Why do you need an emulsion nozzle? What is the emulsion attachment in a food processor for? Smooth speed control
By type, all devices can be divided into kitchen choppers and food processors.
Shredders are more compact because consist of a working bowl (usually no more than 1 liter) and a drive. The kit usually includes utility knife, emulsion nozzle and one or two graters. Typically, choppers are used for processing small portions of food: cheese, nuts, herbs, berries, as well as for preparing purees and simple sauces.
Food processors can simultaneously have two electric drive sockets for a bowl and a blender (see "Blender"). Processors without a blender differ from choppers big amount attachments and functions, as well as the presence of a neck for adding products to the container without opening the bowl.
Power
from 45 to 2100 W
Maximum amount of energy consumed. The efficiency and speed of operation of a food processor depends on the power. In this case, the power of the combine must correspond to the volume of the working bowl, and therefore to the amount of product processed at one time. That is, the ratio of power and bowl volume is important. The following power-volume ratios are optimal: 300 W - 1.5 l; 400 W - 2 l; 700 W - 3 l.
Bowl capacity
from 0.15 to 10 l
Bowl volume for mixing products. It is necessary to distinguish between the total volume and the working capacity of the bowl. Each type of product has its own working capacity. In this case, there is not only a maximum, but also a minimum capacity. Some combines are not capable of processing small portions of food in a common working bowl (that's why they are equipped with mini-mills).
Blender
The blender attachment is used for mixing any liquids, preparing baby food, vegetable or fruit purees. This attachment can also be used to make cocktails - and all ingredients can be mixed together or separately. The standard volume of a blender bowl is 1.25-1.5 liters.
Blender capacity
from 0.35 to 6.7 l
The capacity of the blender included in the food processor.
The standard volume of a food processor blender is 1.5-1.7 liters. For big family or a large company, it is better to purchase a food processor with a blender with a capacity of about 2 liters. For preparing small portions, a blender with a capacity of less than 1 liter is suitable.
Juicer
Special attachment for squeezing juice from fruits and vegetables. The juicer can be of two types: for citrus fruits and universal (centrifugal). The productivity of a citrus juicer is usually 0.8-1 l/min. This universal juicer is suitable for extracting juice from fruits, berries and vegetables. The amount of juice squeezed depends on the loading volume of the working bowl. In general, the operating time is no longer than that of conventional juicers. The problem with the juicer attachment is that the volume of waste greatly increases when squeezing juice. If a conventional juicer produces up to 85% of the juice at the output, then a food processor squeezes out a maximum of 50%.
Meat grinder
The attachment for preparing minced meat ensures that the combine operates in meat grinder mode. This attachment is practically no different from a conventional electric meat grinder. Both can be purchased additionally (or as a set) various knives, perforation grids and all kinds of attachments.
Melnichka
The food processor comes with a device for chopping food. The mill is a small container with a knife, like a coffee grinder, with a high protective lid. In a mill you can grind the same products, only in small portions. Housewives mainly use it to process nuts, garlic, cheese and other products in small quantities.
Multi-cutter
A device that performs the work of cutting and grinding food. A multi-cutter is a small food processor equipped with a large number of different blade attachments. Its main purpose is all kinds of methods for grating, chopping and cutting food. various densities. The multi-cutter will make cooking easier and faster, making the process more comfortable and enjoyable.
Spatula
The food processor comes with a blade.
The spatula is designed for easy removal of chopped products from the bowl. Most often made of plastic.
Number of speeds
from 1 to 2300
Most food processors are equipped with a speed switch that allows you to select the desired operating intensity. Some combine harvester models have fixed speed controls. For other models, speed adjustment occurs smoothly. Usually for different modes operation, certain speed ranges are provided, specified in the instructions for the combine. Usually, high speeds used for grinding products, and low ones for mixing.
Max. rotational speed
from 1 to 28000 rpm
Maximum rotation speed of the combine blade.
The higher the rotation speed, the harder the food your food processor can handle.
Pulse mode
This function is used for short-term acceleration normal mode operation of the food processor at the end of cooking for a speedy and high-quality completion of the work. The short-term activation mode allows you to quickly puree especially soft and delicate products.
Smooth speed control
Possibility of smooth adjustment of the speed of the combine.
Smooth adjustment of the combine speed allows you to determine the optimal rotation speed of the combine blade depending on the type and consistency of the products being crushed.
Color
The main color of the food processor body. Appliances usually performed in neutral color solutions, which will fit perfectly into any kitchen interior. Some manufacturers make one model in several colors to choose from.
Nozzles
Number of nozzles
from 1 to 25
The number of replacement attachments included in the food processor delivery set. A larger number of attachments will increase the number of operating modes of the device. However, when choosing, it is worth considering whether you need these attachments, or whether they will lie idle, since increasing the configuration accordingly increases the cost of the entire device.
For the test
Special attachment for preparing hard dough. The attachment may look like a curved hook or spatula. When using such an attachment, the dough is not simply mixed (only in one place of the working bowl), but “falls off” - and kneading the next portion begins. Thanks to this, no flour or other products remain on the walls of the bowl, and the dough is mixed uniformly.
For whipping
The whisk attachment is designed for beating eggs, cream, preparing pancakes or any batter, mayonnaise, as well as for mixing sauces and other “light” products. The advantage of a combine with such an attachment is the presence of a splash-proof lid on the working bowl.
Utility knife
The utility knife is a two-blade knife made of of stainless steel with curved blades. It is the main blade of the blender, with which the main part of the products is crushed. Please note that a utility knife is very sharp, so it usually comes with a plastic cover for the blades.
Grater
The grater attachment is a flat disc with pointed holes at the edges for grinding vegetables and other types of food. The kit may include several graters with holes of different sizes.
Number of graters
from 1 to 5
Number of graters different sizes supplied in the kit.
Slicing disc
The slicing attachment is a flat disc with a narrow longitudinal cut. The thickness of the resulting slices depends on the height of the cut. The buyer may be offered a double-sided disc with slots different heights, several attachments or one, but with the ability to adjust the height.
Number of cutting discs
from 1 to 3
Number of slicing discs included with your food processor. For details, see "Slicing disc"
Shredding disc
This attachment is designed for cutting vegetables or fruits into strips and is a disk with small holes. The disk can be double-sided, or the kit can include several similar attachments to produce straws of different sizes.
Number of shredding discs
from 1 to 4
The number of shredding discs supplied in the kit (see "Shredding disc").
French fries disc
It is known that classic potatoes fries must not only be properly fried, but also cut into long bars of a certain thickness. A special nozzle will help you quickly get the desired result.
Julienne disc
The food processor comes with an attachment for cutting fruits and vegetables into strips. The nozzle looks like a disk with small holes made in it with pointed edges. A set of julienne attachments can consist of several discs with holes of different sizes or one double-sided disc.
Number of straw discs
from 1 to 3
The set may contain from 1 to 3 discs for slicing products into strips.
Dicing disc
The food processor comes with an attachment that allows you to cut fruits and vegetables into cubes. This attachment is useful for preparing various types of salads.
Emulsion nozzle
Emulsion nozzle designed for preparing various thick, homogeneous mixtures: sauces, creams, etc. It is a plastic plate with guides along the bottom, thanks to which quick and uniform mixing occurs.
Berry press
There is a press available with which you can make puree from boiled vegetables, soft fruits and berries.
Peculiarities
Built-in
Food processor built into the countertop. Can be installed separately from hob or belong to the “Domino” modular series (a combination of narrow modules on one tabletop).
Housing material
The body of the food processor can be made of plastic or stainless steel.
Most models are made of plastic, because... it's durable and lightweight material, easy to care for. In addition, there is a wide variety of color models.
Expensive models are made from stainless steel, which emphasizes the solidity of their appearance. The coating in such models can be matte or shiny, however, it is better to give preference to a matte coating, which will not show fingerprints or product drops.
Bowl material
The bowl can be made of glass, plastic or stainless steel.
The glass container allows you to observe the grinding and mixing process, but is quite fragile. A stainless steel bowl is opaque, but the most durable and long lasting. The disadvantage is high price. Plastic bowls are considered the most practical and inexpensive; they can be either transparent or not, can withstand heavy loads and are quite cheap.
Blender material
The blender jug (see Blender) is made from plastic or glass.
Plastic jugs are very light, but fragile. In addition, over time, scratches will appear on the plastic, which can ruin appearance jug. Most manufacturers equip food processors with just such blenders.
Glass jugs are included with more expensive models with elegant design, are very rarely found on sale. They are usually made of heat-resistant thick glass. When choosing a model with a glass jug, you should pay attention Special attention on the handle: glass - the material is quite heavy, so the handle should be comfortable and not very thin, otherwise it may break off with a slight impact. An important advantage of a glass blender is that you can crush ice in it.
Overload protection
The presence in the design of the food processor of a fuse that protects the electric motor from overheating and failure due to overload (for example, in the event of a bone getting in during operation of the meat grinder). There are 3 main engine protection devices: the fuse bushing, the circuit breaker and the thermal element.
The fuse sleeve is a plate that bursts if it gets into contact with solid parts or when the engine temperature rises above permissible value.
Automatic circuit breaker - two metal plates, which at normal operation The meat grinders are in a closed state. Excessive flow of electricity causes the plates to open. After the appliance is turned off, the circuit breaker automatically returns to initial position- you can continue working.
Heat element - when the temperature exceeds the permissible value limit, the engine is disconnected from the auger (spiral that scrolls the minced meat).
Rubberized feet
Specifically designed to reduce vibration and sliding on the food processor table
During operation, the device body is equipped with legs made of non-slip material (rubber or suction cups).
Storage area for attachments
Availability of a separate box or a compartment built into the combine for storing attachments. The dimensions of the combine with this compartment increase, but you do not need to remove and put away all the knives to use only one.
Power cord compartment
A device for winding the cord on the body of the combine minimizes the risk of breaking the cord at bends and provides ease of storage. In addition, you can wind up the excess cord so that it does not get in the way while working with the device.
Power cord length
from 0.6 to 105 m
When choosing a combine, pay attention to how far the outlet will be from the workbench. Usually using a cord that is too short (less than 50 cm) is not very comfortable. On the other hand, a cord that is too long can be accidentally touched and the device overturned.
Dimensions and weight
Depth
from 10 to 61 cm
Depth of food processor or chopper.
Width
from 8.5 to 57.3 cm
Width of food processor or chopper.
Height
from 12 to 64 cm
Height of food processor or chopper.
Weight
from 0.5 to 23.5 kg
Weight of food processor or chopper.
When choosing a kitchen chopper, pay attention to such characteristics as the types and number of attachments, bowl material, as well as the power rating of the device.
Food processors are the first assistants in the kitchen. They come to the rescue when you need to prepare puree or mince meat, knead dough or prepare freshly squeezed juice. However, if you need to process a small amount of food, for example, two tablespoons of boiled vegetables for infant, getting out a bulky multifunctional unit is not always convenient. In this case, kitchen choppers will come to the rescue.
Types of Kitchen Choppers
They can be divided into two categories - manual and electric. Manual ones include all kinds of graters, mills, and choppers. Some chop the food into strips, others use knives to transform it into a homogeneous mass. There is only one drawback to such devices - to process the products you need to make physical efforts.
Electric shredders are much more popular these days. As a rule, they operate from the network. The design of these devices is quite simple: a motor built into the lid or stand, a bowl in which food is placed, and a knife. Depending on the model, they may be equipped with additional attachments.
How to choose a shredder?
The first thing people pay attention to before purchasing is the volume of the bowl. Compact models come with bowls with a capacity of 0.2 liters. Such devices are ideal for preparing baby food, chopping onions for cutlets or walnuts for salad. There are more spacious ones - up to 1.75 liters. In these you can already prepare puree or knead dough for pancakes. Do not forget that the nominal volume of the bowl is usually 30-40% less than the real one. This means that, for example, only 600-700 grams can be put in a liter container. products. If you jam it to capacity, the necessary circulation will not be ensured and the knives simply will not process some of the products.
The material from which the bowl is made is also important. Plastic is more fragile, but it is cheaper. Glass is more expensive and heavier, but it can easily withstand temperature changes that occur when hot products are placed in the chopper.
It is also important to pay attention to the declared power, which may vary depending on different models from 50 to 700 W. Low-power models are suitable for chopping boiled vegetables and fresh herbs, and 500-700 W devices can process frozen berries, raw meat, and nuts.
Before you purchase your favorite model with a large number of attachments, you should pay attention to where they will be stored. It’s good if the kit includes a special compartment for storing components or a hanging bracket. Otherwise, you will have to free up space in the kitchen cabinet.
Graters and shredders
It is known that products processed in a chopper, especially hard ones, are not uniform in structure, since the knife processes vegetables more intensively in the center of the bowl, and grabs less often at the edges and at the bottom. If you need beautiful straws, cubes or rings for your salad, you can’t do without graters and shredders. Simple models come with 1-2 nozzles; in more functional shredders their number can reach 5-6.
An example of a budget device with a large number of graters is the Maxwell MW-1303.
This model comes with 6 cone attachments: for small and large strips, for cutting into rings, for slices, and even a special disk for French fries. All attachments can be folded into one another like a pyramid, so when stored they take up very little space.
Another one interesting model– Moulinex DJ900 Fresh Express Cube chopper. It cannot be called cheap; it costs the same as a medium-function food processor, but thanks to a well-thought-out set of graters and compact size, this chopper will become an excellent helper in the kitchen. The set includes attachments for coarse and fine shredding, and an attachment for cutting into rings, which produces slices 3 mm thick. There is also a mold for French fries, which forms 6*7 mm cubes, however, it can be used for any other vegetables and fruits. And, perhaps, the most important attachment is for cutting into cubes.
Indeed, shredders are not very suitable for preparing salads; they are more suitable when you need to chop vegetables for frying in soup or make preparations for the winter. Is it true vegetable salads can be cut into rings. But you can’t prepare traditional “Olivier” on a grater; you can’t do without cutting it into cubes.
Ice pick
In addition to graters, the chopper kit may include an ice pick. Some buyers wonder: “Can I use it instead? regular knife for slicing and how do they differ from each other?” The fact is that a splitting knife should not cut, but crush ice, so manufacturers make it thicker and not as sharp as a utility knife.
If instead you use the same blade that is used for vegetables and meat, then it will very soon become dull or, worse, quickly break.
Emulsion nozzle
This is another attachment that can come with a food processor. It can be called differently: an emulsion nozzle, a whipping disk, but it will have the same operating principle: a plastic disk with guides, rotating, will mix liquid medium until smooth. This attachment can be used for preparing sauces, cocktails, whipping egg whites or preparing sugar icing. But, for example, you can’t mix berries with cottage cheese with its help, since it doesn’t have cutting edges. For this purpose it is better to use a utility knife.
- Types of Kitchen Choppers
- How to choose a shredder?
- Graters and shredders
- Ice pick
- Emulsion nozzle
Food processors are the first assistants in the kitchen. They come to the rescue when you need to prepare puree or mince meat, knead dough or prepare freshly squeezed juice. However, if you need to process a small amount of food, for example, two tablespoons of boiled vegetables for an infant, it is not always convenient to take out a bulky multifunctional unit. In this case, kitchen choppers will come to the rescue.
They can be divided into two categories - manual and electric. Manual ones include all kinds of graters, mills, and choppers. Some chop the food into strips, others use knives to transform it into a homogeneous mass. There is only one drawback to such devices - to process the products you need to make physical efforts.
Electric shredders are much more popular these days. As a rule, they operate from the network. The design of these devices is quite simple: a motor built into the lid or stand, a bowl in which food is placed, and a knife. Depending on the model, they may be equipped with additional attachments.
How to choose a shredder?
The first thing people pay attention to before purchasing is the volume of the bowl. Compact models come with bowls with a capacity of 0.2 liters. Such devices are ideal for preparing baby food, chopping onions for cutlets or walnuts for salad. There are more spacious ones - up to 1.75 liters. In these you can already prepare puree or knead dough for pancakes. Do not forget that the nominal volume of the bowl is usually 30-40% less than the real one. This means that, for example, only 600-700 grams can be put in a liter container. products. If you fill it to capacity, the necessary circulation will not be ensured and the knives simply will not process some of the products.
The material from which the bowl is made is also important. Plastic is more fragile, but it is cheaper. Glass is more expensive and heavier, but it can easily withstand temperature changes that occur when hot products are placed in the chopper.
It is also important to pay attention to the declared power, which can vary among different models from 50 to 700 W. Low-power models are suitable for chopping boiled vegetables and fresh herbs, and 500-700 W devices can process frozen berries, raw meat, and nuts.
Before you purchase your favorite model with a large number of attachments, you should pay attention to where they will be stored. It’s good if the kit includes a special compartment for storing components or a hanging bracket. Otherwise, you will have to free up space in the kitchen cabinet.
Graters and shredders
It is known that products processed in a chopper, especially hard ones, are not uniform in structure, since the knife processes vegetables more intensively in the center of the bowl, and grabs less often at the edges and at the bottom. If you need beautiful straws, cubes or rings for your salad, you can’t do without graters and shredders. Simple models come with 1-2 nozzles; in more functional shredders their number can reach 5-6.
An example of a budget device with a large number of graters is the Maxwell MW-1303.
This model comes with 6 cone attachments: for small and large strips, for cutting into rings, for slices, and even a special disk for French fries. All attachments can be folded into one another like a pyramid, so when stored they take up very little space.
Another interesting model is the Moulinex DJ900 Fresh Express Cube chopper. It cannot be called cheap; it costs the same as a medium-function food processor, but thanks to a well-thought-out set of graters and compact size, this chopper will become an excellent helper in the kitchen. The set includes attachments for coarse and fine shredding, and an attachment for cutting into rings, which produces slices 3 mm thick. There is also a mold for French fries, which forms 6*7 mm cubes, however, it can be used for any other vegetables and fruits. And, perhaps, the most important attachment is for cutting into cubes.
Indeed, shredders are not very suitable for preparing salads; they are more suitable when you need to chop vegetables for frying in soup or make preparations for the winter. True, vegetable salads can be cut into rings. But you can’t prepare traditional “Olivier” on a grater; you can’t do without cutting it into cubes.
Ice pick
In addition to graters, the chopper kit may include an ice pick. Some buyers ask the question: “Can I use a regular slicing knife instead and how do they differ from each other?” The fact is that a splitting knife should not cut, but crush ice, so manufacturers make it thicker and not as sharp as a utility knife.
If instead you use the same blade that is used for vegetables and meat, then it will very soon become dull or, worse, quickly break.
Emulsion nozzle
This is another attachment that can come with a food processor. It can be called differently: an emulsion nozzle, a whipping disk, but it will have the same operating principle: a plastic disk with guides, rotating, will mix the liquid medium until homogeneous. This attachment can be used for preparing sauces, cocktails, whipping egg whites or preparing sugar glaze. But, for example, you can’t mix berries with cottage cheese with its help, since it doesn’t have cutting edges. For this purpose it is better to use a utility knife.
Chopper– a compact device that consists of a working bowl and a drive. In addition, there is a universal knife, an emulsion nozzle and several graters. Has a limited number of functions. Advantages: takes up little space and is inexpensive.
Harvester– equipped with additional attachments, functions, and sometimes has a built-in blender. Occupies more space and costs more than a shredder. A food processor can cut and grate solid foods, beat masses of different consistencies, squeeze juice, knead dough, and so on.
Execution
Standing separately– manufactured in a separate housing, which allows you to place the food processor in any convenient location. Disadvantage: it takes up space on the table. Such models are most common.
Built-in– mounted on the countertop. There are two solutions: installation in hob(“Domino”) or separately from it. Built-in combines fit harmoniously into kitchen set, save space on the table and are always at hand. Cons: difficulty of installation, inability to move equipment to another location.
Power
Power ranges from 45 to 1600 W. It is better to choose taking into account the volume of the working bowl. For a 1.5 liter bowl, the minimum power will be 300 W, for a 2 liter bowl – 400 W, for a 3 liter bowl – 700 W.
Bowl material
Glass bowl– transparent, that is, you can see the work process. Main disadvantage- This is the fragility of glass. By cost this material lower than a stainless steel bowl, but higher than a plastic bowl.
Stainless steel bowl- the most durable. The main disadvantage is high price, although this is a subjective indicator, since once you buy a durable bowl, you will not spend money on replacing broken ones.
Plastic bowl – best option by price. Withstands medium loads. It can also be transparent for monitoring the work process.
More expensive combines may have three bowls made of different materials.
Nozzles and equipment
The cost of the combine depends on the number of attachments that will be included in the kit. Standard set attachments: metal knife, grater disk, emulsifier disk, dough mixer - but other options are also possible. The more attachments, the wider the capabilities of the food processor.
Knife for chopping food– included in any combine, must be made of stainless steel.
Disc knife– designed for slicing and shredding. The set may include two or one such knife. If there are two knives, then one is designed for cutting small slices, and the other for large ones. If there is one knife, then it is possible to adjust its position in order to cut slices of different sizes.
Grater- This is a flat disk with holes pointed at the edges. Designed for grinding various products, even cheese and chocolate. For convenience, it is desirable that the kit includes several graters with holes of different sizes.
Emulsifier disc– designed for whipping sauces, eggs, cream and other liquids. In more expensive food processors, this function can be performed by two attachments:
- whisk- convenient for beating eggs, cream, preparing pancakes or any other liquid dough, that is, it is intended for beating lighter products. Has a lid on the working bowl to prevent splashing;
- emulsion nozzle– designed for mixing thicker emulsions.
Dough mixer– kneads stiff dough evenly, so that no flour or other products remain on the walls.
Melnichka– for grinding small volumes of cereals, coffee and spices.
Meat grinder– attachment for preparing minced meat.
For the potato pancakes– turns potatoes into puree, from which pancakes (pancakes) are made. Using this attachment you can make applesauce and other types of puree.
For French fries– cuts the potatoes into long thin sticks (slices).
Berry press– makes it possible to get fruit, berry, vegetable puree.
For cutting into cubes– allows you to prepare fruit and vegetable salads.
Double boiler– allows you to cook porridge for babies. Found in baby food processors specializing in preparing baby food.
Blender– mixes liquids and grinds products into a homogeneous mass. Cocktails are prepared using a blender baby food, batter, fruit and vegetable purees.
Juicer– can be of two types: for citrus fruits and universal.
Citrus juicer– makes it possible to obtain citrus juices (orange, grapefruit and others).
Centrifugal juicer(centrifugal, universal) – squeezes juice from fruits, berries, vegetables. Not for use on citrus fruits. Unlike juicers made in a separate housing, such models are not designed to work with large volumes of fruits, berries, and vegetables. The downside is lower efficiency: 50% juice versus 85% (regular juicers).
Multi-cutter– cuts greens, vegetables, fruits and other products.
Some combines can be supplemented with attachments on their own, but it is important to find out in advance which of them are sold separately and are suitable for it.
Operating modes
Turbo mode– for a short time sharply increases the rotation speed of the device’s disks. Suitable for processing hard products. This mode is not standard, since the motor experiences heavy loads and will fail during prolonged operation.
Pulse– the combine engine runs with short breaks. This mode increases the efficiency of the device and reduces the load on the motor, which is important for crushing ice or frozen products.
Other characteristics
Number of speeds– the larger this parameter, the more accurate the speed setting that is optimal for the selected operating mode. Low speeds good for mixing products, and tall ones are great for chopping them.
Maximum rotation speed– the higher this indicator, the better the combine will cope with solid products.
Bowl capacity– determines the number of products that can be processed at one time. A 1.5 liter bowl is suitable for processing 1.5 liters of liquid or 2 kg of dry product, as well as preparing 750 g of dough.
The choice of blender capacity depends on the number of servings that need to be prepared at a time:
- up to 1 l– for preparing small portions (baby food);
- 1.5-1.7 l – standard option;
- 2 l- for a large family.
The length of the cord depends on the distance of the food processor from the outlet. A short cable (up to 90 cm) is often inconvenient, while a very long cable (more than 100 cm) increases the risk of the device accidentally tipping over.
Extra options
Overload protection– prevents overheating and motor breakdown due to excessive load. Depending on the model, protection can be implemented in three options:
- mechanical– a fuse bushing is used;
- electronic– an automatic circuit breaker is used, the most common;
- thermal protection– carried out using a special heat element.
Spatula- Most often made of plastic. With its help, it is convenient to remove mixtures from the combine bowl.
Compartment for power cord – allows you to protect the cord from bending and breaking, and also regulates the required length of the wire during operation.
Planetary mixing– ensures uniform mixing of the product in the center and edges while saving time. Harvesters with this option are more expensive. For effective mixing, a large bowl (5 liters or more) is required.
Stepless speed controller– unlike step adjustment, it precisely adjusts the rotation speed of the combine’s motor. Allows you to select optimal mode for processing different products.
Storage area for attachments– a holder or container in which attachments are stored. Prevents these devices from being lost or damaged.
Rubberized feet– reduce vibration and sliding of the food processor on the table during operation.
Manufacturer
The group of the most unreliable devices includes Aurora, Rainford,