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1. Assignment and initial data for course work

In the course work, it is necessary to develop a technological map of an excerpt of a foundation pit for a building. The technological map should provide for the following types of work:

a) geodetic layout of the pit;

b) cutting off the plant layer of soil;

c) a section of a foundation pit for a building;

d) arrangement of drainage of surface and ground water, and, if necessary, provision of water reduction when excavating soil in a pit.

Initial data

Pit diagram number - 9

Fig.1.1. Scheme of the underground part of the building.

Building type - residential;

The depth of the pit from the surface of the earth is 4.0 m.

The thickness of the plant soil layer is 0.3 m.

Group of soils developed in excavations, pits, reserves and trenches - IV.

The groundwater level in the pit from the design site elevation is 4.0 m.

The range of removal (to the dump) of excess soil is 4 km.

2. Introduction

A pit is a excavation in the soil massif, which is used for constructing foundations, installing underground structures, and laying tunnels.

The main dimensions of the pit include its dimensions at the bottom, at the top and depth. The dimensions along the bottom are determined by the dimensions of the underground contour of the structure, to which are added the dimensions required by the conditions of work for the installation of formwork, installation of equipment, including for fastening the sides, if provided. The dimensions of the pit at the top also include the width of the slopes of the pit.

Excavation work is carried out during the construction of industrial and civil buildings, as well as during the laying of utilities, landscaping, and construction of railway transport facilities.

Excavation work is divided into two stages:

a) preparatory work (cleaning of areas, planning and layout of structures);

b) basic work (excavation of pits, trenches, filling of embankments, soil compaction, backfilling of trenches and in the sinuses of foundations).

There are also auxiliary works: dewatering, drainage, fastening the slopes of pits and trenches.

Excavation work during the construction of temporary and permanent structures is carried out mechanized using driving and component machines and mechanisms.

In order to increase the pace and reduce the cost of construction, improve the quality of structures under construction, the process of performing earthworks is being designed.

Design includes the study of source data, development of process technology and its design.

The initial data includes the dimensions of the structure being constructed, the nature of the relief, geological and hydrological conditions, the period by which the excavation work must be completed, the distance of movement of the soil and the location of its placement, requirements for the process (the amount of shortfall, the thickness of the compacted layer, the order of backfilling or laying soil, etc.), a list of special conditions (work in winter, in water-saturated soils).

The composition of the excavation work is determined by the given and specific conditions in which the task will be performed.

Designing the main process - excavating a pit, constructing an embankment or planning a surface - consists of determining volumes; choosing the most efficient production method; developing a scheme for organizing the execution of earthworks; scheduling; determining the required amount of human and material resources and calculating technical and economic indicators.

The scope of work is determined according to established rules and formulas depending on the nature of the excavation work, the shape of the structure and the terrain. Calculating the volume of excavation work is a labor-intensive process.

After determining the volumes and possibilities of options for methods of excavation work, the most economical one is selected.

a) the main parameters of the selected means of mechanization (depth and cutting radius of the excavator, etc.);

b) volumes of soil to be transported or left near the facility;

c) location and transportation distances of developed soil;

d) sequence of earthworks;

e) the movement pattern of mechanization equipment when performing land work.

All this in general makes it possible to propose a well-founded scheme for organizing the execution of earthworks, taking into account the requirements of safety precautions and related work.

3. DESIGN OF EARTHWORK PRODUCTION

3.1 Determination of the composition of processes and initial data for design

Excavation work when constructing the underground part of a building can be divided into the following simple construction processes:

Cutting off the plant layer;

Development of soil in the excavation;

Loading soil into vehicles or beyond the edge of a pit;

Transportation of soil;

Unloading soil into a dump;

Cleaning the bottom of trenches;

Backfill;

Compacting the backfilled soil.

Unfavorable hydrogeological, climatic and special conditions may require additional processes (drainage or artificial lowering of groundwater levels, loosening of dense soils, fastening of excavation walls, etc.).

The main process by which the leading machine is selected and the remaining means of mechanization are linked is the development of soil in the excavation.

The initial data for designing excavation work are:

type and soil moisture - gr. IV;

pit depth H = 4.0 m;

distance for removing excess soil Lв = 4 km.

3.2 Calculation of excavation volumes

The volume of excavation work is determined during the design and execution of work.

To calculate the volume of excavation work, we use the initial data and the given diagram of the pit in plan and cross section.

Fig.3.1. Pit plan.

Fig.3.2. Section of the pit.

Height - the width of the building is 13.5 m;

Hk - pit depth equal to 4.0 m;

h - the margin between the building and the slope of the pit, we take it equal to 1 m;

t - laying of the slopes of the pit, we take it equal to 2m;

a is the length of the pit at the bottom, equal to

a = 50 + 2t = 76+2·1=78m;

in - the width of the pit at the bottom, equal to

in=Ind+2·3=13.5+2·1=15.5m;

c is the length of the pit at the top, equal to

c = a +2·3 +2t = 76+2·1+2·2=82m;

d - width of the pit at the top, equal to

d = v + 2t = 15.5 + 2 2 = 19.5 m;

The volume of soil in the pit is determined by the formula:

At a digging depth of 4 m, an XXX excavator equipped with a straight shovel with a bucket capacity of 1.0 m3 is used. Then the amount of shortfall in

The excavation section is 0.20 m and will have to be carried out manually. Then the total volume of excavation work performed by mechanized method is equal to:

The scope of work for cutting the vegetation layer is determined by the size of the pit at the top with the addition of a 5 m wide strip on each side of the excavation:

The volume of soil in a dense body for backfilling the sinuses of the lake, m3, will be:

where m is the volume of soil developed by mechanized method, m3;

f - volume of soil displaced by the foundation, m3;

co.r - coefficient of residual soil loosening equal to 1.05.

The volume of soil to be removed to the dump is equal to:

Table 3.1.

Boiler length bottom, m	boiler bottom, m	Boiler depth m	Coef. slope, m	Boiler length along the top, m	boiler along the top, m	Boiler volume, m3

Determining the dimensions of the backfill dump

We place the dump along the long sides of the pit.

The cross-sectional area of ​​the dump is determined by the formula:

where: Vо.з - volume of backfill soil;

kр - soil loosening coefficient in the dump (table No. 14);

L is the length of the dump, equal to the long side of the pit;

Required blade height and width:

where h is the height of the dump;

b - blade width;

We fill the soil on both sides of the pit with two dumps of the same size.

3.3 Organization and technology of excavation work

3.3.1 Selecting a driving machine for excavating a pit

Methods for developing soil with single-bucket excavators are determined mainly by the type of replaceable working equipment used on them. The choice of method depends on the size and volume of earthworks, soil properties, availability of groundwater, etc.

When choosing the type and type of excavator, it is necessary to take into account that the depth of the pit is more than 3 m (4 m), so we choose an excavator with a straight shovel and a bucket capacity of 1.0 m.

The development of soil by an excavator with a straight shovel is largely determined by the features of its design. The excavator moves along the bottom of the excavation, digging “from itself” from bottom to top, loading the excavated soil onto vehicles.

If you choose an excavator with a straight shovel, it is necessary to provide a ramp for the entry of the excavator and vehicles into the pit and take into account the additional volume of excavation work when installing the ramp. We take the slope of the ramp to be 20°, the width of the ramp is the width of the excavator with a margin of 0.5 - 0.8 m on the left and right.

The volume of soil when constructing a ramp is determined by the formula:

Fig.3.3. Ramp device.

Va - the width of the ramp along the bottom, equal to 5 m;

b? The ramp inclination angle is 20°.

The site on which the excavator is located, together with part of the surface of the massif being developed and the place for installing vehicles, is called the face, and the part of the pit excavated in one move of the excavator is called the tunnel.

Depending on the nature of soil development, penetrations can be frontal (end) and lateral. During frontal excavation, the excavator moves along the axis of the excavation and develops the soil in front of itself and on both sides of the axis, and during lateral excavation, on one side in the direction of movement. The nature of the excavation depends on the depth and width of the pit and the conditions of its development.

EXCAVATOR EO-4121A

The EO-4121A excavator (Fig. 3.4.) produced by the Kovrov Excavator Plant is designed for the development of soil of groups I-IV, excavation of wells and other local excavations, loading of pre-loosened soil of groups V, IV and frozen soil, as well as loading of various bulk materials from a stack and other work in temperate climates at ambient temperatures from -40 to +40°C.

The excavator is supplied to consumers with a backhoe and a bucket with a capacity of 1.0 m3.

According to customer orders, the manufacturer can supply the following types of replaceable working bodies.

For equipment: backhoe: bucket with a capacity of 0.65 m3; static action ripper; gripping pincer device (one-tooth and three-tooth); hydraulic hammer SP-62; extended handle.

For direct digging equipment: rotating bucket with a capacity of 1.0 m3; bucket opening with the bottom with a capacity of 1.0 m3; bucket for loading operations with a capacity of 1.5 m3.

For grab equipment: grab bucket with a capacity of 1.0 m3; extension inserts.

Fig.3.4. EO-4121A excavator diagram

Table 3.2.

Technical characteristics of the EO - 4121A excavator

A - distance from the axis of the boom heel to the axis of rotation, m
F - track of the caterpillar undercarriage, m
E - base of the tracked undercarriage, m
D - width of the caterpillar belt with a normal link, m
E1 - length of the tracked undercarriage, m
B - width of the turntable, m
F - clearance under the turntable, m
G - height to the arrow heel axis, m
B - height to cabin roof, m
N - clearance under the running frame, m
L - length of the base part of the boom, m
R - radius of rotation of the tail, m
Technical specifications
Maximum speed, km/h
The greatest climb that can be overcome, degrees.
Rated power, hp
Nominal hydraulic fluid flow, l/min
Nominal pressure in the hydraulic system, MPa

Fig.3.5. Operation diagram of the EO-4121A excavator with a backhoe and a bucket with an opening bottom

Hk - maximum digging height, m ​​7.45

Hv - maximum unloading height, m ​​5.00

H1 - design face height, m ​​3.55

Rк - digging radius at the estimated face height, m ​​7.00

R - smallest digging radius at parking level, m 3.10

Rв - unloading radius at the highest unloading height, m ​​4.60

3.3.2 Determining the width of excavator penetrations

Width of excavator penetrations equipped with a straight shovel:

a) first frontal penetration:

where Rk is the largest digging radius, (7.0 m);

ln - the amount of movement of the excavator, (2.75m);

where R is the smallest digging radius, (3.1 m);

b) subsequent lateral penetration:

Fig.3.6. Scheme of excavation development using an EO-4121A excavator equipped with a straight shovel, and loading soil into a dump truck.

1 - excavator EO-4121A; 2 - KrAZ-2565 dump truck

No. 1 - parking of a KrAZ-2565 dump truck during soil development in zone I; No. 2 - the same, in zone II;

3.3.3 Calculation of driving machine operating performance

The operational performance of an excavator is calculated using the formula:

where Pe is the hourly operational productivity;

q = 1.0 m3 - geometric capacity of the bucket;

n = 1.55 - number of cycles per minute, pcs.;

Ke = 0.8 - coefficient of bucket volume utilization (the ratio of the volume of soil in a dense body to its geometric capacity);

Kv - working time utilization factor equal to 0.65 (§E2-1, appendix 3);

3.3.4 Selection of auxiliary machines of the set

To cut the vegetation layer, we use a DZ-18 bulldozer based on the T-100M tractor; in addition, we use the bulldozer when backfilling the sinuses of the pit.

The technical characteristics of the bulldozer are given in Table 3.3.

Table 3.3.

Technical characteristics of the bulldozer DZ-18

Determination of the number of vehicles.

Transportation of soil from excavators is carried out by road transport, tractors with trailers and special types of soil. The type and number of vehicles is determined based on the specific conditions of excavation work and the need to ensure continuity of soil development and transportation.

To obtain high rates of use of mechanization means, certain ratios between the capacity of the excavator bucket and the carrying capacity of vehicles are adhered to.

We choose KrAZ-2565 with technical characteristics:

Load capacity - 10t.

Body volume - 8m.

Unloading time tp - 0.83 min.

Installation time for: loading tstp - 0.4 min,

unloading tust r - 0.8 min.

Break time during the flight tper - 1.25 minutes.

Number of dump trucks to ensure continuous operation of one excavator:

where tcp is the duration of the loading cycle by an excavator into a dump truck, or:

tcp = tload+tset p,

since tload = (tcek n/60) ,

then tcp = (ttsek n/60)+tset p,

where tcek is the duration of the excavation cycle;

n is the number of buckets for a dump truck;

tust n - duration of installation of a dump truck for unloading, min;

ttstr - duration of the tractor cycle of the dump truck, min.

ttr = tpr+tset+tp+tper,

excavation work building excavator

where tpr is the duration of the run according to the installation of the dump truck from the loading place to the unloading place and back, min;

tst, tr, tper - duration: installation of a dump truck for unloading, unloading and technical breaks, min.

For an excavator with a 1.0 m bucket and a KrAZ-2565 dump truck with a body capacity of 8 m and a load capacity of 10 tons, we have:

The weight of the soil with its volumetric mass of 1.95t/m3 and a filling factor of 0.8 in one bucket:

1.0 · 0.8 1.95 = 1.56t;

Number of buckets per dump truck body load:

n = 10/1.56 = 6 buckets.

tload = =3.87 min.

Round up to 7 cars.

Cleaning the bottom of the trenches is done manually.

4. List of work volume calculations

	Name			Calculation scheme and formula
				Scр = (82+10)Х(19.5+10)=
	Loading exc., qk=1.0m3 and removal of plants. layer			Vcр= ScрЧ0.3 = 2714Ч0.3 =
	Excavation of soil, qк =1.0m3 in a pit with loading into a vehicle
				Vz.b = Sf Ch hn = 78×15.5×0.15 =
				Vр.д = Sф Х hн = 78×15.5×0.05=
	Drainage device			Vd.k = bd.kChhd.kChld.k =
	Moving soil with a bulldozer at a distance of 10-15m
				Vo.z.b =VotH90% =1296H0.9 =
				Vo.z.v =VotH10% =1296H0.1=

5. Calculation of labor costs and machine time

	Name	Scope of work	Justification for EniR	Brigade composition	Labor costs	Machine time
							total (person/hour)
	Cutting the plant layer thick. 0.3m bulldozer DZ-18			table 1, b1, prin. II gr. soils	driver 6 rub. - 1
	Loading exc. straight shovel, qк=1.0m3 and removal of plants. layer				driver 5 rub. - 1
	Excavation of soil straight shovel, qк =1.0m3 in a pit with loading into a vehicle				driver 6 rub. - 1
					driver 6 rub. - 1
	Cleaning the bottom of a pit with a bulldozer with a layer thickness of 0.15 m			table 2, v3, prin. III gr. soils	driver 6 rub. - 1
	The same, manually, layer thickness 0.05m				digger 3r. - 1
	Drainage device				digger 3r. - 1
	Moving gr. bulldozer DZ-18 at a distance of 10-15m			table 2, v2	driver 6 rub. - 1
	Backfilling of sinuses with bulldozer DZ-18				driver 6 rub. - 1
	Manual backfilling of trenches, pit cavities and holes				digger 2p - 1 digger 1r. - 1
	Seal gr. self-propelled roller DU-31A, compacted layer thickness 0.2 - 0.3 m			table 2, b2	driver 6 rub. - 1

6. Instructions for carrying out work

The development of the vegetative layer of soil is carried out by a DZ-18 bulldozer with the movement of group I soil at a distance of up to 30 m into intermediate shafts with subsequent loading of the soil into KrAZ-2565 dump trucks using an EO-4121A excavator equipped with a straight shovel with a bucket with a capacity of 1.0 m3. The plant layer of soil is transported to the reserve at a distance of 1 km.

Rice. 6.1. Scheme of work when cutting the soil of the plant layer using the shuttle method

1 - axis of the pit; 2 - bulldozer; 3 - working stroke of the bulldozer; 4 - idling of the bulldozer; 5 - soil storage area.

When cutting the soil of the plant layer using the shuttle method according to Figure 6.1. filling the blade with soil, its movement is carried out when the bulldozer moves forward, and idling - when the bulldozer moves in reverse along the same straight line.

The cutting of the soil of the plant layer with a bulldozer on the site is carried out from the middle of the site in both directions, forming a two-sided placement of dumps.

The area of ​​the construction site is divided into two sections. First, the bulldozer cuts off the soil of the plant layer on one gripper and transports it to the nearest dump, the path for moving the soil is selected according to the shortest distance, the surface of the path of movement should first be leveled by the bulldozer.

Upon completion of work on the first grip, the bulldozer turns around and carries out work on the second grip.

Increasing the productivity of bulldozers used in the development of soil in the plant layer can be achieved by combining operations:

Raising the blade with unloading and leveling the soil;

Lowering the blade with switching the tractor gear and starting to move the bulldozer in reverse.

The cutting of the soil of the plant layer is carried out in straight sections according to a wedge pattern. The wedge pattern for cutting soil using variable (height) depth of the blade ensures the most complete filling of it with soil and the use of the traction capabilities of the tractor. To ensure cutting of soil and its collection, the cutting edge of the bulldozer blade must always be sharp.

When cutting the soil of the plant layer, the blade of the bulldozer is set at an angle of up to 60° to the horizontal surface.

The development of group IV soil in the pit is carried out using an EO-4121A excavator equipped with a straight shovel and a bucket with a capacity of 1.0 m3. Excess soil is loaded onto KrAZ-2565 dump trucks and transported 4 km to a dump, and the soil required for backfilling is transported 10 - 15 m to dumps on both sides along the pit.

Temporary earth-carrying roads are constructed from blast furnace slag or other local building material, leveled with a DZ-18 bulldozer in a layer of 0.3 m and compacted with a DU-31A pneumatic roller. To remove groundwater from the pit, an open drainage basin is installed. Backfilling of the pit sinuses is carried out after installation of the floor slabs above the basement.

Requirement for material and technical resources

Table 6.1.

Name			Quantity
Theodolite		GOST 10519 - 76
		GOST 10529 - 76
Leveling rod		GOST 11158 - 76
Steel tape measure		GOST 7502 - 69
Land surveying tape	dashed
Steel bayonet shovel		GOST 3620 - 76
Steel shovel		GOST 3620 - 76
Pegboards with ribbons
Wooden staircase
Inventory fencing		GOST 23407 - 78

7. Operational quality control

Table 7.1.

Name of operations subject to control	Quality control of operations
produce - teleworks	master				Attract - our services
Preparatory work	Prepared - impressive Development pit with safety - niya struk - soil tours grounds	Acceptance of pit layout and contours Checking for wear with vertical marks Layout surfaces and outlet on top - nal waters Vertical Geometrics - what sizes pit, correspondence binding to building axes Steepness	Theodolite, measuring ruler Theodolite, level Leveler Depth gauge level Measuring tape	Before work starts Before the beginning development pit In progress development, at the end development In progress development	Geodetic Driver excavator Geodetic -

Indicators	Standard values	Control methods
Deviation of pit bottom marks from the design ones during rough mining with a single-bucket excavator		Measuring. Control - These points are set randomly. Number of measurements for a given area? 10
Deviation of pit bottom marks when constructing foundations and laying structures		Measuring. At the corners and center of the pit, at the intersection of the axes of the building, at the junction of trenches
Type and characteristics of the exposed soil of natural foundations for foundations and earthworks	Must correspond to the project. No erosion, destruction or freezing of the top layer of soil is allowed.	Technical inspection of the entire surface of the base

8. Safety precautions during excavation work

All measures related to labor protection during excavation work are developed in accordance with and are coordinated with local executive and administrative bodies.

Excavation work on the territory of the organization, as well as in the security zones of underground communications, is carried out only with the written permission of the management of the workshop or organizations responsible for the operation of these communications. The permit must be accompanied by a plan (diagram) indicating the location and depth of communications. Before work begins, safety signs or inscriptions indicating the location of underground utilities must be installed.

Excavation of soil in close proximity (less than 0.5 m) to existing underground utilities is permitted only with shovels without sharp blows.

If harmful gas is detected in trenches or pits, work in them must be stopped immediately and workers removed from the danger zone. Work can be resumed only after the flow of gas into the work area has stopped and the existing gas has been removed from it.

The use of open fire in trenches near which there is a gas pipeline or possible gas accumulation is prohibited.

When laying trenches in weak or wet soil, when there is a threat of collapse, their walls must be reliably reinforced. In loose soils, work can be carried out without fastening, but with slopes corresponding to the angle of natural repose of the soil.

You should only go down into pits or trenches using stepladders with railings or ladders.

Excavation pits developed in places of movement of people or vehicles must be fenced in accordance with the requirements of GOST 23407-78 “Inventory fencing of construction sites and areas for construction and installation work. Technical conditions".

Safety warning signs must be installed on the fence, and warning lights must be installed at night. Places where people pass through trenches should be equipped with crossing bridges illuminated at night.

Parking and movement of construction vehicles and vehicles, placement of winches, equipment, materials, etc. within the prism, collapses without fastening the walls of the excavations are prohibited.

The plank fastenings of pits and trenches should be dismantled from the bottom up as the soil is backfilled. Dismantling of fasteners must be carried out under the direct supervision of the work supervisor.

Personnel involved in the operation of earth-moving machines must know the meaning of sound signals suppressed by the driver (driver).

While the excavator is operating, you must:

a) use only inventory stops to secure it;

b) be at a distance of at least 5 m from the excavator’s operating area;

c) clean the bucket in the lowered position.

It is prohibited to lift and move oversized pieces of rock, logs, beams, or move an excavator with a loaded bucket.

9. Selection of team composition

Table 9.1.

	Name of works	Profession
	Cutting the plant layer thick. 0.1m bulldozer DZ-8	driver
	Loading exc., qk=0.65m3 and removal of plants. layer
	Excavation of soil, qк =0.65m3 in a pit with loading into a vehicle
	Moving soil with a bulldozer at a distance of 10-15m
	Cleaning the bottom of a pit with a bulldozer with a layer thickness of 0.15 m
	The same, manually, layer thickness 0.05m	digger
	Drainage device
	Moving soil with a bulldozer at a distance of 10-15m	driver
	Backfilling with bulldozer DZ-18
	Backfilling of trenches, pit cavities and holes manually (with a tamper from 0.1 to 0.2 m)	digger
	Seal gr. self-propelled roller DU-31A	driver

We are accepting a team:

diggers 3r. - 1

10. Technical and economic indicators

1. Standard duration of work:

2. Actual duration of work:

Pfact =20.2 (days).

3. Standard labor costs:

4. Actual labor costs:

5. Completion percentage:

6. Output per worker per day:

11. References

1. Anzigitov V.F. “Technology of construction processes” Textbook. Part 1. - All-Russian Correspondence Institute of Railway Transport Engineers. M.: 1994

2. Beletsky B.F. “Technology of construction and installation works” - M.: Higher School, 1986.

3. “Unified time standards and prices for construction, installation and repair and construction work.” Collection E 2 Issue 1. M.: Stroyizdat, 1983.

4. “Unified time standards and prices for construction, installation and repair and construction work.” Collection E 1 M.: Stroyizdat, 1983.

5. SNiP 16 - 04 - 2002. “Labor safety in construction. Part 2. Construction production” - M.: Gosstroy R.F. 2002

6. SNiP 3.01.01.85 * “Organization of construction production” - M.: Stroyizdat, 1995.

7. Technology of construction processes. Work program and assignments for course work with methodological instructions for fifth-year students of specialty 270102 Industrial and civil engineering. RGOTUPS, M. - 2008

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MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTATION
RUSSIAN FEDERATION

CIVIL SERVICE
ROAD FACILITIES

STATE ENTERPRISE
CENTER FOR LABOR ORGANIZATION
AND ECONOMIC METHODS OF MANAGEMENT
(Tsentrorgtrud)

COLLECTION
MAPS OF LABOR PROCESSES
FOR CONSTRUCTION
HIGHWAYS

ISSUE IV

Work process map

Cutting off the plant layer of soil
bulldozer D-259, DZ-18 (D-493A)
using a longitudinal-transverse scheme

KTP-4.04-2001

Moscow

Maps of labor processes are intended to improve the organization of labor of workers involved in the construction of highways.

The maps determine the progressive technology of work, the rational use of working time, the technological sequence of work based on advanced techniques and labor methods.

Maps can be used in the development of organizational and technological documentation for the construction, repair and maintenance of highways (PPR and others), work planning, as well as for educational purposes in the training of highly qualified workers.

A collection of maps of labor processes prepared by engineers A.I. Anashko, E.V. Kuptsova, T.V. Insurance.

Responsible for the release A.A. Morozov.

. Scope and effectiveness of the map

The name of indicators

Unit

Value of indicators

Output per 1 person-day

Labor costs for cutting 1000 m 2 of vegetation layer

Note: The labor costs on the map include time for preparatory and final work - 5% and rest - 10%.

A reduction in labor costs and an increase in output by 4.5% is achieved as a result of combining work operations by the bulldozer operator and the use of a longitudinal-transverse scheme.

. Preparation and conditions for performing processes

Name

Bulldozer D-259, DZ-18 (D-493A)

. Working methods

	Name of operations	Characteristics of working methods
	Preparation for cutting the plant layer	Before the operation begins, the bulldozer blade is installed in plan at an angle of 60 - 65° to the axis of the route. Having stopped the bulldozer, M 1 lowers the blade and continues moving, deepening the blade to the depth of the plant layer.
	Cutting and laying the plant layer into a longitudinal roller	M 1 - cuts the vegetation layer with a bulldozer blade in first gear and places it in a longitudinal roller. Removal of the layer begins from the boundaries of the cutting strip on both sides, with each subsequent pass approaching the axis of the route.
	Reverse turn	Having finished cutting and storing the soil into a longitudinal roller along the length of the gripper, M 1 raises the blade, turns the bulldozer around and moves to the beginning of the next pass.
	Preparing for soil collection	M 1, in third reverse gear, returns the bulldozer from the storage site to the start of cutting.
	Picking up and moving soil beyond the cutting strip	M 1 moves soil from the rollers from the track axis in opposite directions. The soil is moved to a distance of 1 - 1.5 m from the base of the embankment or reserve. Each subsequent passage of the bulldozer overlaps the previous track by 25 - 30 cm.
	Storing soil in a roller	M 1, gradually raising the bulldozer blade, in first gear stores the displaced soil in longitudinal rollers on both sides of the road.
	Return to the beginning of the next turn	M 1, in third reverse gear, returns the bulldozer from the soil storage site to the beginning of the movement.
	Additional transition	After completing the movement of plant soil, M 1 turns the bulldozer around and, with the blade raised, moves from one right-of-way to another.

Table 1

Technical characteristics of bulldozers

Continuation of the table. 1

Continuation of the table. 1

Guidelines for application of standards

The standards provide for the development of soil in reserves, excavations and pits.

The final leveling and compaction of the soil is not taken into account by the standards of this paragraph and is standardized separately depending on the leveling method.

The movement of previously developed loosened soils (removal of excess soil during leveling, movement of soil from a dump, etc.) should be normalized according to the standards of this paragraph using the coefficient according to the note. 3.

Scope of work

1. Bringing the unit into working position. 2. Development of soil with its movement and unloading. 3. Returning the bulldozer to the face empty.

Composition of workers

For bulldozers on DT-75 tractors; T-74

Machinist 5 grades

For bulldozers on tractors T-100, T-4AP1, T-130, T-180 and DET-250

Machinist 6 grades

table 2

Time standards and prices per 100 m 3 of soil

Notes: 1. Standards and prices provide for working with bulldozers without openers. When moving soil with bulldozers with box-type dumps N. vr. and Rasc. multiply by 0.87 (PR-1). 2. Standards and prices provide for the operation of bulldozers in soils of natural moisture. When bulldozers operate in loose or viscous soils, in which tractor tracks slip or get stuck, N. vr. and Rasc. multiply by 1.15 (PR-2). 3. When moving previously developed loosened soils with a bulldozer N.Vr. and Rasc. multiply by 0.85, counting the volume of soil in its natural occurrence (PR-3). 4. The standards and prices take into account the movement of soil along the path with a rise of up to 10%. For climbs of up to 20%, multiply the length of the path in sections with a climb by 1.2, and for climbs above. 20% - by 1.4 (PR-4).

DZ-18 (D-493B1) is equipped with the Autoplan-1 system for automatic stabilization of the blade position.

Automatic stabilization of the angular position of the blade ensures that the specified surface angle is maintained in the longitudinal direction, thereby improving the gliding qualities of the bulldozer. Bulldozers are effectively used in leveling operations, as well as in various reclamation and earthworks. With the automatic system turned off, bulldozers operate during normal dozing operations. The bulldozer's attachments are mounted on a T-100MGP crawler tractor.

Main components: universal frame, rotary blade with knives and pushers and the Autoplan-1 system. The blade is raised and lowered by two hydraulic cylinders mounted on ball axles located in the front part of the tractor, and the blade is skewed and the cutting angle is changed by screw braces. The Autoplan-1 system consists of automation equipment and a hydraulic system. The automation equipment includes a control unit and remote control, an angular position sensor and a reversible spool. The control unit installed in the driver's cabin serves to set the required longitudinal slope angle and convert the sensor signal into a command, which is transmitted to the electromagnets of the reversible hydraulic spool.

The control panel is designed for push-button remote control of raising and lowering the blade using an up-down switch. The automatic control mode is activated by the “automatic” button.

The angular position sensor with a rotating device is located in a protected casing on the push bar (universal frame) of the bulldozer, near the rotary pin and is a pendulum connected to the moving contact of the potentiometer. The potential of the sensor's electrical signal is proportional to its angular deviation from a given position relative to the working element on which it is installed.

There is a arrester on the sensor for braking the pendulum when the automation system is turned off. The indicator light serves to accurately position the sensor » to the required position during adjustment.

The reversible spool, installed on the rear wall of the onboard clutch housing, is designed to control the hydraulic drive for moving the working element in accordance with the commands of the control unit.

The hydraulic drive is powered by one of two NSh-46 pumps installed on the tractor. The safety valve protects the overload system by maintaining the highest pressure of 100 kgf/cm2. A check valve with a throttle installed in the piping of the cylinder rod cavity serves to limit and regulate the speed of lowering the blade.

The principle of operation of the stabilization system is that when the blade deviates from a given angular position, the sensor produces a signal, which is received after amplification, to one of the magnets of the hydraulic spool. It returns the blade to its original position.

The use of automated bulldozers increases labor productivity during leveling operations compared to manual control by approximately 20% by reducing the number of working passes, reducing the fatigue of the bulldozer operator and reducing the time for control leveling.

After laying the canals with excavators, the cavaliers, located at a distance of 4-5 m from the canal, are leveled with bulldozers with a fixed blade and universal ones. The choice of the machine operation scheme and the angle of installation of the blade in the plan depends on the volume of soil of the cavaliers per 1 linear line. m.

The highest productivity of a bulldozer in leveling cavaliers is achieved when moving along a canal and a soil volume of no more than 4-6 m3 per 1 linear line. m. For large volumes of soil, the Cavalier works diagonally with a bulldozer with a fixed blade or a universal one with a blade mounted at an angle of 90° to the direction of movement. In this case, the bulldozer is brought at an angle to the axis of the canal, as close as possible to its edge, and moving towards the field, the end part of the cavalier is cut off, leveling the soil with a layer of a given thickness. Then the bulldozer is reversed back to the edge and the cycle is repeated, blocking the previous passage by 30-50 cm.

In contrast to this scheme of work, when leveling a cavalier with a universal bulldozer along a canal, the process is carried out continuously. In this case, the productivity of bulldozers in leveling cavaliers is much higher than with the diagonal method. When leveling cavaliers with a D-694A bulldozer and moving it along the canal, the machine can operate without idling, since the blade can be turned in the opposite direction using a hydraulic cylinder.

When operating this bulldozer with the blade installed at an angle, it is necessary that the blade rotation cylinder completely straightens the hinge frames, since the entire load on the blade should be taken not by hydraulic cylinders, but by special stops on the frames.

The mechanized rotation of the blade can significantly increase the productivity of the D-694A bulldozer compared to other types of bulldozers.

The slopes of the canals are strengthened with turf, sowing grass, concrete or reinforced concrete slabs.

One of the effective existing methods for strengthening the slopes of reclamation canals is sowing with grass, since it requires relatively little cost and allows the process to be completely mechanized.

Basic technical data of DZ-18

It is a universal earth-moving and transport machine, consisting of a tracked or pneumatic-wheeled tractor equipped with attachments and controls. Attached bulldozer equipment consists of: a blade with knives; a pushing frame with struts to which the blade is attached; a drive that provides raising and lowering of the blade during operation, and in some models of bulldozers also changing the position of the blade in plan.
In road construction work, bulldozers based on tractors are predominantly used: DT-75M, T-4AP2, T100MZGS, T-YuOMZGP, T-130.1-G-1, T-150, T-150K, DET-250M, T-ZZO , T-500, having respectively thrust classes: 3 (30), 4 (40), 6 (60)-, 10 (100) and 25 (250) kgf (kN).
The current trend in the development of bulldozers is the expansion of their standard sizes and an increase in unit power, which ensures increased productivity and reduced cost of work. The promising type of bulldozers on crawler tractors by traction classes is 1,4,6,10, 15, 25, 35,50, 75, 100,150.
Tractors as base machines are equipped with hydraulic drives for controlling mounted bulldozer and ripper equipment with a power consumption of up to 60% of the total power of the tractor engine at a pressure in the hydraulic systems of 16-20 MPa, which makes it possible to significantly deepen the blade or ripper teeth, as well as develop strong soils. To independently control the lifting and tilting of the blade, modern bulldozers are equipped with separate hydraulic drives.
Bulldozer working process consists of cutting the soil and transporting it over relatively short distances, no more than 100 m.
Bulldozers can be used clearing the right of way with the removal of bushes, trees, large stones, vegetation layer, snow, etc.; planning of various construction sites, including road construction projects; moving and leveling soil in embankments filled with other machines; moving excavator and scraper dumps to cavaliers; development of profile recesses in cavaliers, and, where possible, in embankments; construction of embankments when moving soil from lateral reserves; filling holes and ravines; installation of temporary roads and passages; development of sand and gravel quarries; moving and loading bulk materials (sand, gravel, crushed stone, etc.) in quarries and warehouses.
It is preferable to carry out work on the selection and stacking of building materials in warehouses with bulldozers on pneumatic wheels, since bulldozers on crawler tracks contaminate the material with tractor tracks.
- maneuverable and highly efficient vehicles with high maneuverability. The share of bulldozers in road construction accounts for at least 50% of the total volume of earthworks.
Bulldozers are classified according to their main characteristics: by purpose, traction indicators (traction class of the base machine), type of chassis, working body and type of control of the working body.
Bulldozers are divided according to their purpose for general purpose and special purpose bulldozers. General purpose bulldozers are used for all main types of earthmoving, transport and auxiliary work, mainly for the development of soils of categories I, II and III. Bulldozers for special purposes - in special conditions (special bulldozers include pushers, bulldozers for working in underground and underwater conditions, etc.).
According to the traction characteristics of the base machines, bulldozers are divided into extra-light, light, medium, heavy and extra-heavy.
Ultralight includes class up to 0.9 with a power of 18.5 - 37.0 kW, light - class 1.4 - 4.0 with a power of 37.0 - 96.0 kW, medium - class 6.0 - 15.0 with a power of 103-154 kW, for heavy ones - class 25-35 with a power of 220-405 kW and for super-heavy - class over 35 with a power of 510 kW or more.
According to the chassis, bulldozers are divided into tracked and pneumatic-wheeled.; according to the working body - with fixed and rotary blades; by type of control of the working body - with mechanical, hydraulic and pneumatic controls.
Currently, the hydraulic drive is predominantly used, having an incomparable advantage over the mechanical one.
In table Table 3.1 shows the basic data on bulldozers with a fixed blade, in table. 3.2 - with a rotary blade, in table. 3.3 - for wheeled bulldozers.
In connection with the increasing volumes of highway construction and, accordingly, a significant volume of earthworks performed by bulldozers, the future production of bulldozers is aimed at increasing their unit power, as well as at combining the use of basic tractors with two types of equipment - bulldozer and bulldozer-ripper.

Table 3.1

Indicators	DZ-29	DZ-42G	DZ-5 3	DZ-54,	DZ-27S	DZ-110hl	DZ-35B	DZ-P8	DZ-60hl
				D3-54s
Basic tractor	T-74-S2	DT-75M	t-100mz	T-100-MZGP	T-130.1.G-1	T430.1.G-1	T-180ks	DET-250L-	[ T-330
Engine power tractor, kW	55,2	55,2	79	79	117,8	117,8	132	228	243
Rated traction force, kN	30	30	94	94	94	100	168	220	200
Blade length, mm	2520	2560	3200	3200	3200	3200	4430	4310	5480
Blade height, mm	800	800	1200	1200	.900	900	1200	1550	1420
Maximum lift blade, mm (above supports surface)	600	600	900	900	900	900	900	970	1118
Maximum lowering blade width, mm (below supporting surface)	200	200	1000	400	500	500	300	550	790
Cutting angle, degrees	55	55	55	50-60	50-60	55	45-55	45-60	45-65
Blade installation angle, deg: in plan transverse plane
	90	90	90	90	90	90	70-90	90	55-90
	—	—	±6	+6	±4	±6	+ 5	±12	±6
Drive of the working organ - for rope-block or hydraulic	—	—	Mechanics DZ-21A (D4996)	—	—	—	—	—	—

Indicators	DZ-29	DZ-42G	DZ-53	DZ-54, DZ-54S	DZ-2 7s	DZ-110hl	DZ-35B	DZ-118	DZ-60hl
Type of winch or hydraulic pump	NSh-46U	NSh-46U		NSh-46U	NSh-98	NSh-98	NSh46U	URS-10, NSh46U	NSh-32U
Number of hydraulic pumps	1	1	—	2	2	2	3	2	2
Working pressure in the hydraulic system, MPa	10	10	—	10	10	10	10	7,5	14
	1	2		2	2	2	4	3	2
Average travel speed, km/h:
transport			6,4-10,1	6,4-10,1	8,8-12,25	8,8-12,25	8,7-12	3,19	0-12,7
			2,4	2,4	3,6	3,6	2,9	2,3	0-3,6
when reversing in reverse			4,5-5,3	4,5-5,3	4,9-9,9	4,9-9,9	3,2-7,5	2,3-12,5	0-10,6
			4,5-6,4	4,5-6,4	4,4-8,8	4,4-8,8	6,4-8,7	2,3-12,5	0-6,6
Machine weight, kg:
without tractor	850	1 070	2 133	1780	1 920	2285	2 900	4 900	8420
with tractor	6 375	6 860	14 115	13 710	15 950	16 315	18300	32 440	44 700

Table 3.2

Indicators	DZ-104	DZ-17	DZ-18	DZ-28	DZ-109hl	DZ-6Okhl	DZ-64S
Basic tractor	T-4AP2	T-100MZ	T-100MZGP	T-130.1.G-1	T-130L.G-1	T-330	T-500
Tractor engine power,	95,8	79	79	117,8	117,8	243	368
kW
	40	60	100	94	94	220	350
Blade length, mm	2600	3940	3970	3940	4120	5180	5540
Blade height, mm	990	1000	1000	1000	1000	1420	1400
Maximum blade lift,	700	1100	1050	1050	1030	1260	1000
mm (above supporting surface)
Maximum blade lowering,	300	1000	250	440	440	690	500
mm (below the supporting surface)
Cutting angle, degrees	45-60	50-60	50-60	50-60	50-60	50-60	50-60
Blade installation angle, degrees:
in respect of	63-90	63-90	63-90	50-90	50-90	63 and 90	63 and 90
in the transverse plane	+6	±5	±5	±6	+6	±10	±6
Drive of the working element of the rope-	—	Mechanical	—	—	—	—	—
block or hydraulic		skiy
		DZ-21A
		(D-499B)
Friction winch type or	NSh46U	—	NI1-46U	NSh-98U	NSh-98U	NSh-98U	NSh-98U
hydraulic pump
Number of hydraulic pumps	1	—	2	2	2	2	2
Working pressure in the hydraulic system MPa.	14		10	10	10	14	14

End of table. 3.2

Indicators	DZ-104	DZ-17	DZ-18	DZ-28	DZ-109HL	DZ-60hl	DZ-64S
Number of executive hydraulic cylinders	2		2	2	2	2	2
Average moving speed,
transport	7,37-9,54	6,4-10,1	6,4-10,1	8,8-12,25	8,8-12,25	0-42,7
when cutting and moving soil	2,89	2,4	2,4	3,6	3,6	0-36
when reversing in reverse	4,68-7,04	4,5-5,3	4,5-5,3	4,9-9,9	4,9-9,9	0-10,6
when moving forward in reverse	6,37-7,37	4,5-6,4	4,5-6,4	4,4-8,8	4,4-8,8	0-6,6
Machine weight, kg:
without tractor	1440	2 200	I860	2 000	650	6 730	12 000
With tractor	9 960	14 000	14 100	16 320	16 956	37 400	52 000

Table 3.3

Indicators	DZ-102	DZ-48
Basic tractor Tractor engine power, kW Nominal traction force, kN Blade length, mm Blade height, mm Maximum blade lift, mm (above the supporting surface) Maximum blade lowering, mm (below the supporting surface) Cutting angle, degrees Blade installation angle, degrees: in the transverse plane Cable-block drive of the working body or hydraulic Type of friction winch or hydraulic pump Number of hydraulic pumps Working pressure in the hydraulic system, MPa Number of executive hydraulic cylinders Average speed of movement, km/h: transport when cutting and moving soil when moving backwards when moving forward when moving forward Machine weight, kg: without tractor with tractor	MTZ-80	K-702

The unit power of tracked tractors currently produced by the domestic industry, on which bulldozer and ripper equipment is mounted, reaches 368 kW, and in the near future this power will reach 1178 kW.
The bulldozer-loosening unit is designed to destroy dense and frozen soils, separating them from the general massif in the form of blocks and pieces of various sizes, followed by loosening. The bulldozer-ripper unit is mounted on the rear of the base tractor, the front of which is equipped with the main bulldozer equipment.
In table Tables 3 and 4 provide basic data on bulldozer-loosening units used in road construction.
Bulldozers with fixed and rotary blades. A distinctive feature of bulldozers is the fixed or variable position of their working bodies. In the first case (Fig. 3.1(i), the position of the bulldozer blade as a working body cannot be changed in plan (to the right or left); in the second case (Fig. 3.1, b) The bulldozer blade (as a working body) can be rotated in plan (to the right or left) at an angle of up to 35° in each direction.

Table 3.4

Indicators	DZ-Pbhl	D3-117hl	DP-9S	DZ-94S	DZ-95S	DZ-96S
Basic tractor	T-130.1.G-1	T-130.1.G-1	DET-250M T-ZZO		T-ZZO	T-500
Tractor engine power, kW	117,8	117.8′	228	243	243	368
Nominal traction force, kN	94	94	220	200	220	350
Bulldozer equipment	DZ-POhl	DZ-109hl	D3-34s	D3-59hl	DZ-bohl	DS-68S
Ripping equipment	DP-26s	DP-26s	DP-9s	DP-US	DP-US	DP-11e
Number of teeth in the unit	1	1	1-3	3	3	1
Maximum tooth depth, mm	450	450	700	700	700	1000
Tooth tip width, mm	70	70	105	100	100	124
Loosening angle at greatest depth	45	45	45	45	45	45
leniya, hail
Type of pump used in the hydraulic system	Gear		Axial-			Gear
	unregulated		plunger		]	over-regulated
Pump type	NSh-98	NSh-98	URS-10	—	—
Number of pumps	1	1	1	—	_	—
Overall dimensions with tractor and bull-
doser, mm:
length	6 350	6 550	8 655	8 740	9 130	9410
width	3 220	4 120	4 540	4 730 ■. ■	5 480	5 000
height	3 065	3 065	3 180	3 450	3 450	3 500
Weight, kg:
attachments for loosening equipment	1400	1400	5 925	5 015	5 015	5 500
common with tractor and bulldozer	17 750	18 070	38 350	50 530	49 930.	55 000
equipment

Rice. 3.1. Bulldozers:
a - with mechanical drive; b - with hydraulic drive; 1 - basic tractor; 2 - front pillar; 3 - pulley of the rope-block system; 4 - visor from the shaft; 5 - blade; 6 - knives; 7 - struts; 8 - pushers; 9 - universal pushing frame; 10 - support hinges for attaching the pushing frame to the tractor frame; 11 - supports; 12 - drive single-drum winch; 13 - hydraulic cylinders for controlling the blade; 14 - ball joint of the blade with a universal pushing frame

Rice. 3.2. Bulldozer blade DZ-54:
1 - vertical knives; 2 - front sheet; 3, 4, 5 - bolts, washers, nuts; b - main knife; 7- side knives; 8- lateral cheeks; 9 - bracket for mounting the blade

Bulldozer working equipment- a blade (working body) mounted in front of the base tractor and controlled by a cable-block system of a single-drum friction winch or a hydraulic system consisting of one or more pumps, pipelines and actuating hydraulic cylinders.
Bulldozer equipment includes a blade as the main working equipment; pushing device (frame); blade control system.
Blade It is a welded structure consisting of a curved frontal sheet, a canopy, lower and upper stiffener boxes, vertical stiffeners and side walls. The rear part of the blades of bulldozers with a fixed blade (Fig. 3.2) along their side part is equipped with eyes for connecting the blade with push bars and braces. For bulldozers with a rotary blade (Fig. 3.3), the rear part of the blades in the middle part is equipped with a ball socket for connecting the blade to a pushing frame that has a ball heel.
The frontal sheet is welded from two longitudinal parts, one, lower, has a flat outline, and the other, upper, has a curved outline.
The ends of the blade of most bulldozers are covered with side cheeks, to which vertical knives are welded. There are holes on the cheeks for attaching blade extensions. In most cases, the upper part of the dumps is equipped with a canopy that prevents the loss of transported soil through the dump.

Rice. 3.3. Bulldozer blade DZ-17:
1 - vertical connection; 2 - visor; 3 - cover; 4 - nest; 5.7 - extreme knives; 6 - middle knife; 8 - corner of the upper stiffening box; 9 - eye; 10 - pins for fastening the brace and pusher; 11 - front sheet; 12 - lower stiffening box.

The lower welded box, to which the lower part of the blade is attached, has the shape of a triangular prism in cross section. The upper box is also welded, to which “the upper part of the dump is attached; it is a square beam.
The connection of the blade with push bars and braces (for non-rotating blades) is carried out with eyes and pins; connecting the blade to the pushing frame (for rotary blades) - through a ball socket, a ball heel and a locking plate.
Push devices and for bulldozers with a fixed blade they consist of beams of box-shaped or tubular cross-section (Fig. 3.4, a) and screw braces (Fig. 3.4, b), usually of a tubular cross-section. Each bulldozer requires two beams and two braces - one beam and a brace on each side. The bars of the pushing device are attached on one side to the main frame of the base tractor, on the other - to the blade; connection is ensured by supports, lugs, crosses and pins. For bulldozers with a rotary blade, these devices are a universal horseshoe-shaped frame, consisting of two identical halves welded in the middle (Fig. 3.5). A ball heel is welded into the connection of the frame halves at the front, and a spacer plate is welded on the opposite side (inside the frame), providing additional rigidity to the universal frame. On the top flange of each half-frame, three support brackets with eyes are welded, designed for attaching pushers (Fig. 3.6), which makes it possible to install the blade in plan (in one direction or the other) at different angles. On the universal frame, on both sides of the ball heel, two brackets are welded for attaching to them the rods of the hydraulic cylinders for raising and lowering the blade.

Rice. 3.5. Universal push frame:
1 and 5 - box-section beams; 2, 3 and 6 - eyes with fingers for attaching pushers and braces; 4 - spherical frame head; 7 — eyes for attaching pushers; 8 - split eyes for attaching the frame to the tractor; 9 — supports for tractor trolleys

Rice. 3.6. Bulldozer pusher:
1, 12 and 14 - crosspieces for attaching braces and pushers to the blade; 2 - detachable inserts; 3 - screw threading of braces; 4 - handle with a screw thread for changing the length of the braces; 5 - braces; 6 - eyes; 7- screw thread for changing the length of the pushers when turning the blade; 8 - kingpin; 9 - fork; 10- pushing device; 11- fastening unit; 13 - fingers

Replaceable knives are attached to the bottom sheet of the blade with bolts with countersunk heads - one middle and two side. The knives are sharpened on both sides, mainly on the sides, so that when they become dull they can be rearranged.
Changing the position of the bulldozer blade (rearrangement in the plan and in the transverse plane) is performed manually when the machine is completely stopped. Recently, VNIIStroydormash has developed a design for changing the position of a bulldozer blade by equipping this machine with a hydraulic blade skewing device, which, when changing the position of the blade, is controlled directly from the driver’s workplace, without leaving the tractor cabin, which not only reduces the time for rearranging and adjusting the blade , but also ensures the development of soils of increased strength.
Promising technology includes the heavy-duty T-800 tractor created by the Chelyabinsk Road Machinery Plant with a 600 kW engine and equipped with powerful bulldozer equipment.
A bulldozer created on the T-800 tractor not only provides high productivity (3-4 times higher than the productivity of a bulldozer on the DET-250M tractor), but also makes it possible to develop rocky soils.

Rice. 3.7. Bulldozer ripper unit:
1 - blade; 2 - hydraulic brace; 3 - tractor; 4 — trailed earring; 5 - support frame; 6 - top link; 7 - frame; 8 - working beam; 9 - tooth; 10 — hydraulic cylinder

Working equipment for bulldozer-ripper units. The main equipment is a frame and ripper teeth, mounted on the rear of the base tractor and controlled via a hydraulic system (Fig. 3.7).
According to the design features, bulldozer-ripper equipment is divided into single-tooth and multi-tooth rippers.

Rice. 3.8. Ripping attachments:
1 - top link; 2 - support frame; 3 - deepening hydraulic cylinders; 4 lower frame; 5 - tooth; b - working beam; 7- ripper frame

According to the mounting method, this type of equipment is hung either to the rear axle housing (the most common method) or to the rear axle frame; for fastening the ripper teeth it can be with rigid or hinged fastening.
Bulldozer-loosening equipment (Fig. 3.8) is used for preliminary development (loosening) of stronger, especially durable, frozen, and in some cases rocky soils and rocks, especially with powerful base tractors.
The working body of the loosening equipment is a tooth, consisting of a stand with a landing shank, a tip, a protective lining and fastening elements.
Modern rippers use racks (as a load-bearing element of bulldozer-ripper equipment) of 3 types - curved, straight, with a slight bend. Curved racks are most widely used, since in the process of loosening soils they have less tension in comparison with straight ones, although curved racks during operation are often jammed by blocks of medium and heavy fractured rock and frozen soils and rocks. Therefore, slightly curved racks are most often used.