Fusarium wilt of the apple tree. Fusarium grain blight: danger and measures to reduce harmfulness. Distribution of fungi of the genus Fusarium

Fusarium is a common and dangerous fungal disease. Fusarium is an infectious disease of plants (cultivated and wild) caused by fungi of the genus Fusarium. Plants are affected at any age. The fungus is in the soil and penetrates the plant through the soil and wounds. In young plants, the disease manifests itself in the form of rotting of the roots and root neck. In these places, the tissues turn brown, the stem becomes thinner, the leaves turn yellow. Soon the whole plant withers and dies. The disease mainly spreads in foci. The infection spreads through the soil. Weakened plants are most susceptible to the disease. The development of the disease is promoted by high humidity of the soil and air.

The disease is common in all climatic zones. When fusarium affects the vascular system (fusarium wilt) and plant tissues (rot of roots, fruits and seeds, fusarium of ears, cobs; other types of fusarium). Pathogens persist for a long time in the soil and on plant debris, enter plants through the root system and the lower part of the stem.

The source of infection can also be infected seeds and seedlings. The rapid development of the disease is facilitated by unfavorable factors (sharp fluctuations in temperature and humidity of air and soil, lack of soil nutrition, etc.), which weaken the plant, damage by insects, etc. In Fusarium wilt, damage and death of plants occur due to a sharp violation of vital functions due to blockage of blood vessels mycelium of the fungus and the release of toxic substances (fusaric acid, lycomarasmin, etc.).

The disease begins with root rot. Pathogens penetrate from the soil, first into small roots, then, as the mycelium grows, into larger ones. Then, along the conductive vessels, they rise into the stem and reach the leaves. The lower leaves wither, the edges of the rest become watery, and some areas are pale green or light yellow. Vessels of leaves and petioles weaken, and sluggish leaves hang along the stem. At temperatures below + 16 ° C, diseased plants die quickly enough. At the same time, fungi secrete toxins that cause decomposition of cell tissues, root rot, browning and drying of branches and leaves. With increased humidity, a delicate white coating forms on the surface of the leaves.

Signs of defeat

With fusarium, the vascular system (fusarium wilt) and plant tissues (rot of roots, fruits and seeds) are affected. With Fusarium wilt, lesions and death of plants occur due to a sharp violation of vital functions due to blockage of vessels by the mycelium of the fungus and the release of toxic substances by it. In the affected plants, poor flowering, yellowing and falling of leaves, darkened, underdeveloped roots, and general wilting are observed. On the cut of the stem and leaves, dark vessels are visible. At temperatures below + 16 ° C, diseased plants die quickly enough.

On the bulbs, more often near the bottom, reddish-brown spots appear pressed inward (therefore, fusarium in bulbs is very often called red rot), which, with high humidity, become covered with a pinkish-white bloom. During storage, the disease progresses rapidly and the bulbs rot, being a serious source of infection.

Fusarium wilts are especially dangerous for all bulbous plants, neoregelia, roses, chrysanthemums, echmea, anthurium, gerbera, cyclamen, balsam, zygocactus and other articulated cacti.

Ways to fight

For the prevention of Fusarium blight of indoor plants, the soil must be calcined or frozen, the seeds must be treated before sowing. When preparing the soil mixture, you can add Trichodermin - a few grains per pot with a diameter of 25 cm. Do not neglect the rules for keeping indoor plants - the disease develops only on weakened plants.

Very often, the disease is detected too late, when the process has captured most of the plant and its death is inevitable. Sick plants and bulbs are immediately isolated, and healthy ones are sprayed with Benomyl (Fundazol). Bulbs before planting and storage are etched with Fludioxonil (Maxim drug) for 30 minutes, then dried for a day.

If the plant is not severely affected, you can try to root a cutting from it. It is necessary to cut off the top, keep it for 8 hours in a solution of Benomyl (Fundazol) with the addition of a drop of Epin. If the cutting takes root and does not die in the near future, it means that he coped with the disease.

Biological antifungal drugs "Trichodermin" or "Mikosan-V". "Fitosporin-M", "Phytocide" it is desirable to start using even from the stage of sowing seeds into the ground.

Prevention

The development of the disease is facilitated by high humidity of the soil and air, so ventilate the premises more often, loosen the top layer of the earth and disinfect the soil before use. When working, sterilize tools - a knife, scissors and even garter material (wire, thread) with alcohol. When using water from natural reservoirs or rainwater, it can be pre-conditioned with Fitosporin-M.

Fusarium in various plants

Aster

Fusarium wilt, or aster fusarium, is a fungal disease that is caused by one of the fungi of the Fusarium genus. The disease usually manifests itself already in adult plants, in the phase of budding and the beginning of flowering. Radical measures to combat the disease have not yet been invented. However, there are preventive control measures that can reduce the incidence. It is very important for the aster to create a crop rotation on the site, and crop rotation on large areas. Astra should alternate with other flower and vegetable plants so that it returns to its original place no earlier than after 5 years.

Manure and fresh compost should not be applied to the site that is being prepared for planting asters, but only humus and well-rotted compost. Field resistance to Fusarium is increased by all methods that increase the physiological resistance of plants, namely: presowing treatment of seeds with microelement solutions, growing healthy, strong seedlings, foliar top dressing with macro- and microfertilizers. Plants should not be planted densely, it is necessary that the aisles are well ventilated and water does not stagnate at the root collar. Plants affected by Fusarium should be removed from the site or from the flower garden as soon as possible. In no case should they be buried in the ground or composted. They must be burned. And of course, it is very important to choose the most resistant to Fusarium varieties for planting.

tomatoes

The first sign of damage is that the lower leaves wilt slightly and become chlorotic. In the lower part of the stem, the vessels become dark brown. The severity of symptoms increases on a hot day, over time, the disease covers the entire plant. Most of the leaves wither and the plant dies. Vascular necrosis is found in the upper part of the stem and in the petioles.

One of the preventive means of struggle is the use of healthy seed material. Growing disease-resistant hybrids (Red Arrow F1, Porthos F1, Titanic F1, Chibli F1, Erato F1, Santiago F1, etc.). The introduction of trichodermin into the seedling mixture (1–2 g/plant) and into the soil (at the rate of 100 kg/ha) before planting in a permanent place can reduce the damage to plants both in the early period and in adulthood.

Treating seeds with fungicides and warming up before sowing eliminates seed infection. Spraying plants and spilling the soil during the growing season with the onset of wilting symptoms with drugs from the benzimidazole group can restrain the development of the disease.

Ear

This disease occurs in all areas of cereal crops and is the cause of significant grain losses during wheat harvesting. The quality of grain also suffers significantly: the ability to germinate decreases, baking quality deteriorates and, due to the formation of mycotoxins, the possibility of using this grain as feed is reduced. Along with wheat, barley and rye are susceptible to Fusarium disease.

In exceptional cases, the entire ear becomes barren. But, as a rule, only individual spikelets and parts of ears (partial empty ear) are affected. Such spikelets often have a yellowish-pinkish bloom or are colored red. When affected by the fungus Gerlachia nivalis, clearly defined brown spots appear on the scales.

Potato

The disease develops on tubers during storage of potatoes. On the tubers, grayish-brown, slightly depressed spots are formed. Then the flesh under the spot becomes loose, acquires a brownish color. It forms voids filled with white, yellowish or dark fluffy mycelium of the fungus. The affected tissue dries quickly, the peel shrinks, forming folds around the original stain.

For the fight, compliance with the storage regime is required; prevention of mechanical damage to tubers during harvesting; control of diseases and pests during the growing season.

How do you deal with this disease? Looking forward to your advice!

The cause of the disease are fungi of the Fusarium family, which affect the tissues and vascular system of plants.

Plant infection occurs when the fungus enters the root system or the basal part of the stem. The disease can persist in the soil for a long time, and also develop from infected seeds.

In the absence of appropriate care for the plant or its damage by pests, the development of the disease is accelerated. An infected plant quickly withers due to blockage of blood vessels.

High humidity, lack of minerals in the soil and sudden changes in temperature can trigger the disease.

Most often, the disease begins an attack through the root system: from small roots it passes to large ones, and then it reaches the foliage along the stem.

A diseased plant dies much faster if the room temperature is below + 15ºC.

Fusarium wilt leads to decay of the root system and death of plants, as it causes violations of their basic vital functions, due to blockage of blood vessels by Fusarium and the influence of its toxic substances.

Fusarium is very dangerous during storage of bulbs: if at least one specimen is affected by the disease, it not only rots itself, but also becomes a serious source of infections.

Fusarium signs

Affected plants due to blockage of blood vessels do not bloom well, their leaves begin to turn yellow and fall off.

Withering begins with the lower leaves, the leaves located above become watery. In some cases, spots of light yellow and light green shades form on the foliage. The weakening of the vessels in the petioles causes them to sag, so the affected leaves hang along the stem.

On a cut of the stem, darkened vessels can be seen, which indicate a fungal infection.

Due to exposure to toxic substances, the branches and leaves of the plant, drying out, acquire a brown tint.

A high level of humidity in the room causes the formation of a white coating on the leaves.

The disease on the bulbs is manifested by the formation of red-brown spots, pressed inwards, located in the lower part. At high humidity of the room, these spots are covered with a pale pink bloom.

Methods for the treatment of fusarium

1. Prevention of Fusarium

Treatment is always more difficult than taking preventive measures to prevent the disease. Nothing gives complete protection of indoor plants from Fusarium, but the likelihood of the disease is reduced by preliminary disinfection of the soil in which the plants will be planted. The soil is pre-calcined or frozen.

Treating the seeds before sowing will give greater protection.

If you prepare the soil yourself, add a few grains of Trichodermin (for a pot of 25 centimeters).

Always monitor the humidity of the room and the temperature regime: do not allow sudden changes. Pay attention to the timeliness of feeding.

If preventive measures do not bring results, the process becomes more complicated. Plants heavily affected by the disease cannot be saved, so destroy it as soon as possible to prevent infection of neighbors.

If the disease was noticed in the early stages, treat with Vitaros, Bental or Previkur, preparing a solution with a concentration of 2g per liter.

Plants adjacent to the diseased, but not showing signs of infection, are treated with benomyl.

Sick bulbs and plants for the duration of treatment are transferred to a room that does not contain other plants.

Before planting in the soil, the bulbs are treated with Maxim for half an hour, after which they are thoroughly dried for one day.

Hello. Can you please tell me how to get rid of Fusarium wilt? Last summer, cabbage, eggplant, and tomatoes fell ill on the site. Watered with potassium permanganate, but still did not save. It's a pity, because this disease is detected when the plant is already strong. Plants fell ill in the area where humus was scattered in the spring. I'm afraid that everything will repeat itself this year. What to do?

Tamara Tulinova, question from the Garden World website

Other gardeners also approached the editor with a similar question. They say that last year there was just an "epidemic" of this disease. Suddenly mature plants withered: asters, zinnias and even phloxes! It was especially a pity for the eggplant, which already had ovaries.

WHAT IS DISEASE?

Gardeners themselves diagnose: Fusarium wilt. The causative agent of the disease is a fungus that lives in the soil. Attacks roots. If you dig it out, you can see that the roots turn black and die off. They cannot feed the plant with moisture. That is why the leaves wither, as from lack of watering. Very quickly, the whole plant dries up and dies.

Compost can become a source of infection if tops from diseased plants were placed in it. Also, infected soil can be brought into the garden with purchased planting material. Seedlings in containers are often sick with Fusarium.

In addition to Fusarium wilt, there is a similar disease - vertille wilt. It develops very rapidly, the plants die in just 2-3 days. Strawberries and clematis often suffer from vertille wilt. The second name for this disease is wilt.

CONTROL MEASURES

FUNGICIDES are used against fungal diseases. Potassium permanganate is a very weak fungicide, and does NOT cope with Fusarium!

Chemical preparations can be used on ornamental plants - Maxim, Vitaros, Fundazol. It is advisable to shed all purchased plants with these preparations directly in the container or immediately when planting in the ground.

For vegetable plants, especially in the fruiting stage, it is better to limit yourself to biological preparations.

Plants affected by Fusarium are very difficult to save, so every effort must be made to prevent the disease. That is, ways to combat fusarium should be preventive - they need to be applied IN ADVANCE, without waiting for the symptoms to appear!

Preparations have been created specifically to protect the roots from fungal diseases. GLIOCLADIN and TRICHOCIN. These are biological fungicides that are harmless to plants. They allow you to get an environmentally friendly crop.

Glyocladin and Trichocin preparations are based on a useful microscopic fungus Trichoderma (Trichoderma). Once in the soil, it displaces pathogenic microflora and protects plants from pathogenic fungi.

Glyocladin and Trichocin should be used even at the seedling stage. In this way, the plants will be protected from the harmful fungus before planting in the garden.

When preparing the soil for sowing or picking, fungicides are applied to purchased soil or garden soil harvested in the fall. Consumption rate - 1 tablet of Glyocladin per 300-400 ml of soil. Tablets should be mixed with the ground (for example, in a basin) and watered to moderate humidity. Leave for about a week. In this way we disinfect the soil. Any crop can be planted in it. There will be no black leg and other diseases.

When picking, Glyocladin tablets can be added to seedlings - one per 300-500 ml of soil.

The drug Trichocin is available in powder form. It is convenient to apply it to the garden when planting seedlings in a greenhouse or in open ground. The powder dissolves in a watering can and is applied to the soil by watering. When transplanting seedlings into a greenhouse, the hole can be shed with a solution of Trichocin.

If you notice signs of fusarium on plants (withering of leaves in wet soil), then immediately apply Gliocladin tablets to the root zone.

When using any biological preparations, do not forget that they contain LIVE microorganisms. The soil must always be moist. To preserve moisture, be sure to mulch the trunk circle or the entire garden!

If you want the coniferous plantations on the site to please you for many years with dense healthy greenery, a healing aroma, entrust the care of them to specialists. The gardeners of the landscape workshop Lenotre-Park will do everything necessary to ensure that your spruce, pine and fir trees are not touched by any disease, including such a fatal one as fusarium.

Fusarium is one of the most dangerous diseases of the representatives of the flora, caused by a fungus of the genus Fusarium. Plants, in practice, can not be saved. The insidiousness of this disease is that when symptoms become noticeable, it is usually too late to take any measures. Fusarium treatment is a complex, long process with no guarantee of recovery.

Signs and causes of Fusarium lesions

The fact is that the pathogens are in the soil and the damage to the plant begins with the roots. Having first penetrated into the peripheral root system, the fungus grows and gradually penetrates into the vascular system of the plant, filling it with mycelium, releasing toxins and rising higher and higher along the trunk. Accordingly, the access of nutrients from the soil is blocked.

How does fusarium manifest?

To a greater extent, annual plants suffer from fusarium - cereals, legumes, pumpkin, nightshade, flowers (indoor and garden), etc.

In young plants, the root neck becomes thinner, blackens. The plant withers, withers and disappears. Fruits, seeds, ears, tubers, cobs, pods, etc. are affected by rot. In bulbous plants, depressed brown spots with a whitish coating form near the bottom, the plant turns yellow and dries.

The spores of the fungus can also be found in the seed material. When planting, getting into the soil, the fungus develops and begins its destructive activity.

In park gardening, spruce, pine, fir and other conifers are susceptible to Fusarium wilt. Seedlings of fruit and ornamental trees at a young age, berry bushes are also not immune from root rot, but this happens less frequently.

Causes of Fusarium

• Infected seeds or planting material.
• Dense planting, insufficient ventilation.
• Insufficient illumination.
• Incorrect top dressing (excessive application of fresh manure).
• Stagnation of moisture in the soil.

Fusarium treatment

The treatment of this disease, as already mentioned, is a complex and multi-stage process (we are now talking about tree disease). It is better to entrust it to specialists. After all, we entrust our health not to every doctor who imagines himself to be, but to people with a medical education and, preferably, with experience.

The type of tree, age, planting site, degree of damage - everything matters. The gardener or agronomist, first of all, find out the causes of the disease and eliminate them (if possible). Then systemic fungicides are selected for spraying the crown, injections are made under the bark with special preparations, the soil is disinfected and dressed.

These activities are carried out systematically until the symptoms disappear. After that, a course is assigned to strengthen the immunity of the tree. In addition, other plants in the garden are examined and preventive work is carried out to prevent their infection.

As you can see, this business requires special knowledge, a conscious program of action.

Gardeners and agronomists of the Lenotre-Park landscape workshop will always come to the rescue in the fight against such a formidable disease as Fusarium of ornamental or fruit trees and shrubs. Call the contact number listed on the site.

If annuals are affected by Fusarium, they are pulled out and burned. And the soil and plants that are nearby are pickled with a solution of potassium permanganate, sprinkled with a mixture of powdered sulfur and ash.

Fusarium is easier to prevent than to treat

Although Fusarium is a formidable disease, it rarely appears in areas where the elementary rules of agricultural technology are observed. Your plants will not suffer a sad fate if you follow these precautions:

• Before planting annuals, bulbs, it is necessary to pickle the seeds and bulbs in biological fungicides.
• When planting seedlings, pre-ignite the soil, treat with Trichodermin systemic fungicide.
• Treat the roots of seedlings with Trichodermin or another fungicide of the appropriate class.
• You can add dolomite flour or chalk to the soil, which significantly reduces the risk of root rot.
• When planting seedlings, care must be taken to drain and remove excess moisture.
• It is necessary to ensure ventilation and illumination of landings.
• Loosening the soil, removing weeds should be carried out regularly.
• It is necessary to observe crop rotation, alternating plant species.
• For prevention, it is advisable to water flowers, shrubs once (at the end of May, beginning of June) under the root with a weak solution of potassium permanganate with boric acid.
• Conduct pre-sowing deep digging of the soil.
• Carry out complex top dressing, given that potassium-phosphorus fertilizers enhance plant immunity to fungal diseases.

), hazardous to human and animal health.

Protective measures: alternation of grain crops and corn with a break of at least one year in the crop rotation; cultivation of varieties tolerant to the disease (highly disease-resistant varieties do not exist); seed treatment with fungicides to reduce the development of seedling rot (the event does not affect the development of fusariosis of the ear); treatment of plants with fungicides, to some extent reducing the harmfulness of the disease; incorporation of plant residues, contributing to the reduction of the disease; seed storage at less than 14% moisture to prevent pathogen growth and mycotoxin production.

Fusarium ear of rye

Fusarium ear of barley

Fusarium alfalfa

Called by species complex Fusarium, among which dominates Fusarium oxysporum. The fungus causes root rot and plant wilt. The leaves turn whitish-yellow initially on one stem, later the other stems of the bush turn yellow, and then the whole plant. The top of the stem dries up or the whole plant dries up. In a diseased plant, the main root and root collar begin to rot. Sometimes the roots look outwardly healthy, but browning of the vascular fibrous bundles is observed on the cut. Fusarium wilt is more common on 2-3 year old and older alfalfa. Aerial mycelium on potato-sucrose agar is membranous-cobweb or felt, low, pale lilac or white. Macroconidia are few. Microconidia are abundant, in false heads, cylindrical, oval, ellipsoidal, unicellular. Chlamydospores intermediate and apical, smooth, solitary and in pairs, rounded, uncolored.

The development of the disease is promoted by increased acidity and unstable water regime in the soil, as well as high temperature. On the territory of the former Soviet Union, alfalfa fusarium is registered in the Voronezh region, Rostov region, Stavropol Territory, Krasnodar Territory, the Baltic States, Ukraine (Poltava region, Kharkov region) and Uzbekistan (Tashkent). The disease can cause the death of alfalfa and lead to sparse crops. Protective measures: destruction of plant residues, compliance with the crop rotation recommended for each zone, use of resistant varieties.

Fusarium seedlings of corn

Pathogens: fungi of the genus Fusarium. The disease is ubiquitous.
Low temperature during seed germination, high humidity and acidity of the soil enhance the development of the disease. On the surface of the germinating grain, there is a slight coating of pink or white fungus. Shortly after the emergence of corn plants on the surface, the sprout turns brown and dies. If the sprout survives, then it has a poorly developed root system, diseased plants are stunted, the leaves dry up, some plants lie down.
Protective measures: it is recommended to sow with treated seeds in well-warmed areas and at the optimum time; to carry out a complex of agrotechnical measures that contribute to faster seed germination and better plant development. Much attention is paid to the creation and use of disease-resistant hybrids.

Fusarium cobs of corn

Pathogens: hemibiotrophs Fusarium verticillioides(Sacc.) Nirenberg (syn.: Fusarium moniliforme J. Sheld., Gibberella moniliformis wineland).
On the surface of corn cobs at the end of milky - the beginning of waxy ripeness, a pale pink coating of the fungus appears. With a thick coating, the grains are destroyed. On the cob there may be 15-30 dilapidated grains. The plaque is a mycelium and microconidia of the fungus. The source of infection is infected seeds and post-harvest residues of corn. In spring, germination of microconidia and infection of plants is observed. On the post-harvest residues of corn, the marsupial stage of the fungus can form - Gibberella fujikuroi. In this case, ascospores can also be a source of infection. Insect-damaged grains are particularly susceptible to fungal infection.
Fusarium on the cob is the most widespread disease in corn, especially in areas with high humidity. In these areas, up to 50-60% of corn crops are affected. Fusarium cobs leads to a decrease in yield and a deterioration in its quality. The disease continues to develop when cobs are stored in conditions of high humidity and insufficient aeration. Mushroom F. moniliforme can produce mycotoxins known as fumonisins. These toxins are carcinogenic to humans and animals.
Protective measures: removal of diseased cobs; autumn plowing of the field with the removal of plant residues of corn; seed dressing; carrying out measures to combat insects that damage cobs; proper storage conditions for cobs and control of mycotoxins prior to grain storage.

Pea Fusarium (root rot and tracheomycosis wilt)

Fusarium rice

Pathogens: some species of the genus Fusarium, in particular Fusarium graminearum Schwabe (syn.: Gibberella zeae(Schwein.) Petch).
The spots on the surface of the glumes are whitish at first, then yellow, pink or carmine. Affected grains are light, feeble, crumbling, may have a reddish color or brown spots. Stem nodes rot, blacken and collapse. The stems wither, break and the plants lie down. On the scales, sporodochia, clusters of conidia, blue-black perithecia can be seen. Perithecia also form at the nodes of affected stems. The source of the primary inoculum is the affected plant residues on which bags with ascospores, overwintered conidia and infected seeds are preserved. The fungus remains in seeds for more than 13 months. The germination of affected rice seeds is reduced by 2-3 times. The fungus produces mycotoxins that contaminate grain.
Protective measures: optimal agricultural technology, crop rotation, cultivation of relatively resistant varieties, destruction of affected plant residues, cleaning of seed material from feeble seeds, dressing seeds before sowing, spraying with fungicides during the growing season.
On the territory of the former USSR, the disease is noted in the Rostov region, the Caspian region, the Krasnodar Territory, Dagestan, the Far East, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.

Fusarium root rot of wheat

Fusarium soybean (root rot, tracheomycosis wilt)

Sunflower fusarium, sunflower root rot

Fusarium or tracheomycosis wilt of conifers

Fusarium wilt of tomatoes

Fusarium wilt of cucumber

Cucumber root rot

Tracheomycosis wilt of rhododendron

Pathogen: fungus Fusarium oxyspopum. Symptoms: the roots turn brown and rot, the fungus penetrates the vascular system of the plant and fills it, blocking the movement of nutrients. Leaves, starting from the upper parts of the shoots, gradually lose turgor, turn brown and dry. The leaves fall off along with the petioles, and a grayish-white mycelium begins to spread from the vessels of the stem along the bark. The infection persists in plant debris and infected plants.
Control measures: timely burning of dead plants along with the roots. In industrial cultivation, preventive spraying of plants and watering the root zone with a 0.2% solution of fundazole.

Notes

1. Sokolov M.S. SKNIIF research on the epiphytiology of fusariosis of the ear and fusariotoxygenesis // Abstracts of reports: fusariosis of the ear of grain cereals. - Krasnodar, 1992. - S. 4-7.
2. Shipilova N.P., Gagkaeva T.Yu. Fusarium of the ear and grain in the North-West region of Russia // Zashchita rasteniya: Zhurnal. - 1992. - No. 11. - S. 7-8.
3. Levitin M., Ivashenko V., Shipilova N., Gagkaeva T. Fusarium head blight of the cereal crops in Russia // Plant Protection. - 2000. - T. 51, No. 231-232. - pp. 111-122.
4. Voilokov A.V., Gagkaeva T.Yu., Dmitriev A.P., Baranova O.A. Resistance of autofertile lines of winter rye to brown rust and fusariosis, Byull. VIZR. - 1998. - No. 78-79. - pp. 59-63.
5. Levitin M.M., Ivashchenko V.G., Shipilova N.P., Nesterov A.N., Gagkaeva T.Yu., Potorochina I.G., Afanasyeva O.B. Causative agents of Fusarium head blight of grain crops and manifestations of the disease in the north-west of Russia // Mykolgia and Phytopathology. - 1994. - T. 28, No. 3. - S. 58-64.
6. Shipilova N. P. Species composition and bioecological features of causative agents of Fusarium seed blight // Abstract of the thesis. diss. Ph.D. - 1994.