Plywood in the interior: features and scope of sheets. Plywood in the interior: a new look Decor in the nursery from plywood

Last week, as part of the HOMI Moscow interior exhibition, designer Elena Tikhonova(MARCHI graduate, head of the Cameleon interiors design bureau) told how to use the features of plywood and MDF for the benefit of the interior, as well as whether living near these materials is really dangerous for health.

Plywood

Plywood is made from thin veneers, the layers of which are pressed and glued so that the fibers of each layer are perpendicular to the fibers of the previous one. This technology allows forming sheets of any size and thickness. They are durable and flexible at the same time, they are easily attached in a variety of ways (glue, self-tapping screws, nails) and accept any finishes well.

Due to the fact that plywood sheets can be large in size, they are very popular in Europe for decorating walls and other surfaces. "Plywood" interiors are minimalistic and cozy.

As a rule, plywood is not tinted or painted, since its charm lies in the pattern on the surface and on the cut. However, the panels can be stained. They can be attached so that the fibers are parallel, or you can make accent squares with a perpendicular pattern.

The wall in the photo below is a real art object. The sheets are placed end-to-end to the viewer and polished. The result was a three-dimensional construction with an emphasis on a beautiful cut of plywood.

In this and similar works, the relief on the end of the litas looks very impressive.

Plywood is much cheaper than veneer or solid wood, but, like them, it allows you to bring a real wood texture into the interior. You can play, for example, on the contrast between cold white walls and rough wood.

The similarity or difference of textures, color accents allow you to zone the space, change its architecture.

In the photo below - the interior, reminiscent of a topographic map. Sheets of plywood are simply cut, sanded and laid on top of each other with some beating. Making a table or shelves using this technique is easy even on your own.

In the children's room, plywood is rare, but also found.

Plywood can be used to create multifunctional and mobile furniture, such as shelving for a small room.

At the same time, being the only flexible wood material, it allows you to give the object a very different shape. Lamps, partitions, tables - many things made of plywood look very simple, but at the same time, due to its pattern, it is interesting.

Fashionable minimalistic decor is made from plywood: animal heads, small Christmas panels, letters.

MDF

MDF is an abbreviation derived from the term Medium density fibreboard, "medium density fibreboard". As the name implies, this material is made from individual wood fibers that are dried, pressed and sanded. Visually, MDF is much simpler than plywood, it does not please with excellent textures and flexibility, but it is very good for cutting and working with relief.

“For us, this material is quite new, it was mastered only in 1997, and now it is mainly used for furniture,” says Elena. “Unlike living wood, which has the ability to “play,” MDF is more stable and resistant to environmental influences, which is why it is possible to make durable furniture from it.”

The first option for using MDF is to simply make shelves, a cabinet, or whatever, and cover the thing with a finish.

The second option is wall panels. Popular in office spaces, with the right approach, they can also look good in a living space. You can add stone, lighting, ceramic layers to them.

The third option for working with MDF is to make a through thread. Such sheets can be used as a screen for a heating battery, a screen separating one area of ​​the room from another, or a carved panel behind which decorative lighting is hidden.

Finally, the fourth way to process MDF is relief carving and the creation of 3D panels. They can decorate the entire wall, or, if you want to minimize installation difficulties, make an accent fragment from several sheets, arranging them with a small step. It is important to remember that in order for the panels to play, it is necessary to take into account the direction of the light.

And, finally, another option for interior design using MDF is to cut out plates of different sizes from the plates and lay them out on the wall.

Dangerous or not?

Although recycled wood materials are practical, inexpensive and even aesthetic in their own way, we tend to prefer solid wood over them. It's all about a bad reputation: each of us has heard at least once that such materials emit formaldehyde and other compounds that are not the most healthy for health.

Speaking about plywood, Elena admits that she has not yet finally decided for herself the question of the benefits and harms of this material.

“We see how actively foreign design bureaus use plywood. We have one big problem: plywood is glued together with adhesives that are of poorer quality. Depending on the release of harmful substances, plywood can be labeled from E0 to E3, and we have the best - E2. So it is better not to use our plywood in nurseries, bedrooms and other rooms where you spend a lot of time. It is better suited for terraces, outdoor and semi-street spaces where you don’t visit as often and which are well ventilated.”

The best thing, Elena notes, is to order plywood in Europe: judging by how often and boldly foreign designers use it, they have fairly safe options. You can look for production using more expensive adhesives, and with us. Unfortunately, all these options will negate one of the main advantages of plywood - its cheapness.

But MDF, the designer is sure, can be used anytime and anywhere: “Of all materials that are not solid wood, MDF is the safest and most convenient. It is produced without the use of chemicals, so the question of harm depends on the finish.

If sawing out various decorative elements, wood burning or carving has become your new hobby, then our advice would be to start with a material such as plywood.

There are several significant reasons for this:

Plywood is easy to work with.

If you have a good tool in your hands, and you start with small figurines, then making them will take you only a couple of hours.

The material is universal in use, so you can literally make anything you want from it: furniture, toys, small decorative elements.

All this can be a wonderful addition to the interior of your home.

Features of working with the material

What is a plywood sheet. It consists of several sheets of veneer at once, which are interconnected with glue.

Important: plywood can be of different types: based on beech, birch, pine.

Not only the quality of the finished product, but even its structure and color depends on which sheet you choose.

If you are going to cut out various figures with a jigsaw, then you need to choose the highest quality varieties of plywood.

They are distinguished by their special strength, which ensures that the plywood does not crack, spoiling the entire appearance of the product at the most unpredictable moment.

If you are going to start work immediately, immediately on the day of purchase, then choose only dry sheets of wood.

They will not break a jigsaw file every 10 minutes.

To work with plywood, you will need to acquire a number of tools.

In principle, they are always the same for all types of products, so only a one-time investment is required:

• jigsaw
• Jigsaw files
• Hand or electric drill
• Ruler
• grinding machine
• Burner.

Framework

If you want to beautifully decorate your home or present an original gift to someone close to you, make a plywood frame with your own hands.

The preparation process will not take you much time, because you only need to get the necessary materials.

Note!

They are standard for all cases, and we have already mentioned them before.

We will offer you workshops on light plywood crafts. You can make both a regular straight frame and carve various patterns and figures on it.

First you need to make a template, and after that you can cut it out, trace the outlines with a pencil on plywood and start the manufacturing process.

This stage is not only the most responsible, but also the most exciting. If you put a piece of your soul into the work, everything will definitely work out. The finished structure must be varnished. Ready!

doll furniture

This task will be a real test for parents.

Note!

The so-called test of acquired design skills.

A feature of the creation of doll furniture is that children absolutely do not tolerate falsehood.

If they see that the furniture has not been worked out in detail, and instead of a stove for your favorite doll, you brought an ordinary rectangular bar, then you simply cannot avoid serious insults and childish disappointments.

The second feature of making such crafts from plywood using a jigsaw is that all this furniture must be carefully worked out with sandpaper or a grinder.

Your child will constantly be in contact with these self-made toys, and in the case of poorly finished edges, they may get hurt.

Note!

Well, the last feature of plywood and home crafts is that the materials for such furniture must be absolutely non-toxic and normal for constant contact with the child, because he can drag it into his mouth or take it to bed with him.

This is not a simple application or paper craft, so you need to take it seriously, following a whole list of actions that need to be completed.

Performing work from plywood

Just as simple furniture is made in detail, and then assembled into one piece of furniture, do-it-yourself plywood crafts should be done separately.

To do this, first of all, prepare special drawings of plywood crafts, on which you specify the dimensions of all parts and their fastenings.

Take the finished plywood sheet and attach the paper part template to it.

Circle the part with a pencil and cut along the contour with a jigsaw.

After that, each detail must be cleaned with sandpaper or a grinder, and only then must the piece of furniture be assembled.

When you're done with the whole set, open it up with varnish.

Below are different options and photos of plywood crafts. Choose the one you like.

Photo of plywood crafts

Plywood is an inexpensive and environmentally friendly natural material that does not need complex processing.

Plywood is represented by a set of wood veneer sheets bonded with a special mixture.

The cost-effectiveness of plywood has led to its widespread use in the manufacture of furniture, interior decoration and facades.

For processing and protection of the plate, painting is most often used. Compared to the treatment of other wooden surfaces, painting plywood sheets is not difficult and does not require professional skills.

A simple processing method will increase the durability of the property and emphasize its natural natural pattern.

Training

Before self-painting plywood, you should take care of the cleanliness of the surrounding area and nearby objects by covering them with a wide film.

Processing of plywood sheets is carried out in several stages:

• Drying;
• grinding;
• Padding;
• Treatment;
• Painting.

High-quality coloring of wood-laminated boards is not presented without preparatory work. The surface of the material by its nature has many irregularities and chips.

The processing of the material is carried out with special attention and patience.

Phased technology

Initially, plywood sheets should be dried well, especially if the material was stored in a closed and unventilated warehouse. To do this, the purchase is placed in a warm, dry room for several days.

After drying, the plywood is carefully sanded with coarse sandpaper in two stages. Grinding is done manually or using a special machine strictly perpendicular to the texture. During processing, the sheets must be cleaned of dust and wood debris.

Then proceed to re-sanding along the wood grain pattern, using a finer sandpaper. We must not forget about the edges of plywood.

Before painting, the edges of the material are well sanded and covered with several layers of putty.

The primer of the wood board is an obligatory stage of work. It fills small cracks and qualitatively adheres the paint to the surface of the product.

As a result of priming, reliable protection against cracking and drying is provided, the surface is leveled and the service life of the finished product is increased.

On sale you can find prepared plywood products that do not need the first stages of preparation. The item has already been treated with the necessary layers that protect the plywood from cracks. The disadvantage of such a product is a significant cost.

After the primer dries, they begin to process the plywood sheet with special antiseptics. These funds protect the material from fire and.

In the case of plywood stained with transparent paint, antiseptic treatment is especially necessary from biological irritants.

Choosing a paint

It is important to take into account the operational features of the future product: plywood will be used outdoors or indoors, whether it is necessary to emphasize the beauty of the wooden sheet.

The paint must match the class of the wood board. Coloring plywood sheets is best done based on their function:

Products intended for outdoor use are coated with oil or enamel paint.

Products used in the manufacture of furniture or home decoration are painted with water-based paint to prevent pungent odors.

Painting of the plate is carried out with a paint brush, roller or sprayer in several layers, paying special attention to the ends.

What plywood is painted with is determined from the amount of painting and the shape of the material. Each tool is almost equal.

If it is necessary to arrange two or more paint colors, then masking tape is used when painting.

On sale you can find paints of any color in finished form or choose your own shade using tinting.

In some cases, plywood sheets are stained with varnish. Before varnishing, the material is carefully ground and degreased its surface.

Then one layer of varnish is applied to the product and left to dry. After drying, the surface is re-sanded to eliminate hairiness and make it dull.

If you want to get a glossy finish, then the application of varnish is repeated. The final coat of varnish can be applied with a sprayer, which allows you to evenly cover the surface with a coloring matter.

If such a tool is not available, then varnishing is carried out with a roller, and hard-to-reach places are smeared with a brush.

Consider important points

For beginners, some subtleties of work can lead to poor-quality staining. Using some recommendations, finished plywood sheets will last a long time and decorate the interior:

It is convenient to paint over medium-sized surfaces with a roller.

Curly elements and corners of the material are qualitatively painted over only with a brush.

To paint the product, it is better to use a foam roller to avoid lint residue from fur tools.

For uniform staining, work is carried out in the longitudinal direction of the plywood fibers.

To obtain a rich color, do not apply a thick layer of dye, it is enough to paint the product in two layers.

The second coat of paint is applied only after the previous one has thoroughly dried.

Find, prepare a place and tools for painting in advance.

Painting plywood is an interesting and easy task. Accuracy and patience will give excellent results.

How to choose the right materials for interior decoration? Naturally, each room needs material with special requirements. There is a unique, affordable, durable and environmentally friendly finishing material that meets these requirements, this is wall plywood. It is obtained from glued layers of veneer (three or more).

Scope and advantages of OSB plywood

• There is a huge variety of plywood options on the market, but OSB plywood is more improved.
• Plywood wall decoration is the most common area of ​​​​application of the material.

Note. But plywood is indispensable in the construction of foundations.tov, columns, ceilings. In most cases, laminated plywood is used, which is treated in a special way and coated with a phenolic film.

• Do-it-yourself OSB plywood installation work . Also, due to the high mechanical properties and wear resistance, moisture-resistant plywood is used in roofing.

Here are some indicators that characterize OSB plywood:

The main advantages that characterize plywood finishing , is:

• Ease of installation.
• Possibility of combination with other materials.
• Plywood sheets allow you to create perfectly even and smooth walls.

The low price and excellent performance indicators make it possible to use plywood not only in the construction industry, but also in the industrial sector, mechanical engineering and other areas.

Brands and grades of plywood

The three most popular brands on the market are:

Let's look at each type:

Materials differ in the type of production technology and the level of moisture resistance. Laminated plywood or FOF can be used as formwork, as it has a high level of moisture resistance.

Advice. In the composition of FC and PSF, there are fomaldegodic and urea resins.
It is FC that can be used when decorating the walls of rooms, since crabamide resins do not harm human health.

According to the grade of plywood, they are classified according to two indicators: knotiness and cleanliness of the top layer. Roman numerals are used for this purpose, ranging from II to IVIV. According to the thickness and size of the sheet, products with a thickness of 4-21 mm and a standard size of 2.3 sq.m.

Plywood wall finishing technology

Assistance in the implementation of the plan will provide instructions for laying the material.
Here are some important points to consider when installing.
Before starting the installation, it is necessary to clean the surface of the walls from the old coating.

As a rule, plywood is attached to a metal frame. The sequence of work is as follows:

• The construction of the crate and the treatment of wooden elements with an antiseptic.
• Carrying out work on the insulation and insulation of the structure.
• Installation of plywood sheets.
• Wall finishing.

Advice. Ideallythe length of plywood sheets should be equal to the distance from the ceiling to the floor.

So:

• If the wall is brick or concrete, then the installation of metal suspensions is necessary.
• In this case, you can attach the finishing material to the wall using dowels.
• If plywood is used to finish wooden walls, frame rails are mounted to the walls using self-tapping screws.
• Between the elements of the crate, insulation is laid. Self-tapping screws are also needed here.

Advice. The waterproofing layer is mounted on the crate. It is better to use penofol for these purposes.

The seams between the finishing material are treated with sealant, and it is better to close them with wooden slats.

Photo of interiors decorated with plywood

Loft staircase made of plywood

Original coffee table in the interior

Luxurious plywood ceiling

An interesting project in the style of a chalet

Decoration with plywood

Gorgeous architectural design

Children bedroom

Installation subtleties

For wall decoration, you need to take plywood with a thickness of 4 to 6 mm. It will keep the heat in the house well.

Subtleties of work:

• It is very easy to cut and install. If the room has a high level of humidity, bakelized plywood is best.
• In addition to the sheets themselves, you need to acquire a level, slats, tape measure, jigsaw.
• The plywood board should be clamped with a clamp before sawing so that there is no sagging.
• When the installation of plywood sheets is completed, the wall surface can be decorated with wallpaper, varnish.

Note. For interior finishing work, construction plywood with a size of 1525x1525 mm is used. The thickness of products for interior decoration is from 4 to 6 mm.

If a utility room (pantry, warehouse) is sheathed, then thin plywood can be used. Anyway. Plywood is a useful material for repair and finishing work. We offer you to watch a video on decorating walls with plywood.

June 25, 2016
Specialization: master in the construction of plasterboard structures, finishing work and laying flooring. Installation of door and window blocks, facade finishing, installation of electrics, plumbing and heating - I can give detailed advice on all types of work.

If you think that plywood in the interior is only suitable for country houses, then this article will prove to you that this material can be used in any environment. Moreover, these days it is a kind of trend and many designers use the material we are considering for a variety of purposes. Personally, I really like to use plywood and will tell you about where it will look the most advantageous.

Main areas of use

To begin with, you must learn that there are a lot of plywood options these days and you will choose the best solution for any purpose. All products can be divided into 4 large groups:

Brand FC	This option is characterized by low moisture resistance, but in its manufacture the most safe compositions are used. Therefore, such material can be used in residential premises and places with low humidity.
FSF brand	This is a plywood with increased moisture resistance, which can be used in wet rooms, in kitchens and for flooring.
Brand FB	It is made using bakelite lacquer, which gives this option moisture resistance, wear resistance and even fire resistance properties. This option can be used where the surface is subject to increased wear or high temperatures.
Brand FOF	Such plywood is faced with a special film or a layer of veneer, which gives it improved decorative properties. You can choose a variety of options, which greatly expands the possibilities of decorating rooms.

I’ll add on my own that the first two options are mainly used for internal work, since they are much cheaper and their quality is quite high (unless, of course, we are talking about products of 1-2 grades).

Option number 1 - ceiling

I want to start with this area of ​​use. Why? This technique is used infrequently and if you properly design the room, it will look very unusual.

There are several recommendations for this option:

• You can use impregnations and varnishes that give the surface a certain shade and at the same time do not hide the natural texture of the material. But the option with the use of paint should also not be overlooked, light shades are most often used, since the ceiling should give the room volume;

• As for the seams and joints, they can either be puttied with the appropriate composition, or covered with wooden planks. The second option allows you to give the ceiling a more attractive look, especially since you can choose a decor of different configurations and widths;

• Personally, I especially like the option with false beams. At the same time, plywood can be painted white, before that, do not forget to putty the attachment points so that the surface is perfectly flat. It is best to paint the beams in a contrasting color, use an impregnation that will emphasize the wood structure, it looks very, very attractive;

• As far as wall materials are concerned, wood, concrete, plaster and brick are best combined with plywood. It is important to decide in advance what materials will be used in order to figure out whether they will look organic in the overall composition;
• For those who wish to make the ceiling more original, I can offer such an option as hand painting. Personally, I do not have an artistic gift, so I use stencils for work, but if you can do without them, then the work will go even faster. Hand-made design today is valued very, very highly, in addition, you will definitely not see such a ceiling in anyone else;

• Another solution that I once helped a good friend implement was sawing a composition out of a plywood sheet. There can be two options: either part of the ceiling is formed in this way, or the entire surface. The advantages of this solution include exclusivity and ease of implementation - with the help of an electric jigsaw, plywood is cut perfectly, and the disadvantages are that you will have to spend a lot of time cutting, grinding and coating;

• Finally, if you want to get a very unusual result, you can cut out shapes of a certain configuration from sheets and fasten them in several levels. A wooden block is used to build the frame, so for all the apparent complexity, you can do it yourself. And in the resulting niches, you can lay an LED strip, then in the evening you will have a very interesting backlight.

There are other options for decorating: from artificial aging and special staining techniques to burning patterns and much more. It all depends on your imagination, I noted that I would only talk about those options that I personally did.

Option number 2 - gender

Very often, plywood is used as a base for laying laminate, parquet, carpet and many other coatings. But this material can also be used as a full-fledged floor, especially since it has the necessary strength, and its appearance is perfect for such purposes.

As for the main use cases, I can highlight the following solutions:

• If you have a Loft-style setting with brick or plastered walls, then plywood can not be decorated in any way. Simply fix it to the base and apply a wear-resistant polyurethane varnish - a stylish and durable floor is ready. This option is also perfect for wooden houses, because plywood is much cheaper than a board and its use, among other things, will give you significant savings;

For the floor, it is best to use moisture-resistant FSF plywood - it has good strength and wear resistance.

• Another option for using plywood on the floor is the use of various impregnations that make the floor darker and at the same time give the structure a luxurious and expensive look. I advise you to use polyurethane-based options, as they perform very well on the floor, acrylic options are much worse despite all the manufacturers' claims. And don't forget to test the color on a small piece of plywood to make sure you get the right one;

• You can completely paint each sheet in your own color, this option allows you to make the floor unusual. For example, you can arrange a children's room or another room in this way, where it will look appropriate. The choice of colors depends on the interior, there are no restrictions;

• Finally, if you have the desire and patience, you can cut the plywood into small squares and then lay it like a tile. Such a floor will look very original, but a lot of seams will have to be sealed to ensure the moisture resistance of the surface, it is impossible for water to get under the coating.

Option number 3 - walls

There are many options here, it all depends on the characteristics of your room, the style of design and personal preferences.

Personally, in my work I came across several solutions:

• Plywood is ideal for attic spaces, in which case the finish is done from ceiling to floor.(and the floor can also be done the same). You will not have problems with sheathing areas of complex configuration, which is a definite plus;

• The flexibility of the material makes this option ideal for use on surfaces with gentle curves. You will be able to neatly decorate the room with minimal time and effort, it is worth remembering that the plywood must be moistened before bending, after drying the element will retain the desired shape;

• At one time, I really liked the idea of ​​​​weaving thin plywood and thus creating a light and reliable partition. If desired, the structure can be made capital, in which case you will have to make two partitions and attach them to a pre-built frame filled with soundproofing material;

• Another good option is to mount individual elements of different configurations on the wall. So you can create a certain composition on the wall, it can be something like the option shown in the photo, or it can be a simpler solution in the form of strips fixed through the same gap;

• For country houses, a classic design option is well suited, when borders and niches are created on the surface of the wall using a regular board. Here you need to think over the general concept in advance, and then implement it. It is important to choose a good color scheme;

• If you think that plywood will not fit into a modern interior, then look at this option. Using a jigsaw, a decorative panel is cut out, which will become a real decoration of any wall.. Of course, it is not easy to make it, but the result you will get is simply magnificent, I will add on my own that it is very important to accurately transfer the drawing from tracing paper to the material.

Option number 4 - furniture

If you are interested in this area, you should know that Scandinavian designers have a special love for plywood. They make a wide variety of furniture items from this material.

I will talk about the options that you can implement in your house or apartment, even on your own:

• Plywood kitchen - this phrase will seem strange to many, meanwhile, you can create the design of the desired configuration, and it will last no less than the standard options. The most important thing in this case is to use moisture-resistant material and process it with high quality.. As for the project, it needs to be drawn in advance, if there are no thoughts, take inspiration from the Internet;

• You can also use bedside tables and chests of drawers, they look very interesting and the main thing is to choose the optimal size (if you order a design) or make an accurate sketch if you decide to do the work yourself. It is not worth painting products with paint, as you will hide the texture and deprive the products of their charm;
• As for stools and, the choice of options is so huge that you just need to find the configuration that will organically fit into your interior. From myself I want to single out such an option as folding chairs, it is not difficult to make them, but they look original and are very convenient to store when folded;

• A set of their plywood furniture for the nursery is another great solution, because you get a solid construction from a safe material. The configuration may be different, each manufacturer makes its own options. And if you decide to implement such a project on your own, then everything is limited only by your imagination;

• Plywood is also a very popular option, their variety is very large, and I will talk about the simplest option. The instruction for the work is simple: cut strips from sheets and make frames out of them, which are fastened with corners for reliability. Next, a cord for fasteners is attached and the element can be hung, the price of such a shelf is minimal, but it looks very attractive.

Nowadays, designer plywood furniture is very popular, and its main advantage is that you can not spend a lot of money, but peep the idea and bring it to life at home. The photo below shows one of the options, which is unusual and, for all its budget, looks much more spectacular than many traditional options.

Option number 5 - decorative elements

Here there are truly no boundaries to fantasy and bold ideas. Plywood decor is very simple and easy to make, you only need to have the material and tools at hand - an electric or manual jigsaw.

I will share a few ideas, you can use them or come up with your own:

• Various words and phrases can be cut out. Most often these are some favorite quotes or motivating sayings.. It can also be names, memorable dates and much more, you just need to decide what you want to do, after which you need to draw or find a finished sketch and transfer it to a sheet of plywood, after cutting, do not forget to sand the ends with sandpaper;

• The second option is a variety of hangers to make them durable, use material 10 mm thick or more. Again, you can find interesting ideas on the Internet, I will show you two solutions that are interesting in my opinion, the first is very simple, the second is quite complicated;

• You can make great lamps out of plywood., I will show you an option that can be done in just an hour or two, but it will look like a design element bought for serious money. Accuracy of processing and attention to detail are important here, try to achieve perfect quality;

• In addition, various souvenir boxes, boxes and much more can be made from this material. For example, if you have a child, then you can make a map of the world. It is easiest to make the borders of states with a burner, so they definitely will not be erased, this activity can also be entrusted to children, they really like such work;

If you have children, it is best to craft with them, this allows them to develop as a creative person and participate in the design of their room on an equal basis with you.

From myself I want to advise you not to rush and carefully read the information on the Internet. I do just that, because you can find not only interesting ideas and solutions, but also ready-made drawings, which become much easier to work with, because you can save a lot of time.

All the recommendations from the review will help you create a stylish environment at minimal cost, as you can see, the original design does not always mean high material costs.

Conclusion

Thus, the plywood design can be the most diverse, you can use the material to finish all surfaces, or you can use it in separate areas. The video in this article will show you some of the uses for plywood, so be sure to check it out as well. If you still have questions, then ask them in the comments below.

June 25, 2016

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