In terms of development fine motor skills hands, and at the same time skills to work with various materials, I spent a little House master class on creating simple holograms using a mobile phone or tablet and transparent polycarbonate. I found two options for creating holograms on the Internet, but they both use the same principles for obtaining three-dimensional optical illusion. It is possible that if you dig deeper, you can find more options. Therefore, if suddenly you managed to google other ways to create a simple hologram using a smartphone screen, then feel free to post in the comments with the appropriate links.

So, both options use the features of optics, namely the refraction of light rays during the transition between media with different optical densities, may opticians beat me with sticks for amateurish terms, but I will continue. The bottom line is that when a beam of light passes from the screen of a mobile phone, tablet, monitor display or even a TV through the border of air and transparent polycarbonate, partial reflection of light occurs. It is thanks to this reflection that the effect of a holographic, i.e. completely three-dimensional, image is created. Based on this, you can understand that to create a hologram you need transparent polycarbonate. Where can I get it?

IN modern world An excellent source of polycarbonate can be ordinary CD boxes, which can be permanently borrowed from a home audio library or simply purchased at a computer or hardware store. These stores typically sell recordable CDs or DVDs in spindle-mounted packaging. And at the same time, in order to earn a little more money, stores sell boxes for them separately. It is best to use transparent, unpainted boxes so as not to lose precious screen brightness, while the image will be the best possible.

Option 1. Holho - pyramidal hologram

For the pyramidal hologram, they even came up with a special name Holho. The essence of this technique is to broadcast four images at once onto a slightly truncated pyramid, placed “on the butt,” i.e., with the top down, on the smartphone screen. When a specially prepared video is played on the phone screen, the image is reflected from the edges of the pyramid and a complete illusion of an object floating in the air is created. The essence of a pyramidal hologram is that each of the images is projected onto its own face, and when viewed, the observer sees all four images at once, combined into a single three-dimensional picture by the faces of the pyramid.

The pyramid is easy to assemble; you don’t need to complete the public speaking courses of Felix Kirsanov and Higher School Economics in order to cut out the required blanks from the cover of the disc box. You only need four of them, and they are cut out according to a template kindly prepared by me.

The cutting template itself is available at this link. When printing, you must select the exact paper size and enable printing at the actual size.

Cutting polycarbonate will not be difficult if you place the printed template under the lid, and then make deep slits on it along the lines using a sharp wallpaper knife. A cut made in this way then easily allows you to break off unnecessary area covers. Only the cut must be made across the entire width of the lid, otherwise a break will not occur. The cut pieces can be glued together using superglue or simply secured with Scotch tape.

One of the demo videos.

To get the hologram effect, you need to move into a room with dim light, install a pyramid on the smartphone screen, point down, and center it according to the marks on the video. And that’s all, you can enjoy watching wonderful examples of “home magic.”

And another demo video.

A fair amount has been uploaded to YouTube demo videos under Holho, so you can safely choose even something completely unusual. Moreover, industrially manufactured and nice-looking Holho pyramid technology converters have already appeared. And remember that not only the screen of a phone or tablet, but also any other source can act as a video source for a hologram; it is important to compare the size of the pyramid and the screen.

Option 2. Front linear hologram

An alternative to Holho is a linear hologram, which is created by projecting an image onto successive reflectors. If a pyramidal hologram looks like a hologram from any side, then a linear one allows you to enjoy the unreal effect from only one side, the front. The essence of the device for reproducing a linear hologram is almost the same as that of a pyramidal one, but here the image is broadcast onto several, usually three, mini-screens made of transparent polycarbonate. The screens are installed at an angle of 45 degrees and one after another. The screens themselves vary in height, which adds even more realism to the resulting image.

The same CD boxes are ideal for making the device, only here they are fully used, for which special thanks to the author of the device. You can cut the box using the technique used to build the pyramidal device, but you will have to measure the dimensions of the screens yourself. Yes, and to fix parts of the device, thermo-glue is used, not adhesive tape. But if you have at least minimally straight hands, everything works out the first time. When assembling, hold the screens slightly until the glue is completely cured.

To play a hologram, you need to place the linear hologram device on the screen of a tablet or larger device. By the way, both linear and pyramidal holograms can be used because in original video, and in an inverted state. This does not change the effect, although the video may appear upside down.

If we compare both devices, I like the Holho version better, because it allows you to create a hologram without any restrictions on the number of scene plans. In the linear version, only a few volume levels are available to the user, equal to the number of installed polycarbonate screens. With three screens, there are correspondingly three levels of scene depth.

In other words, while the Holho version creates a truly three-dimensional image floating in the air, the version with a frontal linear hologram is more reminiscent of the effect of 3D television on a flat screen. Although, of course, both options look good and are worth assembling both of them, fortunately, nothing extraordinary is required to create such a toy, and it is unlikely that it will take more than an hour to assemble two devices at once.

Holographic three-dimensional pyramids are sold in online stores and cost a lot of money. We suggest that you do not rush into purchasing such a pyramid, since you can make it yourself. This is what this review is about.

So, we will need:
- glue gun;
- stationery knife;
- transparent organic glass;
- pliers;
- stencil;
- a mobile phone with a special holographic video.

With absence organic glass You can use the transparent plastic of the disc box. Links to videos will be provided at the end of the review. Note that the width of the upper part of the stencil is 10 mm, Bottom part– 60 mm, and height – 35 mm. It is also important that the pyramid is located at an angle of 45 degrees.

The first step is to glue the stencil onto the organic glass. Temporarily glue the stencil onto double-sided tape.

Further using stationery knife We make deep cuts and then break off the organic glass using pliers. You can first clamp the workpiece in a vice.

As a result, we should have a workpiece in the form of a triangle. If the chips remain uneven, they can be processed using sandpaper.

We perform the same operation three more times, since in total we should end up with four identical pieces.

The blanks for the three-dimensional illusion are ready, which means you can remove the backings and glue them together with a glue gun.

The three-dimensional hologram is ready. To see the illusion, you need to place it upside down strictly in the center on the smartphone screen. It is also necessary to cover the top of the pyramid with a piece of cardboard. According to the author, it is desirable that the cardboard be dark. All that remains is to launch the holographic video and observe the effect from any angle.

Useful tips

You can turn your smartphone into a holographic one 3-D player thanks to simple project, which was shown in his video by a user nicknamed Mrwhosetheboss.

This user created special device, which, together with a video sequence created specifically for the hologram, creates the illusion of a 3-D picture floating in the air.

You will need:

Old CD case

Sharp knife

A little duct tape

Ruler

Squared paper.

1. Draw 3 trapezoids on paper with dimensions of 1 cm x 3.5 cm x 6 cm.

2. Cut out the trapezoid.

3. Take the case for discs, carefully remove the sides, circle the trapezoid cut out of paper 4 times.

4. Using a utility knife, cut out 4 trapezoids.

5. Glue all the trapezoids together to form part of the pyramid.

6. Download demo video to your smartphone and use this design to view the hologram.

Here are some video clips that can be used for this technology:

How to make a hologram

Holographic video

Video clips that are used for this device are play the same picture on four sides.

When all these four video series are reflected in the panels of the created device, you get the illusion of a 3-D hologram.

Holographic effect

Unfortunately, such an illusion cannot be called a hologram, because Here 2-D pictures and videos are used to create the desired effect.

A true hologram creates a 3-D image and uses technology that separates laser beams.

Material publication date: 06/12/2003

“Girl with a Camera” - pulsed reflection hologram 30x40 cm. 1994. Author - Alexander Akilov.

A long time ago, in 1968, when I was still in 10th grade, I was lucky enough to visit the holographic cinema laboratory of NIKFI. Viktor Grigorievich Komar, who then headed the most advanced direction in visual holography, showed me large-format holograms, frames from holographic films, lasers and introduced me to a team of his talented employees. In addition to stunning impressions, I brought home a box of PE-2 photographic plates for recording reflection holograms.

I spent a long time looking for where I could get at least some kind of laser, and, Eventually, found it in Polytechnic Institute. I asked for the device for a couple of days and, without hesitation, began creating a hologram according to Yuri Denisyuk’s scheme.

I brought home a concrete curb slab and rolled it over my bed (to dampen vibrations). I built a recording circuit using vises, clamps and lenses from an old microscope. And as the first object he took a silver salt shaker filled to the top with salt. The developer was made according to the recipe recorded in NIKFI; fortunately, there were plenty of chemicals for photography at home. Calculated the exposure. It was about 5 minutes.

On the second attempt, a copy of the salt shaker appeared on the photographic plate, whether from hyperspace. You can’t imagine, at that moment I felt like Einstein, Kapitsa, no less. In the future, these youthful impressions determined many things in my life.

Now, 35 years after that significant evening for me, I note with regret that you still cannot find amateur holography during the day with fire. And the point here is not the price of lasers or the complexity of the equipment, or the lack of photographic materials on sale. It’s just that in order to make holograms at home, you need not only to know physics well, but also to be obsessed with the idea of ​​​​writing space on a plane.

A little physics.

The principle of holographic image recording is that the interference pattern of high-coherence standing light waves of two sources can be recorded on a photosensitive emulsion. Diffraction of light waves from one of these sources on a structure fixed in the developed emulsion restores the wavefront of the second source. In other words, diffraction and interference are invariant.

For those who have problems with physics, I will try to explain it “on fingers”.

Imagine a pool filled with water. In the pool with the help wide board we create waves. Nice waves, with a very even pitch. The waves reach the opposite wall of the pool, are reflected and run back. As a result of the superposition of two streams of waves, we get an amazing picture. The ridges will rise and fall, but we will not see them running. And the most interesting thing is that between the ridges there will be points that will neither rise nor fall relative to the water level in a calm pool. These are standing waves. And the effect that caused this phenomenon is called by physicists INTERFERENCE.

Light is also a wave, only electromagnetic. And here there will be a similar picture.

Let's assume that light wave passed through the transparent photographic emulsion, then reflected from a certain point on the object and headed back. The same picture should appear as in the pool. Where the stationary nodes of the emerging standing wave are located, there will always be darkness, and where the “ether” vibrates, there will be light. And most importantly, this “zebra” remains motionless in space.

We have learned to capture the picture of light and darkness using photographic methods. In the volume of photographic emulsion, a picture of standing light waves can be recorded. This will be the hologram. But imagine that the photographic plate or object moved a little during the exposure (by the amount of half a wavelength). The interference pattern will be blurred, which means that we simply won’t get a hologram.

For exposures on the order of a minute, we must ensure high stability of the circuit. This is the primary condition for obtaining holograms using low-power lasers.

Second no less important point. The frequency of the light wave (like the waves in the pool) must remain constant, otherwise we will get traveling interference waves rather than standing ones. In this case, it will also not be possible to capture the picture. That is why to record holograms, lasers are needed - sources of radiation of a stable frequency. Physicists call them sources of highly coherent radiation.

Each point of the photographic emulsion will record a complex web of interference patterns. If the developed emulsion is illuminated with light from the same source, the hologram will restore the bizarre shape of the light front, which was reflected from the real object when the hologram was recorded. The visual perception of the reconstructed light wave is indistinguishable from the observation of a real object.

But the most amazing thing is that holograms recorded using this scheme can be restored by a source white light. The fact is that spatial diffraction structures are selective to the radiation spectrum. The picture will be restored only by those wave frequencies that were used during recording, and the remaining rays will be absorbed by the hologram.

The devil is not as scary as he is painted.

So, we found out that to successfully record a reflection hologram according to Denisyuk’s scheme, a laser is required, for example neon helium with a power of 10 to 25 milliwatts. A platform protected from vibrations, a lens for expanding the laser beam, a photographic plate holder, mirrors with an external reflective coating (otherwise the reflection of the beam from the two reflective surfaces of the mirror will cause low-frequency interference, which will appear as stripes on the hologram). And of course, photographic plates are needed to record holograms.

Ordinary photographic materials are not suitable for this, because... the frequency of the interference pattern is commensurate with the length of the light wave, therefore the resolution of the photographic material must be at least 6000 lines per millimeter (micrat photographic film has a resolution of no more than 300 lines per millimeter, and ordinary photographic film no more than 75).

Today, the Pereslavl association “SLAVIC” produces photographic plates for holography, sensitive to the radiation of a helium-neon laser (623 nanometers) brand PFG-03M. Photographic materials are supplied along with a set of chemicals for their processing. For amateur holography it is better to use small formats:
- 102x127 mm
- 127x127 mm
- 130x180 mm

A photographic plate of this format is easy to attach. Exposures using a low-power laser will range from 15 to 45 seconds. The shorter the exposure, the less likely the interference pattern will shift when recording a hologram, and the higher the probability of success.

Experience in the field of holography has proven that the most vibration-sensitive part includes the object and the photographic plate. Consequently, the fastening of these elements relative to each other must be particularly reliable. The second most sensitive element to displacement is the lens for expanding the laser beam, the third, much less sensitive, is the laser itself.

Based on this, we will build an optical circuit. The simplest and reliable circuit- vertical, when the object and the photographic plate are fixed by the force of their own gravity, and their immobility during shooting is ensured by good vibration isolation.

The installation will consist of a rigid platform (1) supported by pneumatic supports (2) to dampen external vibrations, a registered object (6), a photoplate holder (4) in the form of three support points (3), a screen (5) to protect the end of the photoplate from hitting him laser radiation(light penetrating the end of the photographic plate is repeatedly reflected and creates unpleasant interference), a laser, a mirror with an external reflective coating (7) and a short-focus lens (8) to form a coherent beam of light illuminating the scene.

Some tips for fans of visual holography.

How to get a hologram?

Firstly, you need a laser, and as we know, it is not cheap. See link:
http://foto-service.ru/advices/1808.php
Secondly, we need special photographic plates with very high resolution(from 1500 to 6000 lines per millimeter).
Thirdly, the sensitivity of photo plates for recording holograms is very low (much lower than the lowest sensitivity film for ordinary photography).
Fourthly, recording a hologram is recording the interference pattern of a light wave, where the distances between adjacent image details are almost two times less than the wavelength, so the vibrations of the elements of the optical recording circuit should be an order of magnitude smaller.

Indeed, before you make your first hologram, you will have to go through thorns and stars physical experiment. But you can shorten the path to success, for which I advise you to use the experience of pioneers and at the same time not step on their rake. See link:
http://foto-service.ru/advices/1793.php

The depth of the scene that can be recorded on a hologram is determined by the so-called coherence length of the laser. Typically it ranges from a centimeter (for laser pointers) to a quarter of a meter (for helium-neon lasers).

When recording a hologram using a continuous laser low power(namely, such devices are affordable for a simple amateur) Special attention should pay attention to issues of vibration isolation, because on the scale of the interference pattern, even in a calm apartment there is literally a storm. If professionals can afford holographic tables on pneumatic supports weighing several tons, then ordinary apartment Without much harm to the other residents, an area no larger than a desk can be allocated for holography.

To create the skeleton of a small-sized holographic installation, I recommend using aluminum pipes filled with viscous tar. Almost all parts of the installation should be designed in the form of bodies of rotation, because Turning is much cheaper than milling, and even more so than grinding.

This design allows identical elements, as if from a construction set, assemble a wide variety of configurations of sufficient rigidity. By the way, many people consider rigidity to be the main criterion for the performance of an installation, but this is not so. Even a cast iron table will vibrate weakly in resonance sound vibrations due to the high elasticity of the material. It’s another matter when the vibrations quickly fade. Thanks to the viscous filler, there will be no resonances, and, therefore, long-term vibrations will not occur.

The frame made of pipes is rigidly attached to the lower platform on six balls - vibration-isolating supports. The design of the installation base is made in the form of a metal hollow box, which is subsequently filled with dry sand or tar. The upper part of the frame is tightened by a metal frame on which the laser and part of the optical elements are placed. The location of the laser on top is also reasonable. In this case, convective flows from heat-emitting elements are excluded. A simple polyethylene cover to eliminate turbulent air flows will not be superfluous here. fasten individual parts optical design better with glue"cold welding" type.

Recording a hologram in colliding beams is most suitable for beginners. The photographic plate is mounted in front of the object and illuminated by a diverging laser beam. It couldn't be simpler. But ensuring the stability of all elements of a seemingly simple circuit is not so easy.

When recording small-format holograms, both objects and the photographic plate are perfectly fixed on three points of support under their own weight (you just need to remember that the gravity vector must pass approximately through the center of this triangle, otherwise the slightest vibration will lead to oscillations of these elements).

For a tubular frame, the holographic photographic plate holder would look something like this.

It is important not to allow the laser beam to hit the end of the glass of the photographic plate, as this will lead to reflections and spoil the hologram. To do this, the photographic plate should be recessed 1-2 millimeters below the surface of the metal holder.

Design of an installation for recording holograms “in colliding beams.” See link:
http://foto-service.ru/advices/1796.php

I advise you to design pinholes and optical holders with micro-adjustment from elements shaped like bodies of rotation (to save costs, of course). See link:
http://foto-service.ru/advices/1798.php

Recording rainbow holograms - a good start for future artists who want to work in holography techniques.

Anyone who has independently recorded a hologram at least once in their life will not forget how, during drying, a three-dimensional scene sparkling with reflections is born from the blackening plane of a wet photographic plate. But you will soon get tired of fixing a pile of coins, a camera, a figurine, a watch or your mobile phone, and you will want to create something amazing with your imagination.

Denisyuk's scheme is sufficient to write the set interesting effects, for example, various kinds of interferograms, sequential registration of several objects in order to obtain the effect of a fantastic intersection of material volumes, the creation of local shrinkage of the emulsion for pseudo-coloring of shallow scenes with a black background and a number of other effects. But the truly fantastic possibilities for creating expressive artistic techniques, up to the creation of color compositions, is provided by the rainbow hologram technique.

Master hologram recording scheme

1 - laser, 2 - cylindrical lens (glass rod), 3 and 5 - mirrors, 4 - beam splitter in the form of a diffraction grating, which can be synthesized holographically (this requires maximum noise reduction), 6 - diffuser in the form of frosted glass, 7 - photographic plate, 8 - recorded scene.

First, I will list the advantages that the given scheme for recording the original hologram in the form of a narrow horizontal strip provides:
- low frequency interference image allows the use of more highly sensitive photographic materials and reduces exposure time by orders of magnitude;
- receive diffused lighting for more effective registration of mirror and highly glare surfaces;
- record pseudo-color compositions;
- significantly reduce the contrast of interference fringes when recording with laser diodes (this is facilitated by the length of the illuminating surface of the diffuser);
- the given scheme has a smaller number of elements compared to the classical notation scheme according to Benton.

Rainbow copy recording scheme.

1 - laser, 2 - cylindrical lens, 3 and 5 mirrors, 4 - diffraction grating, 6 - spherical lens, 7 - master hologram, 8 - large cylindrical lens with focus in the plane of the master hologram, 9 - photographic plate for recording a rainbow copy .

Creating a rainbow hologram occurs in two stages:
- recording a master hologram;
- registration of a rainbow copy (the master should be rotated so as to obtain a real image in the plane of the cylindrical lens)

A high-quality rainbow hologram on a thick emulsion (the so-called 3D hologram) can only be recorded using a large cylindrical lens, which allows the actual image of the aperture of one color to be reconstructed without the unpleasant change in image brightness across the entire aperture (referring to the Bragg effect in a thick emulsion). A large cylindrical lens is not easy to find, and ordering is expensive. It’s better to make it yourself in the form of a liquid lens, like the one used in the first televisions. To do this, you can bend a sheet of organic glass, cut it so that it can be inserted into a rectangular black frame and sealed. The front flat surface of the lens can be made from a holographic plate washed from the emulsion. It is better to pour distilled water into the optical container obtained from the transparent walls. You can attach a photographic plate to register a rainbow copy directly to flat glass moistened with a transparent liquid. The capillary effect can fix photographic material better than any spring.

The above scheme allows the use of the simplest optical elements, since after bleaching the diffraction noise from dust particles is practically invisible, and the image brightness will be excellent.

Recording one rainbow copy from two or more master strips, shifted vertically (we consider their position in the coordinates of the circuit), creates the effect of multi-colored elements of the synthesized scene.

Such rainbow holograms can be restored with a regular incandescent lamp as if they were reflective, pressing a regular mirror from behind.

The proposed scheme for recording rainbow holograms works perfectly with a diode-pumped solid-state green laser (20 mW with a coherence length of about 10 meters). The use of domestic photographic plates VRP or FPR (sensitivity 0.5 J/m2) is more than sufficient for professional work holograph artist. The cost of such a laser will be about $1200, but these costs are compensated by the high quality of visual holograms.
http://www.laser-compact.ru/products/LCMS111.shtml

And if you have both the gift of an artist and a passion for natural sciences, nothing will stop you from creating real masterpieces.

Every year many students make holograms. They need it to complete certain tasks. In fact, the manufacturing process is very simple. The main thing is to have about 30 minutes of free time and a dark, quiet room at your disposal. This is very important, since it will not be possible to make a hologram at home in daylight.

What you need to create a hologram

What is a hologram made from? How to do quality product without special expensive equipment? It's simple. It's enough to collect everything necessary materials and find a secluded place. To make a hologram you will need:

1. Setting up objects to photograph.
2. Camera.
3. Helium-neon laser.
4. Developer for photographic film.
5. Lantern with green light.
6. Hair dryer.
7. or a slide projector.

Hologram - what is it?

What is a hologram? How to do it right? The answers to these questions are simple and lie on the surface. It is enough to understand only what a hologram is. Essentially, this is a snapshot of an interference image that is formed by several beams of light directed with different sides directly to the object. But that's not all. Beams of light must come from the same source. However, they must have a fixed phase difference.

Optical installation

Now you know what a hologram is. How to make it at home without special costs? Many people think that this is simply impossible. However, it is not. A hologram is usually made using a special photo installation. If desired, you can also do it yourself. On the main frame it is necessary to fix a rectangular frame made of tubes with a square cross-section. Such a workpiece should be installed on a fairly strong sheet of plywood. At the same time, the structure must be stable. The object to be photographed should be placed on the additional tube.

The main part of this installation is an optical bench, the length of which is half a meter. You need to install several tripod holders on it. They will screw into the lens. The latter should be biconcave. lenses should be 3 centimeters. The optical bench should be painted matte black.

First stage

The finished optical installation must be placed on a table or a stable base. To remove harmful vibrations, you can place coffee jars filled with bulk material. Now you need to take a sheet of white paper and cut it so that its parameters match the size of the film. After this, it must be placed on the glass, which is inserted into the holding frame. The lenses should be adjusted so that their center is on the same axis as the center of the paper.

Hologram: how to make

To obtain a hologram, you will have to use a helium-neon laser, which has an output power of 5 MW. The device must be turned on, and then its height must be adjusted. The laser beam should illuminate the sheet of paper evenly. All elements of the system must be carefully adjusted. The optical bench should be secured to the base and the position of the holders should be noted.

After this, you can photograph the object. Exposure time is usually determined by the sensitivity of the film. This indicator can range from a fraction of a second to several seconds. When photographing, the structure must be level and motionless. It is worth considering that any vibration will lead to distortion.

Working with film

So, your hologram is almost ready. How to make it lighter? After taking the picture, you need to treat the film with a bleach mixture. This substance is very easy to prepare. To do this, you need to mix 900 milliliters of water with 30 grams of ferrous sulfate and the same amount of potassium bromide. After preparation, the volume of the composition must be brought to one liter.

The film should be developed under green light. To dry the finished photographic material, you can use a regular hair dryer. That's all. Now you know how to make a 3D hologram.