Direct and indirect additions table. Supplement in English: direct and indirect

Direct and indirect additions table.  Supplement in English: direct and indirect
Direct and indirect additions table. Supplement in English: direct and indirect

The lesson was held in a classroom with children who have a sufficient level of knowledge, skills and abilities, with a developed cognitive interest. When developing the lesson, I tried to take into account the following characteristics of students:

The need for cognitive activity,

Willingness to perform a variety of tasks, especially developmental ones individual abilities students

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Ways of expressing additions. Direct and indirect object.

Target: activate previously acquired knowledge about additions, expand the concept of ways to express additions (infinitive, whole phrase); developing the ability to determine ways of expressing additions in writing, developing the ability to see and highlight direct and indirect additions.

Tasks:

educational:teach to see distinctive properties secondary members of the sentence from the main ones; teach to determine which parts of a sentence are this or that word form; pay attention to difficult cases of expressing an addition: (distinguish the nominative case from the accusative, the infinitive-object from the infinitive of the predicate);

Educational : formation of communication skills in students; formation of moral positions of students;

developing : development of speech culture, independent thinking, research skills.

Methods and forms of training: partially search, independent work using ICT, individual, work in pairs.

Lesson type : learning new material.

Equipment : cards with task and text, presentation, video projector

During the classes:

Stage 1 Organizing time. Motivation for learning activities.

Questions about oblique cases

You already know without a doubt.

If you ask them without delay,

You will immediately find... ADDENDUM.

Indeed, today in class we will be reviewing addition.

But let's start the lesson by checking your homework.

Stage 2 Updating knowledge and trial educational action.

1.Checking the house. ass. (there are 3 people at the board - individual work using cards)

2. exercise 160; syntactic analysis of SS. – commenting

The class writes down combinations of words: name SS with a subordinating connection. Work in pairs.

Word and deed, to kick the bucket, continued to study, near the fortress, a dewy meadow, adopt a resolution.

What can you say about other combinations?

3.Linguistic warm-up. (3 slide) Specify the method subordinating connection.

Write down the answer to the riddle.

By variety (we alternate riddles)

What visual device is the basis of riddles? 3rd slide.

The bone back, hard bristles, makes friends with the soft paste, serves us diligently.
(Toothbrush)(adj.+noun)

Gold coins fall from a branch.
(Yellow leaves) (adj.+noun)

Two mothers have five sons.
(Fingers) (noun + noun with prev.)

Wide, not the sea, gold, not money,
Today on the ground, and tomorrow on the table.
(Wheat field) (noun + noun)

1c -Toothbrush, fingers; 2nd century - yellow leaves, wheat field)

4.Ind. check work at the board.

1st card. Write from memory vocabulary words from frames. (pp. 57-77 - from homework) Write lexical meaning the word RESOLUTION (decree, decision), make an SS with this word according to the scheme: ch (ch. word). + noun V.p. (adopt a resolution)

2nd card. Parsing sentences: A parable is a figurative story often used in the Bible and Gospel to present instructive truths. Place punctuation marks.

3rd card. Mother, who knew the customs by heart, always tried to shove the unfortunate book away. Syntactic analysis of the sentence. Write out the SS with the subordinating connection control.

5. Frontal survey:(checking advanced homework - paragraph 16)

Which parts of the sentence are called minor?

List the minor members of the sentence (examples from the sentence on the board)

In what ways are minor members connected to others in a sentence?

What is a supplement? Name the SS according to the scheme of Ch. +noun V.p from the vocabulary dictation (adopt a resolution) - entry ss.

Stage 2. Setting a learning task.

1.So, determine the goals and objectives of the lesson...

Our task is...to expand and deepen the understanding of the secondary member of the sentence - the complement.

Summarize existing knowledge and pay attention to new facts,

learn to determine:

Additions are direct and indirect;

Ways of expressing additions. Let's formulate the topic of the lesson. Let's write down the wording of the topic.

(1st slide)

Stage 3. Collaborative exploration of the problem.

Theory: paragraph 16, page. 75 - according to plan.

Which new information You learned about the addition from paragraph 16? What caused you difficulty?

What additions are called direct?

What case, besides V., can express a direct object?

In which cases? Which additions are indirect?

Direct and indirect additions. Reading paragraph paragraph. Comparison with table.

Slide 4

Stage 4. Implementation of the completed project.

Sometimes there are difficulties in determining the forms of nouns, if the form accusative case the complement expressed by the noun coincides with the form nominative case subject. (Checking the assignment on the board – proofreaders)

The word order is straight, the subject comes first. Now let's reverse the word order.

Task “Proofreaders”:3 cards – checks the class.

1.Fix spelling mistakes, underline the additions in the following sentences and indicate the case:

The expedition crossed the valley. - 1st row

The storm covers the sky with darkness. -2nd row

Birch trees will flood the sun (into their braids) - 3rd row

What should you do to determine the addition in the text? (highlight grammatical basis.)
- Okay, what did you do next? (They isolated phrases and asked a question from the main word to the dependent one)
- And what was the last thing you did or had to do? (If the question is indirect cases, then this is an addition; if not, then this is another minor member of the sentence).

2.The teacher shows slide 5.

Highlight the grammatical basis of the sentence.

Find phrases.

Ask a question from the main word to the dependent one.

If the question is indirect case, then this is an addition, we underline it with a dotted line, we write the case above the word; if there are other questions, then this is another minor member of the sentence.

Stage 4 Collaborative exploration of the problem.

Difficult cases of determining the case forms of nouns.

How to distinguish the form of I.p. and V.p?

Task "Proofreaders"

Word order is straight: the subject comes first.

Now let's reverse the word order. (3rd sentence)

The sun braids the birches.

Conclusion:

Sometimes there are difficulties in determining the forms of nouns if the accusative form of the object expressed by the noun coincides with the nominative case form of the subject. (Task “Proofreaders”)

5 stage. Primary consolidation.

Exercise 166 1c – 3-4; 2v -6-7 (following the example) reasoning algorithm

2. Slide 6

1st part - task: identify grammatical basics and additions

(reading Gospel of Matthew 7; 21-27)

Let us now think about what Jesus Christ meant by “home”, what is “home” for each of us?

Our life.

Anyone who has seen how a house is built knows that the deeper and firmer its foundation, the stronger it will be, the better it will withstand storms, winds and floods.

But what about a person in his Everyday life is meant by “rain, winds, storms”?

Troubles, misfortunes, grief, illness, poverty...

Yes. In life, a person has to struggle with disasters and dangers, and only then will he stand against them if he establishes his life on a solid, unshakable foundation. And what should become the foundation of our home - our life, according to the teachings of Jesus Christ?

Faith, love.

2 var. - backside : in each sentence (simple and complex) find the grammatical basis (bases) and addition.

Slide 6. “Everyone who hears My words and does them is like a wise man who built his house on the rock. And the rain fell, and the rivers overflowed, and the winds blew and beat against that house, and it did not fall, because it was founded on rock.

But everyone who listens to My words and does not do them is like a foolish man who built his house on sand. And the rain fell, and the rivers overflowed, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house, and it fell, and its fall was great.”

3. Physical exercise - slide 7

And now everyone sat down straight,

They raised their eyes to the ceiling,

Hands up, forward, back -

Here's a warm-up for the guys! (sideways) 2 times

STAGE 6. Independent work with verification against the standard

What parts of speech can express an addition?

(any part of speech in the meaning of a noun)

Examples from the textbook (paragraph 16)

Slide 8

Fill out the table, determining which parts of speech express the additions - write out SS (talk + add.)

work in pairs (slide 9)

Big ones can do anything. 1 Adj.

Eight is not divisible by five without a remainder. 2 Num.

We remember the dead... 3 verses.

Who sang “about beauty far away”? 4 people

He asked Mary to sing. 5 Inf.

He warmed up Bezrodny and brought him into his family. 6 App.

The dog understood my “ugh!” perfectly. 7 Int.

I saw several fishermen on the sea. 8 Whole name.

I saw a girl with a blind man.

Conclusion: except noun. and places. The addition can be expressed by other parts of speech in the meaning of a noun: adjective, number, parable, adverb, interjection, n. f. verb. And also an indivisible combination.

The infinitive object answers the questions of indirect cases:

Asked (about what?) to sit down

Stage 7. Designing a new way of action.

Problematic question: how to distinguish the roles of the infinitive?

slide 10

Infinitive – object

And the verb in

Personal form denotes actions different persons Pugachev ordered (what?) execution

Explanation: Pugachev ordered, but others will execute

I told the coachman to go - I ordered, and the coachman must go. I ask you to wait (I ask, but you must wait)

Infinitive - object depends on the predicate

N.F. can be replaced with a noun:

Agreed to meet - agreed to meet

GHS

Vladimir began to worry.

He stopped smiling.

Lisa decided to help her sister.

The infinitive refers to the same subject of action as the verb. In the sentence it is part of the GHS.

STAGE 8. Transition to the stage of solving particular problems

Slide 11

Find phrases in which there is an error in the use of preposition and noun case, correct it:
a) I miss you
b) did not respond to the call
c) think about the question
d) pay for travel

From the essays! Correct the mistakes..Work at the board using cards.

She began to distance herself from her peers. Peter was worried about Masha’s illness. Pugachev attracted the sympathy of those around him. With her seriousness and love of books, Tatyana stood out sharply among the girls.

Slide 12 The class works on the table orally. Variable designs

Choose nouns for these words. Indicate direct objects.

1st century

Faith (in what?)

Dress (who? what?)

Review (of something)

Pay (for what?) for

Come to school

Addition

Addition - this is a minor member of the sentence that answers questions of indirect cases and denotes the object (subject) to which the action is directed or associated or (less often) in relation to which a qualitative attribute is manifested. Sometimes addition denotes the subject of an action or state (see translation agency). For example: The old man was catching fish with a seine (A. Pushkin); He was not at all inclined to humility and meekness (K. Chukovsky); I can’t sleep, there’s no fire... (A. Pushkin).

Add-ons, expressing the object of action, are used with verbs, as well as with nouns formed from them: deliver goods- cargo delivery; work on an article- working on the article.

Add-ons, naming an object in relation to which a qualitative attribute is manifested, are used with adjectives and nouns formed from them: faithful to duty- loyalty to duty; stingy in his movements- stinginess in movements.

Add-ons are divided into straight And indirect.

Direct addition - This addition, which depends on a transitive verb and is expressed by a noun or pronoun (as well as any part of speech used in the meaning of a noun) in the accusative case without a preposition: see picture, sing a song, fix the iron , write a letter , solve a problem , seehis , meet a friend .

Direct addition can also be expressed by a noun in the genitive case without a preposition. The genitive case is used instead of the accusative in two cases: 1) if there is a negative particle Not before transitive verb: felt joy- did not feel joy; heard voices- did not hear voices; 2) if the action does not transfer to the entire object, but only to a part: bought bread- of bread; drank water- water: ...The gun commander did not leave the firing position, he asked to bring him shells from the broken guns (V. Astafiev); Don’t sing, beauty, in front of me you sing the songs of sad Georgia... (A. Pushkin).

Direct addition denotes an object to which an action is directly directed, which can arise, be created or disappear, or be destroyed during the action: knit a sweater,write an essay, decorate a room, check a dictation, break a tree, demolish a house and so on.

Other additions are indirect, they express different relations of action or attribute to objects: I won't regret it about roses, withered with a light spring (A. Pushkin); Aksinya remembered her youth and all her life, poor in joys (M. Sholokhov).

Add-ons can be expressed:

1) a noun in any indirect case with or without a preposition: With a golden ray the villagelilo (A. Maikov);

2) pronoun: I could never argue with them(M. Lermontov);

3) cardinal number: Divide thirty-six by two;

4) any part of speech in the meaning of a noun: I ran to my grandmother and asked her about the forgotten (M. Gorky);

5) infinitive: Everyone asked her to sing something (M. Lermontov);

6) syntactically integral phrases and phraseological units (the same as the subject): Hunters killed seventeen snipe (L. Tolstoy).

Direct object- this is an addition in the form of V.p. without pretext. It refers to a verb and is used after transitive verbs:

I wash my hands.

A direct object can also be in the form of R.p. if:

· denotes a part of an object, a certain amount, for example, a little: drink water, eat soup;

· with a transitive verb there is a negation Not:did not build a new building, did not complete homework.

All other cases of complement are called indirect complement.

Definition. Agreed and inconsistent definition. Application

A definition is a minor member of a sentence, which depends on the subject, complement or circumstance, defines the attribute of the subject and answers the questions: which one? which? whose?

Definition may refer to words different parts speech: nouns and words formed from adjectives or participles by transitioning to another part of speech, as well as pronouns.

Agreed and non-agreed definition

Agreed Definition is a definition for which the type of syntactic connection between the main and dependent words is agreement. For example:

A dissatisfied girl was eating chocolate ice cream on the open terrace.

(girl(which?) unhappy, ice cream(which?) chocolate, on the terrace(Which?) open)

Agreed definitions are expressed by adjectives that agree with the words being defined - nouns in gender, number and case.

The agreed definitions are expressed:

1) adjectives: dear mother, beloved grandmother;

2) participles: laughing boy, bored girl;

3) pronouns: my book, this boy;

4) ordinal numbers: the first of September, by the eighth of March.

But the definition can be inconsistent. This is the name of a definition associated with the word being defined by other types of syntactic connections:

management

· adjacency

Inconsistent definition based on control:

Mom's book was on the nightstand.

Wed: bookmoms- mom'sbook
(mom'sbook– this is an agreed definition, type of connection: agreement, and bookmoms– uncoordinated, communication type – control)

Inconsistent definition based on adjacency:

I want to buy her a more expensive gift.

Wed: presentmore expensive- presentExpensive
(presentmore expensive– inconsistent definition, type of connection – adjacency, and presentExpensive– agreed definition, type of connection – agreement)

Inconsistent definitions also include definitions expressed by syntactically indivisible phrases and phraseological units.

Lined up opposite shopping mall five floors.

Wed: centerfive floorsfive-storycenter
(centerfive floors– inconsistent definition, type of communication – control, and five-storycenter- agreed definition, type of communication - agreement)

A girl with blue hair entered the room.

(girlwith blue hair- inconsistent definition, type of communication – control.)

In the role inconsistent definition different parts of speech can appear:

1) noun:

The bus stop has been moved.

(bus- noun)

2) adverb:

Grandma cooked the meat in French.

(French– adverb)

3) verb in indefinite form:

She had a knack for listening.

(listen- verb in indefinite form)

4) comparative adjective:

He always chooses the easier path, and she always chooses the more difficult tasks.

(take it easy, more difficult comparative degree of adjectives)

5) pronoun:

Her story touched me.

(herpossessive pronoun)

6) syntactically indivisible phrase

Application

A special type of definition is application. An application is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in case.
Applications stand for various signs subjects that are expressed by a noun: age, nationality, profession, etc.:

I love my little sister.

A group of Japanese tourists lived in the hotel with me.

A variety of applications are geographical names, names of enterprises, organizations, publications, works of art. The latter form inconsistent applications. Let's compare examples:

I saw the embankment of the Sukhona River.

(Sukhony- agreed application, words rivers And Sukhony stand in the same case.)

My son read the fairy tale “Cinderella”.

("Cinderella"- inconsistent application, words fairy tale And "Cinderella" stand in different cases.)

Circumstance

Circumstance- This is a minor member of a sentence, denoting a sign of action or another sign. Usually the circumstance depends on the predicate.

Since the meanings of circumstances are varied, circumstances are classified by meaning. Each value has its own questions.

Categories of circumstances by meaning
The following categories of circumstances are distinguished by meaning.

1. Mode of action - how? how?: The children laughed loudly.

2. Measures and degrees - how? to what extent?: We are tired to the point of exhaustion.

3. Places – where? Where? where from?: Everyone around was dancing. He looked into the distance. Father returned from work.

4. Time - when? how long? since when? How long? What time?: We waited to see the doctor for about ten minutes.

5. Conditions - under what condition?: If everyone wants, everyone can learn better.

6. Reasons - why? why?: Masha missed classes due to illness. We didn't go into the forest because of the rain.

7. Goals - why? for what?: She came to Yalta on vacation.

8. Concessions - no matter what? in spite of what?: Despite the fatigue, the mother was cheerful.

Circumstances are expressed

1) adverbs: fast, loud, fun;
2) nouns in the form of oblique cases with and without preposition: in the forest, by Tuesday, a week;
3) pronouns: in it, above it, under it;
4) participles and participial phrases: lying on the stove, you won’t find good luck;
5) indeterminate form verb: I came to talk;
6) phraseological turn: he worked carelessly;
7) the circumstances of the course of action are expressed in comparative phrases: Quartz sand sparkled like February snow in the sun.

8. Separation, its general conditions

Isolation is the semantic and intonation separation of minor members in order to give them a certain syntactic independence in a sentence. The somantic-stylistic function of isolation is that the isolated members clarify the thought being expressed, specify the description of the action, give a more in-depth description of the person or object, and add expressive coloring to the sentence. Intonation emphasis is expressed in the fact that before the isolated member (if it is not at the beginning of the sentence), the voice is raised, a pause is made, and it is characterized by phrasal stress, characteristic of the intonation-semantic segments (syntagmas) into which the sentence is divided. In writing, isolated members are separated or highlighted with punctuation marks (commas, less often with a dash). Isolated members do not form phrases with defined words. Between those and others, thanks to an additional affirmation or negation, semi-predicative relations are established, as a result of which the isolated members in their semantic load, as well as in their intonation design, approach subordinate clauses, occupying intermediate position between them and non-separated members. Conditions of separation - these are the factors that favor the semantic and intonation emphasis of sentence members.

The most general and most obligatory condition of possibility separation is the absence of a close connection between the secondary member and the main word. First of all, this is manifested in the fact that separation only “optional” members of the sentence are allowed - those that are not necessary with the main word: definitions, applications, circumstances. On the contrary, those members of the sentence that are associated with the transfer of the main, and not additional content, are not subject to separation. For example, definitions without which a noun is unable to fully designate an object or circumstance are not isolated: Instead of a cheerful life in St. Petersburg, boredom awaited me in a remote and distant side (A. Pushkin). Additions, which most often act as an obligatory part of the sentence, closely related to the main word, are also not subject to isolation.

Thus, the conditions separation- this is all that helps to weaken the connection with the main word and strengthen the semantic significance of the most minor member.

On separation influenced by syntactic, morphological and semantic conditions.

Syntactic conditions:

1. Word order: 1) inversion (reverse word order). There is normal (direct) and unusual (reverse) word order. Thus, with direct word order, the agreed definition comes before the word being defined, and the inconsistent definition comes after the word being defined; an additional action, called a gerund, comes after the main action, designated by the predicate. If a minor member of a sentence is placed in an unusual place for it in the sentence, then it stands out, is especially emphasized - its semantic significance is enhanced. Therefore, for example, among the agreed upon definitions, those that are worth after the word being defined, and among the circumstances expressed by single gerunds - standing before predicate. Wed: He ran without stopping And He ran without stopping.

2. Distant position of the secondary member of the sentence in relation to the main word (separation of the secondary member of the sentence from the main word): And again, cut off from the tanks by fire, the infantry lay down on a bare slope (M. Sholokhov). Such a separation of the definition from the word being defined is unusual and leads to an increase in its semantic weight. And this makes it necessary to isolate such a definition.

3. The volume of an isolated member (common members of a sentence are isolated more often than non-extended ones) or the presence of two or more homogeneous minor members: Compare: I brought a bucket full of dew from the forest (S. Marshak) And I spared no effort to fill the bucket full (S. Marshak).

4. A special semantic load, unusual for a given minor member of the sentence (the appearance of an additional meaning in the minor member), when the minor member explains not only the word to which it is directly subordinate, but also some other member of the sentence. For example, an agreed definition standing even before the word being defined (direct word order) is isolated if this definition has an additional adverbial meaning: Absorbed in his thoughts, the boy did not notice anything around him(the participial phrase standing before the word being defined is isolated here because it also has a circumstantial (causal) meaning).

Morphological conditions of separation:

Sometimes separation depends on the presence of a certain grammatical form or a function word of a certain lexical-grammatical category in the composition of the selected sentence member, i.e. separation in this case, it is associated with the morphological way of expressing the secondary member.

Participles, short forms of adjectives and participles, acting as a definition, combination with comparative conjunctions ( comparative turnover), some combinations of nouns with prepositions, the presence of introductory words usually form separate secondary members. For example: When the letter was ready and I was about to seal it, the headman (V. Korolenko) entered, apparently angry. In this sentence, a single (non-extended) agreed definition angry, standing before the defined noun is isolated, since it refers to introductory word apparently(which, by the way, is not separated by a comma from the definition).

Almost always (except for certain special cases) circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases are isolated.

Short forms adjectives and participles in modern Russian have become entrenched in the function of the predicate. Relatively rarely (mainly in poetry) they are used as definitions (which relate to the subject), retaining the meaning of the additional predicate, which makes them separation mandatory, regardless of location: The air vibrates, is transparent and clean (N. Zabolotsky); Rich, good-looking, Lensky was accepted everywhere as a groom (A. Pushkin); At the usual hour she woke up, she got up by candlelight (A. Pushkin).

The comparative conjunction, as a rule, requires intonation highlighting of the phrase: The stuffy air is still, like the water of a forest lake (M. Gorky).

Semantic separation conditions:

The absence or presence of a close semantic and syntactic connection between a minor member of a sentence and the word to which it refers is sometimes determined by the semantics of the word being explained. The more specific and definite the meaning of a word, the less it needs to be disseminated, the weaker the connections with it of secondary members, which are therefore easily are isolated.

For example, personal pronouns “do not recognize” ordinary definitions; one cannot say: I'm attentive, he's angry(cf.: attentive student, angry person). Therefore, definitions related to the personal pronoun are always isolated: A he, rebellious, asks for a storm... (M. Lermontov).

If the word being defined is a proper noun or refers to kinship terms (mother, father, grandfather, grandmother etc.), then this can also contribute to the isolation of the definition: Grandfather, in grandma’s jacket, in an old cap without a visor, squints, smiling at something (M. Gorky).

Vice versa: with nouns that are too general in meaning (person, thing, expression, matter and so on), the definitions form a single whole, because a noun without a definition cannot participate in the formation of a statement, for example:

This misconception is common even l smart and educated people; Funny, touching and tragic things happened (V. Astafiev)- definitions in these sentences are necessary to express the main (and not additional) message.

9. Homogeneous members of the sentence. The question of homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions.

Homogeneous members of the sentence- main or minor members of a sentence, associated with the same word form and performing the same syntactic function. Homogeneous members are pronounced with the intonation of enumeration, as a rule, they are located contactally (immediately one after the other) and often allow rearrangement. However, rearrangement is not always possible, since the first in a series of homogeneous members is usually called that which is primary from a logical or chronological point of view or is more important for the speaker.

The presence of homogeneous members complicates a simple sentence. It is also noted that a significant part of sentences complicated by homogeneous members can be presented as the result of a “coordinate abbreviation” of a number of independent sentences or compound sentence: rus. Misha went out for a walk, and Masha went out for a walk - Misha And Masha went out for a walk .

Homogeneous members- These are sentence members that usually answer the same question and are associated with the same word in the sentence.

Homogeneous members- these are identical parts of a sentence, united with each other by a coordinating connection.

Homogeneous members can be both main and secondary members of a sentence.

For example: ForesthumusAndmoss absorbthis rainslowly, thoroughly(Paustovsky). This sentence has two rows of homogeneous members: homogeneous subjects humus And moss correspond to one predicate – absorb; homogeneous circumstances of the course of action slowly, thoroughly depend on the predicate ( absorb(How?) slowly, thoroughly).

2. Homogeneous members are usually expressed by the same part of speech.

Wed: humus And moss– nouns in the nominative case.

But homogeneous members can also be morphologically heterogeneous:

A young man came intwenty-five years old, resplendent in health, . In this sentence, among homogeneous definitions, the first is expressed by a noun phrase in the genitive case ( twenty-five years old), the second – participial phrase ( resplendent in health), the third – a combination of three nouns in the instrumental case with a preposition With with dependent participle ( with laughing cheeks, lips and eyes).

Note. Sometimes a coordinating connection can also connect opposite parts of a sentence, for example: Unknownwho and how spread the news of the death of old Sokjoy throughout the taiga(Fedoseev). Conjunctive words in subordinate clause are different members sentences (subject Who and the circumstance of the course of action How, but they are connected by a coordinating conjunction And ).

Note!

The following are not homogeneous members of the sentence:

1) repeated words used to emphasize the multitude of objects, the duration of an action, its repetition, etc.

We seemed to be floating in the air andspinning, spinning, spinning ; White fragrant daisies run under his feetback, back (Kuprin).

Such combinations of words are considered as a single member of the sentence;

2) repeating identical shapes connected by a particle not this way : believe it or not, try, don’t try, write like this, write like this, work like this, work like this;

3) combinations of two verbs, the first of which is lexically incomplete: I’ll take it and tell you, I took it and complained, I’ll go and have a look and so on.;

4) stable combinations with double conjunctions, between which there is no comma (!):

neither back nor forward, neither for anything nor about anything, neither fish nor fowl, neither sleep nor spirit, and laughter and sin, and this way and that and etc.

3. Homogeneous members are connected by intonation ( non-union connection) and coordinating conjunctions or just intonation. If homogeneous members are separated by a comma, then commas are placed only between them. Before the first homogeneous member, after the last homogeneous member There are no commas (!).

Addition. Types of additions and ways of expressing them.

An addition is a minor member of a sentence, usually expressing object relations. Οʜᴎ answer questions that coincide with questions of indirect cases.

Meaning. The meaning of an object is the most striking sign of a complement. In this case, the addition can express other meanings (subject, instrument of action, state): The teacher has set a task(teacher– subject of action in the passive context); He's sad (he's- subject of the state).

Means of expression. Morphologized object - a noun in the form of an indirect case, a pronoun. A non-morphologized addition must be expressed by different parts of speech: You're talking idle talk(adjective); He didn't understand what he read ( participle); I learned to play the violin(infinitive); I managed to see something dark, small(indivisible phrase); The commander did not particularly respect the weaker sex ( FE).

Position in a sentence. The addition is usually located after the word being distributed. In this case, inversion of additions in colloquial or poetic speech is possible.

Syntactic connection. The main type of subordinating connection between an addition and the main word is control (less often, adjacency) or free attachment to the entire predicative center (determinant). Most complements refer to one word, ᴛ.ᴇ. are non-deterministic. Only some semantically obligatory additions act as determinants: It's both painful and funny to him.

In relation to the semantic content of the sentence. Additions are semantically obligatory components of a sentence: He is in a cheerful mood.

Non-deterministic complements differ based on which word in the sentence they refer to, ᴛ.ᴇ. what parts of speech control them.

1. The most common and widespread are verb complements, since many verbs name an action that presupposes a particular object: build a house, build for workers, tell a friend, tell about an incident, chop with an ax.

2.Adjective additions. Οʜᴎ are rarely used, since only high-quality adjectives have the ability to manage, and not all of them: We lived in an ore-rich region. The region is poor in forests.

3.Adjuncts can refer to nouns. These are substantive additions. There are also few of them, since the complement should be used only with an abstract noun formed from a transitive verb or from qualitative adjective. This means that in the phrase dress sleeve, house roof The relations are not objective, but attributive, since the distributed nouns are non-verbal. But in the phrase treatment of patients object relations. The common noun is formed from a strongly controlled direct transitive verb treat. If the noun refers to a strongly controlled but intransitive verb, then the addition acquires a defining connotation and syncretism appears: passion for music, thinking about my son.

4.Additions may refer to words in the status category: I felt sorry for Bela (Lermontov).

5.Additions can also apply to adverbs: far from home.

Types of add-ons. Traditionally, additions are divided into direct and indirect. The direct object expresses the meaning of the object to which the action directly passes. It must be expressed by a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition: I read a book and saw a horse. However, the direct object must be expressed by a noun or pronoun in the form genitive case without a preposition with a negative predicate – transitive verb: I haven't read this novel. And also a noun in the genitive case, expressing the meaning of “part of the whole”: drink tea, bring firewood. The remaining additions are indirect.

There is some disagreement in the linguistic literature regarding the boundaries of the use of direct and indirect objects. Some believe that the division of objects into direct and indirect concerns only verbal objects (Skoblikova). Others believe that direct objects also occur with words of the state category ( sorry for him) Still others believe that direct ones can include both adjectival and substantive complements.

The addition expressed by the infinitive is extremely important to distinguish from the part of the GHS, ᴛ.ᴇ. subjective infinitive from objective: I start to tell, I can tell, I was afraid to tell - I told to tell, asked to tell, helped to tell. The infinitive object has its own LP. In LZ there is neither modal nor phase meaning. Activities are indicated by different verbs. Such additions - ϶ᴛᴏ object infinitive. A subjective infinitive can also act as a complement when the subject of the action indicated by the complement coincides with the subject of the action of the verb being explained: agreed to correspond.

Addition. Types of additions and ways of expressing them. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Addition. Types of additions and ways of expressing them." 2017, 2018.

In Russian, all words that are part of sentences are either main members or secondary ones. The main ones make up and indicate the subject about which we're talking about in the statement, and on its action, and all other words in the construction are distributive. Among them, linguists distinguish definitions, circumstances and additions. Without minor members of the sentence, it would be impossible to talk about any event in detail without missing a single detail, and therefore the importance of these members of the sentence cannot be overestimated. This article will discuss the role of the complement in the Russian language.

Thanks to this member of the sentence, it is easy to construct a complete statement in which not only the action of the main character of the story will be indicated, but also the object with which this very action is connected will be highlighted. So, in order not to get confused, you should start analyzing this topic from the very beginning. After all, only by following consistency can you learn the great and powerful Russian language.

Definition

A complement is a minor member of a sentence that indicates an object that is the result of the action of the main person in the sentence or to which this action is directed. Can be expressed as follows:

  1. A personal pronoun or noun used in indirect case forms. Can be used in a sentence with or without a preposition (I listen to music and think about him).
  2. Any part of speech that performs the function of a noun (She glanced at the people who entered).
  3. Often additions in Russian are expressed by the infinitive (Parents asked her to sing).
  4. Free phraseological combination noun and numeral, used in the genitive case (He opened six tabs.).
  5. A connected and stable phraseological combination (He said not to hang your nose).

Function and addition issues

In Russian, the addition responds to cases, namely: “Whom?”, “To whom?”, “Whom?”, “About whom?”, “What?” “What?”, “What?”, “About what?” In a sentence, this minor member has an explanatory function and can refer to the following parts of speech:

  1. To a verb used as a predicate (I am writing a letter).
  2. To a noun as any member of a sentence (Hope for the father).
  3. To a participle or adjective used as any member of a sentence (Weighing grain; strict to daughter).
  4. To an adverb as any member of a sentence (Unbeknownst to you).

Types of add-ons

If a given member of a sentence depends on a verb, then it can be of two types:

  1. Direct objects in Russian are used without prepositions and are expressed by transitive verbs in Such words denote an object to which, one way or another, the action of the main person relates. For example: I remember very well the day we met. If the predicate in a sentence is a transitive verb and is in the form of negation, then a direct object in the genitive case can be used with it without a preposition (But we can’t bring back the days of yore). In the case of impersonal predicative words in a sentence, the addition is also used in the form of the genitive case and without a preposition with the words “sorry” and “sorry” (And we feel sorry for something bright).
  2. Indirect objects in Russian are expressed by words in the form of the accusative case, used together with prepositions, and in others without prepositions (She jumped up and began to peer out of the window with a restless look; his attempts to improve relations with his classmates were crowned with success).

Meanings of direct objects

Direct objects in Russian, used with verbs, can denote the following objects:

  1. An item obtained as a result of the action (I will build a house in the village).
  2. An object or person that is exposed to action (Father caught a fish and brought it home).
  3. The object to which the feeling is directed (I love winter evenings and walks along a snowy street).
  4. Object of development and knowledge (She knew foreign languages and could communicate freely; she was interested in philosophy and foreign literature).
  5. The space that is covered by the main person (I will go around the whole Earth, I will cross the cosmic distances).
  6. Object of desire or thought (Now I remember it).

Meanings of indirect objects without prepositions

An indirect object in Russian, used without prepositions, can have the following meanings:

  1. The relationship of the objects referred to in a phrase or sentence, namely the object to which the action is directed (Harvested).
  2. Object of achievement or touch (Received his diploma today; he will be happy when he touches just her hand).
  3. An object with which an action is performed (You can’t cut out what’s written on your heart with an ax).
  4. A subject or state that complements the action (The bear he killed was very large; he should be sorry).

The meaning of indirect objects with prepositions

Indirect additions, which cannot be used in a context without prepositions, in a sentence can acquire the following shades of meaning:

  1. The material from which this or that object is made (The house is built of stone).
  2. The object that is affected (Waves splashing on the stone).
  3. The person or thing that is the cause of the condition (The father was worried about his son).
  4. An object to which thoughts and feelings are directed. (He talked about the benefits of his work.)
  5. An object from which one is removed (He left his father's house at an early age.).
  6. The person who participates in the main action (Upon arrival, the grandchildren surrounded the grandmother and kissed her for a long time.).

Addition as part of turnover

In the Russian language there are such concepts as active and passive phrases. In both cases, this is a special phrase, the construction of which includes the main and considered secondary members of the sentence.

A valid turnover is considered when the complement is the person to whom the action is directed, and the main member of the sentence is expressed by a transitive verb. For example: picked a bouquet, mowed the lawn.

Passive is a turn in which the basis is the subject undergoing action, and the complement indicates the main object of the statement. For example: the colonel was quickly picked up by the privates and sent to the infirmary.

How to find an addition in a sentence?

Questions of addition in Russian are very simple, and therefore, regardless of what part of speech a given member of a sentence is expressed, finding it in the context is not too difficult. To do this, you must comply standard scheme parsing. First, highlight the grammatical basis, and then determine the connection of words in a sentence through the questions posed. First, from the subject and predicate to the secondary members, and then directly between the secondary members. In writing, each word, depending on which category it belongs to, is designated special kind underlining. To complement this

Secondary members of a sentence are the basis of complete statements

Secondary members of a sentence are a fairly voluminous topic and contain many rules, but if you do not spend a sufficient amount of time studying it, you will not be able to master such a great science as the Russian language. Circumstance, addition and definition are those that will allow you to form a statement that reveals the entire meaning of the story. Without them, the language would lose all its charm. Therefore, it is very important to approach this topic with full responsibility in order to know how to correctly use this or that word in context.