Implementation of environmental policy is the establishment of a relationship between the intentions of decision makers and environmental actors with the aim of greening them economic activity, reducing anthropogenic impact on the environment and achieving target environmental indicators.

Before proceeding to the implementation stage of the environmental policy and implementation of the action plan, a formal decision must be made, which approves a single course of action. The form of such an official decision may be a Government resolution Russian Federation or the corresponding decision of the Administration of the subject of the Federation on the adoption of the concept of environmental policy and approval of the action plan.

Environmental strategies (plans) usually include the following: key conditions to improve the efficiency of the functioning of institutional structures and better implementation of decisions taken:

· availability of effective structures and necessary resources for the implementation of decisions made;

· clear distribution of responsibilities between institutional structures;

· development of consistent and “transparent” legislation;

· increasing the economic efficiency of environmental policy implementation;

· information and methodological support for the implementation of environmental policy.

Having effective structures and the necessary resources presupposes the existence of adequate funds, appropriately qualified personnel and political support for the rules and requirements adopted. The capacity of the agencies charged with implementing regulations is often limited. However, the effective distribution of responsibilities between institutional structures and the presence of clear and consistent legislation creates the preconditions for reducing the need for resources to comply with regulatory requirements.

In a situation where insufficient funds are allocated and qualified personnel are not available, the traditional response is to demand additional resources. However, this is not the essence of the execution problem. First of all, it is necessary to effectively use existing resources and be able to attract external sources of financing. You don’t need to demand, you need to be able to interest.

If an increase or attraction of additional funding is unlikely, then the following two directions of environmental policy are possible: 1- reduce the need for resources for ongoing activities by saving money; 2- modify priorities in order to more effectively use available resources.

Clearly articulating and dividing the responsibilities of institutional structures is of great importance, since environmental problems cross the boundaries of individual industries and territories and require the participation of various government bodies to solve them. When determining the responsibilities of institutional structures important have the following factors: minimizing the possibility of conflicts, clear compliance of the problem being solved with the status and functions of the relevant bodies, ensuring effective coordination among administrative bodies and other organizations.

The development of transparent and consistent legislation will facilitate easier and more informed use of relevant laws. Those legal entities and individuals who must comply with or implement laws and regulations will comply with them and comply with them when they have a good understanding of how these laws “work” and why they were adopted in the particular wording. Transparency implies clarity in the interpretation and application of laws, and sustainability implies strict adherence to certain principles.

Improving the cost-effectiveness of policy implementation lies in the design and selection of economic instruments and the need to find trade-offs between environmental goals and limited resources to achieve them.

Russia's current system of pollution charges (in which charges must be calculated for hundreds of different pollutants) initially creates difficulties in its implementation. It requires significant costs to determine the size of payments for each of hundreds of equal-priority pollutants. A weak enforcement structure, poor compliance with regulations, coupled with low rates of pollution charges do little to reduce overall pollution environment in Russia. The payment system should be simplified, for example by focusing on a few major pollutants. This will significantly reduce personnel requirements.

To alleviate the challenges faced by environmental management authorities, opportunities for private sector participation in the process need to be increased. The private sector and non-profit organizations, including private companies, local and international non-governmental organizations, and research institutions must play a critical role in the formation and implementation of environmental policy. Local governments will help identify the most important local problems and propose ways to solve them. Non-governmental organizations interested in reducing environmental pollution can play an important role by providing public oversight of the activities of departments and enterprises and providing information on the public's response.

Information and methodological activities characterize all types of work carried out by management bodies with the aim of transferring legal and individuals knowledge of how to comply established standards and standards. Information of this kind pursues, among other things, the goal of achieving the highest possible level of compliance with regulations at the lowest possible cost. This goal can be achieved by providing enterprises with as much adequate information and guidance as possible.

Information and methodological activities may include the development of practical guidance on new taxes. Where possible, appropriate enterprises should be involved. The advantage of their direct participation is that enterprises are more familiar with the operating conditions of their industry and have an idea of ​​how best to organize the relationship between enterprises in the industry.

Local environmental authorities play an important role in information and methodological activities. They can provide practical and specific assistance to businesses, including organizing: information sessions, meetings with individual businesses, seminars for selected businesses, site visits; answering telephone inquiries and letters.

1. Environmental policy.

Environmental management is the main task of environmental management, since environmental management is the main tool in the environmental management system.

The control system, in accordance with GOST R ISO, includes the following links: environmental policy, planning, implementation and operation, inspections (monitoring and audit) and corrective actions, as well as management analysis. All these actions should lead to a “continuous improvement” of the environment.

For successful management, all levels of management must present their “Environmental Policy”, starting from the state and ending with an economic entity and just a citizen. Demonstration of successful environmental policies is necessary to ensure that stakeholders have confidence that an appropriate environmental management system is in place.

In the field of environmental management, demonstration of environmental policy is most important, since this industry interacts most closely with the environment. Therefore, any environmental management organization must establish, implement, maintain or improve an environmental management system. At the same time, it must ensure that its environmental policies are “fair.” To do this, you need to demonstrate the compliance of your environmental policy with the interests of other organizations and citizens and achieve approval (certification or registration) of your environmental policy by society ( external organization, for example, during an environmental assessment of an environmental management project).

This procedure usually begins with an independent determination of the compliance of the environmental management system with legal and technical regulations, for example, the “Environmental Protection Law” or GOST ISO 14000 series.

In a narrow sense, under environmental policy implied - an organization's statement of its intentions and principles related to its overall environmental performance. This serves as the basis for action and the establishment of target and planned environmental indicators.

An environmental indicator is called– “a detailed environmental performance requirement, quantified (where feasible), imposed on an organization or parts of it, resulting from environmental performance targets, and which must be established and met in order to achieve the targets.”

So, environmental policy should:

be consistent with the nature and scale of the organization's activities, take into account the type of products or services and be consistent with the environmental impacts; include obligations regarding compliance with environmental laws and regulations; include commitments to continually improve the environment and prevent pollution; provide a basis for establishing target and planned environmental indicators and their analysis (such indicators, for example, may be included in the structure of the reclamation regime); be documented, implemented, supported by management and communicated to all employees, and be available to the public.

Environmental policy is the driving force for introducing and improving the environmental management system at all levels of economic activity. The policy should reflect the commitment of senior management to comply with applicable laws based on the establishment of planned environmental quality indicators, in particular the implementation of reclamation regimes for environmental management. The policy must be clear enough to be understood by internal and external participants in the business. It should be periodically improved (analyzed and revised).

1.1 Environmental justification at various stages of environmental management.

Humanity's concern for its future arose around the middle of the twentieth century. It was a fairly prosperous time. The “Second” has ended World War", the economies of the countries stabilized, savings appeared that could be invested not only in national businesses. Multinational companies emerged. Investors needed to get an answer to the question in which industry, in which direction they should invest capital to obtain maximum profit. They hoped to get the answer as a result of modeling global socio-economic processes.

A group of fashion designers and forecasters, the so-called “Club of Rome,” tried to answer the questions posed. The answer was formed in the form of a forecast of the development of the World under different strategies human behavior from 1970 to 2020.

The following key variables were selected in the models: changes in the human population, changes in the amount of non-renewable resources, changes in nutrition levels, changes in environmental pollution. As a result of the modeling, it turned out that the most alarming indicator leading to significant mortality in the world was pollution.

The international community had to decide that capital needed to be invested not to improve the existing standard of living, not to get rich, but to preserve human life on Earth. Awareness of this event subsequently led to the emergence of various environmental movements that demanded changes in legislation.

The greatest concern among the international community was caused by “big projects” related to changes in nature, i.e. projects of significant redistribution of natural resources across the territory, for example, during oil and gas production or transfer of river flows, reclamation projects and also projects leading to pollution natural environment.

The natural reaction to this threat was to limit activities dangerous to humans, which was implemented in many countries in the form of environmental control over planned economic activities (PEA).

The impact of economic activities on the natural environment is diverse. This is, first of all, an influence on the abiotic environment, and then, through it, on the biotic environment.

An approximate diagram of such an impact is shown in Fig. 1. “Scheme of the impact of the proposed economic activity on the environment.”

The figure shows that human activity affects the main geographical spheres (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere), through them on the soil, then on flora and fauna and, as a result, on humans.

Any human activity is built according to a certain plan and goes through a number of stages. There are at least five such stages - planning, design, construction, operation and liquidation of an economic activity.

Each stage must have a specific procedure for assessing the possible impact of economic activities. For example, at the initial planning stages you can use strategic environmental impact assessment , at the project stage – environmental impact assessment (EIA) and him environmental assessment , at the stage of operation of the existing facility –environmental monitoring And environmental audit.

However, they can all be combined into a procedure environmental assessment.

The environmental assessment procedure in design analysis can be formalized in the form of a flowchart shown in Fig. 2

In Figure 2 you can trace the sequence of procedures at the design and operation stages. Starting with the block “Analysis of the situation in the country and analysis of regional development programs, characteristics of the state of the environment.” Further, following a clockwise direction, you can see how research materials (the “Primary study of the environment” block) are transformed into a “Detailed study of the project” and transferred to “Expertise”. If the examination is positive, the project moves into the implementation stage.

At this stage, the provision of credits is linked to an agreement on the protection of the environment and natural resources. In the future, measures to protect nature should be implemented and their effectiveness monitored. At the project completion stage, its results are assessed through audit and monitoring of the operating enterprise.

Let us consider in more detail the design stages and, in this regard, individual environmental assessment procedures. The basic principle of any environmental assessment is its preventiveness, i.e. possible damage must be identified at the earliest stages.

2 The main stages of “designing” economic activity.

The general structure of designing economic activities can be presented in the form of a block diagram shown in Figure 3 “Main stages of “designing” economic activities.” This figure shows that a comprehensive environmental assessment (expertise) must be carried out consistently at all stages of the implementation of environmental management.

1. The need for examination of legal norms. Legal norms significantly influence the social, economic, political and moral state of society. Wrong legal laws can have a detrimental effect on the environment and therefore the biotic community. For example, the adoption of amendments to the Constitution allowing the import of radioactive waste (substances) into the territory of the Russian Federation from other countries.

2. Development forecast National economy. Forecasts for the development of the national economy are compiled for 10-20 years in advance and determine the life of the country, current and subsequent generations. If the direction chosen in development forecasts is wrong, this can lead to catastrophic consequences, including the collapse of the country.

Fig. 1 Scheme of the impact of economic activities on the environment.

Rice. 2 Environmental assessment procedure in design analysis (cited from)

3. Features of the feasibility study examination. A feasibility study (feasibility study) is a mandatory pre-project document, therefore an assessment of its economic efficiency and environmental safety can significantly affect the further progress of the project, since it is at the feasibility study stage that the total cost of the project is determined, which can then only be adjusted downward .

3.1. Economic examination of feasibility study. The economic examination of the feasibility study is aimed at establishing the compliance of design solutions with actual economic costs. For example, many projects do not take into account the costs associated with recycling and waste disposal; costs associated with the costs of eliminating production (for example, eliminating weapons)

3.2. Feasibility studies and projects of economic activity in neighboring countries. In these projects special attention experts deserve transboundary issues of use or change in the quality of natural resources. In most cases, these projects resolve issues in the interests of one state without taking into account the interests of another, although the interests of both should be taken into account.

3.3. Materials on the creation of mining and processing industries. In these materials, it is necessary to pay attention to decisions (costs) associated with the destruction of soil cover (costs of its restoration), costs of restoration (damages from extinction) of certain animal species. Pollution of the surrounding area .

4. Draft international treaties. Needs to be assessed environmental consequences production and environmental consequences of activities under issued licenses.

Environmental assessment (examination) of the first four stages of economic activity is quite complex and therefore is not always carried out. Therefore, when developing and assessing these stages, it is necessary to pay special attention to environmental consequences and develop methods for economic assessment of these consequences.

5. Design expertise - technical documentation. General provisions: when examining technical documentation, first of all, the section of the project called “Environmental Impact Assessment” (EIA) should be considered. This section in the project is mandatory. When considering the EIA section, the correctness of the assessment methodology, the reliability of the source materials, and the correctness of the conclusions from the assessments obtained are considered. In addition, an assessment of the environmental impact in emergency situations and during the liquidation of production should be considered.

6. Examination of materials for the creation of specially protected areas. When conducting such an examination, it is necessary, first of all, to pay attention to the correctness of identifying the boundaries of this territory. A more correct allocation would be by river basin, i.e. the basin principle of identifying a natural area.

7. Examination of projects and schemes for the rational use of natural resources. During this examination, it is necessary to pay attention, first of all, to the availability of natural resources to biotic communities, i.e., the availability (rational use) of natural resources not only for humans, but also for biota. In these projects, it is necessary to assess the damage that may be caused to biota.

8. Documents on changing the functional status of the territory. These documents require special attention, as they may cover large areas, for example, the territories of origin of an ethnic group or places of recreation for local residents. For example, the transfer of forest fund lands to settlement lands or the transfer of reindeer pastures to lands for other purposes.

Fig. 3 Main stages of business activity design.

9. Other documents justifying economic activities that can have a direct or indirect impact on the environment. This paragraph, as it were, reserves space for new or not yet existing documents that are not included in those listed above.

Based on the above, we will classify the tools for implementing environmental policy in the field of environmental management. Tools can be classified depending on the level (stage) of economic activity (see Table 1).

Classification of tools for implementing environmental policy in the field of environmental management.

Table 1

3 Environmental assessment and tools for its implementation.

Environmental assessment is more important at the earliest stages of NHD planning. In a market economy, this is the stage of lending for future activities in the size of a country, region or individual project. World Bank experts defined this concept this way. Environmental assessment, or environmental impact assessment: Extensive studies carried out by a borrowing country for the World Bank on operations that may have a significant adverse impact on the environment.

Impact assessment is the process of analyzing and assessing the impact of any event (implementation of policy or legislation in the field of energy or agriculture, urban development plan, construction of a reclamation system, etc.) on the environment (or on the local community, culture, economy, etc. .).

Impact assessment is an integral element of an environmental management system as it provides knowledge and information about the presence and magnitude of impacts. Without knowledge and understanding of negative environmental impacts, it would be impossible to plan and effectively implement measures to protect the biotic community and protect public health.

Impact assessment is an integral element of all management stages and processes. Its greatest role is in the decision-making process and the process of setting priorities. In this case, special attention is paid to those activities that have a serious impact on the environment. This is especially important in conditions of limited resources and capabilities to prevent negative consequences.

Impact assessment can be most beneficial early in the planning process. For example, when developing plans, programs and strategies to prevent the negative impact of NHD and address various environmental problems. This assessment can be called a strategic assessment.

3.1 Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment (SEA)

Strategic environmental impact assessment (SEA) is a fairly new approach, which, although based on the concept and principles of EIA, in contrast to it, involves integrated impact assessment on the environment plan, program, policy or project legislative act government.

The main purpose of SEA is to ensure that the environment is taken into account and assessed before policies, strategies, programs, plans and legislation are adopted. In other words, SEA should be applied at a stage when decision makers are still able to consider the possible impact of a particular strategy on the environment and influence the course of events.

SEA can cover areas such as trade, taxation, agriculture and fisheries, energy, transport, etc. Thus, SEA can be carried out to assess national energy, industrial or agricultural policies, territorial development plans at various levels (district or district ), draft national legislation in various areas(waste management, consumption), etc.

As a rule, Strategic Assessment is aimed at analyzing and assessing the following factors:

addressing existing environmental and health problems within the framework of the strategy under consideration; analysis of the goals and objectives of the strategy from an environmental point of view; the strategy's contribution to achieving environmental sustainability; key strategy alternatives; the impact of measures proposed for all options (solutions) on the environment and health; assessment of the monitoring system, potential impact of the strategy on the environment and health.

Two approaches are typically used in conducting an SEA: impact assessment and expected outcome assessment.

Impact assessment is based on the premise that any environmental and health impacts of the strategy being considered and its alternatives must be assessed before a final decision is made. The very process of making such an assessment (the emergence of new knowledge) can influence the final decision.

Another approach - assessing expected results - aims to answer the question of how effectively environmental interests are taken into account at all stages of strategy planning and how adequate they are to the goals and objectives of the strategy in comparison with possible alternatives.

Usually strategies, programs and plans are created strict rules for lower-level decision-making (on-site projects), so developers must provide information to the public. They must create conditions for the exercise of her right to participate in the planning processes and development of such documents. This can be done either through public organizations or through elected bodies (Councils, Dumas, etc.)

In any case, the SEA should be carried out with the effective participation of the population, provided that the population has objective information, and the comments (wishes) of the population are necessarily taken into account.

In the event that the implementation of a strategy may have an impact on the environment of another country, the authorities and public of the affected country should be informed in advance of all significant potential transboundary forms of impact of the strategy, have the opportunity to participate in its discussion and express their wishes.

The SEA must take into account the wishes of other countries when making decisions by the country planning to implement the strategy being assessed.

This circumstance is taken into account in European and international legislation, which recognizes the importance of democratic SEA. Within the EU, Directive 2001/42/EC on strategic environmental impact assessment is in force. It has direct legal force for 31 European states (EU member states and candidate countries) and requires the introduction of common approaches.

However, in no country is SEA used comprehensively, that is, at all levels of developing strategic documents - policies, plans, programs.

In a number of countries, SEA is used at the policy level (eg Canada, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Poland and Slovakia) or in the development of legislation and regulations (Denmark, Netherlands).

In most cases, SEA is used only in relation to plans or programmes. The main sectors that the SEA is aimed at are environmental management: land use, water sector, waste management, transport and energy.

In some countries, SEA is largely based on modified EIA procedures and is carried out as an additional exercise that has a real impact on planning and program development processes.

In the Newly Independent States (NIS), “similar” to SEA is the system of state environmental assessment (SEE), which has the status of national law in a number of countries (Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Russia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine).

SEE is carried out for projects, but also for strategic activities, including development plans, sectoral programs and policies, legal norms, sets of mandatory rules related to environmental protection. At the same time, the SEE procedure, unfortunately, does not require public participation and sometimes does not have strict legal force for the development of strategic development documents.

3.2 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) was formed as an integrated system process. The concept of EIA was first introduced in the United States with the passage of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969. EIA is typically used to identify the negative impacts of a planned project. project environmental impact prior to its approval and implementation, and to plan appropriate measures to reduce or prevent such impacts.

The project in question (such as building a dam or highway, draining a swamp, or irrigating land to expand agricultural land) is usually one element of a larger development program.

In most European countries and some countries former USSR EIA has the status of national law.

According to its functions and features, EIA is a preventive tool, and not a method for solving an already existing problem. Therefore, Environmental Impact Assessment is a process that ensures that all environmental consequences of a business activity are taken into account before a decision is implemented.

The EIA procedure makes it possible to analyze possible environmental impacts and document them in the form of a report. After this, hold public hearings to review the report, take into account all comments from citizens and submit a report with a final decision and, finally, inform the public about this decision.

The main goals of EIA in the context of environmental management are as follows:

assess the direction and depth of changes in the environment during the implementation of the project; assess possible changes in natural and anthropogenic ecosystems; identify ways to minimize the negative impact on the environment and biota; propose alternatives with different environmental consequences; prevent habitat deterioration by implementing possible alternative solutions and taking measures to reduce negative impacts; familiarize decision makers with possible consequences implementation of the planned project; disclose to the public the reasons for consent to the implementation of the project and possible environmental consequences; promote collaboration between stakeholders; stimulate further public participation in the decision-making process related to economic activities.

EIA is always carried out on initial stage project development (this is a mandatory procedure for projects listed in national EIA legislation). The EIA procedure is coordinated by the competent authority (for example, the Ministry of Natural Resources, the EIA Commission, the authorized local government department, etc.).

The detail of impact assessment at different stages of decision-making varies. The goals are somewhat different. Thus, when conducting an assessment when choosing a construction site, developing feasibility studies (TES) and construction projects, the goals are:

A comprehensive consideration of all anticipated environmental, economic and social benefits and losses associated with economic development; searching for optimal design solutions that contribute to:

(a) preventing environmental degradation;

(b) ensuring socio-ecological and economic balance of economic development;

(c) improving people's living conditions;

(d) production effective measures to reduce the level of forced adverse impacts on the environment to an insignificant or acceptable level.

As shown above, economic activity affects almost all areas of the Earth, therefore the impact assessment is carried out in relation to the following objects: flora, fauna, soil, air, water, climate, landscape, historical monuments and other material objects or the relationship between these.

3.2.1 The functions of the EIA are:

1. identification, analysis, assessment and consideration in design decisions:

(a) the expected impacts of the proposed economic activity;

(b) changes in the environment as a result of these impacts;

(c) the consequences for society and the ecosystem that changes in the environment will lead to;

2. identification, analysis and comparison of all real and reasonable alternatives (including complete abandonment of activities) based on socio-ecological and economic assessments of each of them;

3. formalization, within which the customer presents the results of the EIA procedures carried out in the process of developing the design concept at various stages of design;

Thus, EIA is a decision-making tool. The results of the EIA should present a clear picture of the alternative development opportunities studied and their consequences for society and the ecosystem, with a balanced socio-ecological and economic assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative.

3.2.1 EIA is based on the following principles:

1. Mandatory. Carrying out EIA procedures in full is mandatory for the following types of economic activities - 1. Oil refineries. 2. Thermal power plants and other combustion installations with a thermal output of 300 megawatts or more, as well as nuclear power plants and other nuclear reactor structures 3. Installations designed exclusively for the production or enrichment of nuclear fuel, the regeneration of spent nuclear fuel, or the collection, disposal and reprocessing of radioactive waste. 4. Large installations for blast furnace and open-hearth production and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises. 5. Installations for the extraction of asbestos and the processing and transformation of asbestos and asbestos-containing products: in relation to asbestos-cement products. 6. Chemical plants. 7. Construction of highways, expressways, routes for railways long-haul and airports with a main runway length of 2100 meters or more. 8. Oil and gas pipelines with large diameter pipes. 9. Commercial ports, as well as inland waterways and ports for inland navigation, allowing the passage of ships with a displacement of more than 1350 tons. 10. Waste disposal facilities for incineration, chemical processing or disposal of toxic and hazardous waste. 11. Large dams with a height of 15 m or more, reservoirs with a surface area of ​​2 sq. km or more, main canals, drainage systems and water supply systems of large cities.12. Groundwater abstraction activities where the annual volume of abstracted water reaches 10 million cubic meters or more. 13. Pulp and paper production producing 200 metric tons or more of air-dried product per day. 14. Large-scale mining, extraction and in-situ beneficiation of metal ores and coal. 15. Hydrocarbon production on the continental shelf. 16. Large warehouses for storing petroleum, petrochemical and chemical products. 17. Industrial and municipal treatment facilities Wastewater with an annual flow of more than 5% of the river basin flow volume. 18. Large livestock complexes with capacity: 1) pig breeding complexes - 30 thousand heads or more; 2) for fattening young cattle - 2 thousand heads or more; 3) dairy - 1200 cows or more. 19. Fur farming complexes. 20. Poultry farms for 400 thousand laying hens, 3 million broilers and more. 21. Objects of economic and/or other activities located in specially protected areas and the operation of which is not related to the regime of these territories. 22. Clear-cut timber harvesting in logging areas with a felling area of ​​more than 200 hectares or timber felling on an area of ​​more than 20 hectares when converting forest lands into non-forest lands for purposes not related to forestry and use of the forest fund. For types of economic activities not included in this list (including many types of environmental management activities), it is mandatory to develop " draft Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)". The decision on the advisability of carrying out all subsequent EIA procedures is made by state authorities, management and control (supervision) based on the results of consideration of the “draft EIS” and on the basis of an assessment of the degree of significance of the expected impacts of the proposed activity on the environment.

2. Prevention. EIA is used as a decision-making tool at the earliest stages of design.

3. Variation. When assessing environmental impacts, alternative design solutions should be considered and, if necessary, new options proposed.

4. Complexity. Integration (consideration in interrelation) of technological, technical, social, environmental, economic and other indicators of project proposals.

5. Publicity. Availability of information on design solutions to the public at the most early stage review of the project.

6. Responsibility.ABOUT responsibility of the customer (initiator) of the activity for the consequences of the implementation of design decisions.

3.2.2 Procedure for conducting EIA

Before the start of design and EIA of the planned activity, the Customer prepares a “Notice of Intents”, which contains information about the Customer’s intentions regarding the nature of the planned activity. It is submitted to state authorities and management (by level of competence) in order to obtain consent for further preparation and consideration of proposals for the development of the planned activity at possible sites for its implementation. Consent does not mean assigning possible sites or land allotments to this Customer.

All EIA documentation is prepared by the customer of the proposed activity through the developer or by EIA specialists.

The general procedure for conducting an EIA includes the following stages:

· Project development "Environmental Impact Statements"("draft EIS").

· Submission of the “draft EIS” to government authorities, management and control.

· Development of assignments for design, surveys and research in accordance with the requirements put forward based on the results of consideration of the “draft EIS” in government authorities, management and control.

· Development of an EIS based on the “project EIS”, based on the results of surveys and research.

· Organizing and conducting public hearings of the Environmental Impact Assessment.

· Finalization of a feasibility study or project for the construction of an economic facility or complex.

· Making a decision by the customer on the possibility and feasibility of implementing the planned activity at a given site on the presented and recorded conditions, based on the formed understanding of the environmental and related consequences of its implementation.

The environmental policy of any modern state is created and shaped in order to preserve nature. It is not surprising that the threat of a global catastrophe has arisen over humanity, which can only be solved through the development and implementation of competent management decisions.

Environmental policy goals

The state policy of the Russian Federation is important not only for our country, but also for the benefit of all humanity as a whole. That is why any concept for this industry aims to solve the following problems:

• Preservation of the country's natural resources and ecological systems, paying special attention to supporting the livelihoods of rare animal species and plant varieties. Also included in the scope of environmental regulation is the function of life support for sustainable development. modern society.
• Russia's environmental policy is aimed not only at preserving and ensuring an optimal life for animals, but is also aimed at improving the quality of life of the population.
• Reforms in this area concern both society as a whole and the individual. Thus, while solving environmental problems, the state is trying to direct all its efforts to improve the health of the people, as well as the demographic situation in each region.
• One of the most extensive and long-term tasks is to ensure the natural security of the country, protecting the population from various types of risks, both natural and man-made.

Any goal that the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment is tasked with is necessarily indicated in the Environmental Doctrine of the Russian Federation.

Regulatory and legal framework for program development

The fundamentals of environmental policy are based on the needs of modern society. However, their normative consolidation makes it possible to clearly define the goals and objectives necessary for implementation. When forming and developing a particular provision, the socio-demographic situation of the state must be taken into account.

Most environmental reforms are enshrined in the following regulations:

• The concept of the Russian Federation's transition to sustainable development, which involves the proclamation of the fundamental principles and principles necessary for the successful protection and protection of the environment.
• National Environmental Action Plan.
• Russian State Strategy for Environmental Protection.
• Other laws and regulations.

Main directions of state environmental policy

The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment has identified the following development directions for the state:

• Scientific problem solving. In the concept of environmental protection, the first provision is the use of new technologies and unique patented developments in production. Thus, it is necessary to gradually organize the constant re-equipment of enterprises and institutions that are harmful to the environment. This situation shows the need to reduce the number harmful emissions, as well as reducing pollutants.
• The second object of reform is the effective purification of Russian drinking water suitable for human consumption. The solution to the problem is achieved through the use of groundwater, as well as through the search for new clean reservoirs, and the organization of thorough purification of already used sources.
• Regional environmental policy of state subjects is aimed at better cleaning municipal wastewater.
• Involvement of enterprise waste in the maximum quantity into production circulation.
• Directing the main forces of the state to clean up the lands of those areas where the risk of airborne pollution is significantly high due to industrial enterprises.
• The environmental safety policy is aimed at ensuring maximum environmental safety when transporting petroleum products and other substances that adversely affect nature.
• Preservation natural areas with unique flora and fauna. Preventing the extinction of rare species of animals and plants. Help in saving species, as well as creating conditions for their further reproduction.
• Regularly conducting statistical research in order to obtain information necessary for the successful implementation of policies in the field of environmental management and environmental protection.
• Organization of environmental education, places of education and culture for citizens. Formation of environmental consciousness in each individual and society as a whole.

The list of tasks set for the state and society is not limited to these points, since there is an incredible number of problems in the field of environmental protection. It is also important to take into account that the environmental policy of the Russian Federation is being developed in direct connection with the policies of world organizations and commonwealths of states.

Clearly defined policy objectives

Today, the Ministry of Ecology is developing many regulations aimed at implementing a program called “Environmental Protection and Hygiene”.

The goal of the new project is to implement a number of environmental measures in the near future: improving the environmental situation, increasing natural safety, as well as constant monitoring of the sanitary and technical condition of both the environment and the public. Therefore on at this stage development, the following tasks are considered:

The result of the implementation of environmental protection policy

The Ministry of Environment in the program for the conservation of natural resources defines not only goals and objectives, but also outlines the overall achievable results. As a result of the implementation of the policy enshrined in the concept of environmental protection, the following tasks must be accomplished:

• Increasing the environmental safety of areas associated with the extraction, transportation, processing of harmful and hazardous materials. These include working with oil, chemical products, nuclear processes, and so on.
• Defining clear system guidelines for quickly eliminating emergency situations, strengthening measures to eliminate disaster products, and preventing emergencies associated with high environmental hazards.

What results have we achieved?

Do not think that environmental safety policies exist only on paper. Like any other legal act, the concept of environmental safety development is intended to be implemented in practice. The document is the basis for creating a reliably functioning system for the protection of the ecological and natural environment. Since the concept has been in place for the last decade, the following results have been achieved:

• The state network of observation stations conducted a number of studies, according to which samples were taken sea ​​water and bottom sediments. The data obtained is studied by leading specialists of the research institute to remove the drug that purifies water molecules.
• Across the country, environmentalists are conducting large-scale studies to identify petroleum products, the quantity of which must be quickly reduced. It is important to pay attention to percentage heavy metals in the fertile soil layer.
• Immediate environmental problems have also been resolved. A number of enterprises carrying high degree dangers to the environment of nearby areas, including populated areas. Other sources of negative impact are eliminated.
• Further projects to improve the policy have been prepared.

Special developments

Thanks to the action of general regulations governing environmental protection, specialized projects are created aimed at eliminating local problems. Thus, the implementation of environmental policy consists in the creation of legal documents that are binding; selecting specialists and monitoring their activities, as well as directly eliminating problems; developing directions for solving future problems.

At the local level, all special developments that were created by large-scale scientific institutions states.

Ministry of Natural Resources: briefly about the main thing

Any environmental policy of the Russian Federation is created, developed and ultimately implemented only through the functioning of the main environmental body - the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology. This federal body belonging to the executive branch of government. A ministry of this type is authorized to carry out state regulation in the field of conservation and protection of nature, in the field of use of natural environmental resources, as well as ensuring environmental safety.

The state body for nature protection can, both independently and in cooperation with legislative authorities, develop and approve normative legal acts. In addition, the Ministry is capable of exerting significant influence on the approval, amendment and other operations with federal constitutional laws, government acts, presidential decrees, and so on.

Work areas: initial activities

The Ministry of Natural Resources is called upon to carry out its activities in several directions, the first of which is land resources. Now there are a large number of environmental problems associated with subsoil, soils and other land resources. State environmental policy is aimed at conducting thorough geological research. In addition, this area of ​​activity includes the rational use land resources. For example, it is important to monitor the cultivation of crops in one area over several decades; it is important to limit the release of harmful production products onto the soil surface, and so on.

The second direction of the Ministry’s work is the protection of water bodies. This category also includes the rational use of natural resources. The state body is authorized to monitor the optimal and safest construction of reservoirs, as well as water management systems for various purposes. State budget funds are allocated for the construction of protective complexes and hydraulic structures that ensure safety.

Areas of activity: world level

Every modern schoolchild knows that environmental disaster is one of the world's problems. That is why the Ministry of Environmental Protection is called upon to actively participate in the development of global policies to protect planet Earth. This area of ​​activity includes the following items:

• Preserve flora and fauna. Moreover we're talking about not only about endangered species, but also concerns representatives that bring great benefits to the environment. It is also important not to lose sight of the provision optimal conditions development of each variety and any species.
• By creating national parks and nature reserves to protect significant natural areas as much as possible.
• Highlight required amount air purification products and prevent further pollution.
• In the event of a danger occurring on the territory of one of the countries, provide maximum support and provide the necessary assistance.
• Get rid of harmful production waste. Reduce the use of radioactive elements, and also not test new developments due to the possible threat of destruction of the flora and fauna living on the site.
• Gradually improve the economic mechanism for regulating the impact on the ecological environment. Introduce new developments in environmental protection into practical activities. Make data publicly available for use by other countries to help address global environmental disasters.

Environmental policy of the enterprise(organization) is a statement by an enterprise of its intentions and principles related to its overall environmental performance, which serves as the basis for action and for the establishment of targets and plans. The environmental policy of the enterprise is determined by its top management. Top management may consist of an individual or a group of individuals who have administrative responsibility for the organization.

Shown in Fig. 3.2 the management system model reflects the basic principles of the enterprise’s environmental policy.

1.Commitments and Policies. The enterprise must define its environmental policy and commit to an environmental management system. The place to start is where there is clear benefit, such as limiting the root causes of liability or making more efficient use of raw materials.

The environmental policy should reflect senior management's commitment to comply with applicable laws and continuously improve the environmental management system. The policy creates the basis through which an enterprise sets its targets and targets. The policy must be clear enough to be understood by internal and external stakeholders; it should be reviewed and revised periodically to reflect changing conditions and information. The scope of the policy must be clearly identifiable.

2.Planning. The enterprise must develop a plan for implementing its environmental policy. At the same time, elements of environmental management include: identification of environmental aspects and associated environmental impacts; requirements of legislative acts; environmental policy; internal and external criteria for assessing environmental efficiency, etc.

3.Implementation. In order to effectively implement it, an enterprise must create the capabilities and develop the support mechanisms necessary to implement its environmental policy and achieve targets and targets. In order to achieve target indicators, an enterprise must focus its employees, systems, strategy, resources and structure on this, and develop a system of responsibility and reporting.

4.Change and evaluation. An enterprise must measure, monitor and evaluate its environmental performance. One of the main control tools is environmental audit.

5. Analysis and improvement. An enterprise must review and continually improve its environmental management system to improve its overall environmental performance. The management of the enterprise should review the environmental management system at regular intervals to ensure its continued effectiveness and compliance with existing parameters. The analysis should be broad to take into account the environmental impact of all activities, products or services of the organization, including their impact on the financial side of the activity and possible competitiveness.

In terms of actual activities, the environmental management system will implement this process in the form of a cycle shown in Fig. 3.4.

Ecology is a very common concept. It is usually called good or bad. It affects our life, health, and well-being. The common opinion about ecology is closely related to environmental pollution. It is believed that its main task is to preserve our world. This is not entirely true: ecology is multifaceted and has many areas of activity.

What is ecology?

This is the science of living beings, their connections with each other and connections with inanimate (inorganic) nature. More precisely, it is the idea of ​​nature as a system, the study of its structure and the interactions between the parts of this structure.

Main directions of ecology:

1. Bioecology. It is the basis, or base, of ecology. It studies natural biological systems and is divided according to the degree of organization of all living things:

• on molecular ecology;
• ecology of tissues and cells (morphological);
• autoecology (at the organism level);
• demecology (at the population level);
• eidocology (at the species level);
• synecology (at the community level);
• global ecology, the study of the biosphere.

2. Geoecology. Studies the geospheric shell of the Earth as the basis of the biosphere and the influence of natural and man-made factors on it.

3. Applied ecology. Not only scientific, but also practical part ecology, the result of which is a project for the comprehensive transformation of ecosystems. Such projects use the latest achievements in the field of ecology, for example, new technologies for purifying air, water, and soil.

4. Human ecology. The subject of the study is the interaction between man and the environment.

Why did the need arise to create such a science as ecology? Due to the unbalanced activities of mankind, environmental changes have arisen and reached alarming proportions. Environmental problems have become global.

Ecological problems

According to some estimates, during the existence of human civilization, about 70% of biological systems, capable of processing negative human waste products. According to scientists, in 40 years the onset of a so-called irreversible process is possible, when the share of pollution exceeds the environment’s ability to neutralize harmful emissions and a global environmental catastrophe occurs.

Already now the state of the environment is characterized as a deep crisis. Environmental problems are becoming global, regional and local in nature. Global environmental problems are represented by climate change, a decrease in the ozone layer, pollution of the World Ocean, and extermination of wildlife, while regional and local problems are represented by pollution of water, soil, and air in certain geographic areas.

Factors that have a detrimental effect on the environment are:

1. Excessive and uncontrolled consumption of natural resources.
2. Creation of weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, chemical, biological).
3. Uneven economic development of countries.
4. Negative (anthropogenic) impact on nature (landscape changes, deforestation, drainage of swamps, industrial emissions and much more).

To create an ecological balance in our lives, environmental policy has appeared.

Environmental policy

In a general sense, environmental policy is a set of political, economic, legal, educational and other measures aimed at regulating the impact of humanity on nature. In a narrower sense, these are measures for environmental protection and rational use of natural resources.

Environmental policy is divided into the following types(levels):

1. Global (international).
2. State.
3. Regional.
4. Local.
5. Eco-policy of the enterprise.

Environmental policy has its own elements: principles, priorities, goals, subjects, tools (implementation mechanisms).

The principles are divided into political and socio-economic. Political principles:

1. Democratic.
2. Publicity.
3. Voluntariness.

Socio-economic principles:

1. Environmental compliance and economic development.
2. New ways to solve environmental problems through scientific and technological progress.
3. Regulation of consumption.
4. Projected population growth.

The main goal of environmental policy is the balanced development of the economy, society and the environment.

Global environmental policy

The main problem of global environmental policy is the development of common views and approaches between countries. Attempts to come to a single decision problems are hampered by the economic interests of some countries, since we are talking about limiting or redistributing natural resources between different countries. There are also often accusations of falsifying facts, opinions that there are no problems with the ozone layer or global warming. Nevertheless, international conferences where a unified environmental culture is being developed continue. International environmental organizations play an important role.

International standards on environmental management and ISO audit 1400.

Environmental policy of the Russian Federation

The environmental situation in Russia is much better than in Europe, where natural resources are almost completely used. Out of 17 million sq. km total area Russian Federation 9 million sq. km - untouched natural systems, most of which are represented by forest-tundra. These ecological systems are not only effective on the territory of our country, but also have an impact on the global ecology.

But on the other hand, there are many places in Russia where the ecological balance is excessively disturbed. After all, the economic policy of our state in the past was characterized by indicators of production efficiency and labor productivity. The indicators of economic development of the USSR were high for a long time due to the development of natural resources. Their reserves were so voluminous that it seemed as if they would never run out.

The result of ill-conceived agricultural activities was the deterioration of soil characteristics and, as a consequence, the quality and results of agricultural products. Industrial emissions into the atmosphere gave rise to the phenomenon of acid rain, which also affected farmland and the quality of life of Russians in general. Uncontrolled use water resources provoked the disappearance of the Aral Sea, which was classified as an environmental disaster.

At the moment, environmental activities and environmental policy in Russia are carried out by a single government body - the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation. The Ministry of Natural Resources, or the Ministry of Environment, considers its mission to ensure the rational use of natural resources, excluding their depletion and environmental pollution, as well as the preservation of natural potential. The structure of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment includes:

1. Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources.
2. Federal Agency for Subsoil Use.
3. Federal Water Resources Agency.
4. Federal Forestry Agency.
5. Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring.

Environmental policy of the state, its directions and structure

The Ministry of Environment has the following areas of activity:

• administrative and control (control of environmental legislation, licensing, creation of standards for the use of natural resources, environmental certification and examination, standardization, environmental impact assessment);
• technical and technological (consideration of new technical and technological solutions for environmental protection and protection);
• economic (planning the use of resources, development and implementation of target programs, economic incentives: benefits, payments, taxes);
• legislative and legal (development and adoption of a legislative framework regulating relations between society and the environment);
• political (using the activities of political and public organizations to protect nature);
• educational (activities aimed at creating environmental views, thinking, and responsibility of each person).

State environmental policy is implemented with the participation of subjects of environmental policy:

1. State. Its main function is to set rules for business activities, coordinate and monitor compliance with legislation in the field of environmental protection.
2. Regional bodies for environmental management and nature conservation. All subjects of the Russian Federation formulate regional environmental policies on their territory.
3. Economic entities. This state organizations and large, medium and small businesses. Russian legislation obliges them to protect the environment, use gentle production technologies, and eliminate environmentally harmful consequences.
4. Research organizations. The role of such organizations is not only to obtain scientific research, but also in developing new ways for sustainable economic development, taking into account environmental protection.
5. Political parties. The main role of parties is in the formation political programs taking into account environmental problems, as well as in creating environmental consciousness among the citizens of our country.
6. Public organizations. Form an independent public opinion, directly participate in nature conservation activities, carry out educational and educational work.
7. Individual citizens. Environmental awareness and high demands for a clean environment allow individuals to come up with new initiatives, unite like-minded people into groups, and solve some local environmental problems.

Regional and local environmental policy

Regional and local environmental policy of the Russian Federation is characterized by the organization of environmental protection activities in specific territories, taking into account geographical, geological, climatic, economic, social features. In other words, this is the social and environmental policy of a region, city, town, which is formed on the following basis:

1. Socio-economic plan for the development of the region.
2. Grade current state nature.
3. Taking into account environmental assessment and anthropogenic impact on infrastructure development.
4. Regulating anthropogenic influence in order to stabilize and sustain the natural environment.
5. Development and implementation of new methods for economic analysis of the results of negative impacts on the environment.
6. Constant monitoring of natural parameters, assessment of the impact of individual production facilities on them.
7. Organization of optimal environmental conditions for the population.
8. Education and development of environmental consciousness.

Subjects of regional environmental policy are also economic entities, research organizations, political parties, public organizations, individual citizens.

Basic methods of influence (tools)

Why do state and regional authorities use various methods impact? Very often, economic and social aspects in regional development contradict environmental policy. For example, expansion of production brings profit and new jobs, but damages the environment. Or the introduction of new environmentally clean technologies, products are not economically viable.

To ensure the effectiveness of environmental policy, about 40 different instruments are used. They are divided into fiscal and non-fiscal. Fiscal instruments are directly related to finance and can be related to:

• with government revenues (taxes and licensing);
• government costs (targeted environmental programs, research activities, environmental investments).

Non-fiscal ones include education, regulation, and the legislative framework.

Environmental policy of the enterprise

First of all, the company’s environmental policy, developed on the basis of ISO 1400, is reflected in the document of the same name. The creation of such a document by an enterprise is a statement of its intentions and principles aimed at protecting the environment. An environmental policy (example document) may contain:

Solving environmental problems

Ways to solve environmental problems have long been found. They, big or small, are available large corporations and to any individual citizen:

• use of new renewable energy sources;
• stopping tropical deforestation;
• reduction of energy consumption;
• waste reduction.

2. Combating soil erosion:

• use of small fields;
• planting trees and shrubs to combat wind and destructive water flows.

3. Fight against the advance of deserts:

• the use of irrigation as a method of combating overdrying of the soil;
• planting trees and shrubs;
• use of new agricultural technologies and crops.

4. Restoring animal populations:

• organization of new natural parks as habitats;
• strict control of animal numbers;
• prohibition of hunting rare and endangered animals.

5. Fight against acid rain:

• reduction of emissions from chemical production;
• reducing the use of chemical fertilizers;
• use of filters and other purification sources.

It should be remembered: protecting nature is everyone’s duty; further pollution of the planet can lead to the extinction of another species of living organisms - people!