GOST 530 ceramic brick and stone. Brick and ceramic stone. General specifications. Marking and basic requirements
The goals, basic principles and basic procedure for carrying out work on interstate standardization are established by GOST 1.0-92 "Interstate standardization system. Basic provisions" and GOST 1.2-2009 "Interstate standardization system. Interstate standards, rules and recommendations for interstate standardization. Rules for the development, adoption, application, renewal and cancellation
1 DEVELOPED by the Association of Producers of Ceramic Materials (APKM), Limited Liability Company "VNIISTROM Scientific Center of Ceramics" (LLC "VNIISTROM "NCC")
3 ADOPTED by the Interstate Scientific and Technical Commission for Standardization, Technical Regulation and Conformity Assessment in Construction (Supplement 1 to Annex B of Protocol No. 40 dated June 4, 2012)
EN 771-1:2003 Definitions concerning wall stones - Part 1: Brick in terms of requirements for average density, void space, thermal properties, initial water absorption rate, acid resistance;
EN 772-1:2000 Methods of test for masonry units - Part 1: Determination of compressive strength
EN 772-9:1998 Methods of test for masonry units - Part 9: Determination of volume and percentage of voids and net volume of clay and calcium silicate masonry units by sand filling voids, net volume of ceramic bricks and silicate blocks by filling with sand);
EN 772-11:2000 Methods of test for masonry units - Part 11: Determination of water absorption of aggregate concrete, autoclaved aerated concrete, manufactured stone and natural stone masonry units due to capillary action and the initial rate of water absorption of clay masonry units (Methods for testing building blocks. Part 11. Determination of capillary water absorption of building blocks made of concrete, autoclaved cellular concrete, artificial and natural stone, initial water absorption of ceramic bricks) in terms of the method for determining the rate of initial water absorption.
5 By order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated December 27, 2012 N 2148-st, the interstate standard GOST 530-2012 was put into effect as the national standard of the Russian Federation from July 1, 2013.
Information on the entry into force (termination) of this standard is published in the monthly published information index "National Standards".
Information about changes to this standard is published in the annually published information index "National Standards", and the text of changes and amendments - in the monthly published information index "National Standards". In case of revision or cancellation of this standard, the relevant information will be published in the monthly published information index "National Standards"
The film is polyethylene. Specifications
GOST 14192-77 Marking of goods
GOST 15846-79 Products shipped to the Far North and hard-to-reach areas. Packaging, marking, transportation and storage
GOST 18242-72 Statistical acceptance control by alternative attribute. Control Plans
GOST 18343-80 Pallets for bricks and ceramic stones. Specifications
Table 1
in millimeters
| Product type | Nominal sizes according to | ||
| length | width | thickness | |
| Single brick | 250 | 120 | 65 |
| Thickened brick | 250 | 120 | 88 |
| Brick modular dimensions single |
288 | 138 | 63 |
| Brick modular dimensions thickened |
288 | 138 | 88 |
| Brick thickened with horizontal arrangement voids |
250 | 120 | 88 |
| Stone | 250 | 120 | 138 |
| Modular size stone | 288 | 138 | 138 |
| Modular size stone enlarged |
288 | 288 | 88 |
| Enlarged stone | 250 | 250 | 138 |
| 250 | 250 | 188 | |
| 180 | 250 | 138 | |
| Stone enlarged with horizontal arrangement voids |
250 | 250 | 120 |
| 250 | 200 | 80 | |
| Note. It is allowed, in agreement with the consumer, to issue enlarged stones sizes: |
|||
| 380 | 180 | 138 | |
| 380 | 255 | 188 | |
| 380 | 250 | 138 | |
3.2. Limit deviations from the nominal dimensions in millimeters should not exceed:
For products of plastic molding from loess, tripoli, diatomites
7 ...................... in length +-5 ...................... in width
For products of plastic molding and semi-dry pressing
5 ..................... in length +-4 ...................... in width +-3 ..................... in thickness - for bricks +-4 .................. ... by thickness - for stone
The deviation from perpendicularity of the faces in millimeters should not exceed:
4 - for products of plastic molding from loess, tripoli, diatomites; +-3 - for products of plastic molding and semi-dry pressing.
3.3. Types and sizes
3.3.1. Single and thickened bricks are made solid (without voids and with technological voids, the volume of which is not more than 13%) and hollow, and stones are only hollow. The dimensions, shape and location of voids in the product, as well as the voidness of the product, are given in Appendix A.
The thickness of the outer walls of the hollow product must be at least 12 mm.
Products can be manufactured with a different hollowness, with a different number and arrangement of holes, subject to the requirements of 3.5, 4.3.
3.3.2. The voids in the products should be perpendicular or parallel to the bed and can be through and non-through.
The width of slot-like voids should be no more than 16 mm, and the diameter of cylindrical through voids and the size of the side of square voids should not exceed 20 mm.
For enlarged stones, voids are allowed (for capture during laying) with a cross-sectional area of voids not exceeding 13% of the base area.
The diameter of blind voids and the dimensions of horizontal voids are not regulated.
3.4. According to the strength of products with vertically located voids, grades are made: 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250, 300, and with horizontally located voids - 25, 35, 50, 100.
3.5. According to frost resistance, products are divided into grades: F15, F25, F35, F50.
3.6. The symbolic designation of ceramic products should consist of the name, type, brand for strength and frost resistance, the designation of this standard.
Examples of symbols:
Solid single ceramic brick, strength grade 100, frost resistance grade F15:
Brick K-100/1/15/GOST 530-95
Brick ceramic hollow single brand strength 150, frost resistance F15:
Brick KP-0 150/15/GOST 530-95
Thickened ceramic brick of strength grade 125, frost resistance F25:
Brick KP-U 125/25/GOST 530-95
Ceramic stone grade for strength 100, frost resistance F15:
Stone K 100/15/GOST 530-95
Enlarged ceramic stone grade for strength 150, frost resistance F15:
Stone KUK 150/15/GOST 530-95
Ceramic stone of modular dimensions of the brand for strength 175, for frost resistance F15:
Stone KM 175/15/GOST 530-95
Enlarged ceramic stone with a horizontal arrangement of voids, strength grade 50, frost resistance F15:
Stone KUG 50/15/GOST 530-95
Thickened ceramic brick with a horizontal arrangement of voids, strength grade 100, frost resistance F15:
Brick KUG 100/15/GOST 530-95
4. Technical requirements
4.1. Products must be manufactured in accordance with the requirements of this standard according to the technological regulations approved by the manufacturer.
4.2. Characteristics
4.2.1. Appearance
4.2.1.1. The surface of the edges of the products must be flat, the ribs must be straight.
It is allowed to produce products with rounded vertical ribs with a radius of curvature of not more than 15 mm.
According to the texture of the surface (spoon, bonder) products can be smooth or corrugated.
4.2.1.2. On the product, defects in appearance are not allowed, the dimensions and number of which exceed those indicated in table 2.
4.2.1.3. Lime inclusions that, after steaming the products, cause destruction of surfaces and spalls with a depth of more than 6 mm, are not allowed.
On the surface of the products, the presence of spalls in the largest dimension from 3 to 10 mm is allowed, the number of not more than 3 pieces.
4.2.1.4. The amount of ladle in the batch should not be more than 5%.
4.2.1.5. It is not allowed to supply the consumer with unburned and burnt products.
table 2
4.3. The grade of stone in terms of strength is set by the value of the compressive strength, and the brick - by the value of the compressive and bending strengths indicated in table 3.
4.4. Water absorption should not be less than 8% for solid bricks, and less than 6% for hollow products.
4.5. The mass of bricks in the dried state should not exceed 4.3 kg, and of stones - more than 16 kg.
It is allowed, upon agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer, reflected in the supply contract, the manufacture of enlarged stones weighing more than 16 kg.
4.6. Products belong to the group of non-combustible building materials according to GOST 30244.
4.7. Products intended for laying the outer walls of buildings and structures must be tested for thermal conductivity in accordance with 6.7.
4.8. The specific effective activity of natural radionuclides (A_eff) in products should not exceed 370 Bq/kg.
4.9. Requirements for raw materials and materials
4.9.1. Clay raw materials used for the manufacture of products must comply with the requirements of current regulatory documents.
The materials used for the manufacture of products must comply with the requirements of the current regulatory and technical documents for these materials, as well as technological documentation, and ensure that products of the specified technical characteristics are obtained.
Table 3
in megapascals (kgf/cm2)
| Brand products |
Tensile strength | |||||||
| under compression | when bending | |||||||
| all types of products | solid brick plastic molding |
semi-dry brick pressing and hollow brick |
thickened brick | |||||
| Medium for 5 samples |
Least for separate sample |
Average for 5 samples |
Least for separate sample |
Average for 5 samples |
Least for separate sample |
Medium for 5 samples |
Least for separate sample |
|
| 300 | 30,0 (300) | 25,0 (250) | 4,4 (44) | 2,2 (22) | 3,4 (34) | 1,7 (17) | 2,9 (29) | 1,5 (15) |
| 250 | 25,0 (250) | 20,0 (200) | 3,9 (39) | 2,0 (20) | 2,9 (29) | 1,5 (15) | 2,5 (25) | 1,3 (13) |
| 200 | 20,0 (200) | 17,5 (175) | 3,4 (34) | 1,7 (17) | 2,5 (25) | 1,3 (13) | 2,3 (23) | 1,1 (11) |
| 175 | 17,5 (175) | 15,0 (150) | 3,1 (31) | 1,5 (15) | 2,3 (23) | 1,1 (11) | 2,1 (21) | 1,0 (10) |
| 150 | 15,0 (150) | 12,5 (125) | 2,8 (28) | 1,4 (14) | 2,1 (21) | 1,0 (10) | 1,8 (18) | 0,9 (9) |
| 125 | 12,5 (125) | 10,0 (100) | 2,5 (25) | 1,2 (12) | 1,9 (19) | 0,9 (9) | 1,6 (16) | 0,8 (8) |
| 100 | 10,0 (100) | 7,5 (75) | 2,2 (22) | 1,1 (11) | 1,6 (16) | 0,8 (8) | 1,4 (14) | 0,7 (7) |
| 75 | 7,5 (75) | 5,0 (50) | 1,8 (18) | 0,9 (9) | 1,4 (14) | 0,7 (7) | 1,2 (12) | 0,6 (6) |
| For bricks and stones with horizontal voids | ||||||||
| 100 | 10,0 (100) | 7,5 (75) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 75 | 7,5 (75) | 5,0 (50) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 50 | 5,0 (50) | 3,5 (35) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 35 | 3,5 (35) | 2,5 (25) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 25 | 2,5 (25) | 1,5 (15) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Note - The flexural strength is determined by the actual area of the brick without deducting void areas. |
||||||||
4.10. Marking
4.10.1. Products must be labeled in each package, one in the middle row.
4.10.2. On the bonded surface of the product, an indelible paint is applied using a stencil (stamp) or an imprint of the brand during the manufacturing process, the trademark of the manufacturer.
5. Acceptance rules
5.1. Products must be accepted by the technical control of the manufacturer.
5.2. Products are accepted in batches. The batch volume is set in the amount of not more than the daily output of one furnace.
5.3. A batch should consist of products of the same type, of the same brand in terms of strength and frost resistance.
5.4. To check the conformity of products with the requirements of this standard, acceptance and periodic tests are carried out.
Acceptance tests are carried out according to the following indicators:
Appearance (presence of appearance defects);
Dimensions and correctness of form;
Product weight;
Compressive strength of products;
Bending strength for brick grades 75 and 100.
5.5. Periodic tests are carried out at least once:
In two weeks - to determine the presence of lime inclusions;
Per month - to determine water absorption, flexural strength of bricks of grade 125 and above;
In a quarter - to determine frost resistance;
Per year - to determine A_eff in the event that there is no data from the supplier of raw materials on the value of A_eff in the supplied materials.
Periodic tests in terms of water absorption, frost resistance are also carried out every time when the raw materials and technology change (composition of the charge, molding parameters, drying and firing modes), by the presence of lime inclusions - when the content of carbonate inclusions in clay raw materials changes.
Periodic tests to determine A_eff are also carried out each time the raw materials are changed.
The thermal conductivity of products is determined when the product is put into production, as well as each time the raw materials, size and number of voids change.
5.6. For acceptance and periodic testing, products are selected by random selection from different places in the lot in the amount specified in 5.7 and 5.8.
5.7. Acceptance of products in terms of appearance is carried out according to a two-stage normal control plan in accordance with the requirements of GOST 18242, while the sample size, acceptance and rejection numbers must correspond to those indicated in table 4.
Table 4
| Lot size products |
step control |
Volume samples |
General volume samples |
Acceptance number A_s |
Marriage- number R_e |
| 10001-35000 | I | 80 | 80 | 7 | 11 |
| II | 80 | 160 | 18 | 19 | |
| 35000-150000 | I | 125 | 125 | 11 | 16 |
| II | 125 | 250 | 26 | 27 | |
| St.150000 | I | 125 | 125 | 11 | 16 |
| II | 125 | 250 | 26 | 27 |
For control, an acceptance level of defectiveness equal to 6.5% is taken.
The batch is accepted if the number of defective products in the sample for the first stage is less than or equal to the acceptance number A_c for the first stage of control.
The batch is not accepted if the number of defective products is greater than or equal to the rejection number R_e for the first stage of control.
If the number of defective products in the sample for the first stage of control is greater than A_c, but less than R_e, they proceed to the control of the second stage, for which a sample of the same size is selected as in the first stage of control.
A batch of products is accepted if the total number of defective products in the samples of the first and second stages is less than or equal to A_c. The batch is not accepted if the total number of defective products in the samples of the first and second stages is equal to or greater than R_e for the second stage of control.
5.8. To conduct acceptance control and periodic testing, a number of samples are taken from a sample of products that meet the requirements of this standard in terms of appearance, in accordance with table 5.
Table 5
| Name of indicator | Number of samples |
| Dimensions and shape | 24 |
| The presence of lime inclusions | 5 |
| Weight, water absorption | 3 |
| Compressive Strength: | |
| - stones | 5 |
| - bricks | 10 (or 10 paired halves) |
| flexural strength of bricks | 5 |
| Frost resistance | 5 |
5.9. If, when checking the dimensions and correctness of the shape of the products selected from the batch, there is one product that does not meet the requirements of the standard, the batch is accepted, if there are two, the batch is not subject to acceptance.
5.10. If during testing of products for other indicators indicated in table 5, unsatisfactory results are obtained, the products are re-tested for this indicator of a double number of samples taken from this batch.
A batch of products is accepted if the results of repeated tests meet the requirements of the standard, if they do not, the batch is not subject to acceptance.
5.11. Each batch of supplied products must be accompanied by a quality document, which indicates:
Name of the manufacturer and (or) its trademark;
Name and symbol of products;
Number and date of issue of the document;
Lot number and quantity of shipped products;
A mass of bricks and stones;
Water absorption;
Bending strength for brick grades 75 and 100;
Specific effective activity of natural radionuclides;
Thermal conductivity of products;
Designation of this standard.
6. Control methods
6.1. The dimensions of the products, the thickness of the outer walls, the radius of rounding of the corners, the diameter of the cylindrical voids, the width of the slit-like voids, the length of the cracks, the length and depth of the brokenness and bluntness of the products are measured with an error of 1 mm with a metal ruler according to GOST 427.
6.2. To determine the length and width of products, measurements are taken in three places - along the ribs and in the middle of the bed, the thickness of the products - in the middle of the poke and spoon. For products with rounded corners, measurements are taken at a distance of 15 mm from the ribs. The final result is taken as the difference between the largest and smallest of the measured values.
The depth of brokenness and bluntness of corners and ribs is measured using a depth gauge according to GOST 162 or a square according to GOST 3749 and a ruler according to GOST 427 along the perpendicular from the top of the corner or rib formed by the square to the damaged surface.
To determine the brokenness of the ribs, a section with a brokenness depth of not more than 10 mm is determined, and then the length of the brokenness of this section is measured.
The length of the crack along the bed of the product is measured with a ruler along the perpendicular from the most distant point of the crack to its intersection with the edge of the face through which it passes.
6.3. The deviation from the perpendicularity of the faces of the products, referred to a length of 120 mm, is determined with a steel square by applying it to the spoon and measuring the largest gap between the poke and the inner edge of the square with a measurement error of not more than 1 mm.
6.5. The presence of lime inclusions (dutik) is determined by steaming products in a vessel.
Samples that have not been exposed to moisture are placed on a grid placed in a vessel with a lid. The water poured under the grate is heated to a boil. Boiling is continued for 1 h. The samples are then cooled in this closed vessel for 4 h, after which they are removed and checked for compliance with the requirements of 4.2.1.3.
6.6. The mass, average density, water absorption and frost resistance of products are determined according to GOST 7025. Water absorption is determined when the samples are saturated with water at a temperature of (20+-5)°C at atmospheric pressure.
6.7. The thermal conductivity of products is determined according to GOST 26254 in laboratory conditions in a climate chamber with automatic temperature maintenance in cold and warm zones minus (30+-1)°C and plus (20+-1)°C on large and small wall fragments in accordance with 6.7 .1 and 6.7.2 .
6.7.1. Determination of thermal conductivity on a large wall fragment
The thermal conductivity of products is determined on a wall fragment, the size of which, taking into account mortar joints, must correspond to:
By thickness (delta) - based on the conditions for the presence of one bonder and one spoon rows of bricks or stones. For products with a horizontal arrangement of voids, a fragment in thickness is made in two versions: the first is from a bonded row of products, the second is from a spoon row;
Length (l) and height (h) - not less than 4.5 delta, but not less than 1810 mm.
If the height of the brick or stone masonry does not correspond to the established height of the wall fragment, the masonry fragment is supplemented from below and above with layers of masonry mortar, consisting of small broken brick and complex mortar in a ratio of 50 to 50% by volume.
The laying of a wall fragment is performed with a single-row chain ligation on a complex mortar of brand 50 with an average density of 1800 kg / m3 of a composition of 1: 0.9: 8 (cement: lime: sand) by volume, on Portland cement of brand 400 with a cone draft for full-bodied products 12 - 13 cm, for hollow - 9 cm.
The laying of a wall fragment from enlarged products with through voids larger than 20 mm is carried out with filling the voids with effective insulation (porous aggregates, expanded polystyrene, foam concrete, etc.) or using a technology that excludes filling the voids with masonry mortar.
The fabricated fragment of the wall is kept for a month in a room with an air temperature of 15-20°C and a relative humidity of 40-60%.
A fragment of the masonry is installed in the climatic chamber and the gaps along the contour of the chamber are sealed with heat-insulating material.
Five thermocouples are installed on the inner and outer surfaces of the wall fragment: three on the surfaces of the spoon and bond rows and two on the horizontal and vertical mortar joints. A heat flux converter (heat meter) is used with a square section with a side equal to the sum of the height of one masonry element and the thickness of one mortar joint. The heat meter is installed in the center of the wall fragment on the inner surface of the masonry spoon element with the capture of half the thickness of the upper and lower mortar joints (Figure 1c).
Tests are carried out in laboratory conditions in accordance with GOST 26254.
For the heat meter and each thermocouple, the arithmetic mean value of the readings for the observation period (q_i) and (tau_i) is determined, where i is the sensor measurement. Then, the weighted average value of the temperature (tau) is determined, taking into account the area of the spoon and bond measured sections of the masonry, the vertical and horizontal sections of the mortar joints, according to the formula
The experimental value of the thermal conductivity of products in the masonry in the state of actual humidity (lambda_exp), W / (m x ° C), is calculated by the formula
The result is taken as the value of the thermal conductivity of products in the masonry in a dry state, calculated by the formula
For products with a horizontal arrangement of voids, the result is the value of the thermal conductivity of products in the masonry in a dry state, determined by the formula
6.7.2. Determination of thermal conductivity on a small wall fragment
It is allowed, according to the methodology of the Research Institute of Building Physics, to determine the thermal conductivity of products on a small fragment of the wall, consisting of 12 bricks or stones.
Before testing, the fragment is dried to a constant weight, covered with paraffin in order to protect it from moisture during the test.
It is allowed not to dry a wall fragment to a constant mass, but to determine the moisture content of the material after the end of the test in accordance with GOST 24816, samples of the material after testing are taken with a jumper from a wall fragment from the location of the heat meter.
A fragment of the masonry is placed in the opening of a detachable security zone made of a material similar in terms of thermophysical properties to the tested products. The security zone, together with the fragment under study, is crimped with a mounting frame and installed in a wall that separates the climatic chamber into warm and cold zones. The heat flux converter (heat meter) and thermoelectric thermometers are installed in accordance with Figure 1. Tests are carried out in laboratory conditions in accordance with GOST 26254, the value of heat flux density (q) and temperature differences (tau_v - tau_n) are measured.
The experimental value of thermal conductivity is calculated by the formula (2), the thermal conductivity of products in the masonry in a dry state - by the formula (3) of this standard.
For products with a horizontal arrangement of voids, the thermal conductivity value calculated according to formula (4) of this standard is taken as the result.
6.8. The specific effective activity of natural radionuclides is determined according to GOST 30108 on products stacked in bags or on pallets with cross dressing "on a die".
7. Transportation and storage
7.1. Transportation of products should be carried out using pallets of the "POD" type in accordance with GOST 18343 as means of packaging. It is allowed to transport products by road transport in technological (sparse) packages without pallets using fasteners (removable and stationary) as means of packaging in the bodies of vehicles.
7.2. Transportation of products by road, rail and water transport must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the regulatory documentation in force for each type of transport.
7.3. Transportation of products to the regions of the Far North and hard-to-reach areas is carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 15846.
7.4. Loading and unloading of packages of products must be carried out mechanized using special load gripping devices.
7.5. Loading products in bulk (throw) and unloading them by dropping are not allowed.
7.6. On pallets, the products should be stacked in a "herringbone" or "on a die" and "on an edge" with a cross dressing. The mass of one package should not exceed 0.85 tons.
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Distinguish brick ceramic and silica. Ceramic brick - according to the definition of the explanatory dictionary - is a bar of baked clay. Silicate brick - a product from fine-grained silicate concrete. The characteristics of these two materials are regulated by different GOSTs, and builders very clearly draw a line between them.
Brick is easy to use, strong and durable. Currently, more than 15 thousand combinations, shapes, sizes, colors and surface textures of bricks are produced in the world. Ceramic materials for laying stone and reinforced masonry structures are called "brick" and "stones" ( GOST 530-2007).
There are several varieties of ceramic bricks: building (ordinary, ordinary, full-bodied); hollow (economical, perforated, slotted, self-supporting); facing (front) and its subspecies (facade, shaped, figured, glazed, engobed). Types of bricks can be combined. For example, facade bricks can be both hollow and solid, and shaped bricks can be both building and facing. According to the texture of the surface of the spoon and bonder faces, the products can be smooth or corrugated.
Ceramic material is used when laying stoves and fireplaces. For those parts that are in direct contact with open fire, fireclay (refractory) bricks are needed, and for finishing they take a fireplace - an analogue of facing shaped. Paths are paved with clinker bricks, the plinth and walls are lined.
Depending on the method of molding, bricks of plastic molding and semi-dry pressing are distinguished. By the method of plastic molding, a brick is obtained from a mass with a high (up to 20%) moisture content by extrusion on belt presses (extruders) in the form of a continuous beam cut into bricks. The cut goes along the plane of the bed. Before firing, the raw brick is dried; at the same time, the dimensions of the brick are reduced by 5-10% due to shrinkage caused by water evaporation.
Full bodied brickplastic molding is used in the construction of structures into which water can enter (foundations, plinths, etc.). A hollow brick is obtained in the same way. The voids in it are formed with the help of cores located in the outlet part of the press head.
The formation of voids in bricks and ceramic stones has several goals, both in the direction of improving the performance properties of products (reducing the mass of bricks, reducing thermal conductivity, improving appearance), and in the direction of improving manufacturability. The voids speed up the drying of products and reduce shrinkage stresses during drying; accelerate the heating of products, reduce fuel consumption and ensure uniform distribution of temperatures throughout the volume of the product, which ultimately ensures greater accuracy of brick geometry, almost complete absence of cracks and high quality of the shard. However, the formation of raw bricks with voids is a technologically complex process: careful preparation of the raw mass is required, c. features for obtaining products with a large number of small-sized voids, special nozzles, etc.
Using the semi-dry pressing method, bricks are individually pressed from loose clay mass (with a moisture content of less than 10%). To reduce the mass, semi-dry pressing bricks are always made with voids. Its distinguishing feature is the conical shape of voids, usually non-through.
Due to the low initial moisture and piece molding, semi-dry pressing brick has a more regular shape and dimensions, but the structure of its shard is such that its frost resistance is lower than that of plastic molded brick.
Solid bricks are considered to be without voids or with voids, the volume of which is not more than 13% of the volume of the brick. Only single bricks are made full-bodied and less often thickened ones. One of the reasons is the limitation of the mass of bricks: no more than 4.3 kg.
Bricks and stones are considered hollow if they have more than 13% of voids (usually their voidness is 25-45%). The shape and size of voids can be different. For products with vertical voids, the thickness of the outer walls is normalized - at least 12 mm; the width of the slotted voids can be different, but not more than 16 mm, and the diameter (side) of round (square) voids - not more than 20 mm.
To improve the thermal insulation properties, in addition to the formation of voids, it is possible to porous the clay mass (porization of the shard). The front (facing) brick, when laying walls, simultaneously acts as both a structural and a finishing material. face brick differs in more exact sizes and has improved in the esthetic relation, at least, two, and more often three edges. These edges are either smoothed after molding, or they are given a decorative texture, or a decorative layer is applied to the surface. According to the main properties - strength, frost resistance - it is similar to an ordinary brick. The front brick, as a rule, is hollow - this ensures the quality of the shard.
Silicate brick is made from a mixture of lime (10%) and quartz sand (90%) in autoclaves at 170-180°C and high pressure. The strength characteristics of silicate brick are the same as those of ceramic, but it is less frost-resistant, water-resistant and more thermally conductive, as well as absolutely non-heat-resistant.
Silicate brick is not recommended for laying foundations and plinths of buildings, as well as furnaces and other units operating at high temperatures. When ensuring a dry mode of operation, silicate brick is not inferior in durability to ceramic.
brick requirements. Quality Criteria
Normative base. It so happened historically that until 2008 two standards were in force: GOST 7484-78 “Brick and ceramic facing stones. Specifications” and GOST 530-95 “Brick and ceramic stones. Specifications”, which replaced GOST 6316-74 and GOST 648-73.
On March 1, 2008, a new Interstate standard GOST 530-2007 "Ceramic brick and stone" came into force. The new standard combines the old GOST 7484-78 and GOST 530-95, as well as some specifications. The standard defines the regulatory requirements for face bricks, building bricks, and porous ceramic stones up to 15NF. The Interstate Standard of OAO VNI-ISTROM im. P.P. Budnikov" and the Russian Society of Civil Engineers; introduced by the technical committee for standardization TC 465 "Construction"; adopted by the Interstate Scientific and Technical Commission for Standardization, Technical Regulation and Certification in Construction.
This standard complies with the European standard EN 771-1:2003 "Definitions concerning wall stones. Part 1. Brick "in terms of the requirements for average density and thermal properties.
Compared with previous regulatory documents, the new GOST tightens the requirements for the quality of ceramic bricks, its geometry, appearance, heat engineering, etc. This standard includes large-format stones, requirements for them, description, types and types of walls from it; for the first time, a classification of ceramic products according to thermal properties (five groups) was presented.
The requirements for both front and building bricks have been tightened: in terms of geometry (limit deviations have been reduced); in terms of frost resistance (minimum frost resistance of building bricks - F25, front - F50, solid for use in basements and basement walls - F50); by strength (minimum strength of hollow - M100, solid - M125). The presence of lime inclusions on the front bricks is not allowed; front products should not contain water-soluble salts, leading to the formation of efflorescence (efflorescence) on the surface of the product. A section on heat engineering is included, which contains the calculation of the required resistance to heat transfer of external walls according to sanitary and hygienic standards, depending on climatic regions. The calculated thermal performance of ceramic wall materials of various densities in the wall masonry has been introduced. Design solutions for solid and lightweight brick masonry of external walls with heat-shielding qualities and humidity conditions, satisfying the required values for various climatic conditions of the country, are given.
Marking of ceramic bricks, stones, blocks. In the technical documents for ceramic bricks and stones, a special marking is adopted, which indicates the main indicators of the material. The symbol includes the name of the type of product (brick or stone), the name of the material (K - ceramic, the silicate brick has the symbol C), the geometry of the product (P - hollow, U - thickened, G - with a horizontal arrangement of voids), brand strength (75-300), frost resistance grade (F15-F50) and standard number.
In GOST 530-2007, the following interpretation of the designation is recommended: “size”, “type”, “hollow”, “surface”, “color”, “size factor / brand / density / frost resistance / GOST”.
Standard size - KO single, KU - thickened, KE - euro, K - stone, KP-U - thickened bar. Type - L - front, R - ordinary. Nf - size factor, single brick - 1Nf (normal brick). Brand - strength of the product (M100, M125, M150, M175). Medium density class (1.2/1.4). Frost resistance class - F75.
Regulatory requirements for ceramic bricks. To determine the brand of bricks in terms of strength in accordance with GOST, bricks (5 pieces from a batch) are tested for compression and bending (stones - only for compression) and, according to the data obtained, a brand of bricks is established. The standard provides for 8 grades of bricks in terms of strength from M75 to M300 (kgf / cm 2 ). It should be noted that the bending strength is not more than 20% of the compressive strength (Table 5.1).
The compressive strength of the brick is quite high. However, in masonry, the brick works not only in compression, but also in bending due to the presence of layers of mortar and brick masonry with dressing. Therefore, the bearing capacity of the masonry is taken lower than the strength of the brick itself.
Frost resistance refers to the ability of a material to withstand repetitive freezing and thawing when water is present in its pores.
The combined effect of humidification and periodic freezing -the main natural destructive factor, which determines the durability of many building materials in central Russia. Therefore, the frost resistance of bricks is a very important indicator.
A quantitative assessment of the frost resistance of a material is the number of cycles of freezing at -18 ± 2°С and thawing at +20 ± 2 °С in a state saturated with water until the onset of structural disturbances in the material, expressed in surface peeling, cracking and a decrease in its strength. The standards for these indicators are set by GOST for the material.
GOST 530-95 established the following brick grades: F15, F25, F35 and F50 (facing brick grade F15 was not provided for). In accordance with GOST 530-2007, the minimum frost resistance grade is F25, for the front one - F50. The number after the letter F indicates the maximum number of freeze / thaw cycles that a brick of this brand can withstand without signs of destruction. This figure shows the potential ability of a brick, evaluated in the laboratory under extreme conditions. In nature, temperature fluctuations are not so sharp, and moisture saturation of bricks is far from the limit. In addition, the right design decisions, mainly regarding waterproofing, vapor barrier and roof drainage, can ensure the durability of the brick in the structure.
In no case should hollow bricks be used for external structures, where water can penetrate into its voids (foundations, basement, etc.), which contributes to destruction.
Brick quality criteria (lack of defects).
The brick corresponds to the actual compressive strength of the declared brand. Produce brick brands M75, M100, M125, M150, M200, M250, M300. The numbers indicate the compressive strength (in kg / cm 2 ); material is selected based on the calculation of the load on the walls.
The brick corresponds to the brand for frost resistance, i.e. the number of alternating freeze / thaw cycles that a brick is able to "survive" while in water for more than a day. Existing frost resistance grades: F25, F35, F50. In central Russia, brand products from F35 and more are used.
Facing bricks with frost resistance of 15 cycles are not mass-produced. It is allowed to be produced only in the southern regions and only if the experience of past construction in these places using non-frost-resistant material turned out to be positive; water absorption compliance with the standard - not less than 8% for a solid brick and not less than 6% - for a hollow one.
The product corresponds to the specified size. Standard - 250x120x65 mm. There are also: thickened brick - 250x120x88 mm, single modular size - 288x138x63 mm, thickened modular size - 288x138x88 mm. In addition, GOST allows manufacturers, by agreement with the consumer, to produce custom-made products of non-traditional dimensions and shapes. Most often found: one and a half bricks - 250x120x103 mm and double - 250x120x138 mm. However, in all cases, the deviation of dimensions from the standard (or from the dimensions specified in the contract) should not exceed: ± 5 mm in length, ± 4 mm in width, ± 3 mm in thickness. For facing products, the requirements for deviations are stricter: ±4 mm in length, ±3 mm in width, and from -2 to +3 mm in thickness. The amount of the so-called "polovnyak" in the party does not exceed 5%.
The appearance of the brick meets the standard. The surface of the faces should be flat, the edges should be straight. True, the building material allows rounding of vertical ribs with a radius of up to 15 mm.
The brick complies with the environmental standard. Specific effective activity of natural radionuclides should not exceed 370 Bq/kg.
The brick should not contain inclusions of lime and stones. In principle, lime is part of the raw clay, but at the same time it is finely ground. If large particles remain, then in the future they begin to absorb moisture and swell (the so-called “dutik” appears), breaking off small pieces of brick.
The mass of any brick in the dried state should not exceed 4.3 kg.
For building bricks, the presence of some permissible defects is not considered a marriage. It is allowed to have broken corners with a depth of 10-15 mm and (or) damage to the ribs up to 10 mm deep, 10-15 mm long - two defects per brick; the presence of cracks up to 30 mm long is allowed - one for the spoon and bond faces. Surface spalls with a depth of 3-10 mm are allowed in an amount of up to 3 pieces. on a brick.
The requirements for the appearance of facing bricks are more stringent: on the front surface of the brick there should be no chips (including from lime inclusions), spots, efflorescence and other external defects visible from a distance of 10 m in open space in daylight.
Marriage are cases of violation of the brick firing regime. Signs of underburning - mustard color, dull sound on impact. The result of such a marriage is poor water and frost resistance. Burning is characterized by black marks and a swollen, broken shape, increased density and thermal conductivity (heat from the premises will “leak” much more intensively).
Characteristics of individual types of bricks
Brick solid. Solid brick - a material with a small volume of voids (less than 13%). It is used for laying internal and external walls, erecting columns, poles and other structures that carry an additional load in addition to their own weight.
Due to the fact that this material is used mainly for the construction of load-bearing elements of buildings, its other names are common - “construction”, “ordinary”, “ordinary”. It must have high bending strength, compressive strength (if the structure is heavily loaded, you can order the M250 and even M300 grade), be frost-resistant. According to GOST, the maximum frost resistance grade for such a brick is F50, but you can also find bricks of the F75 brand.
Porosity determines the heat-insulating properties, the quality of adhesion to the masonry mortar, and at the same time the absorption of moisture when the weather changes. The water absorption of ordinary bricks should be more than 8%, and there is a material on the market for which this value reaches 20%. The heat transfer resistance of solid bricks is low. Therefore, external walls completely lined with this material require additional insulation.
Table 5.1
Hollow brickused for laying lightweight exterior walls, partitions, filling the frames of high-rise and multi-storey buildings. In fact, this brick has many “names”. In various announcements, it is called "perforated", "slotted", "thrifty" ("economical") and "self-supporting". From the last name it can be seen that it is used mainly for unloaded structures.
Holes in hollow bricks can be both through and closed on one side; in shape - round, square, rectangular and oval; by location - vertical and horizontal. It must be taken into account that the material with horizontal holes is less durable (M25-M100).
Due to the fact that voids make up a significant part of the volume (more than 13%), less raw materials are used to manufacture hollow bricks than to manufacture solid bricks. Hence - and a relatively modest price, and the name - "economical". In addition, closed volumes of dry air increase the heat-insulating properties of the material. It is only necessary to ensure that the masonry mortar is thick enough and does not fill the holes, otherwise this advantage cannot be used.
Of course, the size of the cracks themselves also affects the degree of penetration of the solution.
To improve the thermal performance, even at the production stage, they try to achieve increased porosity of the solid part of the brick: when preparing clay, peat, finely chopped straw, sawdust or coal are added to it, which burn out during firing, forming small voids in the clay massif. Often the brick obtained in this way is called "light" or "super efficient".
Brick facing. Facing, it is also front and front, used when facing buildings. Its standard dimensions are the same as those of an ordinary one - 250x120x65 mm. Some manufacturers offer reduced width facade bricks (85 mm instead of 120).
As a rule, the facade brick is hollow, and therefore, its thermal performance is quite high. According to the standards, the lining must have good frost resistance and a presentable appearance. The color should be even, the edges should be smooth, the shapes should be accurate. The presence of cracks and delamination of the surface is not allowed.
By selecting the compositions of clay masses and adjusting the firing time and temperature, manufacturers get a wide variety of colors. Brick cladding costs more than plastering, but with the right choice of material, a ceramic facade will not require updating for much longer than plaster.
Facing textured (embossed) brick is interesting. Its spoon and bond surfaces have a pattern. It can be just a repetitive depressed relief, or it can be “marble”, “wood”, “antique” (textured with worn or deliberately uneven edges) - at the customer's choice.
shaped brickotherwise called curly. Distinctive features of such a brick are rounded corners and ribs, beveled or curvilinear edges. It is from such elements that arches, round columns are erected without any special difficulties, and facades are decorated. There are special elements for the window sill and cornices. A subspecies of shaped brick is a curved brick, the shape of which is made to order, according to the provided template.
Glazed or engobe facing brick. To obtain a brick with a brilliant colored surface, glaze is applied to the fired clay (a special fusible composition based on glass ground into powder), and then secondary firing is carried out at a lower temperature. After that, a vitreous waterproof layer is formed, which has good adhesion to the bulk and, as a result, increased frost resistance. Glazed brick allows you to lay out mosaic panels both indoors and from the street.
The technology for producing engobed brick (it is also called “two-layer” or “colored”) is different in that the color composition is applied to the dried raw material and fired only once. The decorative coating itself is also different. An engobe consists of white or dyed clay brought to a liquid consistency. If the firing temperature is chosen correctly, it gives an opaque, even layer of matte color.
Glazed and engobed bricks are used for original design cladding of external and internal walls. A wide range of colors allows you to implement virtually any design idea.
Approximately the same requirements are imposed on the appearance of glazed and engobed bricks. On the colored surface there should be no sags and cracks, bubbles and swellings. Notches and crevices are allowed, but in very small quantities (no more than 4 pcs.). The same applies to bubbles and black dots - "flies" (no more than 3).
It should be borne in mind that the colored layer of both bricks is quite fragile - probably because of this they are not in great demand. They are made mainly abroad and to order, however, there are manufacturers in Russia as well - these are the Chelyabinsk plant "Kemma", the Krasnoyarsk "Krasnoyarskstroymaterialy" and others. up to 43%) - NPO Keramika.
Clinker bricks are used for lining plinths, paving roads, streets, courtyards, floors in workshops of industrial buildings, and facade cladding.
Completely immersed in water, the clinker brick can withstand at least 50 cycles of alternate freezing / thawing, and as for strength, it is simply not produced below the M400 grade. Such characteristics are provided by the high density of the brick, which is achieved through special raw materials and special technology.
Refractory clays are used in the production of this type of material. They are fired to sinter at much higher temperatures than is customary for making conventional building bricks.
The material turns out to be expensive, and its use is advisable where the operation of building elements or road surfaces takes place in the most severe conditions. Brick paving of paths has become popular in recent years, more often clinker is used for facade cladding - the finish does not need to be repaired for a long time, dirt and dust practically do not penetrate the surface structure, and there are a lot of variations in colors and shapes. There is only one drawback: due to the high density, the clinker has an increased thermal conductivity.
Chamotte brick. To avoid the rapid destruction of masonry in contact with open fire, a brick is needed that can withstand high temperatures. It is called furnace, refractory and fireclay. This material withstands temperatures over 1600 °C. They make such a brick from fireclay - refractory clay. By the way, the same clay is added to the masonry mortar so that the stove does not fall apart from exposure to the flame. They make fireclay bricks of classical, as well as trapezoidal, wedge-shaped and arched forms.
Ceramic large-format hollow stones (manufactured by KERAKAM, RAUF, Pobeda) are used for laying load-bearing and self-supporting external and internal walls of residential buildings up to 9 floors high; for load-bearing and self-supporting walls of public buildings up to 24 m high; for self-supporting and internal walls of industrial buildings; to fill the frames. Stones are also used for the exterior walls of rooms with a wet regime when a vapor barrier coating is applied to their inner surfaces.
Large-format porous stones make it possible to conduct a simple single-row masonry (meeting the requirements of SNiP li-3-79 "Construction Heat Engineering"), in which the length of the stone corresponds to the thickness of the bearing wall. In this case, the facades of the outer walls can be plastered or lined with facing bricks. In the case of facade cladding with bricks, when laying a wall of large-format stones, stainless steel anchors must be placed in each horizontal seam of the masonry. To save the solution and prevent it from falling into the voids of the stone, it is recommended to use a plastic mesh.
In terms of strength, ceramic bricks and stones with vertical voids are produced in the following grades: 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250, 300, and with horizontal voids - 25,35,50,100. The average number in size is just the thickness of the wall when laid in one block (except for INF, 2NF and 6.87NF). This size is the size of the block along the tongue and groove.
Purchase of bricks, transportation and storage
When buying a brick, you must require accompanying documents: a certificate or passport for the product.
When buying imported bricks, it must be borne in mind that European standards do not always coincide with domestic ones in terms of size, frost resistance, and strength indicators. Keep this in mind when using imported and Russian bricks together. It is also necessary to take into account that the thickness of domestic reinforced concrete elements (lintels, floor slabs) is a multiple of the height of domestic bricks.
Transportation and storage. One of the real sources of marriage of ceramic bricks (cracks, battens, broken and chipped) is its incorrect transportation. It is often possible to observe how a brick (even relatively expensive - facing) is transported in bulk and unloaded, like crushed stone, by a dump truck. Non-conformity with this method of transportation can reach 20%.
The "civilized" way is to transport bricks on pallets. The manufacturer, as a rule, releases its products to the consumer in this way, and either sells or leases pallets; delivery options on customer pallets are considered.
Ceramic brick is a firing material with good weather resistance, and this allows its purchase for future use (including in winter). Ceramic bricks are stored under a canopy (excluding direct exposure to atmospheric precipitation), in stacks, with ventilation gaps in the masonry and passages between the stacks. Storage in bulk, especially in open areas, is not recommended.
How many bricks do you need to build a two-story house
Let's make a calculation for a two-story house with walls measuring 8x8 m and a ceiling height of 3 m.
1) Determine the length of the outer walls (perimeter of the house): 8-4 = 32 m.
2) Ceiling height - 3 m; the height of the walls of a two-story house is -6 m. This means that the area of \u200b\u200bthe outer walls: 32-6 \u003d 192 m 2 .
3) We choose a masonry of 2.5 bricks, then the thickness of the walls will be 64 cm, although for each individual project this value will have to be calculated individually, based on the design features of the building, the weight of the floors, etc. At the same time, we will perform laying in two bricks from a double ordinary brick and one row (in half a brick) from a single front brick.
If the number of bricks is determined taking into account mortar joints, then we get: 192-104 \u003d 19968 pcs. double private or 192-204 = 39168 pcs. single ordinary brick plus 192-51 = 9792 pcs. front single brick (see table).
Table 5.2
Average brick consumption per 1 m²
* The thickness of the outer walls must be at least 2.5 bricks (ie 64cm).
4) Taking into account the prices valid as of August 1, 2008, the costs for ordinary bricks will be: 39,168-10.0 = 391,680 rubles; and for the front brick - 9792-15.0 \u003d 146,880 rubles. Taking into account the 5% stock, the entire brick will cost 1.05 * 538,560 \u003d \u003d 565,488 rubles.
We accept the cost of masonry materials and masonry work in the amount of 30% of the cost of a brick: 0.3-565,488 = 169,646 rubles.
5) You can also calculate how much a finished house will cost: 1 m 2 in a brick house it costs 9000-11 OOO rubles, i.e. you need to multiply the total area of \u200b\u200bthe house (2-64 \u003d 128 m 2 ) per 10 OOO rubles. The cost of finishing will be 1,280,000 rubles.
Thus, the building of the house with finishing will cost: 565,488 + 169,646 + 1,280,000 = 2,015,034 rubles. Foundation, foundation work, roof, roofing vi roofing work will account for a minimum of 20% of the calculated costs.
The cost of the house (according to consolidated indicators) will be: 2,015,0341.2 = 2,418,041 rubles. (18890 rub./m 2 , or 787 dollars. (510 euros) per m 2 ).
It is obvious that the calculation was carried out according to "aggregated indicators". If the house provides for a basement floor, then the cost of the foundation will be much higher, and the cost of the roof depends on the type of attic (operated - a warm attic or attic), and on the design (including materials) of the truss system, and on the type of finish coating roofs.
The price of a brick in the total cost of the house will be: (100-565,488) / 2,418,041 = 23.4%, i.e. does not exceed 1/4 of the value of the house. This leads to the conclusion that it is completely unprofitable to save on a brick, and especially on its quality.
Brick and ceramic stone, GOST 530-2007
Construction Materials. GOST 530-2007: Ceramic brick and stone. General specifications. OKS: Building materials and construction, Building materials. GOSTs. Brick and ceramic stone. General technical.... class=text>
GOST 530-2007
Brick and ceramic stone. General specifications
GOST 530-2007
Group G11
INTERSTATE STANDARD
BRICK AND STONE CERAMIC
General specifications
Ceramic bricks and stones. General specifications
ISS 91.100.15
91.100.25
Introduction date 2008-03-01
Foreword
The goals, basic principles and basic procedure for work on interstate standardization are established by GOST 1.0-92 "Interstate standardization system. Basic provisions" and MSN 1.01-01-96 "System of interstate regulatory documents in construction. Basic provisions"
About the standard
1 DEVELOPED by Open Joint Stock Company VNIISTROM im. P.P.Budnikova, Russian Society of Civil Engineers (ROIS)
2 INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 465 "Construction"
3 ADOPTED by the Interstate Scientific and Technical Commission for Standardization, Technical Regulation and Certification in Construction (Minutes No. 31 of May 24, 2007)
Voted to accept:
| Short name of the country according to MK (ISO 3166) 004-97 | Code of the country | Abbreviated name of the state construction management body |
| Armenia | Ministry of Urban Development |
|
| Kazakhstan | Kazstroycommittee |
|
| Kyrgyzstan | State Agency for Architecture and Construction under the Government |
|
| Moldova | Agency for Construction and Development of Territories |
|
| Russia | Rosstroy |
|
| Tajikistan | Agency for Construction and Architecture under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan |
|
| Ukraine | Ministry of Construction, Architecture and Housing and Communal Services |
4 This standard corresponds to European standard EN 771-1:2003 "Definitions concerning wall stones - Part 1: Brick" (EN 771-1:2003 "Definitions concerning wall stones - Part 1: Brick" in terms of requirements for medium density and thermal properties
5 By order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated September 24, 2007 N 248-st, the interstate standard GOST 530-2007 was put into effect as the national standard of the Russian Federation from March 1, 2008.
6 INSTEAD OF GOST 530-95, GOST 7484-78
AMENDED, published in BLS N 12, 2008
Amended by database manufacturer
Information on the entry into force (termination) of this standard is published in the index "National Standards".
Information about changes to this standard is published in the index (catalog) "National Standards", and the text of the changes - in the information signs "National Standards". In case of revision or cancellation of this standard, the relevant information will be published in the information index "National Standards"
1 area of use
1 area of use
This standard applies to brick and ceramic stone (hereinafter referred to as products) used for laying and cladding load-bearing and self-supporting walls and other elements of buildings and structures, and establishes technical requirements, acceptance rules, product test methods. Solid brick is also used for laying foundations, the outer part of chimneys, industrial and domestic furnaces. Products can be used in other building structures, taking into account the technical characteristics established in this standard.
2 Normative references
This standard uses normative references to the following interstate standards:
GOST 162-90 Depth gauges. Specifications
GOST 427-75 Measuring metal rulers. Specifications
GOST 3749-77 Calibration squares 90°. Specifications
GOST 7025-91 Ceramic and silicate bricks and stones. Methods for determining water absorption, density and control of frost resistance
GOST 8462-85 Wall materials. Methods for determining the ultimate strength in compression and bending
GOST 14192-96 Marking of goods
GOST 18343-80 Pallets for bricks and ceramic stones. Specifications
GOST 25706-83 Loupes. Types, basic parameters. General technical requirements
GOST 26254-84 Buildings and structures. Methods for determining the resistance to heat transfer of enclosing structures
GOST 30108-94 Construction materials and products. Determination of specific effective activity of natural radionuclides
GOST 30244-94 Construction materials. Flammability test methods
Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of reference standards and classifiers in the territory of the state according to the corresponding index of standards and classifiers, compiled as of January 1 of the current year, and according to the corresponding information signs published in the current year. If the reference standard is replaced (modified), then when using this standard, you should be guided by the replacing (modified) standard. If the referenced standard is canceled without replacement, the provision in which the reference to it is given applies to the extent that this reference is not affected.
3 Terms and definitions
In this standard, the following terms are used with their respective definitions:
3.1 brick: Ceramic piece product intended for laying masonry.
3.2 normal format brick (single): Product with nominal dimensions 250x120x65 mm.
3.3 stone: Large-sized hollow ceramic product intended for masonry.
3.4 solid brick: Brick, in which there are no voids.
3.5 hollow brick: A brick having through voids of various shapes and sizes.
3.6 face brick: A product that provides the performance characteristics of masonry and performs the functions of a decorative material.
3.7 regular brick: A product that provides the performance characteristics of masonry.
3.8 bed: The working face of the product, located parallel to the base of the masonry (see Figure 1).
Figure 1 - Fragment of masonry
1 - width; 2 - length; 3 - thickness; 4 - spoons; 5 - bed; 6 - poke
Figure 1 - Fragment of masonry
3.9 spoons: The largest face of the product, located perpendicular to the bed (see Figure 1).
3.10 poke: The smallest face of the product, located perpendicular to the bed (see figure 1).
3.11 crack: Rupture of the product without breaking it into pieces.
3.12 through crack: A crack that passes through the entire thickness of the product and extends up to half or more of the width of the product.
3.13 cross-section: A crack with an opening width of not more than 0.5 mm (see Appendix B).
3.14 rebound: Mechanical damage to the face, edge, corner of the product.
3.15 breakaway: Product defect caused by the presence of carbonate or other inclusions (see Appendix B).
3.16 peeling: Destruction of the product in the form of delamination of thin plates from its surface (see Appendix B).
3.17 chipping: Shedding of fragments of the surface of the product (see Appendix B).
3.18 cracking: The appearance or increase in the size of a crack after exposure to alternating temperatures (see Appendix B).
3.19 ladle: Two parts of the product, formed during its splitting. Products with through cracks are referred to as a slab.
3.20 contact patch: An area of the surface of a product that is different in color and which occurs during the drying or firing process and does not affect the characteristics of the product.
3.21 efflorescence: Water-soluble salts that come out on the surface of the fired product in contact with moisture.
3.22 black core: The area inside the product, due to the formation of iron oxide during the firing process of the product.
4 Classification, dimensions and symbols
4.1 Classification
4.1.1 Products are divided into ordinary and facial.
Face brick and stone according to the type of front surface are made:
- with a smooth and relief surface;
- with a surface textured by gunning, engobing, glazing, two-layer molding, polymer coating or otherwise.
Facial products can be natural color or volumetrically colored.
4.1.2 Brick is made solid and hollow, stone - only hollow. A brick with non-through voids is referred to as a solid one.
The voids in the products can be located perpendicular (vertical) or parallel to the bed (horizontal).
4.1.3 According to the strength of the product (except for large-format stone and brick and stone with horizontal voids) they are divided into grades M100, M125, M150, M175, M200, M250, M300; large-format stones - M35, M50, M75, M100, M125, M150, M175, M200, M250, M300; brick and stone with horizontal voids - M25, M35, M50, M75, M100.
4.1.4 According to frost resistance, products are divided into grades F25, F35, F50, F75, F100.
4.1.5 In terms of average density, products are divided into classes: 0.8; 1.0; 1.2; 1.4; 2.0.
4.1.6 According to the thermal characteristics of the product, depending on the class of average density, they are divided into groups in accordance with table 1.
Table 1 - Product groups according to thermal characteristics
4.2 Main dimensions
4.2.1 Products are manufactured with nominal dimensions given in table 2.
It is allowed to manufacture products with rounded vertical adjacent edges and a chamfer on the edges.
Table 2 - Nominal product dimensions
In millimeters
| Product type | View designation | Nominal dimensions | Size designation |
||
| Width | Thickness | ||||
| Normal format brick (single) | |||||
| Brick "Euro" | |||||
| Thickened brick | |||||
| Brick modular single | |||||
| Thickened brick with horizontal voids | |||||
| Stone | |||||
| Large format stone | |||||
| Stone with horizontal holes | |||||
| Note - It is allowed, by agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer, to manufacture products of other nominal sizes, while the maximum deviations of dimensions should not exceed the values \u200b\u200bgiven in 4.2.4. |
|||||
4.2.2 The thickness of the outer walls of hollow brick and stone must be at least 12 mm, large-format stone - at least 10 mm.
The corner radius of the vertical adjacent faces should be no more than 15 mm, the depth of the chamfer on the edges - no more than 3 mm.
4.2.3 The diameter of the vertical cylindrical voids and the size of the side of the square voids shall not exceed 20 mm, and the width of the slit-like voids shall not exceed 16 mm.
The dimensions of horizontal voids are not regulated.
For stone, voids are allowed (for capture during laying) with a cross-sectional area not exceeding 13% of the area of the stone bed.
4.2.4 Limit deviations of nominal dimensions should not exceed on one product, mm:
| By lenght: | ||||
| large-format stone | ||||
| Width: | ||||
| brick and stone (except for large-format stone) | ||||
| large-format stone | ||||
| Thickness: | ||||
| face brick | ||||
| ordinary brick | ||||
| stone, incl. large format | ||||
4.2.5 Deviation from perpendicularity of adjacent faces is not allowed for more than:
3 mm - for brick and stone;
1.4% of the length of any face - for a large-format stone.
4.2.6 Deviation from the flatness of the edges of products more than 3 mm is not allowed.
4.2.7 The symbolic designation of ceramic products should consist of: the name of the type of product, the designation of the type of product in accordance with Table 2; letters P - for privates, L - for facial; size designations in accordance with table 2; designations: Po - for solid bricks, Pu - for hollow bricks; grades for strength and frost resistance; medium density class and the designation of this standard.
Legend Examples
Brick ordinary (front), solid, single, size 1NF, strength grade M100, average density class 2.0, frost resistance grade F50:
Brick KORPO (KOLPO) 1NF/100/2.0/50/GOST 530-2007
Brick ordinary (front), hollow, single, size 1NF, strength grade M100, average density class 1.4, frost resistance grade F50:
Brick KORP (KOLP) 1NF / 100 / 1.4 / 50 / GOST 530-2007
Brick ordinary (front), hollow, thickened, size 1.4NF, strength grade M150, average density class 1.4, frost resistance grade F50:
Brick KURPu (KULPu) 1.4NF/150/1.4/50/GOST 530-2007
Brick of modular dimensions 1.3NF, strength grade M150, medium density class 1.2, frost resistance grade F50:
Brick KM 1.3NF/150/1.2/50/GOST 530-2007
Ordinary (facial) stone, size 2.1NF, strength grade M150, medium density class 1.2, frost resistance grade F50:
Stone KR (KL) 2.1NF/150/1.2/50/GOST 530-2007
Stone of large-format ordinary (front), size 9.3NF, strength grade M150, medium density class 1.0, frost resistance grade F50:
Stone KKR (KKL) 9.3NF/150/1.0/50/GOST 530-2007
Ordinary (front) brick, thickened with a horizontal arrangement of voids, size 1.4NF, strength grade M100, average density class 1.4, frost resistance grade F50:
Brick KGUR (KGUL) 1.4NF/100/1.4/50/GOST 530-2007
Ordinary (facial) stone with a horizontal arrangement of voids, size 1.8NF, strength grade M100, average density class 1.2, frost resistance grade F50:
Stone KGR (KGL) 1.8NF/100/1.2/50/GOST 530-2007
4.2.8 It is allowed to enter additional information into the symbol for the complete identification of products.
When carrying out export-import operations, the symbol of the product may be specified in the contract for the supply of products (including entering additional alphanumeric or other information).
5 Technical requirements
5.1 Products must be manufactured in accordance with the requirements of this standard according to the technological regulations approved by the manufacturer.
5.2 Appearance
5.2.1 Front products must have at least two front faces - spoon and bond. The color and type of the front face are set by agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer and are specified in the supply contract.
5.2.2 Spalls caused by inclusions, such as lime, are not allowed on the front products. On ordinary products, spalls with a total area of \u200b\u200bno more than 1.0 cm are allowed.
5.2.3 Efflorescence is not allowed on the front products.
5.2.4 Defects in the appearance of products, the size and number of which exceed the values specified in Table 3, are not allowed.
Table 3 - Defects in the appearance of products
| Type of defect | Meaning |
|
| Facial products | Ordinary products |
|
| Corner breaks with a depth of more than 15 mm, pcs. | Not allowed | |
| Corner breaks from 3 to 15 mm deep, pcs. | ||
| Rib breaks with a depth of more than 3 mm and a length of more than 15 mm, pcs. | Not allowed | |
| Rib breaks with a depth of not more than 3 mm and a length of 3 to 15 mm, pcs. | ||
| Separate sections with a total length, mm: | Not regulated |
|
| for brick | ||
| For stone | ||
| Cracks, pcs. | Not allowed | |
| Notes |
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5.2.5 Black core and contact spots on the surface are allowed for ordinary and front products.
5.2.6 In a lot, no more than 5% of the lot volume is allowed.
5.3 Characteristics
5.3.1 The average density of brick and stone, depending on the average density class, must correspond to the values \u200b\u200bgiven in Table 4.
Table 4 - Classes of average density of products
| Medium weight classes | Average density, kg/m |
5.3.2 The thermal performance of products is evaluated by the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the masonry in a dry state. The coefficient of thermal conductivity of masonry in a dry state, depending on the group of products according to thermal characteristics, is given in table 5.
Table 5 - Product groups according to thermal characteristics
| Product groups according to thermal characteristics | The coefficient of thermal conductivity of masonry in a dry state, W / (m ° C) |
| high efficiency | |
| Enhanced Efficiency | St. 0.20 to 0.24 |
| Effective | St. 0.24 to 0.36 |
| Conditionally effective | St. 0.36 to 0.46 |
| Ineffective (ordinary) | |
| Notes |
|
5.3.3 The compressive and bending strength of products must not be less than the values indicated in Table 6. The brick strength grade is set according to the compressive and bending strength values, stone - according to the compressive strength.
Table 6 - Strength limits of products in compression and bending
| Product brand | Tensile strength, MPa |
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| under compression | when bending |
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| single, "euro" and thickened bricks; stones | large-format stones | single | single | thickened hollow bricks |
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| Medium- | Average for five samples | The smallest for an individual sample | Medium- | The smallest for an individual sample | Average for five samples | The smallest for an individual sample | Average for five samples | The smallest for an individual sample |
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| For bricks and stones with horizontal voids |
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| Note - When determining the compressive strength and bending strength of brick and the compressive strength of stone, the area of the loaded face of the product is calculated without deducting the area of voids. |
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The strength grade of products should not be lower than: hollow brick and stone (except for large-format stone) - M100, large-format stone - M35, solid brick for load-bearing walls - M125, for self-supporting walls - M100.
The strength grade of bricks intended for the construction of chimneys must be at least M200.
5.3.4 Water absorption of ordinary products must be at least 6.0%, front products - not less than 6.0% and not more than 14.0%.
For products made from tripoli and diatomites, water absorption is allowed no more than 28%.
5.3.5 Brick and stone must be frost-resistant and, depending on the brand of frost resistance in a state saturated with water, must withstand without any visible signs of damage or destruction (cracking, peeling, chipping, spalling) at least 25; 35; fifty; 75 and 100 alternating freeze and thaw cycles.
Types of damage to products after the frost resistance test are given in Appendix B.
The frost resistance grade of the front products must be at least F50. It is allowed, in agreement with the consumer, to supply face products of the F35 frost resistance brand.
The frost resistance grade of products used for the construction of chimneys, plinths and basement walls must be at least F50.
5.3.6 Ceramic brick and stone are non-combustible building materials in accordance with GOST 30244.
5.3.7 The specific effective activity of natural radionuclides in products should not exceed 370 Bq/kg.
5.4 Requirements for raw materials and supplies
5.4.1 Clay raw materials, siliceous rocks (tripoli, diatomite), loess, industrial waste (coal waste, ash, etc.), mineral and organic additives, as well as packaging materials and means of transporting products (pallets) must comply with the requirements of current regulatory and technical documents for them.
5.5 Marking
5.5.1 On the non-front surface of the product in the process of their manufacture, the trademark of the manufacturer is applied with indelible paint using a stencil (stamp) or brand imprint.
5.5.2 Marking is applied to each packaging unit. One packaging unit must contain at least 5% of products marked according to 5.5.1. The marking may be applied directly to the package or on a label that is stuck on the package, or on a label attached to the package in a way that ensures its safety during transportation.
The label must contain:
- name of the manufacturer (and/or its trademark) and address;
- reference designation of the product;
- batch number and date of manufacture;
- number (mass) of products in a packing unit, pcs. (kg);
- group on thermal efficiency;
- sign of conformity when supplying certified products (if provided by the certification system).
The marking may include information about the method of manufacture of products.
5.5.3 The manufacturer has the right to put additional information on the packaging that does not contradict the requirements of this standard and allows identifying the product and its manufacturer.
5.5.4 Each package (overpack) must have a shipping label in accordance with GOST 14192.
5.6 Packaging
5.6.1 Brick or stone should be placed on a pallet in a herringbone pattern or on a bed or spoon with a cross-tie. It is allowed to stack products without dressing, provided that they are automatically packed, ensuring the safety of the packaging unit during storage and transportation.
5.6.2 Cross-linked products should be wrapped in shrink or stretch film or other materials to protect the product.
5.6.3 In one packing unit there must be products of the same symbol.
5.6.4 Upon agreement with the consumer, other types of packaging are allowed to ensure the safety of products during transportation.
6 Acceptance rules
6.1 Products must be accepted by the technical control of the manufacturer.
6.2 Products are accepted in batches. The batch volume is set in the amount of not more than the daily output of one furnace.
When accepting products by the consumer, a batch is considered to be products shipped under a specific contract (order) or products in the volume of one vehicle, issued with one quality document.
6.3 The batch must consist of products of the same symbol.
6.4 The quality of products is ensured by:
- input control of raw materials and materials;
- operational production (technological) control.
The quality of products is confirmed by acceptance control of finished products. Acceptance control includes acceptance and periodic tests.
6.5 For testing by random selection from different places of the lot, the number of products (samples) is selected in accordance with table 7.
Table 7 - Number of selected products (samples) for testing
| Name of indicator | Number of selected products (samples), pcs. | Type of tests | Frequency of control | Test method |
|
| Receive- | Periodic | ||||
| Appearance, dimensions | Stone - 25, brick - 35 | Each batch | |||
| Deviations from the nominal dimensions and shape | Each batch | By 7.3-7.5 |
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| The presence of lime inclusions | |||||