Half-timbered houses. Fachwerk - modern romance and practicality of the Middle Ages. External and internal finishing

Half-timbered houses have become one of the business cards medieval architecture. The features of this architectural style become clear from the word itself - the German Fachwerk, consisting of two semantic parts: Fach, which means part, panel, section, and Werk - structure. Medieval technology turned out to be so successful that half-timbered houses - frame house projects, which appeared in Germany in the 15th century, are again popular centuries later.

Construction of half-timbered houses: technologies tested over centuries

Created in Germany, half-timbered houses, the construction technology of which has undergone virtually no significant changes, appeared as a result of an acute shortage quality wood V medieval Europe. Therefore, a wooden frame was created from wood, and the space between the beams was initially filled with clay, which was replaced by more durable materials: stone and brick. Another undoubted advantage in the Middle Ages was the ability to quickly restore a destroyed or damaged half-timbered house with your own hands. For the constantly warring Europe of that time, this was very important.

The basis of a half-timbered house is a complex wooden frame consisting of horizontal, vertical and diagonal elements, which are main feature half-timbered architectural style. Diagonal elements - braces located between beams and racks, add rigidity and strength to the structure. To create the frame structure, wood was used - spruce, oak, fir, Douglas fir, and the strength of the frame is achieved through accurate calculation of loads and precise connection of all parts.

The vertical arrangement of the beams has fully justified itself - today you can find houses built more than 500 years ago. The reason for such longevity is that rainwater flows quickly along a well-polished vertical beam, practically without lingering or being absorbed. And this is the fundamental difference half-timbered houses from traditional log Russian huts, in which the logs were located horizontally and, as a result, absorbed more moisture, which led to a faster gradual destruction of the wood.

Half-timbered houses: revival of popularity

Interest in half-timbered houses was revived in the mid-70s of the last century, primarily due to the emergence of new, technologically advanced materials. Modern tendencies design made it possible to give a new sound and content to what had already become classical methods decoration and construction. And although modern half-timbered houses differ quite seriously from classic samples, they are popular among lovers of classic European rustic style.

If initially clay was used to fill the space between the beams, then wooden panels, stone or brick, then with the advent of double-glazed glass technology it became possible to build half-timbered houses with full glazing. Full glass facade it looks very impressive and elegant, while maintaining the visual division of the wall - the main architectural feature of buildings in the half-timbered style.

One of the features of half-timbered architecture is the decorative function of the frame. This is its main difference from ordinary frame houses, in which the load-bearing beams are hidden during finishing. The special arrangement of frame elements not only visually divides the façade into panels of different different shapes, but also creates a bizarre pattern (they are also called “figures”): “man”, “St. Andrew’s cross”, “wild man” and others.

Advice! To make the exterior of the house more decorative and attractive, corner posts are decorated with carving, and the heads of the beams protruding onto the facade are given shaped shapes, for example, a horse’s head, races, etc.

At the same time, modern technologies have made it possible to obtain warm "glass House– installed special, low-emission double-glazed windows allow short-wave solar radiation to pass through, but at the same time acts as an insurmountable barrier to long-wave thermal radiation. As a result, to calculate the heating power of such a house, the formula traditional for stone and concrete houses is often used - 1 W of power per 10 m 2. At the same time, the glass only looks fragile from the outside - in fact, it is made using technology and can reach a thickness of up to 6 mm. In addition, even if suddenly, which is unlikely under normal conditions, such glass breaks, the fragments will not fly to the sides - they will remain hanging on the elastic polymer film.

As a result, using a half-timbered structure, it is possible to create large glazed areas, turning the entire facade into one large glass wall. This makes it possible to realize the effect of merging with nature and the surrounding space. The landscapes that surround the house seem to become part of the interior.

Another reason for the increased popularity of half-timbered houses was the use of glued timber instead of ordinary wood, which made it possible to build a very strong frame. At the same time, the frame elements (laminated veneer lumber and metal fastenings, which connect the frame elements) additionally act as a decorative part of the exterior and interior of the building. In addition, the durable frame allows you to create any building layout in which spacious open spaces with external glass walls adjacent to cozy and quiet secluded rooms inside the building. And since the concept bearing wall» is absent in principle, the entire load falls on the frame, in such a house you can easily carry out redevelopment at any time.

The use of laminated veneer lumber for the frame made it possible to get rid of a number of disadvantages characteristic of natural wood:

• increased fire safety - laminated veneer lumber ignites when more high temperatures, how ordinary tree. In addition, it does not burn, but smolders, retaining its shape and load-bearing capacity to the last, thereby giving significantly more time than natural timber for the evacuation of people

• no shrinkage - over time, laminated veneer lumber practically does not change its linear dimensions, which allows you to begin internal and exterior decoration immediately after installation of the frame

• immunity to moisture, resistance to mold and fungi
• high strength - according to this indicator, laminated veneer lumber is 2 times superior to solid wood

Frame building construction methods have been known for a long time. The construction of buildings using the half-timbered method became most widespread in Northern Europe back in the Middle Ages. The presence of a sufficient amount of natural building material - pine wood - made it possible to quickly erect reliable and warm buildings. In distant Japan, buildings built using half-timbered technology are also known. The buildings date back more than 1000 years ago.

Features of half-timbered technology

Construction using half-timbered technology is very popular among modern lovers of country life. is graceful and, combining wood, glass and stone. The appearance of such a building is always original and recognizable. The house is distinguished by high performance qualities, is durable, and is quickly erected. These facts are fundamental for many customers when choosing materials and construction methods country house or personal cottage.

Construction of a house using the half-timbered method begins in the same way as any other house with laying the foundation. The basis of the future building is a poured reinforced monoblock foundation. The depth and other dimensions are calculated by designers taking into account the quality of the soil, design features building.

To build a half-timbered house, beams from pine trees are needed. Creation load-bearing frame is carried out strictly in accordance with the design documentation, which calculates the load-bearing capacity of the building and possible slopes. With this technology, walls are not load-bearing, but only divide the space into rooms. The material from which the walls are made can be light and inexpensive.

The special conditions that are given to the foundation during construction using half-timbered technology are not as stringent as when using other technologies. Due to the fact that the building frame is quite light and stable, it is possible to use a shallow foundation. A half-timbered house has light and rigid walls that are connected to each other with spikes, metal brackets and plates. The lower part of the house frame is attached to the foundation with anchor bolts, reliable waterproofing is carried out, and Bottom part The building is covered with polystyrene foam to insulate and prevent dampness. As a result, the building is distinguished by its lightness and elegance of design.

Construction using half-timbered technology allows the use of various materials to fill the cells of the half-timbered structure. The internal walls are filled with special thermal insulation and vapor barrier boards using a thin layer of aluminum. This is done to prevent moisture from entering the room. All walls are puttied, sanded and decorated in any way known method at the customer's choice. To design the interior, it is possible to use any known style applicable in residential construction.

Erection of the frame of a half-timbered building

Construction begins with, in which the amount of consumables, technological stages of work, and construction of the foundation are calculated in detail. Pouring the foundation precedes the start of construction of any house. installed on reinforced, the depth of which is calculated in each specific case. This fact is influenced by the characteristics of the soil and the depth of its occurrence. groundwater. How long the house itself will last depends on how carefully the foundation is laid.

Enables the customer to receive an original and unique house in its design. The technology allows the use of axial structures when planning space; architectural projects of half-timbered houses in each specific case can be as unusual as the customer wishes.

Pine timber is used to construct the frame structure of the house. Often this is a specially made timber, prepared and protected from moisture and rotting by various impregnations that protect the wood from weathering. To construct the frame, glued or sanded wooden beams are suitable, which are subsequently coated with a special varnish. Wood is a fairly flexible material for exposure to weather fluctuations, and to maintain a residential atmosphere in a building, it is necessary to use special thermal insulation materials.

The frame of a half-timbered house is rigid and lightweight design made of timber, stable and reliable. Frame-frame construction will allow you to solve several engineering problems simultaneously:

• reduce construction time,
• create a stable and durable structure.
• ensure the reliability and durability of the building under construction.
• minimize the use of wood in the construction process.
• construct a building at the most economical cost.

The frame of the building, including walls, roof, terraces, is connected securely in places not visible to view using wooden spikes and metal brackets. This ensures the safety and stability of the building. Many years of experience in the construction of half-timbered houses in the north allows us to create structures that are resistant to hurricane winds, low temperatures, high humidity.

Decorating a half-timbered house

When the frame frame of the half-timbered house is ready, they begin to fill the cells of the structure. The frame can be covered with a variety of materials, which makes it possible to give an interesting and original appearance to the building. Internal cells are filled special materials, which are sewn on top with antiseptic plywood boards. The use of thermal insulation and waterproof fillers will make your stay comfortable and cozy. The sound insulation provided in the technology will increase the comfort of the home.

Exterior finishing of the walls of the house is carried out after the installation of windows and doors. The possibilities for decorating areas of external walls are very diverse. The installation of wooden panels is suitable here; stone is often used for exterior decoration. Combined with great number of double glazed windows, such a house looks solid and beautiful. The half-timbered technology provides a large number of windows, which makes the building light, airy and elegant.

Windows can be either opening for ventilation or blind, display windows. This will fill the interior with light and retain heat. The hermetic silicone seal is complemented by trims with soft felt insulation. Laying of utility networks and communications is most often done inside the floor. This includes hot and cold water supply for the kitchen and bathroom, electrical cables for external and internal use for lighting and household needs. Water heated floors are more suitable for heating. Internal pipes

water supply and sewerage systems made of polypropylene are durable, lightweight and economical. Electrical wiring to sockets and switches is laid inside the walls.

Roof for a half-timbered house

The roof decorates any home; the use of various options during construction using half-timbered technology makes it possible to create various architectural options. Most often, a gable truss roof structure is installed that does not have an attic space. Wide overhangs protect the house from direct sunlight and precipitation. Terraces that border the level of the roof overhang create a natural extension of the premises of the house. Ceilings interior spaces

It is advisable to install houses using wooden structures or plasterboards. A variety of decorative materials for interior decoration will allow you to create a unique look for your home.

Modernity of the house Houses built using half-timbered technology are distinguished by their originality and uniqueness of internal and external appearance. Such a house can be built with fairly small financial investments

. The affordability of the building makes it possible for many city residents to realize the dream of living in their own country cottage. The simplicity and convenience of the design will ensure comfortable living. The technology of modern cottage villages provides all the necessary amenities for their residents, despite the distance from big cities. Houses built according to, using wooden building materials such as laminated veneer lumber. Big windows on the entire wall allow you not only to admire the landscape, but also to become part of the beautiful natural landscape. Half-timbered houses cope well with various atmospheric loads, such as strong wind, rain and snowfall. Frame technology allows you to create elegant buildings that are highly durable. The rigid frame of a building made of posts, beams and braces carries the main load, which is transferred to the foundation. Walls are enclosing and dividing structures. , built using half-timbered technology, have been standing in Europe for more than three hundred years. For those who were not familiar with such structures, visiting a house built using half-timbered technology makes an indelible impression with its beauty and solidity. The possibilities that this technology opens up for design are very large and varied. Wooden frame at home is treated with weather-resistant varnishes, supplemented modern materials retains an indescribable feeling of unity with nature. The house that has it all modern advantages

For

comfortable life

, can give boundless joy to the family living in it. Half-timbered construction projects Fachwerk technology came to us from Europe. When constructing buildings, the northern countries used crushed stone, stone, and other building materials to fill the openings of the building frame in order to save wood building materials. At the same time, the houses were very durable and had a long service life, which goes back hundreds of years. Skilled carpenters were able to use an ax to create masterpieces of medieval architecture that lasted from 300 to 500 years. Modern projects for the construction of buildings in the half-timbered style only vaguely resemble buildings built in past centuries. Today builders offer a variety of bricks and polished wood. The cost of construction depends on the construction material and the area of ​​the house you want to build. The designers will present a finished project, equipped with communications and engineering networks and structures. The use of half-timbered construction technology is possible when constructing as— hotels, mini-hotels, non-standard office buildings. Construction using this method has a number of serious advantages, such as the durability and reliability of the building. The building has relatively light weight. To create a foundation, there is no need to drive piles, creating a particularly powerful foundation.

Finishing the facade using the half-timbered method

The cost-effectiveness of construction distinguishes construction using half-timbered technology from other methods. Facade finishing does not require use expensive materials. If the customer wants to decorate the facade with imitation half-timbered style, then it is quite acceptable instead of expensive wooden beam use of polyurethane substitutes. Externally, the building looks great and has aesthetic appeal. Durability and resistance to external weather conditions will allow you to serve long years

without worrying about deterioration in performance and appearance. The half-timbered elements are attached to the external columns using assembly ladders. Filling the voids with thermal insulation and then using finishing materials will allow you to create an imitation of the style without violating the uniqueness of the building. Today, construction and decoration in the half-timbered style is fashion trend among those clients who want to build a durable, strong and beautiful home at an economical cost. The construction time for such a house is shorter than when building a cottage made of brick or other traditional building materials. The revival of an ancient technology emphasizes the practicality and reliability of this method. The use of thermal insulation materials makes it possible to save energy resources for heating the cottage. You can order a project based on available design documents for houses of various sizes. For particularly demanding customers, architects are ready to finalize projects in accordance with individual requirements

. Having started building a house in the spring, by autumn you can have a ready, warm home for the whole family. The building is environmentally friendly; its attractive aesthetic appearance will always delight both the residents of the house and the guests who come to visit.

For those who, having studied all the methods of building a cottage for themselves, settled on the method using half-timbered technology, it is worth turning to professionals to order work for the design and execution of work. The choice of land for a half-timbered house is very diverse, there are practically no restrictions. Choosing a place for your future home must be based on your own preferences. The architectural possibilities when choosing a cottage style are very wide; the project can be made in an unpretentious peasant style and a rich, fancy version for those customers who want to have big house for a family consisting of several generations. The house is suitable for year-round residence, since during the development of project documentation the supply of all engineering communications necessary for a modern comfortable life.

Thermal conductivity and the absence of moisture and dampness inside a half-timbered house are achieved through the use of natural building materials and modern heat-insulating and water-absorbing materials, which are used in the construction of a cottage. The area of ​​the house, as well as the number of floors, is selected depending on the wishes of the customer, taking into account the number of permanent residents in the house and the purpose of the building. Build a dacha on suburban area possible using interesting, ready-made standard projects. In order to ensure the reliability of the construction, it is possible to go to the site and inspect finished building

where people live. The reliability and stability of the building is ensured by the frame-axial structure. The axles create space between the posts, thereby providing design options.

Stages of construction of a half-timbered house When starting to build a half-timbered house, it is worth remembering the main features of this particular construction method. Exterior decoration using the half-timbered method is different from any other and is the main architectural feature

• , emphasizing the external expressiveness of the building. Frame elements break up the white walls, making the building look elegant and simple at the same time. The entire complex of works on the construction of the facility can be divided into the following stages:
• Development of design documentation and construction estimates.
• Construction of the foundation for the future building.
• Construction of the frame of the house.
• Installation of OSB boards and filling of frame openings with thermal insulation materials.
• Painting of walls - putty, sanding, painting.
• Installation of ceilings, floors, utility networks. Design work
• External works on finishing the facade of the building.
• Breakdown local area in accordance with the design project.

All this work is carried out strictly in accordance with project documentation, where each section is written. Engineering and geodetic parameters are calculated for the correct and reliable laying of the foundation. A building that was erected by a professional team of workers under the guidance of competent engineers and designers can stand for hundreds of years. The construction method using half-timbered technology is designed for long-term use of the house. With proper care of wooden structures, home maintenance, regular repair work the cottage will serve more than one generation of the family, giving joy and pleasure. Considering the speed of construction and the cost-effectiveness of the method, we can confidently say that such a building is most suitable for the climatic characteristics and operating conditions in Russia.

Travelers, without going into details, dubbed the ancient houses with protruding supports “gingerbread houses.” In fact, these buildings are built in the half-timbered style, which has an interesting and long history. It began in the 13th century. The first buildings appeared in Bavaria, over time the fashion captured the whole of Germany and flowed to Europe.

With the gradual development of technologies and materials, new possibilities for frame construction began to open up. And the advent of double-glazed windows with increased thermal insulation made it possible to equip buildings with transparent walls located not only in the middle zone, but also in the north.

Half-timbered houses

So, half-timbered houses - what is it? The German word "fachwerk" literally translates as "framework". A half-timbered building is a spatial structure made of interconnected vertical posts, horizontal beams and inclined braces made of pine needles or oak. The areas between the elements were filled with various building materials: brick, a composition of straw with clay, reinforced with a mesh of willow or natural stone.

In the Middle Ages, when building a half-timbered house, they did not particularly care about covering the wooden frame, rather for economic reasons. But it was precisely this feature that gave the external and internal appearance of the building individuality and charm. Behind short term it became clear that German technology was accessible and fast, since the construction of a half-timbered house took about a month.

The new style was also appreciated by wealthy Germans, because external view The house was attractive, the wooden frame gave the building lightness and solidity. At the beginning of the 16th century, two-story residential buildings with leveled and whitewashed walls. During use, the wood darkened, creating a contrast against the snow-white background. This is how the German half-timbered building arose.

Gradual technology changes

In Europe, they also learned what it is - half-timbered houses, and quickly appreciated all the advantages of the Bavarian technology:

• unusual appearance;
• the use of cheap and accessible materials;
• short construction period;
• construction on your own;
• simple house foundation;
• warm walls that preserve optimal temperature regime inside the home.

When the technology reached the north, the distances between the beams began to be filled with stone, and clay was applied on top of it. For insulation, the frame was sewn up with wood. Gradually, each nation made its own amendments, depending on available building materials and weather conditions.

Architectural changes

Over time, the wooden frame began to be covered with stain and paint. This way we managed to make it more visible against a white background, and also protect it from destruction.

The architects also made changes to traditional style half-timbered, combining it with Art Nouveau, and began to use modern materials:

• Glass was added to the wood. It has become possible to glaze half-timbered houses, that is, insert glass between the beams.
• Metal beams appeared. With their help it was possible to open inner space, remove partitions and unnecessary supports.

Features of frame construction in half-timbered style

So what is it - half-timbered houses? You already know the answer to this question. It's time to understand the features of this technology:

• Light and warm frame houses. This includes structures with an open frame and panel models, when insulation is laid in the spaces between the supports and sheathing is done on both sides. Such houses can be built on any soil, including flooded ones. For reliability, it is enough to fill the support-columnar or light pile foundation. Pouring the strip base is only possible in areas with deep freezing land.
• For modern houses it is necessary to draw up a project and carry out complex calculations. All this requires large expenses. But costs can be significantly reduced if you resort to standard design. In this case, to give the façade of the house originality, you will need to use your imagination or invite a designer. Examples of half-timbered houses (photos) can be seen below.
• The main nodes of a half-timbered structure are the strappings in the lower part along the perimeter and at the connection of each level. Any layout of the house can be easily changed by rearranging the partition to suit your taste, and hiding cables and pipes in the walls.

Features of the half-timbered architectural style

Designs in the German half-timbered style are very diverse. IN modern projects are used different materials, but the style adheres to all the nuances that were outlined back in the 16th century:

• frame made of wood and painted brown or brown;
• sections intersect diagonally with slats and form various shapes from triangles;
• rectangular shape of the building;
• gable roof with attic;
• railings on balconies, made of the same beams as the frame (most often they are made to protect the space above the entrance and windows, imitating a canopy);
• the perimeter of the second floor is larger than the first and overhangs it, protecting the wall from raindrops;
• the walls of the house can be made of brick or plastered (in modern projects, half-timbered houses are often glazed, especially on the ground floor, in the living room area).

New technologies in half-timbered style

This style can be called the basis of all frame house construction. The technology for constructing half-timbered houses is made of supports, transverse beams and slopes, like all modern frame construction. The only thing that has changed over time is the thickness of the beams (they have become much thinner).

In a modern half-timbered house it is difficult to recognize ancient European facades, since they have become much more perfect and have received what they so lacked in the Middle Ages. It's primarily about protection and functionality. Now all buildings are being sheathed sheet material and are provided external protection through the use of technological finishing (siding, PVC panels, etc.).

Everyone only benefited from these changes - continuous cladding gave the building strength, reliability and rigidity, that is, now there is no need to install powerful beams and racks. Exterior finishing completely protects the house from weather influences, such as freezing, fading in the sun and weathering, thereby extending the life of the material.

Glazing

Facades with distinctive half-timbered (frame) elements today are no more than stylistic decision Houses. Of course, no one has been making clay walls for a long time. Now sinuses are filled with ecological or mineral wool, and not so long ago it became fashionable to use straw filler.

One of the common solutions is frameless glazing of half-timbered houses. The technology involves the formation of a glass facade, without noticeable components of the supporting frame. WITH outside Only translucent panels and sealant strips are visible. Frameless glazing of half-timbered houses creates the illusion of lightness of the entire structure.

How to build a one-story half-timbered house with your own hands?

Before you start drawing up a plan, you need to think about all the stages of work:

• preparatory impregnation of lumber;
• installation of the frame;
• “stuffing” the frame box with thermal insulation elements;
• roof installation;
• external and internal finishing.

You already know what it is - half-timbered houses. Now let's find out how to build such a structure yourself. It is not so difficult to erect a structure in the half-timbered style. It’s just that professionals will need half as much time - two weeks.

Step-by-step instruction

By purchasing a finished project, the customer receives all the components and parts of the house in numbered packages. The elements are connected using special pre-prepared seams. The whole process is reminiscent of assembling a construction set from wood, only later you will get the perfect house. The stages of work are not very different from a conventional frame structure, but there are some features:

• Pouring a lightweight foundation. Since the technology of half-timbered houses does not imply the use heavy materials, a shallow strip base is quite sufficient.
• Covering the trim with waterproofing. A waterproofing layer must be laid on top of the base. Ideally, it should be roofing felt laid on bitumen lubricant.
• Bonding strapping beam metal anchors. This is very important to do before building the frame.
• Connecting vertical and horizontal elements using braces.
• Installation of internal partitions made of timber small size. They are attached to the floor with frame dowels.
• The connection at the top of the frame frame with the rafter system.
• Fastening wall panels. The installation is carried out in such a way that the structural elements remain visible, that is, they fill the frame from the inside.
• Installation of internal partitions.
• Installation of utilities.
• Roof installation.
• Finishing a half-timbered house (photo examples can be seen below).

Finishing in half-timbered style

Not everyone has the opportunity to build a house using precise technologies. But even the simplest frame structure will look like “ Gingerbread house"if you do the right finishing.

To perform exterior decoration in half-timbered style you need:

• The use of board material, for example, DSP, is a practical and durable product that has a long service life. This material is also convenient because you don’t have to worry about sawing, since the tiles can be easily cut with a grinder and attached to the walls with ordinary screws.
• Plastering walls. This is not an easy job, but it must be done to increase the heat-saving properties of the house - thick layer plaster perfectly protects from wind and freezing.
• When constructing half-timbered structures in harsh winter conditions, it is recommended to replace double-glazed windows with other materials. For example, you can use a decorative polyurethane panel and timber with a section of 150*150. The result is a perfect imitation of the half-timbered style. No one will even guess that the technology is broken. The panels are attached to the facade with liquid nails or construction adhesive.

As you can see, making a “gingerbread house” out of a standard structure is not at all difficult. Another advantage of imitation is that the structure can be erected from brick, stone, sip-panel or blocks, and the exterior finishing can be done in half-timbered style.

Conclusion

To summarize, we can say with complete confidence that building a house using German technology is no more difficult than any other. Anyone who intends to build their own home or summer house can make the dream of many come true - living in a house that at least outwardly looks like a European one. In any case, a half-timbered house will absolutely stand out from others with its originality.

Few people can remain indifferent to the elegant appearance of the old streets and squares of European cities. Closely standing neat houses of 2-3 floors, with a deliberately open wooden frame, intricately delineating the whitewashed facade, look cozy and gingerbread.

The word Fachwerk (German) literally means frame, means spatial design from interconnected vertical posts, horizontal beams and inclined braces made of oak or coniferous species. The cells formed by the frame elements were filled with available building materials: raw brick, a mixture of clay and straw, mesh reinforced made of willow or natural stone. The medieval builder did not at all bother with covering the wooden parts of the frame, rather for the purposes of economy, but it was this feature that gave the exterior and interior of the houses individuality and charm. A sort of old Quadratisch. Praktisch. Gut.

The concept of half-timbering in its familiar form was formed about 600 years ago. Having emerged as one of the fastest and cheapest, this housing construction technology turned into an architectural art within 100 years. The lines of the frame acquired a more complex and regular structure, the facades were filled with details for purely decorative, aesthetic purposes, the number of storeys of buildings increased, even entire castles were erected. Despite the apparent lightness and fragility of the structure, many half-timbered houses have served for several centuries without replacing the load-bearing elements of the frame, which characterizes this technology as extremely reliable. And in the usual sense, a half-timbered structure is, in fact, a frame structure.

The half-timbered technology received its rebirth about half a century ago as a kind of response to the demanding demand of those whose eyes were tired of modern reinforced concrete architecture. The basis of modern half-timbering is the Herrenalb system, developed by the German architect Goetz. Houses created using this technology are distinguished by expressiveness, harmony, memorable exterior and high level comfort. The distinctive features of any modern half-timbered structure are a wooden frame with massive posts and beams, a large glazing area (up to 100% of the area of ​​all walls), panoramic windows“to the floor”, wide roof overhangs. The main feature is open elements frame - makes modern half-timbered wood similar to traditional ones.

Despite the seeming impracticality (of course, because we have it that the larger the glazing area, the greater the heat loss), houses built according to the Herrenbald system are perfect for our climate. New technologies have made it possible not to limit the thickness of the walls due to the use of laminated veneer lumber in the frame racks, and the use of modern double-glazed windows significantly reduces the thermal conductivity of windows.

The technology of modern half-timbering began its cautious march across Russia about 10 years ago. At first, cottage villages appeared near Moscow, certainly of a premium class, aimed at a discerning public demanding the very best. And the point is not that the price of building such a house is very high - building a modern half-timbered building is no more expensive than building a similar one in size brick house. But the point is a cunning move by marketers who took advantage of the novelty of technology and “loaded” the beautiful phrase “modern half-timbered timber” with a bunch of excellent epithets: unique, exclusive, trendy, etc. And as you understand, being chosen and status cannot come cheap.

However, the desire for beauty is not limited to the elite, and novelty technological methods and, as a consequence, the lack of sufficient information encourages our compatriots to bold experiments. Over time, one of the private developers, paying tribute spectacular look half-timbered, I tried to decorate the facades of my house with budget stylization, reproducing on them a layout of boards imitating half-timbering. Read about how this can be done.

But let's be honest, imitation is imitation, as the user rightly noted in her comment ArtFamily, independently implementing the project."

ArtFamily FORUMHOUSE Member

Imitation is nothing more than graffiti on the wall; the philosophy (or aesthetics) of half-timbered technology lies not in the layouts on the facades, but in the visible structure itself.

Modern fachwerk is not a compromise, it is a young, but already fully formed direction in architecture. And on FORUMHOUSE there are users who realize their dreams within the framework of the principles of the Herrenbald concept - Modern half-timbering. Someone orders a construction set from laminated veneer lumber from the factory. finished project to assemble a true modern half-timbered structure yourself. This is exactly what the user Evgeniy Romanov did, nickname - EvgeniyRomanov what he talked about in his thread

EvgeniyRomanov FORUMHOUSE Member

At the time of construction, there was very little, or one might say, almost no information on the network about this technology, but I decided to build it myself, and I had to learn from my own mistakes. Now it’s much easier for people, they often write and call me, and I happily answer all questions, remembering how hard it was for me when choosing an answer to the questions posed to me in this situation.

Evgeniy chose an insulated Swedish stove as the foundation for his house, which has an area of ​​about 150 meters. Users of the portal who have knowledge of the issue described this choice of foundation as the one that best meets the technology requirements, although not the only one possible. As alternative options MZLF or a pile-grillage foundation with a floor on the ground can be used.

The total volume of glued structures was 28 cubic meters. Moreover, different nomenclature was used for various frame elements. So, section corner posts was 300*300 mm, intermediate – 300*180 mm, internal 180*180 mm, timber 300*180 mm was used for strapping. The given figures show that the thickness of the external walls of a house can be up to 300 mm, and if aesthetics are neglected in order to increase energy efficiency open racks, then the thickness can be increased.

The frame of a modern half-timbered frame is assembled using so-called scrums, by connecting vertical and horizontal elements in half-tree notches, which are initially cut at the factory in accordance with the project.

In total, such a constructor has about 500 notches. Unlike a traditional half-timbered frame, where the frame contained jibs that ensured its stability, in the Herrenbald system stability is ensured due to the reliable connection of the nodes and high precision selection of notches, guaranteeing a tight fit of the elements in their places. All nodes are connected through metal studs.

EvgeniyRomanov

The assembly of the half-timbered frame began; first, a waterproofing tape was laid under the timber frame. After the harness itself was installed, everything was leveled with wedges, according to the level and level. Then the beam was mounted to the foundation slab with anchors, and we began installing the first columns.

Considering the large mass individual elements frame, its assembly should be carried out by a fairly large team using a crane.

EvgeniyRomanov

A little advice for those who decide to assemble a half-timbered frame, BUY A HOIST! I've already paid for it 5 times for sure.

Next, the frame was assembled in a logical sequence; after installing the vertical posts, the frame beams were installed, which is the foundation for the second floor. During the construction process, the author’s topic repeatedly raised the issue of cold bridges formed by through metal studs. Evgeniy trusted German pedantry and did not change the project. IN further exploitation showed that when competent system ventilation and operating heating (warm floors), condensation does not form on the studs, and heat loss is comparable to the statistical error.

The rafter system was also made of laminated timber, and its installation was carried out on general principles. The width of the roof overhang was about 1.5 meters, which, in addition to external aesthetics, also carries a practical load - the wetting of the facade during precipitation is significantly reduced, and the wide overhangs prevent heating of the premises of the house from direct sun rays. As roofing natural cement-sand tiles were used.

After completing the installation of the frame, Evgeniy began filling the cells. The façade facing south, as well as some of the cells of other facades, were filled with panoramic energy-saving windows, mounted using technology frameless glazing. total area glazing amounted to 85 sq. m. With this technology, even before assembling the frame, grooves are selected in the corresponding posts and beams using a milling cutter. The width of the grooves should be approximately 1 centimeter wider than the thickness of the glass unit; after installation, this space is filled with sealant. The depth of the grooves is such that first the glass unit is pushed into one groove until it stops, then it is inserted into another groove and centered using special stands; after filling with sealant, the bottom strip is mounted.

Note that a modern energy-efficient double-glazed window, the design of which uses multifunctional glass, as well as triplex, has a thermal conductivity coefficient comparable to timber wall 20-22 cm thick, as well as enviable impact resistance.

Frame frames were installed inside the blind cells of the facade under basalt insulation, a vapor barrier was installed on the inside, and a windproof sheet material was installed on the outside (this could be OSB, MDVP, etc.), onto which the exterior finishing of the facade (fiber cement siding) was attached flush with the front plane of the frame racks . With this design, special attention should be paid to vapor barrier, given that the film does not create a sealed contour, but is placed only in cells, leaving load-bearing elements frame open, which requires special care when performing work, as well as the use of special tape.

Technologically, there are many options for filling the cells of the frame - from brick (a la traditional half-timbered timber) to multilayer pies using basalt insulation, special membranes and films, or eco-wool. One of the closest in spirit to traditional half-timbering, as well as an environmentally friendly option, is filling the cells arbolite blocks, followed by plastering.

Methods for finishing the facade can only be limited by your healthy imagination. This includes a wet façade, a ventilated one with imitation or plank upholstery, and decorative ones: clinker imitating an old brickwork, and other options. Although we must understand that the concept of modern half-timbering itself imposes certain stylistic restrictions on the choice roofing material, as well as façade finishing.

The word "half-timbered" comes from german words“Fach” - panel, section and “Werk” - structure. Fachwerk is frame technology construction of houses, which involves the construction of a rigid massive wooden frame and various materials to fill its openings. The history of these houses dates back to Medieval Germany. Subsequently, half-timbered timber became popular throughout Europe. Half-timbered buildings that are more than 500 years old are still preserved.

House projects

Modern half-timbered

The ideal material for the frame of a half-timbered house is laminated wood. The production technology of this material gives it special properties that distinguish it favorably from solid wood - high strength, durability, lack of warping and cracking, aesthetics. Structural laminated timber up to 12 meters long allows you to design houses with complex architecture and design.

Glued laminated wood maintains structural stability during changes in temperature and humidity, unlike solid wood. The fire resistance of laminated wood not treated with fire retardant impregnations is 2-4 times higher than that of metal.

The special connection of the frame elements makes it stable even during earthquakes medium strength. Upon completion of construction, the half-timbered house does not shrink and is ready for finishing work.

Precision, quality, experience

The TAMAK company has more than 10 years of experience in the design and production of half-timbered houses from laminated timber structures. House parts are manufactured at high-precision woodworking centers Hundegger K2 (Germany).
Lumber undergoes triple control: upon receipt to the warehouse, after drying and before gluing, when unacceptable defects are removed.

Drying of raw materials in special chambers until required level humidity of 10±2% eliminates fungus and insects from wood and prevents their appearance during operation.
TAMAK's own laboratory tests control samples for compliance with Russian and European standards.

Every year since 2000, production technology, as well as laminated laminated wood structures TAMAK are certified by the authoritative German Otto-Graf-Institut, which allows the company to build houses based on laminated wood not only in Russia, but also in European countries.

Wood

For the manufacture of wooden elements of a half-timbered house at TAMAK, environmentally friendly wood from Ural spruce and Siberian larch is used. Trees growing in northern regions, are distinguished by their special density and fine-layered rings. Due to severe climatic conditions the tree grows more slowly than in southern regions, and the resulting wood is cleaner, healthier, denser, stronger and more durable. It is sometimes called "iron" wood.

Space for imagination

The wooden frame of a half-timbered house bears the entire load, so filling the openings between the posts can be done with the most various materials– stone, brick, blocks, laminated timber, panels with mineral wool insulation, modern double-glazed windows. Wide choose materials gives freedom in choosing the finishing of the house and, accordingly, its final exterior.

The architecture of a German half-timbered house has its own, unique style. The wooden frame, usually painted in a dark color, visually divides the light walls into many fragments of different shapes and makes the half-timbered house easily recognizable. The technology makes it possible to create laminated beams with a large cross-section and a length of up to 12 m, which opens up ample opportunities for designing large-span premises and implementing the most daring design ideas. Half-timbered timber is excellent for the construction of not only individual residential buildings, but also public buildings.

For special connoisseurs

Half-timbered houses convey the image of a house with history, respectability and color, and attract people who prefer houses in an unusual architectural style. The wooden frame, deliberately not covered with finishing, creates a feeling of stability, safety and majesty of the building, and the walls are made of materials different types and colors satisfy different stylistic tastes and preferences of the owners.

Special attention Architects have recently paid attention to the so-called “glass half-timbered frame”. In this type of half-timbered glass, double-glazed windows are used to fill the walls. Glazing from floor to ceiling, excellent natural light, space and merging the space of the house with surrounding nature attract more and more connoisseurs. German half-timbered houses are the choice of those who not only want to build their own house, but to create a real family nest, a home for several generations.