Holographic Universe: a new theory of space-time? Theory of a unified physical universe A new theory of the environment of the universe

We present you a completely new view of the origin of the Universe, developed by a group of theoretical physicists from the University of Indiana and presented by Nikodim Poplavsky, an employee of this university.
Every black hole contains a new universe, ours is no exception, it also exists inside a black hole. Such a statement may seem strange, but it is this assumption that best explains the birth of the Universe and the course of all the processes that we observe today.
The standard Big Bang theory fails to answer many questions. It suggests that the Universe began as a "singularity" of an infinitely small point containing an infinitely high concentration of matter expanding its size to the state we observe today. The theory of inflation, the super-rapid expansion of space, of course answers many questions, such as why it was not large pieces of concentrated matter at the early stage of the development of the Universe that combined into large celestial bodies: galaxies and clusters of galaxies. But many questions remain unanswered. For example: what began after the Big Bang? What caused the Big Bang? What is the source of the mysterious dark energy that comes from beyond the boundaries of the Universe?
The theory that our universe is entirely inside a black hole provides answers to these and many other questions. It excludes the notion of physically impossible features of our universe. And it relies on two central theories of physics.
First, it is the general theory of relativity, the modern theory of gravity. It describes the universe on a large scale. Any event in the Universe is considered as a point in space, and time, and space-time. Massive objects such as the Sun distort or create "curves" of space-time comparable to a bowling ball resting on a suspended canvas. A gravitational dent from the Sun alters the motion of the Earth and other planets orbiting it. The attraction of the planets by the Sun appears to us as a force of gravity.
The second law of quantum mechanics, on which the new theory is based, describes the Universe on the smallest scales, such as an atom and other elementary particles.
Currently, physicists are striving to combine quantum mechanics and general relativity into a single theory of "quantum gravity" in order to adequately describe the most important natural phenomena, including the behavior of subatomic particles in black holes.
In the 1960s, an adaptation of general relativity to take into account the effects of quantum mechanics was called the Einstein-Carton-Sciama-Kibble theory of gravity. It not only provides a new step towards understanding quantum gravity, but also creates an alternative picture of the world. This variation of general relativity includes an important quantum property of the mother known as SPINOM.
The smallest particles, such as atoms and electrons, have SPINOM, or internal angular momentum, similar to the rotation of a skater on ice. In this picture, the SPIN of particles interacts with space-time and provides it with a property called "torsion". To understand this twisting, think of space not as a two-dimensional canvas, but as a flexible one-dimensional rod. The bending of the rod corresponds to spatio-temporal twisting. If the rod is thin, you can twist it, but it's hard to see if it's twisted or not.
The twisting of space should be noticeable, or rather, very significant at an early stage of the origin of the Universe or in a black hole. Under these extreme conditions, the twisting of space-time should manifest itself as a repulsive force or gravity for the closest objects from the curvature of space-time.
As with the standard version of general relativity, very massive stars end up in black holes: regions of space from which nothing, not even light, can escape.
Here is what role the twisting process can play in the initial moment of the birth of the universe:
Initially, the gravitational attraction of curved space will allow twisting to be turned into a repulsive force, leading to the disappearance of matter in smaller regions of space. But then the twisting process becomes very strong, turning into a point of infinite density, reaching a state of extremely large, but finite density. Since energy can be converted into mass, the very high gravitational energy in this extremely dense state can cause intense particle creation, which greatly increases the mass inside the black hole.
An increasing number of particles with SPIN will lead to a higher level of spatiotemporal twisting. The repulsive twisting moment can stop the collapse of matter and create the effect of a "big bounce" resembling a ball flying out of the water before that, which will lead to the process of an expanding universe. As a result of this, we observe the processes of mass distribution, shape and geometry of the universe corresponding to this phenomenon.
In turn, the torsion mechanism offers an amazing scenario, based on which each black hole is capable of producing a new, young Universe inside itself.
Thus, our own universe can be inside a black hole located in another universe.
Just as we cannot see what is happening inside a black hole, any observers in the parent universe cannot see what is happening in our world.
The movement of matter through the boundary of a black hole is called the "event horizon" and occurs in only one direction, providing the direction of the time vector, which we perceive as forward movement.
The arrow of time in our Universe, we inherited from the parent Universe, through the process of twisting.
Twisting can also explain the observed imbalance between matter and antimatter in the universe. Finally, the twisting process may be the source of dark energy, a mysterious form of energy that pervades all of our space, increasing the expansion rate of the universe. The twisting geometry produces a "cosmological constant" that extends to external forces and is the simplest way to explain the existence of dark energy. Thus, the observed accelerating expansion of the universe may be the strongest evidence for a twisting process.
Twisting therefore provides the theoretical basis for a scenario in which a new universe exists within each black hole. This scenario also acts as a means of solving several major problems in modern gravity theory and cosmology, although physicists still need to combine the quantum mechanics of Einstein-Carton-Sciama-Kibble with the quantum theory of gravity.
Meanwhile, the new understanding of cosmic processes raises other important questions. For example, what do we know about the parent universe and the black hole that contains our own universe? How many layers of the parent universe do we have? How can we check that our universe is in a black hole?
Potentially the latter questions can be explored, since all stars and black holes rotate, our universe should have inherited the parent universe's axis of rotation as the "preferred direction".
A recent survey of 15,000 galaxies in one hemisphere of the universe found that they are "left", that is, rotate clockwise, while in the other hemisphere, galaxies are "right" or counterclockwise. But this discovery still requires reflection. In any case, it is now clear that the process of twisting in the geometry of space-time is the right step towards a successful theory of cosmology.

New elementary particles can no longer be detected. Also, an alternative scenario allows solving the problem of mass hierarchy. The study was published on the arXiv.org website, Lenta.ru tells more about it.

The theory is called Nnaturalness. It is defined on energy scales of the order of the electroweak interaction, after separating the electromagnetic and weak interactions. This was about ten at minus thirty-two - ten at minus twelfth seconds after the Big Bang. Then, according to the authors of the new concept, in the Universe there existed a hypothetical elementary particle - a rechiton (or reheaton, from the English reheaton), the decay of which led to the formation of the physics observed today.

As the Universe became colder (the temperature of matter and radiation decreased) and flatter (the geometry of space approached Euclidean), the rechiton broke up into many other particles. They formed almost non-interacting groups of particles, almost identical in terms of species, but differing in the mass of the Higgs boson, and hence their own masses.

The number of such groups of particles, which, according to scientists, exist in the modern Universe, reaches several thousand trillion. One of these families includes both the physics described by the Standard Model (SM) and the particles and interactions observed in experiments at the LHC. The new theory makes it possible to abandon supersymmetry, which is still unsuccessfully sought, and solves the problem of particle hierarchy.

In particular, if the mass of the Higgs boson formed as a result of the decay of the rechiton is small, then the mass of the remaining particles will be large, and vice versa. This is what solves the problem of the electroweak hierarchy associated with a large gap between the experimentally observed masses of elementary particles and the energy scales of the early Universe. For example, the question of why an electron with a mass of 0.5 megaelectronvolts is almost 200 times lighter than a muon with the same quantum numbers disappears by itself - there are exactly the same sets of particles in the Universe where this difference is not so strong.

According to the new theory, the Higgs boson observed in experiments at the LHC is the lightest particle of this type, formed as a result of the decay of a rechiton. Other groups of yet undiscovered particles are associated with heavier bosons - analogues of the currently discovered and well-studied leptons (not participating in the strong interaction) and hadrons (participating in the strong interaction).

The new theory does not cancel, but makes it not so necessary the introduction of supersymmetry, which implies doubling (at least) the number of known elementary particles due to the presence of superpartners. For example, for a photon - photino, quark - squark, higgs - higgsino, and so on. The spin of the superpartners must differ by a half-integer from the spin of the original particle.

Mathematically, a particle and a superparticle are combined into one system (supermultiplet); all quantum parameters and masses of particles and their partners in exact supersymmetry coincide. It is believed that supersymmetry is broken in nature, and therefore the mass of superpartners significantly exceeds the mass of their particles. To detect supersymmetric particles, powerful accelerators like the LHC were needed.

If supersymmetry or any new particles or interactions exist, the authors of the new study believe they could be discovered on scales of ten teraelectronvolts. This is almost at the limit of the LHC's capabilities, and if the proposed theory is correct, the discovery of new particles there is extremely unlikely.

Image: arXiv.org

A signal near 750 gigaelectronvolts, which could indicate the decay of a heavy particle into two gamma photons, as scientists from the CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) and ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS) collaborations working at the LHC reported in 2015 and 2016, is recognized statistical noise. Since 2012, when the discovery of the Higgs boson at CERN became known, no new fundamental particles predicted by SM extensions have been identified.

Canadian and American scientist of Iranian origin Nima Arkani-Hamed, who proposed a new theory, received the Fundamental Physics Prize in 2012. The award was established in the same year by Russian businessman Yuri Milner.

Therefore, the emergence of theories in which the need for supersymmetry disappears is expected. “There are many theorists, myself included, who believe that this is a completely unique time when we are solving important and systemic questions, and not about the details of any next elementary particle,” said the lead author of the new study, a physicist from Princeton University ( USA).

Not everyone shares his optimism. So, physicist Matt Strassler from Harvard University believes the mathematical justification of the new theory is far-fetched. Meanwhile, Paddy Fox from the Enrico Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia (USA) believes that the new theory will be tested in the next ten years. In his opinion, particles formed in a group with any heavy Higgs boson should leave their traces on the CMB - the ancient microwave radiation predicted by the Big Bang theory.

The grandeur and diversity of the surrounding world can amaze any imagination. All objects and objects surrounding a person, other people, various types of plants and animals, particles that can only be seen with a microscope, as well as incomprehensible star clusters: they are all united by the concept of "Universe".

Theories of the origin of the universe have been developed by man for a long time. Despite the absence of even the initial concept of religion or science, in the inquisitive minds of ancient people questions arose about the principles of the world order and about the position of a person in the space that surrounds him. It is difficult to count how many theories of the origin of the Universe exist today, some of them are being studied by leading world-famous scientists, others are frankly fantastic.

Cosmology and its subject

Modern cosmology - the science of the structure and development of the universe - considers the question of its origin as one of the most interesting and still insufficiently studied mysteries. The nature of the processes that contributed to the emergence of stars, galaxies, solar systems and planets, their development, the source of the emergence of the Universe, as well as its size and boundaries: all this is just a short list of issues studied by modern scientists.

The search for answers to the fundamental riddle about the formation of the world has led to the fact that today there are various theories of the origin, existence, development of the Universe. The excitement of specialists looking for answers, building and testing hypotheses is justified, because a reliable theory of the birth of the Universe will reveal to all mankind the probability of the existence of life in other systems and planets.

Theories of the origin of the Universe have the character of scientific concepts, individual hypotheses, religious teachings, philosophical ideas and myths. They are all conditionally divided into two main categories:

1. Theories according to which the universe was created by a creator. In other words, their essence is that the process of creating the Universe was a conscious and spiritualized action, a manifestation of the will
2. Theories of the origin of the Universe, built on the basis of scientific factors. Their postulates categorically reject both the existence of a creator and the possibility of a conscious creation of the world. Such hypotheses are often based on what is called the principle of mediocrity. They suggest the likelihood of life not only on our planet, but also on others.

Creationism - the theory of the creation of the world by the Creator

As the name implies, creationism (creation) is a religious theory of the origin of the universe. This worldview is based on the concept of the creation of the Universe, the planet and man by God or the Creator.

The idea was dominant for a long time, until the end of the 19th century, when the process of accumulating knowledge in various fields of science (biology, astronomy, physics) accelerated, and evolutionary theory became widespread. Creationism has become a kind of reaction of Christians who adhere to conservative views on the discoveries being made. The dominant idea at that time only increased the contradictions that existed between religious and other theories.

What is the difference between scientific and religious theories

The main differences between theories of various categories lie primarily in the terms used by their adherents. So, in scientific hypotheses, instead of the creator - nature, and instead of creation - origin. Along with this, there are questions that are similarly covered by different theories or even completely duplicated.

Theories of the origin of the universe, belonging to opposite categories, date its very appearance in different ways. For example, according to the most common hypothesis (the Big Bang theory), the Universe was formed about 13 billion years ago.

In contrast, the religious theory of the origin of the universe gives completely different figures:

• According to Christian sources, the age of the universe created by God at the time of the birth of Jesus Christ was 3483-6984 years.
• Hinduism suggests that our world is approximately 155 trillion years old.

Kant and his cosmological model

Until the 20th century, most scientists were of the opinion that the universe was infinite. This quality they characterized time and space. In addition, in their opinion, the Universe was static and uniform.

The idea of ​​the infinity of the universe in space was put forward by Isaac Newton. The development of this assumption was engaged in who developed the theory about the absence of time limits as well. Moving further, in theoretical assumptions, Kant extended the infinity of the universe to the number of possible biological products. This postulate meant that in the conditions of the ancient and vast world, without end and beginning, there can be an innumerable number of possible options, as a result of which the emergence of any biological species is real.

Based on the possible emergence of life forms, Darwin's theory was later developed. Observations of the starry sky and the results of astronomers' calculations confirmed Kant's cosmological model.

Einstein's reflections

At the beginning of the 20th century, Albert Einstein published his own model of the universe. According to his theory of relativity, two opposite processes take place simultaneously in the Universe: expansion and contraction. However, he agreed with the opinion of most scientists about the stationarity of the Universe, so he introduced the concept of the cosmic repulsive force. Its impact is designed to balance the attraction of stars and stop the process of movement of all celestial bodies in order to maintain the static nature of the Universe.

The model of the Universe - according to Einstein - has a certain size, but there are no boundaries. Such a combination is feasible only when the space is curved in such a way as it occurs in a sphere.

The characteristics of the space of such a model are:

• Three-dimensionality.
• Closing yourself.
• Homogeneity (lack of center and edge), in which galaxies are evenly distributed.

A. A. Fridman: The Universe is expanding

The creator of the revolutionary expanding model of the Universe, A. A. Fridman (USSR) built his theory on the basis of the equations characterizing the general theory of relativity. True, the generally accepted opinion in the scientific world of that time was the static nature of our world, therefore, due attention was not paid to his work.

A few years later, astronomer Edwin Hubble made a discovery that confirmed Friedman's ideas. The removal of galaxies from the nearby Milky Way has been discovered. At the same time, the fact that the speed of their movement is proportional to the distance between them and our galaxy has become irrefutable.

This discovery explains the constant "retreat" of stars and galaxies in relation to each other, which leads to the conclusion about the expansion of the universe.

Ultimately, Friedman's conclusions were recognized by Einstein, who subsequently mentioned the merits of the Soviet scientist as the founder of the hypothesis of the expansion of the Universe.

It cannot be said that there are contradictions between this theory and the general theory of relativity, however, with the expansion of the Universe, there must have been an initial impulse that provoked the scattering of stars. By analogy with the explosion, the idea was called the "Big Bang".

Stephen Hawking and the Anthropic Principle

The result of the calculations and discoveries of Stephen Hawking was the anthropocentric theory of the origin of the universe. Its creator claims that the existence of a planet so well prepared for human life cannot be accidental.

Stephen Hawking's theory of the origin of the Universe also provides for the gradual evaporation of black holes, their loss of energy and the emission of Hawking radiation.

As a result of the search for evidence, more than 40 characteristics were identified and verified, the observance of which is necessary for the development of civilization. The American astrophysicist Hugh Ross estimated the probability of such an unintentional coincidence. The result was the number 10 -53.

Our universe contains a trillion galaxies, each with 100 billion stars. According to scientists' calculations, the total number of planets should be 10 20. This figure is 33 orders of magnitude smaller than the previously calculated one. Consequently, none of the planets in all galaxies can combine conditions that would be suitable for the spontaneous emergence of life.

The big bang theory: the emergence of the universe from a negligible particle

Scientists who support the big bang theory share the hypothesis that the universe is the result of a grand bang. The main postulate of the theory is the assertion that before this event, all the elements of the current Universe were enclosed in a particle that had microscopic dimensions. While inside it, the elements were characterized by a singular state in which indicators such as temperature, density and pressure could not be measured. They are endless. Matter and energy in this state are not affected by the laws of physics.

What happened 15 billion years ago is called the instability that arose inside the particle. The scattered smallest elements laid the foundation for the world that we know today.

In the beginning, the Universe was a nebula formed by tiny particles (smaller than an atom). Then, when combined, they formed atoms, which served as the basis of stellar galaxies. Answering questions about what happened before the explosion, as well as what caused it, are the most important tasks of this theory of the origin of the Universe.

The table schematically depicts the stages of the formation of the universe after the big bang.

As follows from the above data, the universe continues to expand and cool.

The constant increase in the distance between galaxies is the main postulate: what distinguishes the big bang theory. The emergence of the universe in this way can be confirmed by the evidence found. There are also grounds for its refutation.

Problems of the theory

Given that the big bang theory is not proven in practice, it is not surprising that there are several questions that it is not able to answer:

1. Singularity. This word denotes the state of the universe, compressed to a single point. The problem of the big bang theory is the impossibility of describing the processes occurring in matter and space in such a state. The general law of relativity does not apply here, so it is impossible to make a mathematical description and equations for modeling.
   The fundamental impossibility of obtaining an answer to the question about the initial state of the Universe discredits the theory from the very beginning. Her non-fiction expositions tend to gloss over or only mention this complexity in passing. However, for scientists working to lay a mathematical foundation for the big bang theory, this difficulty is recognized as a major obstacle.
2. Astronomy. In this area, the big bang theory is faced with the fact that it cannot describe the process of the origin of galaxies. Based on modern versions of theories, it is possible to predict how a homogeneous cloud of gas appears. At the same time, its density by now should be about one atom per cubic meter. To get something more, one cannot do without adjusting the initial state of the Universe. The lack of information and practical experience in this area become serious obstacles to further modeling.

There is also a discrepancy between the estimated mass of our galaxy and the data obtained when studying the speed of its attraction to Judging by everything, the weight of our galaxy is ten times greater than previously thought.

Cosmology and quantum physics

Today there are no cosmological theories that do not rely on quantum mechanics. After all, it deals with the description of the behavior of atomic and quantum physics. The difference between quantum physics and classical physics (expounded by Newton) is that the second one observes and describes material objects, while the first assumes an exclusively mathematical description of the observation and measurement itself. For quantum physics, material values ​​do not represent the subject of research, here the observer himself acts as part of the situation under study.

Based on these features, quantum mechanics has difficulty describing the universe, because the observer is part of the universe. However, speaking of the emergence of the universe, it is impossible to imagine outsiders. Attempts to develop a model without the participation of an outside observer were crowned with the quantum theory of the origin of the Universe by J. Wheeler.

Its essence is that at each moment of time there is a splitting of the Universe and the formation of an infinite number of copies. As a result, each of the parallel Universes can be observed, and observers can see all quantum alternatives. At the same time, the original and new worlds are real.

inflation model

The main task that the theory of inflation is called upon to solve is the search for an answer to questions that have remained unexplored by the big bang theory and the expansion theory. Namely:

1. Why is the universe expanding?
2. What is the big bang?

To this end, the inflationary theory of the origin of the universe provides for the extrapolation of the expansion to the zero point in time, the conclusion of the entire mass of the universe at one point and the formation of a cosmological singularity, which is often referred to as the big bang.

The irrelevance of the general theory of relativity, which cannot be applied at this moment, becomes obvious. As a result, only theoretical methods, calculations and conclusions can be applied to develop a more general theory (or "new physics") and solve the problem of the cosmological singularity.

New alternative theories

Despite the success of the cosmic inflation model, there are scientists who oppose it, calling it untenable. Their main argument is criticism of the solutions proposed by the theory. Opponents argue that the resulting solutions leave some details omitted, in other words, instead of solving the problem of initial values, the theory only skillfully drapes them.

An alternative is a few exotic theories, the idea of ​​which is based on the formation of initial values ​​before the big bang. New theories of the origin of the universe can be briefly described as follows:

• String theory. Its adherents propose, in addition to the usual four dimensions of space and time, to introduce additional dimensions. They could play a role in the early stages of the universe, and at the moment be in a compactified state. Answering the question about the reason for their compactification, scientists offer an answer saying that the property of superstrings is T-duality. Therefore, the strings are "wound" on additional dimensions and their size is limited.
• Brane theory. It is also called M-theory. In accordance with its postulates, at the beginning of the formation of the Universe, there is a cold static five-dimensional space-time. Four of them (spatial) have restrictions, or walls - three-branes. Our space is one of the walls, and the second is hidden. The third three-brane is located in four-dimensional space, it is limited by two boundary branes. The theory considers a third brane colliding with ours and releasing a large amount of energy. It is these conditions that become favorable for the emergence of a big bang.

1. Cyclic theories deny the uniqueness of the big bang, arguing that the universe goes from one state to another. The problem with such theories is the increase in entropy, according to the second law of thermodynamics. Consequently, the duration of the previous cycles was shorter, and the temperature of the substance was significantly higher than during the big bang. The probability of this is extremely low.

No matter how many theories of the origin of the universe exist, only two of them have stood the test of time and overcome the problem of ever-increasing entropy. They were developed by scientists Steinhardt-Turok and Baum-Frampton.

These relatively new theories of the origin of the universe were put forward in the 80s of the last century. They have many followers who develop models based on it, search for evidence of reliability and work to eliminate contradictions.

String theory

One of the most popular among the theory of the origin of the Universe - Before proceeding to the description of its idea, it is necessary to understand the concepts of one of the closest competitors, the standard model. It assumes that matter and interactions can be described as a certain set of particles, divided into several groups:

• Quarks.
• Leptons.
• Bosons.

These particles are, in fact, the building blocks of the universe, since they are so small that they cannot be divided into components.

A distinctive feature of string theory is the assertion that such bricks are not particles, but ultramicroscopic strings that oscillate. In this case, oscillating at different frequencies, the strings become analogues of various particles described in the standard model.

To understand the theory, one must realize that strings are not any matter, they are energy. Therefore, string theory concludes that all the elements of the universe are composed of energy.

Fire is a good analogy. When looking at it, one gets the impression of its materiality, but it cannot be touched.

Cosmology for schoolchildren

Theories of the origin of the Universe are briefly studied in schools in astronomy classes. Students are taught the basic theories about how our world was formed, what is happening to it now and how it will develop in the future.

The purpose of the lessons is to familiarize children with the nature of the formation of elementary particles, chemical elements and celestial bodies. Theories of the origin of the universe for children are reduced to a presentation of the big bang theory. Teachers use visual material: slides, tables, posters, illustrations. Their main task is to awaken children's interest in the world that surrounds them.

The universe, according to theoretical physicists, did not originate at all as a result of the Big Bang, but as a result of the transformation of a four-dimensional star into a black hole, which provoked the release of "garbage". It is this garbage that became the basis of our universe.

A team of physicists - Razieh Pourhasan, Niyesh Afshordi and Robert B. Mann - put forward a completely new theory of the birth of our universe. For all its complexity, this theory explains many problematic points in the modern view of the Universe.

The generally accepted theory of the emergence of the Universe speaks of the key role in this process of the Big Bang. This theory is consistent with the observed picture of the expansion of the Universe. However, she has some problem areas. So, it is not entirely clear, for example, how the singularity created the Universe with almost the same temperature in different parts. Considering the age of our Universe - about 13.8 billion years - it is impossible to achieve the observed temperature equilibrium.

Many cosmologists argue that the expansion of the universe must have been faster than the speed of light, but Afshordi notes the randomness of the Big Bang, so it is not clear how a region of one size or another, uniform in temperature, could form.

A new model of the origin of the universe explains this mystery. The three-dimensional universe floats in the new model like a membrane in a four-dimensional universe. In fact, the Universe is a multidimensional physical object with a dimension less than the dimension of space.

In a 4D universe, of course, there are 4D stars that can live through the life cycle that 3D stars have in our universe. Four-dimensional stars, which are the most massive, exploding in supernovae at the end of their lives, will turn into a black hole.

A four-dimensional hole would in turn have the same event horizon as a three-dimensional black hole. The event horizon is the boundary between the inside of a black hole and the outside. In a three-dimensional universe, this event horizon is represented as a two-dimensional surface, while in a four-dimensional universe it is represented as a three-dimensional hypersphere.

Thus, when a four-dimensional star explodes, a three-dimensional brane is formed from the remaining material at the event horizon, that is, the Universe is similar to ours. Such an unusual model for the human imagination can answer the question why the Universe has almost the same temperature: the four-dimensional Universe that gave birth to the three-dimensional Universe existed much longer than 13.8 billion years.

From the point of view of a person who is accustomed to presenting the Universe as a huge and infinite space, it is not easy to perceive the new theory. It is difficult to realize that our universe is perhaps only a local perturbation, a “leaf on a pond” of an ancient four-dimensional hole of enormous dimensions.