The great discoveries of Medieval China were unthinkable without the development of scientific knowledge. Through the efforts of mathematicians, the foundations of Chinese algebra were created thanks to the inventions of a Buddhist monk And Son(683--727) it became possible to measure the speed of movement of celestial bodies. The development of medicine was facilitated by the creation of a medical administration in the Tang era, with the help of which the teaching of various specialties of medical practice was initiated. The flourishing of geography is associated with the appearance of records of the mountain and river systems of China and the Western Territory. Was created "Map of the Chinese and Barbarians Dwelling within the Four Seas."

Outstanding discoveries were printing, gunpowder and the compass. In the 9th century The first book was printed from carved boards. In the middle of the 11th century. movable clay appeared typesetting hieroglyphic font, and around the 12th century. -- And multicolor printing. These advances led to the creation of the first large libraries and newspaper business. The experiments of Chinese alchemists ended in the 10th century. invention gunpowder In the 12th century. Chinese sailors were the first in the world to use compass.

The invention was also of general cultural significance paper money -- banknotes. They appeared in the country at the end of the 8th century. and were then called “flying money”, since the wind easily carried them away from their hands.

In the 10th century the concept arose vaccinations, when vaccination against smallpox began to be practiced.

China also took the lead in invention mechanical watches. They were made by Yi Xing and improved in 976 by Zhang Xixun. Their inventions became steps towards the creation "Space machine" -- greatest Chinese clock of the Middle Ages, built Soo Sung in 1092. They were an astronomical clock tower 10 meters high. The principle of Su Song's watch formed the basis of the first mechanical watches in Europe.

The miracle of engineering technology of its time was the first arch bridge 37.5 m long, still called by the Chinese the Great Stone Bridge. It was built in 610. Li Chunem across the Jiao River in the foothills of Shanxi on the edge of the Great Plain of China. The most famous medieval gently sloping arch bridge in China was named Marco Polo because it was described in detail by him during a trip around the country and called “the most wonderful in the world.” This bridge was built over the Yongding River in 1189, west of Beijing. Still in operation today, it consists of 11 arches, each span 19 m long and the total length 213 m.

Another Chinese miracle of foundry and engineering art is the octagonal column - the so-called "Heavenly Axis". 1325 tons of cast iron were used for its construction in 695. The column (32 m high and 3.6 m in diameter) rested on a foundation with a circumference of 51 m and a height of 6 m. At its top was a “cloud vault” with four bronze dragons (each 3.6 m high) supporting a gilded pearl.

The largest solid cast iron structure has survived to this day. This is a six-meter statue "The Great Lion of Zanzhou." An achievement of Chinese metallurgy was the 13-meter cast iron built in 1061. Yuquan Pagoda in Danyang. In the 70s of the XIII century. a 13-meter stone tower was built, which Chinese astronomers considered the center of the world. It was intended to measure the shadow during the winter and summer solstice.

China has priority in many technical discoveries and inventions. In particular, the technology of smelting copper ore, non-ferrous metal ores, and the production of alloys, such as bronze, has reached high perfection. For firing ceramics and porcelain, furnaces were made, in which already in ancient times they could reach temperatures of 1150 - 1250°C. Since the 1st millennium BC, the Chinese have known iron processing. In the 4th century BC, they made special furnaces for smelting iron ore and knew how to produce cast iron; The Chinese approached steel smelting earlier than other nations of the world. Since Neolithic times, the ancestors of the Chinese knew the potter's wheel, wheel, lathe and weaving loom. With regard to the wheel, the opinion is sometimes expressed that this invention was borrowed by the ancestors of the Chinese from neighboring Western peoples. Shipbuilding has reached a high level, and the Chinese rightfully belong to the most developed maritime peoples of antiquity. Chinese sailors sailed on their ships in the Pacific and Indian oceans.

In China, considerable attention was paid to the construction of the irrigation system. The Yellow River was one of the most turbulent rivers that greatly influenced the landscape. In ancient Chinese literature it was no coincidence that it was called “the river that breaks the heart.” Already in the Shang and Yin eras, enormous efforts were made to streamline the bed of this river, along which stonework was laid, dams were erected, and numerous irrigation canals were installed. The most outstanding hydraulic structure is the Great China Canal, built in the Qin era. This canal reached 32 km and connected the Yellow and Yangtze rivers. It provided year-round navigation along inland waterways with a total length of more than 2000 km. The achievements of the ancient Chinese in architecture are impressive, which is the result of the highly developed construction technology. Here, first of all, it is necessary to say about the Great Wall of China. It was erected during the reign of Qin Shi Huang on the basis of ancient fortifications in the form of a moat and rampart that existed from the 5th century BC. The wall was made of clay mixed with willow twigs and lined with stone. 300,000 people – convicts and soldiers – worked simultaneously on its construction. In ten years, 750 km of the wall were built. Subsequently, its length exceeded 4000 km. The Great Wall of China reached eight meters in height and ten meters in width. Towers rose every hundred meters and there were passages with gates. The wall was supposed to protect from barbarian nomads, hostile spirits, the encroaching desert and steppe on the cultivated lands of China, and was supposed to demonstrate the greatness of the empire and the emperor. In addition, the wall served as a unique communications system connecting the coastal provinces of China with Tibet. State mail and imperial decrees were delivered through it; troops were transferred along it.

A feature of Chinese construction technology is the frame method: pillars or columns were erected to form a frame; Longitudinal beams were placed on them and a gable roof was installed on them. This technique was already known in the Yin era. The practice was to build buildings on a high clay platform. Already in ancient times, three-tiered towers (lou), pavilions, and temples were built. In the 4th century BC, the bracket was invented, which made it possible to make roofs with curved corners; This is how a new type of architectural building was created - the pagoda. The roof of the pagoda created ideal air exchange in the home and also ensured the best drainage of rainwater. Road construction was also an important indicator of the development of Chinese civilization. During the Qin era, 8,000 km of roads were built. Most of the roads led to the capital, which was considered the mystical center of the country. Mile signs were installed on the roads, and stations were set up where one could rest and change horses.

The miracle of ancient Chinese technology was the use of oil and natural gas. Wooden tanks were built to store hydrocarbon raw materials, and bamboo gas pipelines were made. There were gas lamps in the cities. Gas heating was used in the homes. No less surprising is the familiarity of the ancient Chinese with pyrotechnics, various explosive and powder mixtures that were used to create fireworks. Pyrotechnics were used even more widely in ritual practice, in sacred ceremonies, sacrifices, etc.

Science of Ancient China was of an applied nature. Mathematics has achieved great success. In the II century. BC. the treatise “Mathematics in Nine Books” was compiled - a kind of guide for surveyors, astronomers, officials, etc. In addition to purely scientific knowledge, the book also presented everyday information: prices for various goods, crop yield indicators, etc. The development of mathematics is associated with significant achievements of the ancient Chinese in the field of astronomy. The solar-lunar calendar of the ancient Chinese was adapted to the needs of agricultural production.

The Chinese improved the plow and created a mechanical engine that uses the force of falling water (water lift pump). Early works contained descriptions of bed crops, a system of variable fields and alternation of crops, various methods of fertilizing the soil and pre-sowing impregnation of seeds were given, and there were special manuals on irrigation and land reclamation. The pinnacle of ancient Chinese scientific knowledge in the field of biology was the breeding of silkworms and the creation of sericulture technology.

Medicine has developed significantly. Ancient Chinese doctors back in the 4th-3rd centuries. BC. They began to use acupuncture and moxibustion, developed a manual on dietetics and therapeutic exercises, and compiled a collection of various recipes, which contained 280 prescriptions for the treatment of 52 diseases. Among the recommended remedies, along with medications, some magical techniques are also mentioned. However, in later writings magical treatment methods are not found. By the 3rd century. BC. refers to the use of local anesthesia during abdominal operations by the famous doctor Hua Tuo.

The achievements and discoveries of Ancient China were far ahead of the scientific thought of the West. Many researchers believe that the key to this success is the special view of its inhabitants on nature. The scientific thought of the East sought a harmonious synthesis of human activity and nature, which was expressed in a special, highly moral perception of the surrounding world.

China has priority in many technical discoveries and inventions, and improvement of technical processes. For example, the technology of smelting copper ore and non-ferrous metal ores (producing alloys - for example, bronze) has reached a high level. Already in the 4th century. BC. the Chinese made special furnaces for smelting iron ore and knew how to produce cast iron; They approached steel smelting earlier than other peoples of the world. Shipbuilding has reached a high level: the Chinese rightfully belong to the most developed maritime peoples of antiquity; they sailed their ships in the Pacific and Indian oceans.

Considerable attention was paid in China to the construction of an irrigation system. An outstanding hydraulic structure is the Great Chinese Canal, built in the Qin era (W-2 centuries BC). This canal reached 32 kilometers and connected the Yellow and Yangtze rivers. Thanks to it, year-round navigation was carried out along inland waterways with a total length of more than 2000 kilometers.

The achievements of the ancient Chinese in architecture are evidence of advanced construction technology. The Great Wall of China was built in the 3rd century. BC. on the site of ancient fortifications that existed since the 5th century. BC. The wall was made of clay mixed with willow twigs and lined with stone. During its construction, 300,000 people (convicts and soldiers) worked simultaneously. In 10 years, 750 kilometers of the wall were built. Subsequently, its length exceeded 4000 kilometers. The Great Wall of China reached 8 meters in height and 10 meters in width. Every 100 meters there were towers and there were passages with gates. The wall was supposed to protect from barbarian nomads, hostile spirits, as well as from the desert (steppe) approaching the cultivated lands of China. She demonstrated the greatness of the Chinese empire. In addition, the wall served as a unique communications system connecting the coastal provinces of China with Tibet. State mail (imperial decrees) was delivered along it, and troops were transferred.

The peculiarity of Chinese construction technology was the frame method of construction: pillars or columns were erected to form the base, longitudinal beams were placed on them, and then a gable roof was installed. In the 4th century. BC. a bracket was invented, which made it possible to make roofs with curved corners: this is how a new type of architectural building was created - the pagoda. The roof of the pagoda created ideal air exchange in the home and also ensured the best drainage of rainwater. Road construction is an important indicator of the development of Chinese civilization. During the Qin era, 8,000 kilometers of roads were built. Most of them led to the capital, which was considered the mystical center of the country. The miracle of ancient Chinese technology was the use of oil and natural gas. Wooden tanks were built to store hydrocarbon raw materials, and bamboo gas pipelines were made. There were gas lamps in the cities. Gas heating was used in the homes. No less surprising is the familiarity of the ancient Chinese with pyrotechnics, various explosive and powder mixtures that were used to create fireworks. Pyrotechnics were used even more widely in ritual practice, in sacred ceremonies, sacrifices, etc.

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For example, by examining the human body, modern doctors learned about the existence of bones, organs, blood vessels, muscle tissue, etc. However, scientists of ancient China considered not only the material component of a person, but also the incorporeal distribution of energy flows. The discovery of such flows has led to the knowledge of acupuncture points - channels of energy flow that cannot be seen in our...

Knowledge and technology in ancient China (essay, coursework, diploma, test)

Russian State University of Oil and Gas named after. I. M. Gubkina Department of Philosophy Abstract on philosophy and methodology of science

"Knowledge and Technology in Ancient China"

Completed: st-ka. group ATM-13−1

Kokosova Elena Alexandrovna.

Checked: Assoc. department philosophy Smirnova O.M.

Moscow, 2014

Used Books

Introduction Chinese civilization has always been very mysterious and interesting to study. And this is largely due to the numerous discoveries of the Chinese in science and technology. There is no doubt about the enormous and invaluable contribution of ancient China to the history of the entire world civilization.

“The discoveries of the Chinese were made not in any particular branch of science, for example astronomy, but also in many others. The scientific knowledge of the Chinese has reached great heights in mathematics, physics, construction, hydraulic engineering, and medicine. The discovery of the compass, gunpowder, seismograph, mechanical watches and silk weaving techniques also belongs to the wise and mysterious Chinese" Inventions of Ancient China [Electronic resource] // Access address: http://china.web-3.ru/chigeninfo/chiculture/?act =full&id_article=2331 .

Thus, it is quite logical to talk about the relevance of this work, since modern people admire and use the discoveries of Ancient China to this day.

The object of this work is the history and development of Chinese science. The subject is the knowledge and technology of Ancient China.

The purpose of this work is to explore the knowledge and technology of Ancient China. To achieve this goal, the following tasks must be solved:

Identify the features of the development of scientific knowledge in ancient China;

Consider the influence of the theory of Wu Xing (five elements) and the theory of Yin-Yang on the development of science in China;

Study the development of technology in ancient China.

As for the degree of elaboration of the problem, a significant contribution to the creation of theoretical foundations was made mainly by cultural studies and history scholars engaged in the study of Chinese culture and history. During the study, the works of Vasiliev L. S., Kravtsova M. E., Malyavin V. V., Zharne Zh. were used.

Peculiarities of the development of scientific knowledge in ancient China The entire ancient Chinese culture seems very unusual and interesting for a European. Chinese scientific thought, which is developing at a colossal pace, is also of undoubted interest.

If you look at the science of Ancient Egypt or Mesopotamia, there were also many discoveries and developing scientific knowledge, as in China, but they were not united into a single system, while the science of China can already be considered as science in the full sense. The knowledge of ancient China is already a clearly structured system of knowledge, subject to a single methodology.

It is interesting to compare the structure of ancient Chinese science with the structure of science in the European Middle Ages. As in the ancient era, in the Middle Ages there were seven scientific disciplines, such as: the humanitarian “trivium”: grammar, dialectics and rhetoric, as well as the mathematical “quadrivium”: geometry, music, astronomy and arithmetic.

Ancient Chinese sciences, in turn, were divided into qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative sciences are medicine, alchemy, astrology, geomancy, showing the connection between the favorable location of graves and dwellings, taking into account the features of the landscape, as well as physics, similar to ancient natural philosophy and using magical schemes, as well as the idea of ​​correspondence between micro- and macrocosm for analyzing natural phenomena . Jarnet J. Ancient China - M.: AST, 2008

And the quantitative sciences included mathematics, which was of an algebraic nature, when, as in antiquity - geometric, mathematical harmonics - a science of the Pythagorean type, studying the numerical patterns of constructing musical modes, and mathematical astronomy, which subordinated astronomical phenomena to certain numerical rules. The connecting link uniting all these sciences was a very unusual discipline for Chinese culture - numerology, which in this sense replaced Aristotelian logic.

An important feature of ancient Chinese civilization is a kind of cult of education and literacy. That is, smart and talented people were encouraged and highly valued. The authorities strongly supported the development of scientific knowledge. And this undoubtedly contributed to many discoveries and inventions. But it must be said that the applied nature of the science of Ancient China determined its development, when, like the science of Ancient Greece, it was opposed to technology.

In general, the discoveries, achievements and scientific knowledge of Ancient China were far ahead of the scientific knowledge and technology of the West. The key to such success, as many scientists believe, was a special view of nature. The scientific thought of the East sought a harmonious synthesis of nature and human activity, which was expressed in a highly moral perception of the surrounding world and nature as a whole.

“Cultivation is the main idea of ​​the entire Chinese culture, and therefore ancient Chinese society attached special meaning to the cultivation of mind and body. But one should not miss that improvement itself, at the same time, is based on deep scientific principles. This is precisely the main reason why the ancient Chinese civilization was so outstanding.” Malyavin V.V. Chinese civilization - M.: Astrel, 2000. For those who did not believe in the Gods and did not improve, they were not allowed to learn the secrets of the universe. In the same way, just as the secrets of the state are inaccessible to ordinary people, so the secrets associated with the Universe were not revealed to ordinary people. To study the Universe, scientists are required to change their way of thinking.

In addition, scholars of ancient China were required to have high xinxing (nature of mind and heart) - morality and morality. A high level of xinxing has a positive effect on scientists’ ability to understand the technologies of previous generations and see changes in substances at different levels.

In other words, the secrets of the universe can only be revealed to those whose souls are noble. If a scientist does not have a high level of xinxing, then he will not be able to comprehend the technology of the ancestors, and also will not be able to preserve and transmit it. This is the reason for the loss of valuable ancient Chinese technologies Malyavin V.V. Chinese civilization - M.: Astrel, 2000.

Thus, summarizing the above, it is worth noting that many generations of remarkable scientists with outstanding abilities lived in China. The sciences that scientists studied included systematic theories and practices, but their transfer to anyone was prohibited, since certain requirements were imposed on the morality of scientists. They needed to improve their level of ethics and morality.

The influence of the theory of Wu Xing (five elements), the theory of Yin-Yang on the development of science in China In our time, it is very difficult to understand, from the point of view of modern science, the achievements and heights of ancient Chinese science. Even in the last century, there were scientific schools that had different ideas about the basic composition of substances.

Their ideas and theories reflected changes in substances and matter at different levels. It seems incredible to us that without any apparatus or equipment, scientists of ancient China discovered the existence of electrons, neutrons and protons in the atom, and also that all substances consist of atoms, regardless of their origin and shape. Ancient Chinese thinkers even knew about the existence of substances in various spaces at microscopic levels without the use of a particle accelerator.

The "Five Element Theory (Wu-hsing)" addressed the issue of matter in China. The Chinese discovered that all matter in the universe is made up of five elements: water, metal, wood, fire and earth. When and how did this concept of matter appear? Most likely, no history book will answer this question, since the Wu-hsing (Five Elements) Theory has existed since the beginning of Chinese culture. It's sort of one of the cornerstones of Chinese culture throughout its history.

The first mention of this theory was found in the book of Shan Shu or also known as Shu Jin (book of History). This book is a collection of political literature from Ancient China dating back to before the reign of the legendary ancient Chinese ruler Huan Di, which means about 5,000 years ago. In other words, the Chinese developed an understanding of the five elements before the creation of Chinese characters. There are other similar works. They prove that the Theory of Wu-hsing (five elements) is the basis of all science of ancient China, just as atomic and molecular theories are the basis of discoveries of modern science about matter and the universe Vasiliev L. S. History of China: Textbook. - M.: Onyx, 2007.

Also in China there was a more subtle concept of matter than in the Theory of Wu Xing (five elements) - “Yan Theory”. Confucius said: “One Yin and one Yang are called Tao” Confucius. Judgments and conversations - St. Petersburg: Azbuka, 2011. He also said: “Interactions between hard and soft matter lead to changes.” Confucius. Lessons of Wisdom - M.: Eksmo, 2008 Lao Tzu said: “Tao gave birth to One, One gave birth to Two, Two gave birth to Three, Three gave birth to all countless things. All countless things carry Yin on their backs and contain Yang in their embrace, deriving their vital harmony from the proper blending of the two vital Breaths.” He spoke not only about fundamental microscopic particles, but also about the formation of various substances. Thus, a huge number of things formed by the five elements have both the properties of Yin-Yang and the five elements. In the Book of History, in the chapter “Hun Fan”, various features of matter were described: “Water corresponds to humidity and downward direction. Fire corresponds to flame and upward direction. Wood is twisted or straight in nature. Metal is unstable when interacting with fire. Land is needed for agriculture. The water becomes salty on the journey down. The fire becomes bitter, burning upward. The tree can become sour when it changes shape. A metal can become bitter when it becomes unstable. The earth can become sweet when used in agriculture.” Culturology: Textbook for universities / Ed. Markova A.N. - M.: Unity, 2001 These five elements limit and promote each other, thanks to their natural properties, at the macroscopic level. Elemental restrictions: Water>Fire>Metal>Wood>Earth>Water. The relationship and progression of the elements: Wood > Fire > Earth > Metal > Water > Wood. All this speaks of the theory of mutual destruction and mutual generation among these five primary elements.

At first glance, there are many non-measurable and abstract elements in these theories, which prevents them from being accepted as science, despite well-founded achievements, for example, in medicine. Although if we consider these theories in more detail, we can understand that any substance is formed from many other layers of substances. In other words, all matter is formed from many particles, and at the same time, each particle consists of finer matter. Thus, every material substance is formed by a large number of incorporeal substances. That is, the layer of microscopic matter that is located above is incorporeal in relation to those that are on the lower layers.

“How can one interpret the Yin-Yang theory? As Lao Tzu said, three formed all countless things - this is Yin on the outside, Yang on the inside, and the harmony between them. This is similar to the theory of atomic structure. Each atom consists of neutrons and protons (Yang - positive), electrons (Yin - negative). But how to explain the abstract concept of “Harmony”? This is precisely the fundamental difference between Chinese and modern science. “Harmony” is something not material, and therefore difficult to explain. In other words, the formation of matter, in the process of interactions of Yin and Yang, leads to a harmonious energy flow. “Harmony” is fusion, unification, which means that matter lives in incorporeal energy.” Culturology: Textbook for universities / Ed. Markova A. N. - M.: Unity, 2001

For example, by examining the human body, modern doctors learned about the existence of bones, organs, blood vessels, muscle tissue, etc. However, scientists of ancient China considered not only the material component of a person, but also the incorporeal distribution of energy flows. The discovery of such flows has led to the knowledge of acupuncture points - channels of energy flow that cannot be seen in our dimension. Based on this, the people of ancient China developed Qigong as a way to treat illness. It was believed that consciousness has no effect on the body, but thoughts influence the flow of "Qi" - the flow of energy. Kravtsova M. E. History of Chinese culture - St. Petersburg: Lan, 1999

As already stated, the understanding of matter in ancient China included both intangible (Qi) and material parts, and also that matter has a living spirit in the Universe. Therefore, scientists of ancient China analyzed and monitored changes in incorporeal and material matters in the Universe, using the theories of Yin-Yang and Wu-hsing.

Summarizing the above, it is worth noting that all the scientific knowledge of ancient China was based on the theory of the five primary elements that appeared in the Zhou era: metal, wood, earth, fire, water. All these elements (elements) are in continuous mutual transition and movement, forming the diversity of the universe. Many scientific knowledge and discoveries are associated with the theories of ancient Chinese scientists about matter.

The scientific knowledge of Ancient China from astronomy, geography, pharmaceuticals, physics, chemistry, to medicine was formed by the Yin-Yang Theory; The theory of Wu-shin (five elements). These theories also influenced the development of architecture, culture and art, and Chinese music.

Development of technical sciences in China Technical sciences in ancient China reached unprecedented heights; back in the 1st century BC, the Chinese knew how to process iron, had knowledge in the technology of smelting metals and copper, produced an alloy from bronze, and were earlier than other peoples of the world in processing and smelting steel . And from the 4th century BC, they began to make special furnaces for smelting iron ore and produced cast iron (https://site, 16).

Ancient Chinese bronze cannot be confused with products of other peoples, due to the fact that it was very unusual in its outlines, sizes and patterns. The ancient Chinese made massive and heavy vessels from bronze, which were intended for sacrifice to the spirits of nature and ancestors. The Chinese skillfully decorated these vessels with geometric patterns, on top of which they then applied bas-relief images of a dragon, ram, bird, snake, and bull. It happened that the vessels themselves took the form of birds and animals that protected people, for example, an owl, a tapir or a tiger. Over time, with the creation of books and the development of writing, the ritual and magical significance of bronze products began to become a thing of the past, and then clay vessels began to be made, and then porcelain was invented.

Mastery of bronze, ore, metals and clay contributed to construction and shipbuilding. The Chinese have reached a very high level in shipbuilding and thus we can safely say that they rightfully own the title of the most developed maritime people of antiquity. Vasiliev L. S. History of China: Textbook. - M.: Onyx, 2007

In ancient China, special importance was given to the construction of an irrigation system. The most outstanding hydraulic structure is the Great China Canal, which took two thousand years to build and is still in operation, being the most important inland waterway of the People's Republic of China to this day. This canal is 32 kilometers long and connects the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers. With its help, navigation was carried out on China's inland waterways all year round.

The Chinese have reached impressive heights in architecture, which is a consequence of highly developed construction technology. We are definitely talking about the Great Wall of China. Its construction began in the 3rd century BC. under the reign of Emperor Shi Huangdi. It amazes everyone with its scale and grandeur. knowledge technology China The wall was built to protect against the attacks of the Mongol nomads from the north, and also, apparently, as a symbol of the greatness and power of the emperor. Stone slabs were used for its construction. They were laid tightly next to each other over layers of compressed earth. Similar stone structures were often erected in the East, where stone was not available, a large mound was erected. Later, parts of the Wall were faced with stone and brick. The wall extends for 6,700 km and is 5.5 meters wide, which made it possible to create lines of five people. Along the entire wall there are about a hundred passages and more than 10,000 military and observation towers.

The entire architecture of China is interesting and unusual. For example, already from the first century BC, the Chinese built two-, three-, and more-story buildings with multi-tiered roofs. The buildings were built on special platforms; they were constructed from beams and posts; Clay walls were erected, and from the 2nd century BC, walls were built of brick.

Decorative discs with various wishes for wealth and happiness adorned the tiled roofs of Chinese houses. Palace buildings were the tallest. They were scattered throughout the city, but were connected by suspended galleries and passages. Palaces were built from red brick, and administrative buildings were built from yellow brick.

The peculiarities of Chinese construction technology include the frame method: columns or pillars were erected to create a frame; Longitudinal beams were installed on them, and a gable roof was built on them.

In the 4th century BC, the bracket was invented, thanks to which roofs began to be made with curved corners. This feature of Chinese construction found its application in a new type of architectural building - the pagoda. The roof of the pagoda provided excellent drainage of rainwater and created effective air exchange in the room.

Another technological feat of ancient China was the use of natural gas and oil. Drilling work was carried out to search for and produce gas using a drill with a cast iron head. Gas was used to heat homes. To store hydrocarbons, wooden tanks were built, and bamboo gas pipelines and gas lanterns were created. In addition, already in those days the Chinese were mining coal and building coal mines that reached a depth of fifty meters. Coal was used in workshops and forges.

It is impossible not to mention that the discovery of gunpowder belongs to the ancient Chinese. The discovery of gunpowder is one of mankind's most important achievements. Its discovery is comparable to the creation of such things as ink, compass, paper, silk. Its appearance contributed to the development of many areas of human knowledge, despite the problems and troubles that it brought to people. It is used in the military sphere, ballistics, mining, industry, natural science, blacksmithing, chemistry, mechanical engineering and rocketry. Inventions of Ancient China [Electronic resource] //Access address: http://china.web-3.ru/chigeninfo/chiculture/?act=full&id_article=2331

The Chinese discovered gunpowder in the 7th century, but began using it as a medicine. And only then did they notice that this substance burned very well. It began to be used for explosive and incendiary projectiles, which were called “ho pao” (burning ball). It was set on fire and thrown using special throwing machines.

The Chinese invented fireworks. They filled a bamboo tube with gunpowder, lit it - and a fiery arc illuminated the sky. The Chinese were familiar with many of the gunpowder and explosive mixtures they used for fireworks. Pyrotechnics were also used in various rituals, sacrifices, sacred ceremonies, and so on. Inventions of Ancient China [Electronic resource] //Access address: http://china.web-3.ru/chigeninfo/chiculture/?act=full&id_article=2331.

Mathematics has been developing in China since ancient times. It is known that in the 2nd century BC a treatise was written called “Mathematics in Nine Books.” This is something like a universal guide for officials, astronomers, land surveyors, and so on. In addition to pure scientific knowledge, the book contained prices for various goods, yield indicators, etc.

As early as 2000 BC, mathematicians in ancient China were able to solve linear equations and systems of equations, as well as equations of the second degree. They knew irrational and negative numbers. There could not be any abbreviations in the algebra of ancient China, since in Chinese writing each sign has its own meaning. At the end of the thirteenth century, Chinese mathematicians knew the law for obtaining binomial coefficients, known as Pascal's triangle. Two hundred and fifty years later this law was discovered in Europe.

The development of mathematics is continuously connected with the science of astronomy. Astronomers in ancient China knew exactly the length of the year - 365 days - and created a calendar.

Already in the 12th century BC, the first observatories began to be built in China. Even earlier, Chinese astronomers began to record lunar eclipses, passing comets, which they called “broom stars,” as well as new stars and meteor showers.

Another achievement of the astronomy of ancient China was the correct explanation of lunar and solar eclipses, the discovery that the movement of the Moon is uneven, the measurement of the sidereal period for Jupiter (twelve years), and from the 3rd century BC - and with good accuracy for all other planets, and as synodic and sidereal.

In agriculture and crafts, the Chinese improved the plow, created mechanical engines that worked using the force of falling water, and a little later they created a water-lifting pump. The Chinese tried soil fertilizers, and also created special manuals on land reclamation and irrigation Development of science in ancient China // Scientific information journal Biofile [Electronic resource] // Access address: http://biofile.ru/his/4701.html.

One of the pinnacles of science in ancient China was the breeding of silkworms and the invention of silk manufacturing technology. A little later, the Chinese invented paper, which was made from waste silk cocoons.

Medicine received its most significant development in ancient China. One of the most important achievements of Chinese doctors was the creation of drugs that were widely used in medicine. The first medical works consist of 35 treatises on various diseases. In the second century, a method for diagnosing diseases by pulse was developed, and the first attempts were made to treat epidemic diseases.

“In the 10th century, the concept of vaccination appeared when healers began to practice vaccination against smallpox. Chinese monks described a huge number of medicinal plants in the process of searching for the elixir of “immortality.” Doctors of ancient China in the 4th - 3rd centuries BC began to practice the method of moxibustion, acupuncture, developed guidelines for therapeutic exercises and dietetics, a collection of various recommendations, which contained about three hundred prescriptions intended for the treatment of many diseases. In the 3rd century, the famous Chinese doctor Hua Tuo began to use local anesthesia during abdominal operations. Ancient Chinese scientists had knowledge of alchemy [Electronic resource] //Access address: http://monoblog.su/?p=14 058

In addition to all of the above, among the technical inventions of ancient China, it is worth noting a magnetic device dating back to the 3rd century BC and which is the predecessor of the modern compass. As well as a seismograph and a water mill, widely used in our time - all this was discovered in ancient times in China.

Few people know that the Chinese also took the lead in the discovery of toilet paper, a kite, a bristle toothbrush, a bell, a drum, a gas cylinder and playing cards.

Conclusion Thus, after analyzing the above material, we can conclude that China’s contribution to the history of world discoveries and scientific knowledge is indeed very significant and arouses great interest. But this country cannot be understood unless you study it and become imbued with the spirit of its past.

During the period from the beginning of civilization to the 12th century, ancient China invented more inventions and made more discoveries than any other nation in the world.

The most important discoveries of Ancient China include many inventions, such as the invention of mechanical watches, gunpowder, compass, seismograph, printing and the creation of silk weaving technology.

In addition, already in ancient times, important technical problems related to the use and protection of water resources were solved in China, thus hydraulic engineering, astronomy, physics and mathematics reached a high level of development. And the builders of ancient China became famous for their phenomenal structures - the Grand Canal and the Great Wall of China.

The Chinese have created unique technologies in the fields of hydraulics, mechanics, mathematics, agriculture, metallurgy, mechanism design, astronomy, navigation and medicine.

Thus, we can safely say that Chinese culture is truly very diverse and interesting. It differs from our culture, and sometimes it is incomprehensible to us, but this only makes us want to explore and study it more and more.

It is worth noting the main differences between the science of ancient China and the science of our time. Firstly, the requirements for the level of morality and ethics among the ancient Chinese were much higher than the requirements for knowledge and intelligence. That is, morality is primary in relation to knowledge. The necessary requirements for xinxing (the nature of the heart and mind; a kind of moral level) for ancient Chinese scholars were very high. Secondly, discoveries and inventions were greatly encouraged by the state and in every possible way contributed to the intensive efforts of scientists. Unfortunately, this cannot be said about modern science; today science increasingly ignores ethics, and states “forget” to encourage scientists.

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Technical sciences in ancient China reached unprecedented heights; back in the 1st century BC, the Chinese knew how to process iron, had knowledge in the technology of smelting metals and copper, produced an alloy from bronze, and were earlier than other peoples of the world in processing and smelting steel. And from the 4th century BC they began to make special furnaces for smelting iron ore and produced cast iron.

Ancient Chinese bronze cannot be confused with products of other peoples, due to the fact that it was very unusual in its outlines, sizes and patterns. The ancient Chinese made massive and heavy vessels from bronze, which were intended for sacrifice to the spirits of nature and ancestors. The Chinese skillfully decorated these vessels with geometric patterns, on top of which they then applied bas-relief images of a dragon, ram, bird, snake, and bull. It happened that the vessels themselves took the form of birds and animals that protected people, for example, an owl, a tapir or a tiger. Over time, with the creation of books and the development of writing, the ritual and magical significance of bronze products began to become a thing of the past, and then clay vessels began to be made, and then porcelain was invented.

Mastery of bronze, ore, metals and clay contributed to construction and shipbuilding. The Chinese have reached a very high level in shipbuilding and thus we can safely say that they rightfully own the title of the most developed maritime people of antiquity. Vasiliev L.S. History of China: Textbook. - M.: Onyx, 2007

In ancient China, special importance was given to the construction of an irrigation system. The most outstanding hydraulic structure is the Great China Canal, which took two thousand years to build and is still in operation, being the most important inland waterway of the People's Republic of China to this day. This canal is 32 kilometers long and connects the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers. With its help, navigation was carried out on China's inland waterways all year round.

The Chinese have reached impressive heights in architecture, which is a consequence of highly developed construction technology. We are definitely talking about the Great Wall of China. Its construction began in the 3rd century BC. under the reign of Emperor Shi Huangdi. It amazes everyone with its scale and grandeur. knowledge of technology china

The wall was built to protect the nomadic Mongols from the north from attacks, and also, apparently, as a symbol of the greatness and power of the emperor. Stone slabs were used for its construction. They were laid tightly next to each other over layers of compressed earth. Similar stone structures were often erected in the East, where stone was not available, a large mound was erected. Later, parts of the Wall were faced with stone and brick. The wall extends for 6,700 km and is 5.5 meters wide, which made it possible to create lines of five people. Along the entire wall there are about a hundred passages and more than 10,000 military and observation towers.

The entire architecture of China is interesting and unusual. For example, already from the first century BC, the Chinese built two-, three-, and more-story buildings with multi-tiered roofs. The buildings were built on special platforms; they were constructed from beams and posts; Clay walls were erected, and from the 2nd century BC, walls were built of brick.

Decorative discs with various wishes for wealth and happiness adorned the tiled roofs of Chinese houses. Palace buildings were the tallest. They were scattered throughout the city, but were connected by suspended galleries and passages. Palaces were built from red brick, and administrative buildings were built from yellow brick.

The peculiarities of Chinese construction technology include the frame method: columns or pillars were erected to create a frame; Longitudinal beams were installed on them, and a gable roof was built on them.

In the 4th century BC, the bracket was invented, thanks to which roofs began to be made with curved corners. This feature of Chinese construction found its application in a new type of architectural building - the pagoda. The roof of the pagoda provided excellent drainage of rainwater and created effective air exchange in the room.

Another technological feat of ancient China was the use of natural gas and oil. Drilling work was carried out to search for and produce gas using a drill with a cast iron head. Gas was used to heat homes. To store hydrocarbons, wooden tanks were built, and bamboo gas pipelines and gas lanterns were created. In addition, already in those days the Chinese were mining coal and building coal mines that reached a depth of fifty meters. Coal was used in workshops and forges.

It is impossible not to mention that the discovery of gunpowder belongs to the ancient Chinese. The discovery of gunpowder is one of mankind's most important achievements. Its discovery is comparable to the creation of such things as ink, compass, paper, silk. Its appearance contributed to the development of many areas of human knowledge, despite the problems and troubles that it brought to people. It is used in the military sphere, ballistics, mining, industry, natural science, blacksmithing, chemistry, mechanical engineering and rocketry. Inventions of Ancient China [Electronic resource] //Access address: http://china.web-3.ru/chigeninfo/chiculture/?act=full&id_article=2331

The Chinese discovered gunpowder in the 7th century, but began using it as a medicine. And only then did they notice that this substance burned very well. It began to be used for explosive and incendiary projectiles, which were called “ho pao” (burning ball). It was set on fire and thrown using special throwing machines.

The Chinese invented fireworks. They filled a bamboo tube with gunpowder, lit it, and a fiery arc illuminated the sky. The Chinese were familiar with many of the gunpowder and explosive mixtures they used for fireworks. Pyrotechnics were also used in various rituals, sacrifices, sacred ceremonies, and so on. Inventions of Ancient China [Electronic resource] //Access address: http://china.web-3.ru/chigeninfo/chiculture/?act=full&id_article=2331.

Mathematics has been developing in China since ancient times. It is known that in the 2nd century BC a treatise was written called “Mathematics in Nine Books.” This is something like a universal guide for officials, astronomers, land surveyors, and so on. In addition to pure scientific knowledge, the book contained prices for various goods, yield indicators, etc.

As early as 2000 BC, mathematicians in ancient China were able to solve linear equations and systems of equations, as well as equations of the second degree. They knew irrational and negative numbers. There could not be any abbreviations in the algebra of ancient China, since in Chinese writing each sign has its own meaning. At the end of the thirteenth century, Chinese mathematicians knew the law for obtaining binomial coefficients, known as Pascal's triangle. Two hundred and fifty years later this law was discovered in Europe.

The development of mathematics is continuously connected with the science of astronomy. Astronomers of ancient China knew exactly the length of the year - 365 days and created a calendar.

Already in the 12th century BC, the first observatories began to be built in China. Even earlier, Chinese astronomers began to record lunar eclipses, passing comets, which they called “broom stars,” as well as new stars and meteor showers.

Another achievement of the astronomy of ancient China is the correct explanation of lunar and solar eclipses, the discovery that the movement of the Moon is uneven, the measurement of the sidereal period for Jupiter (twelve years), and from the 3rd century BC - and with good accuracy for all other planets, and both synodic and sidereal.

In agriculture and crafts, the Chinese improved the plow, created mechanical engines that worked using the force of falling water, and a little later they created a water-lifting pump. The Chinese tried soil fertilizers, and also created special manuals on land reclamation and irrigation Development of science in ancient China // Scientific information journal Biofile [Electronic resource] // Access address: http://biofile.ru/his/4701.html.

One of the pinnacles of science in ancient China was the breeding of silkworms and the invention of silk manufacturing technology. A little later, the Chinese invented paper, which was made from waste silk cocoons.

Medicine received its most significant development in ancient China. One of the most important achievements of Chinese doctors was the creation of drugs that were widely used in medicine. The first medical works consist of 35 treatises on various diseases. In the second century, a method for diagnosing diseases by pulse was developed, and the first attempts were made to treat epidemic diseases.

“In the 10th century, the concept of vaccination appeared when healers began to practice vaccination against smallpox. Chinese monks described a huge number of medicinal plants in the process of searching for the elixir of “immortality.” Doctors of ancient China in the 4th - 3rd centuries BC began to practice the method of moxibustion, acupuncture, developed manuals on therapeutic exercises and dietetics, a collection of various recommendations, which contained about three hundred prescriptions intended for the treatment of many diseases. In the 3rd century, the famous Chinese doctor Hua Tuo began to use local anesthesia during abdominal operations. Ancient Chinese scientists had knowledge of alchemy [Electronic resource] //Access address: http://monoblog.su/?p=14058

Last release date: 11/11/2013.”

In addition to all of the above, among the technical inventions of ancient China, it is worth noting a magnetic device dating back to the 3rd century BC and which is the predecessor of the modern compass. As well as a seismograph and a water mill, widely used in our time - all this was discovered in ancient times in China.

Few people know that the Chinese also took the lead in the discovery of toilet paper, a kite, a bristle toothbrush, a bell, a drum, a gas cylinder and playing cards.