Social conflicts arising around environmental problems associated with the activities of economic entities are largely caused by the lack of adequate information about enterprises and implemented technological processes. Therefore, its managers and employees should be primarily interested in creating and disseminating reliable environmental information about an enterprise. But in this case, the usual copying of purely technical materials or the distribution of advertising booklets cannot play a positive role. Information for the public should be special, and one of the actively developing forms of developing such information has recently become the declaration of environmental policy by enterprises. So far this term is quite new for Russia. In accordance with international approaches (recommendations of ISO 14000 standards), environmental policy is understood as a set of intentions and principles defined by an organization regarding the environmental performance of its activities, which creates the basis for the development of specific goals and objectives.

Environmental policy must be consistent with the scale and nature of the environmental impact created by the activities, products and services of the enterprise (or company, corporation as a whole). Among other things, the policy should contain statements of commitment to compliance with regulations, as well as continuous improvement of the environmental management system and the prevention of environmental pollution. The environmental policy of an enterprise is drawn up in the form of a document that is brought to the attention of all employees of the organization and is available to the public.

The development of environmental policy as a set of intentions and principles, its execution in the form of a special document and, moreover, open to the public, sounds quite unusual for our conditions. Are similar approaches already established abroad? No, but an increasing number of enterprises, including those traditionally considered dangerous to the environment and the population, consider it beneficial to adhere to an open environmental policy. One of the UK chemical corporations, for example, adopted a unified environmental policy in 1996.

“The company is aware that the functioning of its enterprises, like any anthropogenic activity, leads to changes in the environment. The company considers it its responsibility to conduct work in such a way that its activities are socially significant and meet the requirements of the law. The main goal of the company is to ensuring that environmental protection becomes an integral part of business in the short and long term."

The main policy statement, which, by the way, does not exhort that the products produced are environmentally friendly and does not advertise the chemicals produced, is followed by a rationale for what path the company intends to take to achieve its goal.

The company openly states that it will set and implement specific environmental targets aimed at continuously improving its environmental management system and reducing its environmental impact. And also evaluate the achieved effect, including with the involvement of independent experts.

Ecological task (task environmental activities) - a detailed requirement regarding the environmental performance of an organization as a whole or its divisions, which follows from the established environmental goal of the organization's activities and must be fulfilled in order to achieve this goal (ISO 14000).

Moreover, the company is committed to supporting high level awareness of employees and the public about the impact of the activities of its enterprises on the environment in normal and emergency modes. The company intends to inform the public by publishing materials in the open press, in its own newspaper, as well as by creating booklets and films about factories, inviting those wishing to visit factories and take part in round table meetings.

What is the benefit for the enterprise? Before trying to answer this question, let us turn to the Russian experience. It is not as diverse as the experience of Dutch or British companies, but the main thing is that a start has been made. Currently, the regional organization Ecoline, together with partners from the United States (non-governmental organization ECOLOGY), as well as with experts from Russia and America, is working on a project dedicated to the development of voluntary environmental activities of economic entities of the Russian Federation.

The leadership of one of Russian enterprises, and not from supernova plants using imported technologies, a decision was made to develop an open environmental policy. The environmental mission (the basis of environmental policy) is formulated as follows:

"Symbol Company", one of oldest manufacturers glass products in Russia, is fully aware of the need to reduce the impact of technological processes on the environment. The responsibility of the management and all employees of the enterprise is also determined by the fact that the Symbol company is located in the buffer zone of a protected natural area - the Meshchera National Park. In a difficult socio-economic situation, the company strives to maintain and expand production, strengthen its position in the market, making efforts to implement environmental policy."

The priority aspects of the enterprise's environmental policy include the gradual reduction of the impact of production processes on natural systems, primarily through existing methods and means that do not require excessive costs.

The management of the enterprise is fully aware that the declaration of a speedy transition to cleaner production is not confirmed by any real (professional, financial and organizational) possibilities. There is a conscious emphasis on more full use additional local resources (pedagogical, opportunities for public environmental monitoring and control), on the gradual tightening of requirements for production discipline along with environmental awareness of personnel.

A serious motive for publicly declaring the enterprise’s environmental policy already at the stage of its development was the awareness by the management and employees of the enterprise of moral responsibility for the current environmental situation and the possibility of improving it. All these people not only work on the territory of the national park, but also live (and in most cases grew up and are raising children here) in the zone of influence of their own production.

One of the most characteristic features of a truly environmentally transparent enterprise is the adoption of a wide range of voluntary environmental obligations (in relation to staff, investors, shareholders, the population, the public, local authorities).

Specific tasks environmental activities and the company's commitments probably don't look too impressive. But the main thing is that they are relevant and aimed at gradually improving the environmental situation, defusing social tension, and supporting the policy of protected natural areas.

In the situation considered, it is impossible to traditionally define the boundaries between the “three sectors” (business, government and public). The personnel of the enterprise or relatives of employees, the inspector of the environmental committee and employees of the district administration are the public of the city; entrepreneurs are graduates of schools leading in environmental education and training of students. The enterprise's initiative has created the prerequisites for overcoming negative trends in the development of the environmental situation at the territorial level. Society as a whole benefits. Trusted relationships are formed not only with the local community, but also with environmental authorities.

There are prospects for increasing the environmental efficiency of the enterprise: hidden environmental costs are assessed and taken into account, and their risk is reduced. All techniques and methods used are low-cost.

All this leads to the creation of a favorable environmental image of the enterprise, obtaining benefits and advantages when investing and tax benefits, to the acquisition of additional guarantees of product quality, increased competitiveness, and additional opportunities for reasonable advertising.

Thus, environmental “transparency” and the enterprise’s readiness for constructive dialogue with all stakeholders and parties have become the most important condition achieving a reasonable compromise, a social environmental contract.

The experience gained allows us to speak with confidence about the presence in Russia today of all the necessary opportunities and conditions for development practical activities in the field of environmental management, active formation of industrial environmental culture and entrepreneurship culture. It should be emphasized that all the described results were achieved in a transitional economy and extremely limited financial and material opportunities for solving environmental problems. In general, the results of the work can be assessed as the first necessary steps taken by the enterprise towards future certification in accordance with international environmental standards, which should facilitate the entry of products into the world market.

Article by T.V. Gusevoy, M.V. Khotuleva, E.G. Vinokurova, A.E. Khachaturova.

1.3 Environmental policy of the enterprise

Environmental policy (environmental policy) is a statement of an enterprise or organization about its intentions and principles related to its overall environmental performance, which serves as the basis for both actions and the establishment of target and planned environmental indicators.

The environmental policy should reflect the commitment of the enterprise's senior management to comply with applicable laws and continuously improve the environmental management system. The policy creates the basis through which an enterprise sets its targets and targets. The policy must be clear enough to be understood by internal and external stakeholders. The scope of the policy must be clearly identifiable and periodically reviewed and revised to reflect changing external conditions and take into account emerging information. An enterprise's environmental policy should be regularly monitored to check that it is consistent with the principles and that continuous improvement in environmental performance is taking place.

The enterprise's senior management must define an environmental policy and ensure that the policy:

a) is consistent with the nature, scale and environmental impact of the enterprise’s activities;

b) included commitments to continuous improvement of the environment and prevent pollution;

c) included obligations regarding compliance with the requirements of regulatory legal acts in the field of environmental protection;

d) provided a basis for establishing target and planned environmental indicators and their analysis;

e) was documented, implemented, supported and communicated to all employees of the enterprise;

e) would be available to the public.

The enterprise must define its own environmental policy and commit to an environmental management system. The process of forming an environmental policy is regulated in detail by GOST R ISO 14004 and includes three stages:

1. Adoption of an environmental strategy as an obligation of the enterprise management: its preparation is the responsibility of the enterprise manager. Must briefly state the intentions of the director of the enterprise regarding environmental protection;

2. Initial environmental impact assessment: considers the entire range of operating conditions of the enterprise, including emergency situations. The results of the initial environmental impact assessment must be documented;

3. Adoption of environmental policy.

Environmental policy means the goals and principles of an enterprise's actions in relation to the environment, including compliance with all requirements of regulatory legal acts regarding environmental protection.

Environmental policy should take into account the following issues:

1. Problems solved by the enterprise, management’s views on the prospects for the development of the enterprise;

2. Continuous improvement of the environment;

3. Prevention of environmental pollution;

4. Coordination of environmental issues with other aspects of the organization's policies (for example, occupational health and safety);

5. Specific local or regional conditions;

6. Compliance with current regulatory documents on environmental issues.

In addition to compliance with regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection, an enterprise’s environmental policy may establish obligations in relation to:

· minimizing any significant negative impacts on the environment when introducing new technologies;

· developing a procedure for assessing the environmental performance of work and related indicators;

· designing manufactured products in such a way as to minimize their impact on the environment during production, use and disposal;

· preventing environmental pollution, reducing waste and resource consumption;

· increasing the level of education and training of personnel;

· exchange of experience in the field of environmental protection;

· encouragement to implement environmental management systems for suppliers and contractors.

The company's environmental policy must be regularly monitored.

The purpose of control is to check whether the enterprise’s policy corresponds to the declared ones and whether, during its implementation, a constant improvement in environmental characteristics is observed.

2. general characteristics activity of the enterprise

2.1 Organizational structure enterprises

Sibneft-Khantos LLC was formed on January 1, 2005. based on the order of OJSC Sibneft dated April 6. 2005 No. 63 based on TPDN "Priobsky" and TPDN "Palyanovsky"

In eight months of work the following was obtained:

· 2007.1 thousand tons of oil, which amounted to 98.5% of the planned volume;

· 14.4 million m3 of gas, which is 91.4% of the plan.

Additional oil production from all geological and technical operations carried out amounted to 1,101.8 tons. 307416 m drilled rocks(125.2 to plan). 96 new wells were commissioned (112.9% of the plan). 6 hydraulic fracturing operations were carried out on the existing well stock, additional production from hydraulic fracturing amounted to 54.9 thousand tons.

This chapter analyzes the theoretical foundations of environmental policy, its instruments, components and mechanisms. In addition, a description is given of the economic consequences of the presence of environmental problems in the country, and also characterizes the system of environmental quality management, control and monitoring of its condition.

Environmental policy: concept, types, principles

Environmental policy is comparatively the new kind public policy of the countries of the world, as well as the direction of activities of various political, economic, governmental and non-governmental organizations. The formation and development of environmental policies in various states and regions is influenced by many factors, among which the most significant can be considered the level of economic and social development society, the level of influence of environmental problems on the development of the country, the level of development of production and the scale of use natural resources, as well as the level of environmental literacy and culture of the population. Features of the formation of environmental policy are associated, first of all, with the stage of development at which the country is located. The process of forming regional environmental policy also depends on political attitudes in society and the government system.

We can define environmental policy as the direction of activity of state and public organizations aimed at protecting the environment, rational environmental management and solving environmental problems. However, it is necessary to distinguish between the concept of “environmental policy” from the point of view of the global and regional levels. On a global scale, “environmental policy” is a set of measures and actions of international political and public organizations, the main goal of which is to consider global environmental problems from the point of view of the impact of these problems on the socio-economic development of the entire society, as well as taking into account available resources and their distributions. Regional environmental policy is similar in function to global policy, but it considers the impact of environmental problems from the point of view of one continent, country or region.

IN modern world Much attention is paid to regional environmental policy, especially from the point of view of individual economic entities economic activity, which are the main sources of environmental pollution. Regional environmental policy is one of the most important components of state policy in most developed countries. IN in this case we can talk about elements of state environmental policy. Among them are goals, mechanisms and implementation tools, priorities and implementation costs. State environmental policy is based on the economic and social objectives of all state policy, and also depends on the degree of influence of environmental problems and natural disasters on the development of the country, the level of scientific - technical progress and the possibilities of using its achievements to solve environmental problems. Social environmental policy is most often considered as a set of measures aimed at increasing environmental literacy of the population and regulating the attitude of the country's population to the use of natural resources and respect for the environment.

It is also necessary to take into account the fact that the level economic development countries and the state of the environment are closely interconnected. Ensuring high growth rates without taking measures to protect the environment will lead to environmental degradation and will also have an impact on people’s lives and health, which in turn will lead to long term to even more negative consequences.

The process of implementing environmental policy includes three stages:

• · Development of normative and legal acts, administrative and control measures, direct regulation by government bodies;
• · Creation of institutions for environmental control and monitoring;
• · Development and implementation of economic incentive tools related to the development of various market mechanisms and aimed at greening the economic activities of economic agents.

The main instruments of environmental policy are administrative and economic methods. Economic methods include various ways stimulating users of natural resources to develop, use and improve resource-saving technologies, as well as encouraging them to use more environmentally friendly methods of organizing and carrying out production activities. Such methods directly include price and fiscal policy instruments, government subsidy programs for various environmental programs, as well as the sale of pollution rights. Administrative methods include a system of fines, legislative regulation, environmental payments, establishing standards for maximum permissible emissions for various sources environmental pollution, including power plants, industrial plants and vehicles.

There is also a more detailed classification of environmental policy methods. In social ecology, the following mechanisms of environmental policy are distinguished: legislative - legal, economic, political, educational and scientific - technical. Legislative - legal methods in this case are considered as a set of legislative acts and normative - legal documents, which regulate relations between the state, society and nature, and also establish fines for environmental pollution. Scientific and technical methods mean a set of knowledge and technologies that contribute to the prevention and solution of environmental problems. Political methods refer to the actions of political parties and organizations to improve environmental complexes and reserves. Educational measures occupy a special place, since their main task is to educate society in the spirit of respect for nature.

The process of implementing environmental policy is carried out by subjects of environmental policy, which include: states, economic agents, political parties and organizations, non-governmental organizations and scientific research and educational institutions.

The goals of environmental policy include: achieving results in the field of environmental protection and solving both regional and global environmental problems, rational use of natural resources, preserving public health and reducing the impact of environmental pollution on human health, applying environmental relations to solve other public policy problems. To achieve these goals, it is necessary, first of all, to solve a number of important tasks:

• · development, improvement and mastery by the population of methods of rational use of natural resources, as well as environmentally friendly production methods;
• · formation in society of a system of environmental value and understanding of the limitations of natural resources;
• · educating the population with awareness of the strategy of global sustainable development;
• · development of a system for safe waste disposal;
• · provision food security and improving food quality;
• · reducing the risk of natural and man-made disasters.

To solve the problems described above, the state needs to develop a clear environmental policy, as well as promote financial and material support for studying the state of the environment and biological diversity, creating an effective system for monitoring the state of the environment and its components, developing methods for monitoring the production activities of business entities, financing and supporting the use of energy-saving and environmentally friendly technologies by companies.

One of the directions of environmental policy is also the reduction of damage caused to the natural environment from anthropogenic activities. Such damage can be divided into calculable and conditionally calculable damage.

Calculable damage includes economic and socio-economic types of damage. Economic damage is the cost of the state to eliminate the consequences of natural disasters and catastrophes, the loss of society as a result of the lack of results from forestry, industrial and agricultural activities, a decrease in yield and, as a consequence, an increase in the food problem, the cost of maintaining and restoring balance in ecosystems, loss of fuel, raw materials and materials.

Social and economic damage includes the costs of preserving recreational resources, an increase in the number of people suffering from chronic diseases, as well as the consequences of population migration caused by environmental degradation.

Conditionally calculable damage is an increase in pathological changes in the human body, an increase in the number of people who suffer from allergies since childhood, as well as aesthetic damage caused to the population from changes in the appearance of surrounding landscapes due to environmental pollution.

Correct interpretation of economic damage from environmental problems is necessary in almost all areas of economic activity. It allows you to assess the efficiency of the economy of a region or country as a whole, and also contributes to the development of market mechanisms for monitoring the state of the environment, such as environmental insurance. The lack of a qualitative assessment of environmental damage leads to the fact that environmental management is excluded from the list of factors that determine the overall efficiency of the economy.

1. Environmental policy.

Environmental management is the main task of environmental management, since environmental management is the main tool in the environmental management system.

The control system, in accordance with GOST R ISO, includes the following links: environmental policy, planning, implementation and operation, inspections (monitoring and audit) and corrective actions, as well as management analysis. All these actions should lead to a “continuous improvement” of the environment.

For successful management, all levels of management must present their “Environmental Policy”, starting from the state and ending with an economic entity and just a citizen. Demonstration of successful environmental policies is necessary to ensure that stakeholders have confidence that an appropriate environmental management system is in place.

In the field of environmental management, demonstration of environmental policy is most important, since this industry interacts most closely with the environment. Therefore, any environmental management organization must establish, implement, maintain or improve an environmental management system. At the same time, it must ensure that its environmental policies are “fair.” To do this, you need to demonstrate the compliance of your environmental policy with the interests of other organizations and citizens and achieve approval (certification or registration) of your environmental policy by society ( external organization, for example, during an environmental assessment of an environmental management project).

This procedure usually begins with an independent determination of the compliance of the environmental management system with legal and technical regulations, for example, the “Environmental Protection Law” or GOST ISO 14000 series.

In a narrow sense, under environmental policy implied - an organization's statement of its intentions and principles related to its overall environmental performance. This serves as the basis for action and the establishment of target and planned environmental indicators.

An environmental indicator is called– “a detailed environmental performance requirement, quantified (where feasible), imposed on an organization or parts of it, resulting from environmental performance targets, and which must be established and met in order to achieve the targets.”

So, environmental policy should:

be consistent with the nature and scale of the organization's activities, take into account the type of products or services and be consistent with the environmental impacts; include obligations regarding compliance with environmental laws and regulations; include commitments to continually improve the environment and prevent pollution; provide a basis for establishing target and planned environmental indicators and their analysis (such indicators, for example, may be included in the structure of the reclamation regime); be documented, implemented, supported by management and communicated to all employees, and be available to the public.

Environmental policy is the driving force for introducing and improving the environmental management system at all levels of economic activity. The policy should reflect the commitment of senior management to comply with applicable laws based on the establishment of planned environmental quality indicators, in particular the implementation of reclamation regimes for environmental management. The policy must be clear enough to be understood by internal and external participants in the business. It should be periodically improved (analyzed and revised).

1.1 Environmental justification at various stages of environmental management.

Humanity's concern for its future arose around the middle of the twentieth century. It was a fairly prosperous time. The “Second World War” ended, the countries’ economies stabilized, and savings appeared that could be invested not only in national businesses. Multinational companies emerged. Investors needed to get an answer to the question in which industry, in which direction they should invest capital to obtain maximum profit. They hoped to obtain the answer as a result of modeling global socio-economic processes.

A group of fashion designers and forecasters, the so-called “Club of Rome,” tried to answer the questions posed. The answer was formed in the form of a forecast of the development of the World under different strategies human behavior from 1970 to 2020.

The following key variables were selected in the models: changes in the human population, changes in the amount of non-renewable resources, changes in nutrition levels, changes in environmental pollution. As a result of the modeling, it turned out that the most alarming indicator leading to significant mortality in the world was pollution.

The international community had to decide that capital needed to be invested not to improve the existing standard of living, not to get rich, but to preserve human life on Earth. Awareness of this event subsequently led to the emergence of various environmental movements that demanded changes in legislation.

The greatest concern of the international community was “ big projects"related to changes in nature, i.e. projects of significant redistribution of natural resources across the territory, for example, during oil and gas production or transfer of river flows, reclamation projects and also projects leading to environmental pollution.

The natural reaction to this threat was to limit activities dangerous to humans, which was implemented in many countries in the form of environmental control over planned economic activities (PEA).

The impact of economic activities on the natural environment is diverse. This is, first of all, an influence on the abiotic environment, and then, through it, on the biotic environment.

An approximate diagram of such an impact is shown in Fig. 1. “Scheme of the impact of the proposed economic activity on the environment.”

The figure shows that human activity affects the main geographical areas(atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere), through them to the soil, then to the flora and fauna and, as a result, to humans.

Any human activity is built according to a certain plan and goes through a number of stages. There are at least five such stages - planning, design, construction, operation and liquidation of an economic activity.

Each stage must have a specific procedure for assessing the possible impact of economic activities. For example, at the initial planning stages you can use strategic environmental impact assessment , at the project stage – environmental impact assessment (EIA) and him environmental assessment , at the stage of operation of the existing facility –environmental monitoring And environmental audit.

However, they can all be combined into a procedure environmental assessment.

The environmental assessment procedure in design analysis can be formalized in the form of a flowchart shown in Fig. 2

In Figure 2 you can trace the sequence of procedures at the design and operation stages. Starting with the block “Analysis of the situation in the country and analysis of regional development programs, characteristics of the state of the environment.” Further, following in a clockwise direction, you can see how research materials (the “Primary study of the environment” block) are transformed into a “Detailed study of the project” and transferred to “Expertise”. If the examination is positive, the project moves into the implementation stage.

At this stage, the provision of credits is linked to an agreement on the protection of the environment and natural resources. In the future, measures to protect nature should be implemented and their effectiveness monitored. At the project completion stage, its results are assessed through audit and monitoring of the operating enterprise.

Let us consider in more detail the design stages and, in this regard, individual environmental assessment procedures. The basic principle of any environmental assessment is its preventiveness, i.e. possible damages should be identified at the earliest stages.

2 The main stages of “designing” economic activity.

The general structure of designing economic activities can be presented in the form of a block diagram shown in Figure 3 “Main stages of “designing” economic activities.” This figure shows that a comprehensive environmental assessment (expertise) must be carried out consistently at all stages of the implementation of environmental management.

1. The need for examination of legal norms. Legal norms significantly influence the social, economic, political and moral state of society. Wrong legal laws can have a detrimental effect on the environment and therefore the biotic community. For example, the adoption of amendments to the Constitution allowing the import of radioactive waste (substances) into the territory of the Russian Federation from other countries.

2. Development forecast National economy. Forecasts for the development of the national economy are compiled for 10-20 years in advance and determine the life of the country, current and subsequent generations. If the direction chosen in development forecasts is wrong, this can lead to catastrophic consequences, including the collapse of the country.

Fig. 1 Scheme of the impact of economic activities on the environment.

Rice. 2 Environmental assessment procedure in design analysis (cited from)

3. Features of the feasibility study examination. A feasibility study (feasibility study) is a mandatory pre-project document, therefore, an assessment of its economic efficiency and environmental safety can significantly affect the further progress of the project, since it is at the feasibility study stage that the total cost of the project is determined, which can then only be adjusted downward .

3.1. Economic examination of feasibility study. Economic examination of the feasibility study is aimed at establishing the compliance of design solutions with actual ones economic costs. For example, many projects do not take into account the costs associated with recycling and waste disposal; costs associated with the costs of eliminating production (for example, eliminating weapons)

3.2. Feasibility studies and projects of economic activity in neighboring countries. In these projects, transboundary issues of use or changes in the quality of natural resources deserve special attention from experts. In most cases, these projects resolve issues in the interests of one state without taking into account the interests of another, although the interests of both should be taken into account.

3.3. Materials on the creation of mining and processing industries. In these materials, it is necessary to pay attention to decisions (costs) associated with the destruction of soil cover (costs of its restoration), restoration costs (damages from disappearance) individual species animals. Pollution of the surrounding area .

4. Draft international treaties. Needs to be assessed environmental consequences production and environmental consequences of activities under issued licenses.

Environmental assessment(examination) of the first four stages of economic activity is quite complex and therefore is not always carried out. Therefore, when developing and testing these stages, it is necessary to pay attention Special attention on environmental consequences and develop methods economic assessment these consequences.

5. Examination of design and technical documentation. General provisions: when examining technical documentation, first of all, the section of the project called “Environmental Impact Assessment” (EIA) should be considered. This section in the project is mandatory. When considering the EIA section, the correctness of the assessment methodology, the reliability of the source materials, and the correctness of the conclusions from the assessments obtained are considered. In addition, an assessment of the environmental impact in emergency situations and during the liquidation of production should be considered.

6. Examination of materials for the creation of specially protected areas. When conducting such an examination, it is necessary, first of all, to pay attention to the correctness of identifying the boundaries of this territory. A more correct allocation would be by river basin, i.e. the basin principle of identifying a natural area.

7. Examination of projects and schemes for the rational use of natural resources. During this examination, it is necessary to pay attention, first of all, to the availability of natural resources to biotic communities, i.e., the availability (rational use) of natural resources not only for humans, but also for biota. In these projects, it is necessary to assess the damage that may be caused to biota.

8. Documents on changing the functional status of the territory. These documents require special attention, as they may cover large territories, for example, the territories of origin of an ethnic group or places of recreation for local residents. For example, the transfer of forest fund lands to settlement lands or the transfer of reindeer pastures to lands for other purposes.

Fig. 3 Main stages of business activity design.

9. Other documents justifying economic activities that can have a direct or indirect impact on the environment. This paragraph, as it were, reserves space for new or not yet existing documents that are not included in those listed above.

Based on the above, we will classify the tools for implementing environmental policy in the field of environmental management. Tools can be classified depending on the level (stage) of economic activity (see Table 1).

Classification of tools for implementing environmental policy in the field of environmental management.

Table 1

3 Environmental assessment and tools for its implementation.

Environmental assessment is more important at the earliest stages of NHD planning. In a market economy, this is the stage of lending for future activities in the size of a country, region or individual project. World Bank experts defined this concept this way. Environmental assessment, or environmental impact assessment: Extensive studies carried out by a borrowing country for the World Bank on operations that may have a significant adverse impact on the environment.

Impact assessment is the process of analyzing and assessing the impact of any event (implementation of policy or legislation in the field of energy or agriculture, urban development plan, construction of a reclamation system, etc.) on the environment (or on the local community, culture, economy, etc. .).

Impact assessment is an integral element of an environmental management system as it provides knowledge and information about the presence and magnitude of impacts. Without knowledge and understanding of negative environmental impacts, it would be impossible to plan and effectively implement measures to protect the biotic community and protect public health.

Impact assessment is an integral element of all management stages and processes. Its greatest role is in the decision-making process and the process of setting priorities. In this case, special attention is paid to those activities that have a serious impact on the environment. This is especially important in conditions of limited resources and opportunities to prevent negative consequences.

Impact assessment can be most beneficial early in the planning process. For example, when developing plans, programs and strategies to prevent the negative impact of NCD and solve various environmental problems. This assessment can be called a strategic assessment.

3.1 Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment (SEA)

Strategic environmental impact assessment (SEA) is a fairly new approach, which, although based on the concept and principles of EIA, in contrast to it, involves integrated impact assessment on the environment plan, program, policy or project legislative act government.

The main purpose of SEA is to ensure that the environment is taken into account and assessed before policies, strategies, programs, plans and legislation are adopted. In other words, SEA should be applied at a stage when decision makers are still able to consider the possible impact of a particular strategy on the environment and influence the course of events.

SEA can cover areas such as trade, taxation, agriculture and fisheries, energy, transport, etc. Thus, SEA can be carried out to assess national energy, industrial or agricultural policies, territorial development plans at various levels (district or district ), draft national legislation in various areas (waste management, consumption), etc.

As a rule, Strategic Assessment is aimed at analyzing and assessing the following factors:

addressing existing environmental and health problems within the framework of the strategy under consideration; analysis of the goals and objectives of the strategy from an environmental point of view; the strategy's contribution to achieving environmental sustainability; key strategy alternatives; the impact of measures proposed for all options (solutions) on the environment and health; assessment of the monitoring system, potential impact of the strategy on the environment and health.

Two approaches are commonly used in conducting SEA: impact assessment and expected outcome assessment.

Impact assessment is based on the premise that any environmental and health impacts of the strategy being considered and its alternatives must be assessed before a final decision is made. The very process of making such an assessment (the emergence of new knowledge) can influence the final decision.

Another approach - assessing expected results - aims to answer the question of how effectively environmental interests are taken into account at all stages of strategy planning and how adequate they are to the goals and objectives of the strategy in comparison with possible alternatives.

Usually strategies, programs and plans are created strict rules for lower-level decision-making (on-site projects), so developers must provide information to the public. They must create conditions for the exercise of her right to participate in the planning processes and development of such documents. This can be done either through public organizations or through elected bodies (Councils, Dumas, etc.)

In any case, the SEA should be carried out with the effective participation of the population, provided that the population has objective information, and the comments (wishes) of the population are necessarily taken into account.

In the event that the implementation of a strategy may have an impact on the environment of another country, the authorities and public of the affected country should be informed in advance of all significant potential transboundary forms of impact of the strategy, have the opportunity to participate in its discussion and express their wishes.

The SEA must take into account the wishes of other countries when making decisions by the country planning to implement the strategy being assessed.

This circumstance is taken into account in European and international legislation, which recognizes the importance of democratic SEA. Within the EU, Directive 2001/42/EC on strategic environmental impact assessment is in force. It has direct legal force for 31 European states (EU member states and candidate countries) and requires the introduction of common approaches.

However, in no country is SEA used comprehensively, that is, at all levels of developing strategic documents - policies, plans, programs.

In a number of countries, SEA is used at the policy level (eg Canada, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Poland and Slovakia) or in the development of legislation and regulations (Denmark, Netherlands).

In most cases, SEA is used only in relation to plans or programmes. The main sectors that the SEA is aimed at are the areas of environmental management: land use, water sector, waste management, transport and energy.

In some countries, SEA is largely based on modified EIA procedures and is carried out as an additional activity that has a real impact on planning and program development processes.

In the Newly Independent States (NIS), “similar” to SEA is the system of state environmental assessment (SEE), which has the status of national law in a number of countries (Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Russia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine).

SEE is carried out in relation to projects, but also for strategic activities, including development plans, sectoral programs and policies, legal norms, sets of mandatory rules related to environmental protection. At the same time, the SEE procedure, unfortunately, does not require public participation and sometimes does not have strict legal force for the development of strategic development documents.

3.2 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) was formed as an integrated system process. The concept of EIA was first introduced in the United States with the passage of the EIA Act. national policy in Environmental Protection in 1969. EIA is typically used to identify the negative impacts of a planned project. project environmental impact prior to its approval and implementation, and to plan appropriate measures to reduce or prevent such impacts.

The project in question (such as building a dam or highway, draining a swamp, or irrigating land to expand agricultural land) is usually one of more broad program development.

In most European countries and some countries of the former USSR, EIA has the status of national law.

According to its functions and features, EIA is a preventive tool, and not a method for solving an already existing problem. Therefore, Environmental Impact Assessment is a process that ensures that all environmental consequences of a business activity are taken into account before a decision is implemented.

The EIA procedure makes it possible to analyze possible environmental impacts and document them in the form of a report. After this, hold public hearings to review the report, take into account all comments from citizens and submit a report with a final decision, and finally inform the public about this decision.

The main goals of EIA in the context of environmental management are as follows:

assess the direction and depth of changes in the environment during the implementation of the project; assess possible changes in natural and anthropogenic ecosystems; identify ways to minimize the negative impact on the environment and biota; propose alternatives with different environmental consequences; prevent habitat deterioration by implementing possible alternative solutions and taking measures to reduce negative impacts; familiarize decision-makers with the possible consequences of the planned project; disclose to the public the reasons for consent to the implementation of the project and possible environmental consequences; promote collaboration between stakeholders; stimulate further public participation in the decision-making process related to economic activities.

EIA is always carried out on initial stage project development (this is a mandatory procedure for projects listed in national EIA legislation). The EIA procedure is coordinated by the competent authority (for example, the Ministry of Natural Resources, the EIA Commission, the authorized local government department, etc.).

The detail of impact assessment at different stages of decision-making varies. The goals are somewhat different. Thus, when conducting an assessment when choosing a construction site, developing feasibility studies (TES) and construction projects, the goals are:

A comprehensive consideration of all anticipated environmental, economic and social benefits and losses associated with economic development; searching for optimal design solutions that contribute to:

(a) preventing environmental degradation;

(b) ensuring socio-ecological and economic balance of economic development;

(c) improving people's living conditions;

(d) development of effective measures to reduce the level of forced adverse impacts on the environment to an insignificant or acceptable level.

As shown above, economic activity affects almost all areas of the Earth, therefore the impact assessment is carried out in relation to the following objects: flora, fauna, soil, air, water, climate, landscape, historical monuments and other material objects or the relationship between these.

3.2.1 The functions of the EIA are:

1. identification, analysis, assessment and consideration in design decisions:

(a) the expected impacts of the proposed economic activity;

(b) changes in the environment as a result of these impacts;

(c) the consequences for society and the ecosystem that changes in the environment will lead to;

2. identification, analysis and comparison of all real and reasonable alternatives (including complete abandonment of activities) based on socio-ecological and economic assessments of each of them;

3. formalization, within which the customer presents the results of the EIA procedures carried out in the process of developing the design concept at various stages of design;

Thus, EIA is a decision-making tool. The results of the EIA should present a clear picture of the alternative development opportunities studied and their consequences for society and the ecosystem, with a balanced socio-ecological and economic assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative.

3.2.1 EIA is based on the following principles:

1. Mandatory. Carrying out EIA procedures in full is mandatory for the following types objects of economic activity – 1. Oil refineries. 2. Thermal power plants and other combustion installations with a thermal output of 300 megawatts or more, as well as nuclear power plants and other nuclear reactor structures 3. Installations designed exclusively for the production or enrichment of nuclear fuel, the regeneration of spent nuclear fuel, or the collection, disposal and reprocessing of radioactive waste. 4. Large installations for blast furnace and open-hearth production and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises. 5. Installations for the extraction of asbestos and the processing and transformation of asbestos and asbestos-containing products: in relation to asbestos-cement products. 6. Chemical plants. 7. Construction of highways, expressways, routes for railways long-haul and airports with a main runway length of 2100 meters or more. 8. Oil and gas pipelines with pipes large diameter. 9. Commercial ports, as well as inland waterways and ports for inland navigation, allowing the passage of ships with a displacement of more than 1350 tons. 10. Waste disposal facilities for incineration, chemical processing or disposal of toxic and hazardous waste. 11. Large dams with a height of 15 m or more, reservoirs with a surface area of ​​2 sq. km or more, main canals, drainage systems and water supply systems of large cities.12. Fence activity groundwater in case the annual volume of water withdrawn reaches 10 million cubic meters or more. 13. Pulp and paper production producing 200 metric tons or more of air-dried product per day. 14. Large-scale mining, extraction and in-situ beneficiation of metal ores and coal. 15. Hydrocarbon production on the continental shelf. 16. Large warehouses for storing petroleum, petrochemical and chemical products. 17. Industrial and municipal treatment facilities Wastewater with an annual flow of more than 5% of the river basin flow volume. 18. Large livestock complexes with capacity: 1) pig breeding complexes - 30 thousand heads or more; 2) for fattening young cattle - 2 thousand heads or more; 3) dairy - 1200 cows or more. 19. Fur farming complexes. 20. Poultry farms for 400 thousand laying hens, 3 million broilers and more. 21. Objects of economic and/or other activities located in specially protected areas and the operation of which is not related to the regime of these territories. 22. Clear-cut timber harvesting in logging areas with a felling area of ​​more than 200 hectares or timber felling on an area of ​​more than 20 hectares when converting forest lands into non-forest lands for purposes not related to forestry and use of the forest fund. For types of economic activities not included in this list (including many types of environmental management activities), it is mandatory to develop " draft Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)". The decision on the advisability of carrying out all subsequent EIA procedures is made by state authorities, management and control (supervision) based on the results of consideration of the “draft EIS” and on the basis of an assessment of the degree of significance of the expected impacts of the proposed activity on the environment.

2. Prevention. EIA is used as a decision-making tool at the earliest stages of design.

3. Variation. When assessing environmental impacts, alternative design solutions should be considered and, if necessary, new options proposed.

4. Complexity. Integration (consideration in interrelation) of technological, technical, social, environmental, economic and other indicators of project proposals.

5. Publicity. Availability of information on design solutions to the public at the earliest stage of project consideration.

6. Responsibility.ABOUT responsibility of the customer (initiator) of the activity for the consequences of the implementation of design decisions.

3.2.2 Procedure for conducting EIA

Before the start of design and EIA of the planned activity, the Customer prepares a “Notice of Intents”, which contains information about the Customer’s intentions regarding the nature of the planned activity. It is submitted to state authorities and management (by level of competence) in order to obtain consent for further preparation and consideration of proposals for the development of the planned activity at possible sites for its implementation. Consent does not mean assigning possible sites or land allotments to this Customer.

All EIA documentation is prepared by the customer of the proposed activity through the developer or by EIA specialists.

The general procedure for conducting an EIA includes the following stages:

· Project development "Environmental Impact Statements"(“project EIS”).

· Submission of the “draft EIS” to government authorities, management and control.

· Development of assignments for design, surveys and research in accordance with the requirements put forward based on the results of consideration of the “draft EIS” in government agencies power, management and control.

· Development of an EIS based on the “project EIS”, based on the results of surveys and research.

· Organizing and conducting public hearings of the Environmental Impact Assessment.

· Finalization of a feasibility study or project for the construction of an economic facility or complex.

· Making a decision by the customer on the possibility and feasibility of implementing the planned activity at a given site on the presented and recorded conditions, based on the formed understanding of the environmental and related consequences of its implementation.

in sections

· Russian Federation

As environmental problems have grown and become ecological crisis, demands for the need to conduct environmental policy began to be heard more and more often, i.e. the need to direct human activities in accordance with nature, with the help and participation of the state and political parties, in order to ensure the preservation of ecological balance in nature.

Currently, environmental problems have become global. This is due to the fact that when planning and implementing the material progress of society, the ecological foundations of human life and the lives of other creatures were not taken into account. Therefore, at present, almost all countries, especially those that are economically developed, are trying to formulate their environmental policies, regulate the planned use of natural resources and provide financial resources for their restoration.

The main role in ensuring environmental policy is played by the state, but in modern society the state is not the only subject of environmental policy, but only one of them, along with political parties, scientific and professional organizations, economic entities, social movements, etc.

Still, environmental policy is important integral part policies of any state, and its implementation or non-implementation affects the attitude of citizens towards government authorities.

Environmental policy is a new and young phenomenon, and therefore there is currently no generally accepted definition of it. Nevertheless, based on the definition of policy in general and based on the generally accepted goal of environmental policy, the following definition of environmental policy can be proposed:

Ecopolitics is a system of political, economic, legal, educational and other measures taken to manage the environmental situation and ensure the rational use of natural resources in the country.

Within the framework of environmental policy, several levels can be distinguished:

International, state (national), regional, local.

In modern socio-economic conditions, much attention is paid to the problem

formation and implementation of environmental policy at the level of individual economic entities, especially industrial enterprises, which are the main contributor to environmental pollution. In this case, we should talk about environmental policy as “a set of intentions and principles regarding environmental indicators”, which is not only officially proclaimed, but also creates the basis for the further development of environmental goals and objectives.

Environmental policy is an important component of the policy of any state. The elements of environmental policy are: principles, priorities, goals, subjects, implementation mechanisms (tools).

Political principles in a rule-of-law state mean the principles of democracy, openness, voluntariness, activity and negotiation. Socio-economic principles: correspondence of economic development and environmental opportunities, use of achievements scientific and technical progress to solve environmental problems, regulation of consumption, planning for natural population growth. In states with different socio-political systems, these principles may vary. For example, totalitarian states are characterized by such political principles as undemocraticism, secrecy, coercion, passivity, and confrontation. Socio-economic principles in totalitarian states are based on the idea of ​​unlimited natural resources, ignoring the ecological capabilities of the environment, and the priority of state interests over personal interests; Population growth is generally not controlled.

In the field of environmental protection and environmental protection, more than in any other field, the influence of principles agreed upon at the international level is strong 1. This was driven by the decisions of the 2nd UN World Conference on Environment and Development (Rio, 1992), confirmed and expanded at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (Johannesburg, 2002). These principles include such as “the polluter pays”, the requirements of sustainable development, precaution, the use of technology, the best available, etc. These principles are included in the environmental and natural resource legislation of most countries. This made it possible to harmonize national environmental policy mechanisms.

The goal of environmental policy in modern

conditions is to create conditions for the harmonious, balanced development of nature, society and the economy.

The implementation of the principles of environmental policy is carried out using certain methods (mechanisms). There are different approaches to determining environmental policy methods. The following methods are distinguished in social ecology:

1 Environmental management / N.V. Pakhomova, A. Endres, K. Richter. St. Petersburg, 2003. P. 191.

When forming mechanisms

In environmental management, it is important to find the optimal combination of administrative, legal and economic levers and methods. The predominance of one or the other leads to adverse consequences for both the environment and society.

The process of formation and implementation of environmental policy occurs with the participation of natural resource users themselves or subjects of environmental policy. Subjects of environmental policy include:

Recently, it has also been practiced to distinguish three sectors in socio-ecological relations - state, business, public. It should be emphasized that the effectiveness of environmental policy depends on how well the interaction of all participants in the process of its formation and implementation is established.

The degree of participation of each of the subjects varies depending on the political and economic attitudes in society. So, in authoritarian and totalitarian systems, the state plays a decisive role in the formation of environmental policy, suppressing the initiative of other potential participants in this process. IN democratic In societies where political culture is developed and citizens' rights are constantly expanding, public participation plays an important role in making environmentally significant decisions.

In socialist countries such as the USSR, the implementation of the idea of ​​progress based on the rapid development of productive forces and economic growth led to the depletion of natural and social resources. The accelerated pace of industrial development without taking into account the impact on the environment contributed to the emergence environmental risks. The underdevelopment of productive forces, imperfect technologies and “free” natural resources have led to a disruption of the ecological balance, aggravation of social, sanitary and hygienic problems, contradictions between

nature users of different levels.

Features of environmental policy are inextricably linked with the specifics of economic, social, political and cultural development of society. In this regard, the following factors have a great influence on environmental policy: the scale of environmental management, the pace of production development, economic and social stability, the level of environmental culture of the population, etc.

Related information.