Mountain air. Thin air At what time of year is the air thinner?

With distance from the earth's surface, air density decreases. This happens because the pressure in the upper atmosphere is lower than that at the ground.

What is the relationship between air pressure and its density?

The density of a gas is directly proportional to its pressure. The dependence of air density on pressure is described by the Clapeyron equation: for an ideal gas

Where ? - air density, p- absolute pressure, R- specific gas constant for dry air (287.058 J? (kg K)), T- absolute temperature in Kelvin.

To calculate air density ? at a certain altitude above sea level h the following formulas are used:

Here
p 0- standard atmospheric pressure at sea level (101325 Pa);
T0- standard temperature at sea level (288.15 K);
g- acceleration of free fall above the Earth’s surface (9.8 m? sec 2);
L- rate of temperature drop with height, within the troposphere (0.0065 K? m);
R- universal gas constant (8.31447 J? (Mol K));
M- molar mass of dry air (0.0289644 kg? Mol).

This is clear and intuitive: the lower layers of air are under greater pressure than the upper ones.

What does low pressure and low air density mean? This means that such rarefied air contains fewer molecules, including oxygen molecules. This is why it is difficult to breathe at high altitudes.

By the way...

At 0°C, the mass of one cubic meter (1 m3) of air is:

• at the surface of the earth - 1,293 kilograms;
• at an altitude of 12 km - 319 grams;
• at an altitude of 40 km - 4 grams.

What is thin air? Explain to me like a fool what rarefied air is...

1. So guys, I want to reassure everyone... First of all, the molecules are not getting smaller! they simply move away from each other... It follows that the concentration of gases does not change, the volume of the gas mixture system changes! And this happens due to a decrease in pressure... The gas mixture is like a spring, the more you compress it, the less volume it will ultimately occupy... The lower the potential pressure, the greater the volume! With the same concentration but a larger volume, our body must ventilate more air, but since the volume of the lungs has its maximum, and is unable to take in more, we experience malaise (hypoxia)
2. Now, if you imagine air as water, then in a liter jar there will be less than a liter and there will be nothing else... drops of water will seem to retreat from each other.
   That's how it is with air
3. You climb a high mountain and oops! But I can’t breathe))
   In general, this is low atmospheric pressure, observed at high altitudes.
4. 
   
   Hence the meaning of the word “rarefied” - air. in which molecules are located less frequently. Because there are simply fewer of them there.

   I saw it. How do you inflate a ball with a pump? Air is pumped into it, there are more air molecules there, and since they always move chaotically, they now more often hit the walls of the ball from the inside and put pressure on it. That's why the inflated ball is so elastic.
   Now imagine that the pump works in the opposite direction - it pumps out air. Of course, the ball will simply flatten and that’s all. But if instead of a ball we have a rigid vessel - glass, metal, then it retains its shape and size. But when pumped out, there is actually less air (and molecules) in it. This kind of air is called rarefied.

   This is how rarefied air is obtained artificially. But it also happens in nature. Namely:
   The higher you go up the mountains from sea level, the thinner the air becomes. Therefore, it is difficult to breathe high in the mountains; climbers even wear oxygen masks. And even higher, where planes fly, the air is even thinner. And if the sealing of the plane is broken, the passengers will die very quickly. You may ask: why do planes fly so high if it is dangerous? This is forced by strict economic interests: the thin air is much less dense than below, and therefore has less resistance. This means that the plane can fly at higher speeds, the flight time is reduced, and fuel is saved.

   PS Isn't it time to take a break from physics? . Take a look at my page (in My World), look through the photo albums...

5. Anatoly Shodoev Enlightened (48195) 5 years ago
   First of all, I won’t explain it like a fool. I’ll explain it like a normal student who didn’t understand the topic a little.
   Secondly, well done. that you spell the word sparse correctly. A lot of people write discharged, maybe they even think that this word comes from the word “discharge”.
   In fact. Of course, the underlying word is “rarely.”
   ======================================================
   How then do you understand how to discharge the AK 47 assault rifle? If this word is based on “rarely”?
6. There is such a thing as pressure. imagine that there is a certain amount of air in the piston, we pull back the piston, and now the previous volume has doubled, but there is as much air left there as there was before. This will be rarefied air, as opposed to, for example, the excess air pressure in the tires of a car. And don't call yourself a fool, it's bad
7. “Then how do we understand how to discharge the AK 47 assault rifle? If this word is based on “rarely”?”
   Sparse comes from the word rarely.
   And discharge comes from the word discharge.

sparse and discharged- Question Which is correct: “sparse” or “discharged?” Sparse and sparse 1) participle of the verb to sparse (to make less frequent, separating one from the other at intervals, to place at a considerable distance from each other; to reduce the density ... Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language

I. General concepts. II. Types of electrical stations for the production of electrical energy. III. Classification of them. IV. Buildings and premises of electric power stations. V. Equipment of electrical stations. VI. Operation of electric power stations. VII. Ship electrical stations. VIII. Carriage and train E. stations. IX... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

A law connecting changes in the volume of a gas at constant temperature with changes in its elasticity. This law, discovered in 1660 physicist Boyle and later, but, independently of him, by Mariotte in France, in its simplicity and certainty... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

- (Bovidae)** * * The family of bovids, or bulls, is the largest and most diverse group of artiodactyls, including 45-50 modern genera and about 130 species. Bovids form a natural, clearly defined group. No matter how... ...Animal life

EMPHYSEMA- EMPHYSEMA, emphysema (from the Greek empliy SaO I inflate). This word means stalemate. a condition in which there is either an increased air content in an organ (lung) or an accumulation of air that is unusual for a given tissue. In accordance with this they talk about E.... ...

- (North-East forced labor camp) a structural unit of the system of forced labor camps of the OGPU NKVD of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, which existed on the territory of Dalstroy (North-East of the USSR) as its production division.... ... Wikipedia

CLIMATE THERAPY- CLIMATE THERAPY, climate treatment (see), based on knowledge of experimental climatophysiology. Medicine began to develop only in the mid-19th century, although Hippocrates already attached great importance to the health status of the exposure to the place where the given person lives... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia

- (anatomy) see Respiratory organs. L., their diseases: 1) tubercle, consumption, caused by specific bacteria (see), widespread in almost all countries of the globe. Being a contagious disease, consumption is transmitted by inhalation... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

The sun and the celestial bodies orbiting around it are 9 planets, more than 63 satellites, four ring systems of the giant planets, tens of thousands of asteroids, a myriad of meteoroids ranging in size from boulders to dust grains, as well as millions of comets. IN… … Collier's Encyclopedia

The layer of the atmosphere located above 11 km is very rarefied, with a very low atmosphere; The lower layer of the atmosphere is called the troposphere. There are no vertical currents or cloud formation in the north. The study of S. is of practical importance for aviation, ... ... Marine Dictionary

Books

• Forays into another life. Paradoxical psychology, Konstantin Sevastyanov. The paradox is that a person wants to change his life for the better, but at the same time remain as he is. Is such a person suitable for a better life? There are two liters of milk in a liter jug...

Don’t rush to throw away the empty bottles that have accumulated after the holidays; you can do one spectacular experiment with them. You will need a container of water. Let's pour some water into the bottle itself. Then place it in the microwave for one and a half to two minutes to bring to a boil. Then we carefully take it out, without lifting the neck up so that steam does not escape.

Place in a container of water. If you do everything quickly, you can observe the reverse process: steam condensation and filling the bottle with water. At the beginning, nothing worked. The condensation was somehow sluggish and uninteresting. The experimenter changed the heating time and the amount of water from the bottle, and drew colder water, but this did not change the picture.

The critical parameter turned out to be the temperature of the glass of the bottle itself. The more it heats up, the slower the process of steam condensation occurs. Everything was really bad with the small bottle... It all turned out only in the evening...
This is certainly not a vacuum. But the vacuum is quite decent. And most importantly, it is simple and clear to understand.

discussion

Igor Beletsky
+enikeys4ik yes, this happened for the first time, I even put plastic on the bottom of the vase so as not to break it, but it sticks to the neck and prevents water from being absorbed. Not everything is as easy to do as it might seem in the short video.

Peolepol
+mvandreymv the steam in the bottle displaced the air; when the bottle was lowered into the water, it sucked in water due to the formation of condensation (the steam turned into water), and some emptiness was formed. As they said in the video: “nature does not like emptiness. ”

Das
+peolepol As I understand it, it’s not the collection of water in the bottle that is being seen, but a sharp splash, which happened twice in the video. What is this, why does it happen and what is the joke - I also could not understand.

Airaleais
+ker arkad the steam cools evenly in the bottle, and at a certain temperature it begins to condense, drawing in water accelerates the condensation process, water rushes into the container even faster, at a certain moment all the steam simultaneously in all areas drops to the condensation temperature, which is why it sucks in water so sharply.

Kovalev Lev
+ker arkad water vapor replaced the air. When the bottle was lowered upside down into cold water, the steam began to condense, and there was almost no air in the bottle. Thus, the pressure in the bottle drops sharply, and external atmospheric pressure pushes water into the bottle.

maxim tepluk
there was an idea to try to achieve a good vacuum in a sealed vessel through chemical reactions. For example, purge a vessel being evacuated with oxygen, displacing the air from it. Then seal. And the final stage is to convert the oxygen contained in a closed vessel into a solid substance of some oxide, maybe a metal. For example, burn a wire spiral previously placed in a vessel with an electric current.

Petr Timchenko
but drawing water into a bottle is not so interesting; it will be much more interesting to attach a pressure-vacuum meter to the container and detect the “dry” vacuum during external cooling of the container and internal condensation of vapors in the mixture.

Mrdeltik
Hurray, it worked the first time! True, when the zilch happened. I took a bottle of quail vodka, 0.7 l. I poured it so that it wouldn’t spill out while lying down. Heating time is 3 minutes at maximum power.

Mrdeltik
+Igor Beletsky,
I am delighted. I've already scared my wife too. Recently I showed my son how to put an egg in a bottle - he is 7 years old, and I tried to explain the expansion/compressibility of gases. But this effect is much more spectacular (although it is not related to compressibility, but one can be deceitful). I am grateful to you - I have already liked and subscribed.

Ivan Ivanovich
There will be no deep vacuum here, not even close! Mislead people. But people’s interest in such experiments is growing.
This is already good.

Steppeez
well, a water-steam vacuum of such depth is not enough to even ignite a smoldering electric discharge in it. And in this video it is not clear that water (this is not even fine dust of snow crystals) gushes into the volume of the bottle not through a nozzle brought to perfection and without finely dispersed refrigerant spraying in the volume of the bottle, i.e., not the way it works in working conditions chambers of vacuum steam-breathing heat machines.

Pukan Pukanovich

sergey family
if you combine a steam engine with a vacuum engine in one design and power it from a solar concentrator or, even better, from catalytic combustion. I think it will be a very entertaining video.

Dmitry Litovchenko
like! I'm your subscriber! Igor, you and Kreosan are my favorite experimentalists! You are the coolest! Courage is your thing! Igor! Huge request! Add at least a little safety instructions to the video! People are not yet immortal and mutilation does not decorate us yet!
Think about the picture: polytraumatology or burns department for subscribers of such channels! This could soon become real!
Real - 1995. Odessa Hospital of Eye Diseases named after. V. P. Filatova, children's burn department! Seven blind boys from 11 to 14 years old, placing their right hand on the shoulder of the person in front! The first one distinguishes shadows and can navigate a little! That's why he's in charge! And in the evening, on a large and beautiful balcony, with a guitar, he sang a song with the words “Dad, what do clouds look like? “His mother sat next to him with a stony face. The boys were from the Donetsk region, children of miners. Curiosity and ignorance forced me to throw an oxygen tank into the fire. And the light went out. And the gentlemen for life will have to be reconsidered.

Safe curiosity - fast progress!
Illiterate curiosity is, at best, a quick death!
It is rightly said: “It is not a fool who is terrible, but a fool with initiative!”

Thank you very much for your understanding and quick response! An accident can happen at any minute. YouTube works around the clock! The author is sleeping, and the children are jumping in a noisy crowd to the next world! Remember this! Please! This is not a joke! I know what I'm talking about! I am a disabled worker! And on the safety pages there are 2.5 liters of my blood!

Petr Timchenko
An example of the operation of Dalton’s law: “the pressure of a mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its constituent components.” Air-water vapor mixture. During condensation, the partial pressure of steam decreases, but the air remains constant. The mixture loses its total pressure and a vacuum occurs. A greater vacuum in the vessel can be achieved by condensing the air itself, and then there will be a real “supervacuum” (within the limits of physics). I didn’t watch the video in order to analyze the situation myself.

Anatoly Parkhomenko
What does this mean when it rains - rarefaction? Or in this case, the steam replaced the air and, falling into the condensate, dragged the liquid with it? The steam has completely displaced the air and the steam pressure is less than the air; the pressure difference squeezes water into the bottle! Cool!

Evgeny E.
As soon as you start heating it, it will immediately boil – i.e. Some of the water from the liquid will quickly turn into steam, the pressures will equalize and the “boiling” will stop until the next increase in temperature.
The explanation is simple - boiling begins when the pressure of saturated vapor becomes equal to external pressure.

Evgeny E.
That is, in the bottle, the vapor and liquid will be in thermodynamic equilibrium - as many molecules from the liquid fly away into the vapor, the same number will fly back. If you increase the temperature, the rate of evaporation will be greater than the rate of condensation.
If the temperature is raised slowly, then bubbles may not be visible, since there is enough surface area to provide the desired evaporation rate. If you increase it quickly, then bubbles will appear - that’s the same “boiling”

ivan88587
no, it’s not the air that doesn’t draw in water, but the air is not steam, it doesn’t condense when cooled and doesn’t create a vacuum. Steam is heavier than air and displaces it in any boiling container and then, if the container is closed, condensing into water, it forms a vacuum.

gustafa111
from this series: take a 200 liter barrel (from a solvent, for example), fill it with water, boil it (you can put steam in there right away, it’s easier) and let it cool (with the lid closed!), It is important not to touch it until it cools down) then we throw a stone at it and it collapses (tearing the fabric of the universe, forming a black hole that will swallow the earth). By the way, it's quite spectacular

Alik litvinov
I also invented different ways to obtain a vacuum, remade a bicycle pump, etc. And then I bought this contraption http: //lavrplus. Prom. Ua/p52544665-vakuumnyj-nasos-2rs. HTML
True, it cost 1200 hryvnia in 2013, and not 2700 as it is now. This pump creates a vacuum sufficient, for example, for experiments on boiling water at a temperature of only 2 - 3 degrees. And if you need a high vacuum, as in a kinescope, you also need a turbomolecular pump, unfortunately, its price is not affordable for a mere mortal, from about 20 thousand hryvnia.
High vacuum became available to people only some 120 - 150 years ago. It’s hard to believe, such a simple and at the same time difficult to achieve substance.

Igor Beletsky
+max frosts because there are no schoolchildren who watch more often and a lot. Post a link to this video on social networks, help me promote the channel and do cooler experiments, it's all in your hands!

Smdfb
Igor, you’ve probably seen a bunch of videos on the Internet about endless energy (like how they take a surge protector and its light bulb is always on). How do you think these pranks are done? All that comes to my mind is only electromagnetic induction. Somewhere nearby there must be a source that creates an alternating electromagnetic field. Is it so?

Igor Beletsky
+den, but of course they won’t show it and haven’t shown it to anyone, because how they heat up a bottle of water quickly without a microwave, you can heat up an iron can, but then you won’t see all the beauty of the process.

Id vlog
Igor, please help me solve the problem. In a socket electromechanical timer https: //youtu. Be/kgf51me3xms the mechanism is driven by a roller magnet rotating in a magnetic field created by a 220 V coil. Is it possible to rewind the coil (and how?) so that it runs on 2 AA batteries. And how to place permanent magnets on iron brackets so that it works only from magnets. The first question is more important. Thank you.

Igor Beletsky
+ it’s time-consuming and difficult to do the right thing, try to do at least something yourself, but while complex experiments are being done, it was necessary to post something so that people don’t forget, is it really difficult to guess for yourself.

Azpuka kusa
+Igor Beletsky (investigator) if you do a fairly complex experiment, then the audience will be more attracted, and accordingly everything will pay off. We are waiting for cool experiments from you

Igor Beletsky
+ azpuka kusa I understand this perfectly well and now I’m preparing two such experiments at once, but it takes a lot of time to bring them to a normal form, I haven’t posted at least one video a week and that’s it – don’t expect the channel to grow.

Igor Beletsky
+hofrin rus yes, this is school physics, but you don’t want to say that you or any of us were shown this at school before, or especially today.

Andrey Rybin
the effect is not explained well enough, i.e. what causes the vacuum in the bottle? As a result of the fact that the water heats up, and the air heats up from contact with it, then expands and is forced out of the bottle?

Petrogor
+Andrey Rybin To understand, you need to pay attention to how water vapor differs from air. Steam, when water boils, displaces all the air from the bottle and there is virtually no air left in the bottle. The bottle contains only water in a gaseous state. When water changes from a gaseous state to a liquid state, a vacuum occurs.

Poluchankin Mikhail
For some reason I didn’t understand how this happens, but what if you heat the bottle in oil to 120″ and do the same? It will probably burst. I haven’t woken up yet, but it seems to me that in order for steam to form, you need a hot, dry surface. And in the video you are in a hurry to drain the water, while the bottle is wet, the water rises smoothly, and when it reaches the dry surface, steam is formed.

Aquadevice
Now you can make a piston steam vacuum engine. The efficiency will be much greater than that of a conventional steam locomotive. And if the working fluid is not water, but light-boiling, then you can use the natural temperature difference.

Igor Beletsky
+scwobu if there is such an effect, there will always be a use. For example, the same suction cup (to quickly attach something to a smooth surface), or a primitive pump to quickly pump something out, etc.

Igor vorob
+Igor Beletsky (investigator) no offense, but this is not the first comment you write the preposition “so that” separately, in the form “so that”. I understand illiterate, dropout schoolchildren; they don’t know when to write “so that” and when to write “what” with the subjunctive particle “would”.
But you seem to consider yourself a popularizer of science. You should pay more attention to literacy, eh?
And thanks for the experience, clearly. Only for those who confuse “tsya” - “tsya”, “so that” and “what would” - it would be nice for them to explain the essence of the phenomenon. And as accessible as possible.

Format128
and I
a nuclear power plant costs, for example, a billion. But if every day a couple of million people pay 2 rubles each, then it pays off. What percentage uses solar panels? So you won’t be able to sell them cheaply

trapwalker
you can make an effective vacuum pump for pumping out large volumes of air. It is necessary to insert a thin tube from the steam generator into a durable container, coaxial valves close the steam supply tube and switch the volume of the container to the pumped circuit. After this, the container must be cooled until condensation and the valves must be switched back. The installation can easily be doubled by installing a similar tank with valves in antiphase.

Nikolay Pshonnikov
+trapwalker s https: //ru. Wikipedia. Org/wiki/%d0%9f%d0%b0%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d1%8f_%d0%bc%d0%b0%d1%88%d0%b8%d0 %bd%d0%b0_%d0%9d%d1%8c%d1%8e%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bc%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b0

trapwalker
+nikolay pshonnikov my description does not include any piston. A piston, cylinder, sealing rings - this is exactly what is very difficult to obtain at home. But plastic pipes, fittings of any diameter and ball valves are sold very inexpensively in any hardware store and are easy to install without special skills.

Trapwalker
+bang bang. I didn’t understand something, if this is not a question, then. Why? Explain. If the question is... Idk. It's pretty useless. I love generating ideas, this is my hobby, but these ideas go nowhere beyond ideas (for the most part), because this is no longer my hobby (for the most part.

Jwserge
Holy shit
I just made a discovery for myself
THX.

Igor Beletsky
+jwserge I’ve seen videos of aluminum cans and even large barrels collapsing in this way, but I haven’t seen water getting in there yet, so I decided to try it.

Alexei Belousov
I don’t even understand, there is still air there when the neck of the bottle is dipped into water. But where does he go then? Does it dissolve in water? It's not clear in general.

Gluckmaker
18 grams of water in a gaseous state at atmospheric pressure occupies a volume of 22.4 liters
so to fill a half-liter bottle with steam you need about 1/3 cc of water. Therefore, if steam displaces all the air from the bottle and it is immediately sealed, then a decent vacuum will arise there.

Andrey sc
+nradrus no. The maximum pressure that can be achieved in this way is equal to the pressure of saturated water vapor at the temperature of the experiment. Even at zero Celsius it is about 600 pascals, which is a lot for lamps.

ID13
+andrey sem
, it is also possible with something that is activated above the boiling point of water at the existing pressure. That is, first, clogging with 100% water vapor and a supply of reagents and a structure (radio lamp, for example), then calcination to activate the chemical substance that absorbs water.

First of all, it is worth mentioning that we will talk about the meaning of the word “sparse” and not “discharged”. "Discharged" means "to be deprived of charge."

The revolver may be unloaded, but the air may be rarefied.

What is thin air

The word "sparse" comes from the adjective "sparse". That is, with reduced density. This is a state of air when the number of molecules per cubic centimeter of space becomes less than in the air that everyone is used to breathing.

In nature it is found at altitude. For example, in the mountains or in layers of the atmosphere that can be reached by plane. The higher you rise above ocean level, the thinner the air will become. As a result, it will turn into a vacuum, that is, a complete absence of air molecules in space.

The decrease in density with increasing altitude occurs because the further you are from the ground, the less the gravitational force of the earth affects the oxygen particles. It turns out that the maximum density of air is near the surface, especially where many plants grow, but in open space there is no air at all, there is a complete vacuum. You can also thin the air artificially.

On airplanes

A passenger plane rises above the earth's surface approximately 10-12 km. Flying vehicles with rocket and turbojet engines can fly up to 100 km, but ordinary people cannot fly on them; only people specially trained for this fly. At such a height, the life of the human body is impossible. If the door of an airplane in flight is opened or an emergency depressurization of the cabin occurs, then all passengers on the airplane will instantly die.

But even in a sealed, closed cabin, people will experience discomfort:

• high blood pressure;
• pawns ears;
• legs swell.

Frequent airplane flights are not good for your health. Pressure changes, high levels of carbon monoxide, too much acceleration - all this affects the cardiovascular system. Pregnant women and patients with hypertension are generally not recommended to move in this way.

In the mountains

The highest point on earth is the summit of Mount Everest. The maximum point of this mountain reaches more than 8 thousand meters, and this is very high.

Instinctively, a person is afraid of heights and strives to go lower. This happens not only because you can fall from a high place, but also because height can have a detrimental and even fatal effect on human health.

It is impossible to completely get used to the properties of thin air, but you can adapt. Climbers who climb high mountains spend years preparing for this. They also know that you need to climb gradually, having gained a certain height - you need to get used to it. If an unprepared person climbs sharply to Everest or even a mountain much lower, then he will probably suffer from altitude sickness. For a healthy, strong person, the critical altitude is 2.5 km and above, and for a sick or elderly person - from 1 km and above. The symptoms of this disease are as follows:

• headache and dizziness;
• dyspnea;
• vomit;
• a sharp loss of strength, and then a sudden surge of strength;
• inadequate perception of reality.

If a person has the feeling that he has suddenly become happy, then this is a very bad sign. Drowsiness will follow, and if you fall asleep, you won’t wake up.

The worst thing is that mountain sickness can be practically asymptomatic for a long time, and then the person suddenly loses consciousness. If you do nothing and don’t go down immediately, the person will die. The most destructive thing is hypoxia or lack of oxygen for the central nervous system.

Treatment with rarefied air

But there is an opinion that mountain air is very healthy. And this opinion is true; moreover, there is even orotherapy - treatment and restoration with rarefied air.

The principle of therapy is to place a person in a capsule with rarefied air in a certain concentration.

Orotherapy is effective in the following cases:

• allergic reactions of the body;
• diseases of the central nervous system;
• prevention of pregnancy pathologies;
• anemia;
• the need to stimulate regeneration.

The technique has been used in Russia since 1987. Such treatment should be carried out exclusively in a clinical setting and under the supervision of a physician. After all, both electric current and radioactive radiation in incorrect doses kill, but in accurately calculated doses they cure. A mountain air generator allows you to thin the air in clinical conditions.