in black and white , word for word confirms the version of the modern Russian online community of alternative history, about the consequences of a flood that undoubtedly happened not so long ago...

And below - (underlined in blue) Eberhard Izbrannedes questions the credibility of climate change reports ( "except only about climate change") and gives his version of what happened (underlined in yellow).

Apparently, Eberhard Izbrannedes did not believe everything that was told by the ancient Siberians and Russians. But here's the fact flood the author of "VIVLIOTICS" does not question it in any way: "THIS OPINION CANNOT BE DESTROYED."

Needless to say, it was said more than in the affirmative!

The fifth indisputable fact is that the earth is warm inside, and even hot in the center!

"The globe is covered with a stone shell - this is the earth's crust. For every 33 meters deeper into the earth's crust, the temperature increases by an average of 1 degree. This rate of increase in temperature with depth (geothermal gradient) depends on the place on Earth: it turns out to be equal to 20 meters per the island of Kalimantan (Borneo), 30-35 meters in Central Europe, 40-45 meters in North America. The indicated value of the geothermal gradient occurs only in a relatively thin layer of the earth’s crust (no deeper than 100 kilometers, but the Earth’s core has a temperature of 3-5). thousand Kelvin."

The sixth indisputable fact is that most of Russia is located in the “permafrost” zone.

How does this agree with the statement that “for every 33 meters deepened into the earth’s crust, the temperature increases by an average of 1 degree”?!

Why doesn’t this rule apply to Siberia and Yakutia???

Seventh indisputable fact — The Earth has two super-powerful thermal energy generators.

One super-powerful internal heat generator is the earth’s core, heated to the temperature of the surface of the Sun, which is 6000 degrees Celsius.

Another super-powerful external heat generator is the Sun, around which planet Earth revolves in an almost circular orbit, making a revolution every 1 year.

And here we come to the most interesting...

We come to the question: Where does the cold on Earth come from?

The simplest explanation, and it is basically correct, I found on the Internet:

“To answer your question, you will have to turn to a science such as astronomy.

The reason why seasons change on our planet is due to the movement of the Earth around the Sun.

The path along which the globe moves in outer space has the shape of a slightly elongated circle—ellipse. At the center of this ellipse is the Sun.

The transition from the warm season (spring, summer) to the cold season (autumn, winter) does not occur at all because the Earth is either approaching the Sun or moving away from it. But even today many people think so!

The fact is that the Earth, in addition to revolving around the Sun, rotates around an imaginary axis (a line passing through the North and South Poles). If the Earth's axis were at right angles to the Earth's orbit around the Sun, we would have no seasons and all days would be the same. But this axis is tilted relative to the Sun (by 23°27"). As a result, the Earth rotates around the Sun in an inclined position. This position remains the same all year round, and the Earth's axis is always directed to one point - the North Star.

Therefore, at different times of the year the Earth exposes its surface to the sun's rays in different ways. When the sun's rays fall vertically, straight, the Sun is hotter. If the rays of the Sun fall on the earth's surface at an angle, then they heat the earth's surface less.

The sun always stands directly on the equator and in the tropics, so the inhabitants of these places do not experience cold weather. There the seasons do not change as abruptly as here, and there is never snow.

At the same time, for part of the year, each of the two poles is turned towards the Sun, and the second part is hidden from it. When the Northern Hemisphere is turned toward the Sun, countries north of the equator have summer and long days, while countries to the south have winter and short days. When the direct rays of the Sun fall on the Southern Hemisphere, summer begins here, and winter begins in the Northern Hemisphere.

Astronomical winter on the planet lasts from the moment of the winter solstice to the moment of the spring equinox, that is, in the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth from December 22 to March 21, in the Southern Hemisphere from June 22 to September 21. In different years (on Earth), these astronomical moments occur at different times (within the specified day), but the Gregorian calendar is designed in such a way that it will not go astray for a long time."

Here are interesting weather maps for July 1, 2017 on the side of the South and North Poles of the Earth, on which the air temperature is indicated by color, and thin lines indicate wind movement. Now at some points of the South Pole (in the centers of anticyclones) the air temperature reaches minus 70 degrees Celsius. It's winter there now and the polar night. In the very center of the North Pole, the air temperature is about zero degrees Celsius. It's summer there now and it's a polar day.

However, all this concerns the temperature of the earth's surface and the air in the near-earth layer, which warms up or cools in contact with the earth's surface. And I was interested in the presence of “permafrost” in most of the territory of Russia, which extends from the surface of our planet deep into it somewhere for meters, and somewhere for many hundreds of meters!

The eighth indisputable fact (it is a consequence of the fifth indisputable fact) - no matter how severe the winter, water pipes buried several meters underground do not freeze even in severe frosts!

Civil engineers even have a table and calculation formula that is used to calculate the depth of laying water pipes so that they do not freeze in winter and do not burst.

But what about “permafrost”? What is permafrost?

The ninth indisputable fact is that “permafrost” is not a fiction!

“At least a quarter of all land on our planet is occupied by permafrost - a layer of soil that maintains a negative temperature for many years without thawing during the warm season.

In the scientific community, it is currently customary to call permafrost permafrost cryolithozone or permafrost, since in fact the frozen layer does not exist “forever”, but for a certain period of time.

Where can you find permafrost?

Permafrost is a phenomenon characteristic of the polar and subpolar regions, which is observed in the territory adjacent to both poles - the North and South. In addition, permafrost is also found in other regions of the planet, including in the equatorial regions, but only in high mountain regions, on peaks crowned with snow caps.

The only continent where there is no permafrost is Australia, which is quite far from the South Pole and does not have high mountain ranges. Continuous massifs of permafrost are located in the northern part of the Eurasian continent, in northern Canada, Alaska, at least half the area of ​​Greenland, as well as throughout Antarctica.

Greenland in summer.

The thickness of the frozen layer ranges from 30 centimeters to more than a kilometer.

The greatest recorded depth of permafrost was found in the upper reaches of the Siberian Vilyui River, which flows in the territory of Yakutia, and is 1370 meters! In Russia, permafrost occupies almost two-thirds of the total territory (65%), or 11 million square kilometers.

(Look where on the map of Russia the city of Vilyuysk, around which there is completely permafrost, extending deeper into the earth for more than 500 meters! But the city of Vilyuysk is not located somewhere high in the mountains, where there is always snow and always negative air temperatures, it is located on a plain rising only 110 meters above sea level. And for some reason this plain is frozen more than 500 meters deep into the earth. Why?!

Many territories are occupied by continuous permafrost, which is perennial in nature - this is the northeast of Siberia, the Arctic islands, Novaya Zemlya, etc. Territories located slightly to the south are characterized by the so-called island permafrost, where the frozen layer is small and may not lie in a continuous layer, but in separate spots, and the temperature of the soil thickness ranges from -6 degrees to zero.

How does permafrost manifest itself?

In the northern regions, where the soil is frozen by permafrost, even in summer only a thin layer, no more than 5-10 centimeters, thaws. The water that forms after the winter snow melts cannot be completely absorbed into the soil, so the top layer in summer is semi-liquid mud.

If the thawed soil is located on a slope, then the mud “tongue” under the influence of gravity often slides down it into the lowland. The tundra terrain in many places is replete with such traces of mud landslides.

With the end of summer, the landscape can change beyond recognition. Melt water that filled cracks in rocks freezes (at the same time its volume increases by about 10%) and breaks the rock. This causes either heaving or shifting of the soil. Externally, such a place looks like a dome-shaped hill about 30-50 meters high, the top of which is split into several parts or crumbled.

The locals call these hills "pingo". They can be found not only in Siberia, but also in Canada and Greenland. Small craters often form on the tops of pingos, which turn into shallow lakes in summer.

Permafrost and human activity

For the development of northern regions, knowledge of the characteristics of permafrost is of extreme importance. It is necessary to take into account the properties of permafrost when constructing buildings and structures, conducting geological exploration, extracting minerals and transporting them to more favorable regions of the country. Uncontrolled melting of permafrost can cause many problems, and when carrying out work this possibility must be avoided in every possible way.

At the same time, frozen, immobile soil is very convenient for open-pit mining. Since the quarry walls are frozen and do not crumble, work is carried out much more efficiently than under normal conditions.

In the last decade, the area occupied by permafrost has begun to decline. The frozen layers are slowly retreating to the north, as the overall temperature on the planet rises under the influence of processes global warming.

It is possible that in 50-100 years, areas freed from permafrost will be able to become the new breadbasket of Russia."

We have not yet understood why in Siberia and Yakutia the mammoths first drowned in the waters of the great flood, and then froze along with the resulting swamps and the earth, which turned into “permafrost,” and now they tell us that the process of global warming is already in full swing . And again, no one explains why this happens?!

So, as a result, in the vicinity of Vilyuisk, located at an altitude of only 110 meters above sea level, a cone-shaped almost one and a half kilometer low-temperature layer ("permafrost") was formed underground, if the planet Earth is warm inside, and even hot in the center! (The fifth irrefutable fact).

To answer this question, I will probably have to remember my school physics lessons and the principle of operation of a home refrigerator.

By the way, it is very similar to the fact that the mammoths all froze in Siberia and Yakutia, and the climate there changed dramatically only because somewhere underground some kind of natural, super-powerful natural refrigerator suddenly started working, which we are still talking about We don’t know anything!

I only vaguely guess that a sharp cooling there could have begun due to a process occurring at the molecular, atomic or wave level endothermic reaction some kind of fossil material.

Endothermic reactions (from ancient Greek ἔνδον - inside and θέρμη - heat) are reactions accompanied by the absorption of heat. For endothermic reactions, the changes in enthalpy and internal energy have positive values, so the reaction products contain more energy than the starting components.

Otherwise, where does this “permafrost” come from underground, which even in severe winter frosts should not freeze at that geographic latitude to more than 3 meters!!! Evidence of this is the eighth indisputable fact, which is a consequence of the fifth indisputable fact!

Arkady Viktorovich Mamontov. Born on May 26, 1962 in Novosibirsk. Russian television journalist and TV presenter, screenwriter, author of documentaries.

Father - Viktor Gavrilovich Mamontov, operator.

Mother - Alevtina Ivanovna Zimina, director, was the director of the West Siberian Chronicle Film Studio, worked at the Central Studio of Scientific Documentary Films.

Elder brother - Gavriil Viktorovich Mamontov, diplomat.

In 1988 he graduated with honors from the Faculty of Journalism of Moscow State University.

He began his career in journalism as a special correspondent in the video news editorial office of the Novosti Press Agency. From 1992 to 1994 he worked as a “stringer” in “hot spots” in Moldova, on the border of Nakhichevan and Armenia, in Tajikistan, and the Baltic states.

As part of the “Business Russia” program, I created the “Russian Calendar” project about Russian merchants and patrons of the arts.

In 1994, at the invitation of Elena Masyuk, he began collaborating with the NTV television company on a freelance basis. From April 1995 to May 2000, he worked as a special correspondent in information programs of the NTV television company. He prepared reports for the programs “Today”, “Itogi”, “Hero of the Day”, and was one of the regular authors of the program “Profession - Reporter”.

In the spring of 2000, he moved to work on the Rossiya TV channel, where he became one of the authors of the Special Correspondent program.

In August 2000, he reported from the site of the sinking of the K-141 Kursk nuclear submarine. The RTR film crew was the only one accredited on board the cruiser "Peter the Great".

In 2003, Mamontov released the film “Transplantation” from the “Special Correspondent” series on the Rossiya channel, in which he spoke about the events of April 11, 2003 in the City Clinical Hospital No. 20 of Moscow, where law enforcement officers detained surgeons of the Moscow Coordination organ donation center and resuscitation doctors on charges of preparing to murder Anatoly Orekhov with the aim of removing his organs for transplantation (the so-called “Orekhov case”). The release of the film, as well as several similar newspaper publications, resulted in a wide resonance in society. In 2003, transplantation from posthumous donors in Moscow was practically stopped.

Arkady Mamontov reported for news programs from Chechnya, Abkhazia, Iraq, Kosovo, Bethlehem, Beslan, South Ossetia, the Biryulyovo Western region, after the explosion in the Pushkinsky crossing, after the collapse of Transvaal Park, from the center on Dubrovka.

At the same time, Mamontov worked on a series of programs called “The Other Side.” As part of the cycle, the films “Children”, “Check”, “Yugoslavia” were released in several parts. Period of Decay”, “Brothers”, “Aliens”, etc.

Many of Mamontov’s documentary reports had a great resonance. “Life of a Spy” (2001) - a series of films about espionage and the fate of intelligence officers. “Case No. 229133” (2002) - about the investigation into the circumstances of the terrorist attack on Dubrovka. “September 1” (2004) is a film about the terrorist attack in Beslan (created based on the stories of witnesses, eyewitnesses and the author’s reports from the scene). “Secret CIA Prisons” (2006) - about secret CIA prisons on the territory of Ukraine. “The Trap” (2006) - about the life of Russians in the USA and the activities of local intelligence services against Russian citizens. "Velvet. Ru" (2007) - about the preparation of the "velvet revolutions" in Russia. “Base” (2009) - about the American Manas base in Kyrgyzstan. “7:57” (2010) - about the explosions in the Moscow metro in March 2010. “Trail” and “Trail-2” (2010) - about the activities of Yuri Luzhkov as mayor of Moscow.

In 2008, Arkady Mamontov’s book “Check for the Next World” was published - a novel written in the genre of criminal investigation.

From March 2012 to July 2014, in addition to working on documentaries, Mamontov was the host of the television program “Special Correspondent” on the Rossiya-1 TV channel. As part of this project, I led discussions with guests in the studio.

Presented the projects “Bandera: executioners are never heroes”, “Sodomy in Europe. Who is to blame and what to do?”, “Flight MH17: interrupted flight” (about the Malaysian Boeing plane crash on July 17, 2014), “Oligarch” (about Igor Kolomoisky), “Burn” (about the tragic events in Odessa on May 2, 2014 ), “Victorious” (about the life and exploits of the Great Martyr George the Victorious), “Athos. Ascent" (about life on Holy Mount Athos through the eyes of Russian pilgrims), "Preobrazhentsy" (history of the Preobrazhensky Regiment), "President's Plane" (about the plane of the President of Russia), "Weapons of Retribution" (about Iskander missile systems deployed in the Kaliningrad region ), “Triumph of Prometheus” (about the S-500 “Prometheus” complex).

In 2017, a documentary investigation by Arkady Mamontov was released. "Ukraine. Operation Mazepa. The film talks about the 2014 coup in Kyiv. The operation, according to the author, was long and carefully developed by specialists from Langley, the headquarters of the US Central Intelligence Agency. Various options for the development of events on how to tear Ukraine away from Russia were thought through. This is the work of “agents of influence” - the top of the Ukrainian government, and these are economic levers. But the most effective and win-win option for splitting the country is to break the spiritual bonds that have bound Russians and Ukrainians for centuries. This is the Orthodox faith. This is what the main attack was aimed at.

The implementation of this plan, says Mamontov, was to some extent helped by the history of Ukraine itself. Namely, the story of Mazepa. There was such a hetman in the era of the formation of Ukrainian national identity. At first he was an associate and follower of the ideas of the Russian Emperor Peter the Great. But during the Swedish invasion, Mazepa betrayed his sovereign and, in search of new patrons, went over to the side of the enemy. Mazepa is a classic example of betrayal of state, national, spiritual and personal interests. This is something that Western political scientists are well aware of. The history of Mazepa’s betrayal and today’s history of the church schism in Ukraine are certainly connected, the journalist believes.

Arkady Mamontov: Ukraine. Operation Mazepa

Awarded numerous orders and medals:

Order of Honor (November 27, 2006) - “for services in the field of culture, press, television and radio broadcasting and many years of fruitful work”;
- Order “For Personal Courage” (January 9, 1994) - “for courage and dedication shown in the performance of professional duty in conditions involving risk to life”; Medal of the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 1st degree (April 22, 2014) - “for high professionalism and objectivity in covering events in the Republic of Crimea” (The award decree was not made publicly available);
- Medal of the Order “For Merit to the Fatherland”, II degree (October 11, 1995) - “for services to the state and many years of conscientious work”;
- Medal “For Strengthening the Military Commonwealth” (Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 1999);
- Medal “For assistance to drug control authorities” (FSKN of Russia, 2009);
- Order of Friendship (South Ossetia, January 30, 2009) - “for assistance in objective coverage of the events of Georgia’s armed aggression against South Ossetia in August 2008 and breaking the information blockade.”

In August 2014, he was included in the sanctions list by Ukraine for his position on the war in Eastern Ukraine and the annexation of Crimea to Russia.

Height of Arkady Mamontov: 181 centimeters.

Personal life of Arkady Mamontov:

Married. Wife - Irina Mamontova. The couple has two children. He prefers not to make his personal life public.

Films of Arkady Mamontov:

2001 - Life of a Spy
2002 - Case No. 229133
2003 - Black Zone
2004 - Traffic
2004 - September 1
2006 - Secret CIA prisons
2006 - Russian cross
2006 - Trap
2007 - Velvet. Ru
2008 - Trophies
2009 - Ours - a stranger
2009 - Base
2010 - Riverman
2010 - 7:57
2010 - Train
2010 - Train-2
2014 - Bandera: executioners are never heroes
2014 - Sodomy in Europe. Who is to blame and what to do?
2014 - Flight MH17: interrupted flight
2015 - Oligarch
2015 - Burn
2015 - Victorious
2015 - Golden Calf
2016 - Athos. Climbing
2016 - Preobrazhentsy
2016 - The Fourth Estate
2016 - Palm Shores
2016 - Black realtors
2016 - Poisonous business
2016 - Presidential Airplane
2016 - Weapons of Retribution
2017 - Monk
2017 - Odessa. Three years
2017 - Palm shores. Part 2
2017 - Triumph of Prometheus
2017 - Our people
2017 - Black Pharmacist
2017 - Poisonous business-2
2017 - Ukraine. Operation Mazepa

Scripts by Arkady Mamontov:

2015 - Preobrazhentsy (documentary)
2015 - Philanthropist (documentary)
2015 - Athos. Climbing (documentary)
2016 - Abode of the Mother of God. Athos (documentary)

Volchya Griva is an 11-meter high hill in the Kargatsky district of the Novosibirsk region, about 8 kilometers long and 1 kilometer wide. During excavations in 1957, the bones of a mammoth, bison and horse were first found here, and further research made it possible to establish that the last Siberian mammoths lived in this area 14-11 thousand years ago. In those days, Wolf Mane was a long and narrow peninsula among swamps and lakes, which ended in a steep cliff. Today it is a paleontological natural monument of regional significance.

Wikipedia

In 2015, more than 600 remains of mammoths of the species Mammuthus primigenius were discovered on the hill, which is the largest local concentration for this species in Asia. The 2016 season brought a new discovery: scientists and students of Tomsk State University (TSU) discovered a deep bone-bearing level, the existence of which no one suspected. At a depth of approximately 1.7 to 2.1 meters lay the bones of baby and adult mammoths, which were significantly larger than their younger (geologically speaking) relatives. This alone could be called a success of the expedition, however, as the head of the laboratory of Mesozoic and Cenozoic ecosystems Sergei Leshchinsky explained, there is an unspoken rule “of the need to check the underlying sediments with at least two bayonets of a shovel.” A random test showed that subsequent excavations would take at least another ten days. As a result, paleontologists discovered vertebrae, ribs, limb bones and other bone deposits with the highest degree of concentration: there were more than 100 fragments per square meter. Such a high number of remains of prehistoric animals is not found either on Volchaya Griva or in any other mammoth locality in Russia. The remains of woolly mammoths, which lay at such a deep level for Volchya Mane, are well preserved: not only individual fragments were found, but also anatomical joints, which will allow paleontologists to obtain more information about the place and causes of death of animals, determine their age, size and other parameters . This was the result of the peculiarities of the burial: layers of clay and sand preserved the remains of animals in a small ravine several years after their death. Among the largest fragments found is a femur almost 1 meter 15 centimeters long. It probably belonged to a male mammoth, 45–50 years old, whose weight was 5–6 tons or even more, and whose height, including soft tissues, exceeded three meters. Its remains lay in the rocks for 25-30 thousand years. Scientists note a large difference in size between mammoths from the lower and higher levels. This is explained by the fact that in the final period of its existence this species of animal experienced powerful pressure from unfavorable environmental factors. Judging by the fact that many remains of late mammoths show signs of osteodystrophy, the animals suffered from mineral starvation. This is what brought them to animal salt licks like Volchya Mane. In total, the 2016 expedition discovered 785 fragments. In addition to mammoths, several bones were found that belonged to bison, horses, predators (probably fox or arctic fox) and rodents. Check out one of the versions

Childhood and youth of Arkady Mamontov

Arkady was born on May 26, 1962 in the Russian city of Novosibirsk. His father, Viktor Gavrilovich, was a cameraman, his mother, Alevtina Mikhailovna, was a director and director of the West Siberian Chronicle Film Studio, and also worked at the Central Studio of Scientific Documentary Films.

After graduating from school, Arkady really wanted to enter VGIK (All-Union State University of Cinematography), but this did not happen, as he simply failed the entrance exams. Therefore, from 1980 to 1982, the future director and journalist served in military service in units of the strategic missile forces, far in Transbaikalia.

Having not entered the University of Cinematography after serving in the army, Arkady Viktorovich decides to engage in investigative journalism - he enters the journalism department at Moscow State University without any problems the first time. In 1988, Arkady Mamontov defended his diploma with honors and became a graduate of the department of television and radio broadcasting of this university.

The beginning of Arkady Mamontov's journalistic career

After graduating from university, he began his first career as a special correspondent for the TV-Novosti television agency and the Novosti print agency.

Mamontov about freedom of speech

From 1991 to 1994, he travels to “hot spots” as a “stringer” (freelance journalist) in Tajikistan, Moldova, and also on the border of Nakhichevan and Armenia. Its result was a large number of diverse reports of extreme importance and relevance.

In 1994, Arkady Viktorovich was invited to cooperate by journalist Elena Masyuk on the NTV channel. Since this year, Arkady Mamontov has been a freelance correspondent for this channel. Although there is an opinion that he is practically one of the founders of this TV channel. In the same year, Arkady continues to work on the program “Special Correspondent,” which is broadcast by the NTV television company. The period from 1994 to 2000 is a time of serious military conflicts; Mamontov participates in covering military operations in Chechnya, Dagestan, and Ingushetia.

In April 1995, he began his work as a correspondent on the NTV channel, and in 2000 on the Rossiya TV channel. Arkady Mamontov is one of the authors of the legendary “Special Correspondent” program; he conducted desperate reports from various places of tragic events. For example, Arkady Mamontov was almost the only correspondent who was allowed to be present in the rescue zone of the Kursk nuclear submarine thanks to the personal order of Admiral V. Kuroyedov, this gave him the opportunity to film one of his most memorable works - a report from the spot sinking of the nuclear submarine Kursk. He revealed the reasons for the failure of the rescue operation of the submarine crew, allowed by the management that organized the rescue operations.

Chechnya, Abkhazia, Iraq, Beslan - everything remains behind the shoulders of this brave correspondent. For his talent and special merits in the field of journalism, in May 2000, Arkady Viktorovich became an adviser to the chairman of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "VGTRK" - Oleg Dobrodeev, and soon he also became the initiator and head of the "Author's Program of Arkady Mamontov" on the RTR TV channel. His work deserves special attention - the film “Spies” about special camouflaged devices, devices that were disguised as ordinary stones in one of the many squares in Moscow, used by American intelligence to transmit and exchange information. This film was received very ambiguously by the audience, and was even sharply criticized by the Russian media, however, the author himself stated that he fully vouches for all the words in this film.

This work was noted at the highest level and was even awarded the Order of Honor in November 2006.

Directed by Arkady Mamontov

Since 2009, Arkady Mamontov has been trying himself as a director. His first work in this field is a film called “Base,” in which he talks about the American Manas base, which is located in Kyrgyzstan.

The famous works of this correspondent were also “The Other Side. Children", "Paradise Lost", "Maidan", "Yugoslavia. Period of Decay" (from the "Big Report" series), and many others.

In January 2012, another documentary film “Putin, Russia and the West” was released. It continues the “spy stones” theme.

Arkady Mamontov about the velvet revolutions

Arkady Viktorovich Mamontov has a large number of awards, including for services to the country. For covering the events of Abkhazia, he was awarded the Order “For Personal Courage”, the Order “For Merit to the Fatherland”, II degree - for a series of reports from Chechnya, the Order of Honor, as well as the medal “For Strengthening the Military Commonwealth”. All of Arkady Viktorovich’s films are a sharp and immediate reaction to painful topics that worry people. Films, when released, immediately become discussed and cause a storm of emotions. They draw attention to the problem, make you think and rethink a lot, and look at many things from an observer’s perspective.

Arkady Viktorovich's subordinates consider him a kind and hardworking person, and there is no doubt about this, because there is no one who could say anything bad about him. In response to this, our humble hero says that he is actually scary and evil. However, personal acquaintance completely refutes his self-criticism and shows him from a completely different side. Arkady Mamontov is a very cheerful, cheerful, kind and quite serious person in life; he is madly in love with his profession, and he can truly be called a true master of his craft.

He can safely be considered an honest and consistent, fearless and decent professional, of which there are only a few left not only in the journalistic field, but in life in general.