Deposit policy of a commercial bank (4) - Abstract. Deposit policy of the bank Deposit policy of a commercial bank

The bank's deposit policy (in the narrow sense, an integral part of the bank's credit policy as a whole) is a banking policy for attracting funds to deposits and effectively managing them. The deposit policy of a commercial bank is the strategy and tactics of a bank to attract funds from depositors and other creditors and to determine the most effective combination of sources of funds for a given bank. The purpose of the deposit policy is to meet the bank's liquidity needs by actively seeking borrowed funds as needed. In this regard, the opportunities for making a profit are expanding, but this is also associated with a risk that should be taken into account (basically, these are the ratios between attracted funds and income that can be obtained when using deposits).

In the economic literature of Western countries, a large place is given to issues of monetary policy and, in particular, to the problems of regulating "deposit money". For effective control and management of money circulation, various methods of planning, forecasting and regulating the state of the money supply in circulation and, as a component, the mass of deposits, are used, various options for structuring the money supply are analyzed. The most common scheme used in the industrialized countries of the West is the definition of the so-called monetary aggregates. Currently, up to 75 monetary aggregates are being designed in the United States, taking into account almost all financial instruments that banks operate. The main principle of including various components in the composition of the money supply is the liquidity of these elements. Liquidity refers to the bank's ability to repay its obligations to customers in a timely manner. The higher the liquidity of a banking asset, the greater the degree of "money" of the corresponding indicator. The M0 indicator (cash) has the highest liquidity. The use in practice of several indicators that characterize various parameters of the monetary turnover, the state of the money supply in circulation, allows us to assess the trends in the development of monetary turnover, as well as the pace of information, which undoubtedly has a positive effect on the possibilities of regulating the monetary sphere.

This eliminates the need for government funding. The deposit partly helps to curb inflation, diverts the funds of the economy and the population from commodity circulation, which reduces the pressure of the money supply on the market for goods and services. The problem of attracting free funds of the population is one of the most urgent problems today. The recovery of the economy will largely be determined by domestic investment. The task of banks is to accumulate temporarily free funds of the population for their subsequent investment in the economy. At the same time, it is important to emphasize that the banks themselves are not able to develop sustainably and stably without a reliable resource base. They cannot develop, in particular, credit operations in conditions of limited resources. Therefore, the problem of developing and implementing the optimal deposit policy of banks has become one of the most urgent problems awaiting their solution. So, the bank today must pursue an active policy aimed at raising funds and using them as resources. It should be based on the interests of depositors in order to maximize their interest in keeping funds in bank accounts. And the main incentive, of course, is the deposit fee, the amount of which, of course, should be higher than the inflation rate. The absence of a scientifically based interest rate is the main brake on attracting deposits.

The decisive condition for the successful implementation of the deposit policy by banks is the effective use of mobilized funds.

Loans in the form of deposited funds received from enterprises and the public for a certain fee must be returned by the bank to the depositor. The matter is complicated by the instability of the development of economic relations, so depositors must be insured against losses. This is an additional incentive for the efficient use of this resource, since the bank, having received funds for temporary use, must not only return them, pay interest, but also get the maximum benefit for themselves from their use. In this regard, the issue of optimizing the structure of credit resources and investments in terms of amounts and terms has become particularly acute in recent years, since many banks have a resource part in terms of terms that are much shorter than the terms of their credit investments.

In the conditions of distribution and use of credit resources, their implementation takes place on the basis of obtaining the maximum benefit with the minimum risk (principles of profitability and reliability). The deposit policy of commercial banks should focus on two categories of depositors - individuals and legal entities. At the same time, banks need to take into account the characteristics of each group of customers.

Mutually beneficial relations between the clientele and the bank are a guarantee of the success of the deposit policy. To increase the number of depositors, banks need to more carefully study their interests and the condition of the bank serving them. The West has even defined the criteria for the so-called ideal bank, which enjoys the unlimited trust of its customers. Such a bank must be solid, reliable, prosperous; providing a variety of information and advice; well organized, innovative, reputable, customer oriented; affordable in terms of acceptable interest rates; experienced, highly professional.

The growth of deposits is not a spontaneous process. It depends on many factors and is connected, first of all, with the policy of banks aimed at mobilizing funds to increase the interest of clients in investing. In this regard, banks need to develop a provision on benefits for depositors, provide the most convenient forms of service, and minimize time losses.

Introduction

Chapter 1. Commercial bank, its structure and functions

1.1. Reorganization of the banking system

Chapter 2. Deposit policy of commercial banks

2.1. Deposits

2.2. Deposit and savings certificates

Conclusion

Appendix

INTRODUCTION

Reforming the economy and Russia's transition to the mainstream of world economic development suggest the need for an in-depth study of the processes that make up the core of market transformations, which include the formation and development of the securities market, their placement, resale, modification, redemption and other operations.

Commercial banks in the securities market can act as issuers of securities, intermediaries in transactions with securities and perform transactions with securities on their own behalf in order to receive income.

Securities issued by commercial banks can be divided into two main groups: 1. Shares and bonds;

2. Checks, savings and

additional certificates.

The main part of the banks' resources is formed by borrowed funds, which cover up to 90% of the total need for funds for active BANKING operations. A commercial bank has the ability to attract funds from enterprises, organizations, institutions, individuals and other banks in the form of deposits (deposits) and open appropriate accounts for them.

Contribution (deposit) is money (in cash and non-cash form, in national or foreign currency) transferred to the bank by their owner for storage on certain conditions. Operations related to the attraction of funds in the deposit. They are called deposits. For banks, deposits are the main type of their passive operations and, therefore, the main resource for conducting active lending operations.

OBJECTIVES OF COURSE WORK:

1. Deeper development of educational material on deposit operations of a commercial bank.

2. Acquisition of skills in working with educational, scientific, reference, periodical literature. The ability to identify and analyze it.

3. The ability to accurately consistently express one's thoughts, based on the available literature, to draw conclusions.

Objectives of the course work:

1. Give a brief description of the work of commercial banks.

2. Determine which transactions are deposit, showing their composition and structure.

Chapter 1. COMMERCIAL BANK, ITS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS.

1.1. Reorganization of the banking system.

A bank is a commercial institution that attracts funds from legal entities and individuals and, on its own behalf, places them on repayment, payment and maturity, and also carries out settlement, commission-intermediary and other operations.

Until 1987, the banking system included three monopoly banks: the State Bank of the USSR, the Stroybank of the USSR and the Vneshtorgbank of the USSR. There was also a system of state labor savings banks.

The State Bank of the USSR, being a commission institution, at the same time was the center of short-term lending, cash and settlement services for the economy. The combination of issuing functions and functions for settlement and credit services to the clientele, their monopoly assignment to the bank (one) turned the State Bank of the USSR into a body of state administration and control.

Under the conditions of the administrative-command system of economic management, credit relations were of a formal nature. The State Bank of the USSR had almost complete credit resources. All free funds were automatically accumulated on his accounts, forming a nationwide loan fund. The funds of this fund were distributed centrally in accordance with the approved credit plans. The role of lending institutions in the field was essentially limited to the distribution of loans among specific borrowers in accordance with the instructions for the purposes provided for by the plan. Banking institutions were mainly responsible to higher organizations, not customers.

The decentralization of economic management in the context of the transition to a market economy required a change in the role of the banking system in the mechanism of economic management. Its reorganization began in 1987.

At the first stage of the reorganization, a new structure of state-owned banks was created. The reorganization model included:

Creation of a two-tier banking system of the Central Bank of Issue and state specialized banks (Industrial Construction Bank of the USSR, Agroprombank of the USSR, Zhilsotsbank of the USSR, Sberbank of the USSR, Vnesheconombank of the USSR), directly servicing the economy.

Transfer of specialized banks to full cost accounting and full self-financing.

Improving the form and methods of credit relations with enterprises in various sectors of the economy.

The central place in the credit system of the country was occupied by the State Bank. The functions of lending to enterprises and organizations of various sectors of the national economy that it previously performed were transferred to specialized banks.

The main motive for the transformation was the desire to bring banks closer to the interests of the economy. The reorganization to a certain extent intensified banking activity. But it was not able to radically change the situation, since it essentially did not affect economic relations; was carried out from above. A second stage of reorganization was required. It was started in 1988 with the creation of the first commercial banks, which were designed to become the foundation for the formation of market relations and structures in the banking sector, the supporting structure of the financial market. The creation of such a market means the replacement of administrative allotment relations with flexible economic methods of transferring financial resources to areas of the most efficient use.

The commercial purpose of the activities of banks serving the economy is to make a profit, which makes it necessary to be flexible in relationships with customers. And entrepreneurship in conducting passive, active and commission-intermediary operations.

Commercial banks function on the basis of the development of business competition for attracting customers, credit resources and the scope of their profitable application, which contributes to the expansion of banking services.

To work within the limits of actually attracted resources, while maintaining this liquidity, a commercial bank can only have a high degree of economic freedom, combined with full economic responsibility for the result of its activities. Economic independence implies the freedom to dispose of the bank's own funds and attracted resources, the free choice of the client and depositors, the disposal of income remaining after taxes.

The organizational structure of commercial banks corresponds to the generally accepted scheme for managing a joint-stock company. The supreme body of a commercial bank is the general meeting of shareholders. The general management of the activity is carried out by the Council of the Bank. He is also entrusted with the control over the work of the board of the bank. The composition of the Council, the procedure, terms for the election of its members are determined by the Charter of a commercial bank.

The direct activities of a commercial bank are managed by the Board, headed by the Chairman.

The Audit Commission is elected by the General Meeting of Shareholders and is subordinate to the Board of the Bank.

The specificity of a banking institution, as one of the types of commercial enterprise, is that the vast majority of its resources are formed not at the expense of its own, but at the expense of borrowed funds. The bank's ability to raise funds is regulated by the Central Bank of Russia and is currently determined based on the size of equity capital and its organizational and legal form:

For commercial banks established on the basis of the former state-owned specialized banks, the amount of funds raised should not exceed equity capital by 25 times;

For banks established in the form of closed joint-stock companies - no more than 20 times.

Banks established in the form of joint-stock companies of an open type - no more than 15 times.

The problems of forming the capital of commercial banks, distinguished by their breadth and debatability, often take on emotional and poetic coloring, creating a figurative idea of ​​the significance of the difficulty of growing the capital base of banks: Heroic bank capital,

The official tormented you

Rules with whips. I pray:

Be patient and don't give up.

Capital (free funds) perform a number of all sorts of functions to ensure the management of the life of a commercial bank. Firstly, equity, in terms of the authorized capital contributed by the founders of the bank, acts at the initial stage as start-up funds necessary for the construction and rental of premises, installation of equipment, hiring personnel and its own expenses, without which the bank cannot start its activities. During the period of growth, the bank is in need of additional capital to create new facilities related to expanding the range of services provided and introducing advanced banking technologies. Second, capital builds customer confidence in the bank by convincing risk-averse savers of the strength and borrowers of the ability to meet demand for commercial and consumer loans. Thirdly, the capital, providing protection against the bankruptcy of the bank, serves as a kind of buffer absorbing the damage from current losses until the management of the bank resolves the emerging problems. Finally, capital is the regulator of the bank's activities, through which government agencies set the norms of economic behavior for it, protecting the bank from financial instability and excessive risks.

1.2. Assets and liabilities of a commercial bank.

Until recently, the domestic banking system had a certain formation associated with the monopoly, first of the State Bank, and after the 1988 reform of specialized banks for credit resources. This monopoly was expressed in the willful distribution of clientele between banks and, accordingly, in securing funds for one bank or another. Banks were not interested in attracting free funds to their accounts, since the size of their active operations was determined by the moments of credit investments, and not by the funds actually attracted to the accounts. The lack of incentives to attract deposits was also associated with certain government policies. The transition to a two-tier banking system, the creation of economically independent commercial banks, the transfer of the economy to the principles of self-financing have identified the problem of forming liabilities as one of the most urgent in the work of banks.

Active operations include operations to place the resources available to banks for profit and liquidity. Profit and liquidity are two fundamental principles that reflect the essence of active operations inherent in the bank as a commercial enterprise that usually uses borrowed resources.

Active operations appear in various forms, as shown in the diagram:

The most liquid active items are: cash, correspondent accounts, foreign currency accounts in other banks, funds of the reserve fund of credit resources. All these items, taken together, are called the reserves of the banking system. They include excess reserves, which include cash balances on correspondent accounts and in cash desks of banks. In connection with the consideration of bank assets, it is appropriate to recall the money supply multiplier, which represents the ratio of the entire money supply to the monetary base - the money created by the Bank of Russia.

Passive operations play an important role for commercial banks. It is with their help that banks acquire credit resources in the money markets.

Passive operations allow you to attract funds already in circulation to banks. New resources are created by the banking system as a result of active credit operations.

Liabilities are understood as such operations of banks, as a result of which there is an increase in funds held in passive accounts.

There are 4 forms of passive operations of commercial banks:

A) initial issue of securities;

B) deductions from the bank's profit for the formation or increase of funds;

C) credits and loans received from other legal entities;

D) deposit transactions.

2. DEPOSIT POLICY OF COMMERCIAL BANKS

2.1. Deposits

A deposit is an economic relationship regarding the transfer of client funds for temporary use to a bank.

Exploring the essence of the bank deposit E.S. Kancelenboom noted the features that lie in its dual nature: “Deposits are made for depositors with potential money.

The depositor can write out a check and circulate the corresponding amount. But at the same time, "bank money" brings interest. They act for the depositor in a dual role: as money, on the one hand, and as interest-bearing capital, on the other ... the advantage of a deposit over cash is that the deposit earns interest ... and the disadvantage is that that the deposit bears a lower interest than that which the capital usually bears. This lower interest rate is not an accident, but an essential element in the nature of the bank. For the whole essence of the nature of the bank lies in the fact that the interest paid on deposits is lower than the interest that banks receive for the capital they place in various enterprises. This difference in percentage ... is about a fraction of the interest that is charged on active operations.

Deposit accounts can be very diverse and their classification can be based on such criteria as the sources of deposits, their intended purpose, the degree of profitability, etc., however, the category of the depositor and the form of withdrawal of the deposit are most often used as a criterion.

Deposits of individuals.

Deposit operations are a broad concept, since they include all the bank's activities related to raising funds in deposits.

The fundamentals of civil legislation provide that under a bank deposit agreement, the bank undertakes to keep the funds invested by the depositor, pay all types of interest on them or in another form, fulfill the depositor's instructions for calculating the deposit and return the deposit amount at the first request of the depositor on the terms and in the manner provided for. for this type of contribution by legislation and contract.

Deposits of citizens have the right to accept only banks that ensure their safety and timely return by insurance or other methods provided for by law.

Safety and return of deposits of citizens in banks established by the state, and banks where the state owns more than 50% of shares (shares) guaranteed by the state or the Central Bank, responsible for failure to fulfill obligations to depositors.
In order to protect the population, maintain confidence in commercial banks and maintain the stability of the Russian banking system for newly created banks, from January 1, 1995, a license to conduct operations to attract funds from the population to deposits is granted only on the following conditions:

1. Implementation of banking activities within one year;

2. Publication of annual financial statements (balance sheet) and income statement, confirmed by an audit firm;

3. Compliance with banking legislation and regulations of the Bank of Russia, including directive economic standards;

4. Availability of a reserve fund (balance sheet account 011) in the amount of at least 10% of the actually paid statutory fund;

5. availability of reserves for possible losses on loans (balance sheet account 945) in accordance with the Bank of Russia.

During 1995, the bank, which carries out operations to attract funds from the population in deposits (deposits), proposed to take measures to increase its own funds (capital) so that their value fully covered the bank's obligations on deposits from the population.

Foreclosure on deposits can only be levied on the basis of a sentence or a court decision.

According to the economic content, all deposits can be grouped:

According to the forms of withdrawal;

In order of using the stored funds.

The practice of banking knows many different forms of organization of deposits. Their classification is presented in the diagram (see Appendix No. 1).

Acceptance of any deposit means the emergence of a certain monetary obligation of the bank to the client. It can be seen from the diagram that there is probably no clear definition between different types of deposits. Banks have recently begun to use such a form of deposits, in which the mode of accounts on demand with the mode of term deposits is applied. Having made such a deposit, the depositor can use the funds stored there to instruct the bank to transfer to a third party. Typically, such operations were carried out on demand accounts, now interest is charged on them, as on time deposits.

The development of deposits plays an important role in managing the resources of banks. The term "multiplication" means the coefficient of change in the amount of credit resources of banks under the influence of changes in the amount of deposits (deposits).

Based on the theory of multiplication, it is proved that it is possible to significantly increase the amount of means of payment deposited in the accounts of clients. Loans issued by one bank to its client, credited to his account and settled in the form of a deposit, create an opportunity to increase credit resources from other banks. However, this multiplication is limited by a number of factors:

The economic needs of the economy to increase such resources (credits);

The amount of attraction of other credit resources (liabilities) of banks;

The amount of required reserves deposited with the Central Bank.

Strengthening the deposit base is very important for banks. By increasing the total volume of deposits and expanding the circle of depositors of legal entities and individuals, it is possible to improve the organization of deposit operations and the system for stimulating the attraction of deposits.

This can be achieved by expanding demand deposit accounts of legal entities and individuals, which will make it possible to better meet the needs of customers, improve service, and increase interest in placing funds in banks.

The deposit can be used in two ways:

1. A deposit is money or securities deposited by a debtor in financial and credit, judicial or administrative institutions for storage with subsequent transfer (under certain conditions) to one or another business entity or citizen - a depositor (contributions for payment of customs duties, contributions for deposit court accounts in securing a claim and for transfer to recoverers, contributions to notary offices, if it is impossible to deliver money or securities directly to the recipient).

2. A deposit is a deposit of money or securities in banks. A deposit is a contribution for a rigidly defined period, in which the conditions for the return or securities are immediately negotiated.

Deposits are a source of formation of the bank's loan capital, which is used to issue loans, make investments, etc. These banking operations generate income for the bank. Therefore, the bank pays the citizen his deposit. Interest on deposits to a citizen is a payment for the money invested.

Deposits are on demand, urgent and conditional.

Demand deposits are placed in banks on various accounts opened by customers. They are intended for current settlements and can be fully or partially claimed at any time. Withdrawal of deposits is possible both in cash and in the form of non-cash (funds) payments.

With regular use of funds held in current accounts, customers still have certain unused balances. The presence of balances on customer accounts is associated with the settling of funds on passive

Accounts in commercial banks for a period of time, which is almost impossible to establish at the time of their receipt on the account. These are the settlement current or budget accounts of legal entities and individuals, special accounts in which target funds are stored, correspondent accounts for settlements with other banks, as well as funds in settlements. The Bank, when opening accounts for customers, uses credit balances on accounts to conduct active lending operations.

Demand deposits are funds that can be withdrawn at any time without prior notice to the bank by the client.

From the point of view of bank liquidity management, current and budget accounts, accounts for financing capital investments, special-purpose accounts are more profitable for banks, since the nature of the movement of funds on them (amounts, terms, frequency of payments or receipt of transfers) can be known to the bank in advance . In addition, the owners of current and budget accounts, by virtue of their status (lack of legal entity rights), do not apply for loans, which allows banks to actively use these funds for lending to the economy. However, at present, the possibilities of commercial banks in this direction are limited, because. The Central Bank took over the functions of cash use of the budget, as well as the use of funds in the accounts for financing capital investments.

Demand deposits include the so-called checking account.

A current account is a single account that records all bank operations and all payments from the account on behalf of the client, and on the other hand, funds received in the account in the form of transfers, deposits, repayment of loans, etc.

Thus, it is active - a passive account, which is a combination of current and loan accounts. A credit balance means that the client has his own funds, debit funds, that borrowed funds are included in the turnover and the account holder is a bank debtor on a loan. On the credit balance, the bank accrues interest in favor of the client, and on the debit balance it collects interest in its favor, as for a loan. Moreover, interest in favor of the bank is charged at a higher rate than in favor of the account holder. Checking accounts are opened to reliable clients, first-class borrowers, as a sign of special trust. The account holder, when expenses exceed the receipt of funds, has the opportunity, without special registration, in each case, to receive a loan in the amount determined by the agreement with the bank.

A current account with an overdraft has a certain similarity with a checking account. This is an account for which, on the basis of an agreement between the bank and the client, it is allowed in a certain amount to exceed the amount of write-off on the account over the amount of the balance of funds, which means borrowing a loan. However, one should see the difference between these accounts. With an overdraft, unlike a current account, such interactions are carried out on a case-by-case basis and are irregular in nature. Accordingly, a passive (credit) balance is more characteristic of this account.

The presence of a current account with an overdraft does not exclude the opening of additional deposit or loan accounts for the client to carry out certain operations, at the same time, all operations carried out by the bank in relation to the client are concentrated on the checking account. In addition, checking accounts are opened for business organizations - legal entities, while an overdraft account can be opened for a non-legal entity, as well as an individual, to cover temporary gaps in the receipt of expenditures.

Demand deposits include correspondent accounts of banks opened with cash registers or correspondent banks for the purpose of making settlements and payments unilaterally or on behalf of each other. As you know, correspondent accounts opened in other correspondent banks are called nostro accounts (our account), on the contrary, correspondent accounts opened by correspondent banks in this bank are called loro accounts (their account).

As a rule, when establishing correspondent relations between banks, the parties provide for the possibility of forming an overdraft on these accounts. The overdraft limit, terms, interest rates on debit or credit balance, along with other conditions, are determined by the agreement on correspondent relations between banks. The formation of a passive (credit) balance on the account means the presence of additional resources in the bank, i.e. granting a correspondent bank a loan. On the contrary, on the account - nostro credit balance means the involvement in circulation in accordance with the overdraft agreement of the funds of another bank, and the debit balance means the placement of part of one's funds in this correspondent bank.

It is important to note that one should distinguish between a debit balance on an account, as a form of a short-term loan (overdraft), provided for by an agreement between a client and a bank, and a debit balance (negative) on an account. The resulting violation of payment discipline by the client, failure to fulfill obligations, i.e. a negative phenomenon in the economic activities of the account holder.

In the latter case, the bank applies severe sanctions to the client - the collection of penalties, fines on the debit balance or the transfer of this amount to the overdue loan account, with the collection of increased interest; suspension of payments on the account and the direction of all receipts to the client's account for repayment of the resulting debt to the bank.

Such a reaction of the bank is legitimate and justified by the threat of deterioration of its own liquidity and solvency.

In most commercial banks, demand deposits occupy the largest share in the structure of attracted funds. This is usually the cheapest source of bank funds. Due to the high mobility of funds, the balance on demand accounts is unstable, sometimes extremely volatile. The ability of the account holder to withdraw funds at any time requires an increased share of highly liquid assets on the bank's turnover. (the balance of funds on hand, on the correspondent account, by maintaining the share of less liquid, but generating high income assets). For these reasons, on balances on demand accounts, banks pay the owners a fairly low interest rate or do not accrue any income at all. However, despite the high mobility of funds on demand accounts, it is possible to determine their minimum, non-decreasing balance and use it as a stable credit resource.

The calculation of the share of funds held on demand accounts that can be transferred to "term" deposit accounts (in order to increase the income for clients from funds placed in the bank and form a stable lending resource for banks) is made according to the formula:

D \u003d Avg.: K vol. x 100%.

D - the share of funds held during the year in various current accounts that can be transferred to deposit accounts. Osr - the average balance of funds on the settlement or current account for the year.

K about. - credit turnover on the settlement or current account for the year.

Term deposits are deposits in deposit accounts, from the right to dispose of which the depositor waives for a certain period.

Term deposits are deposits related to the attracted capital of banks. They are accepted only in round amounts. Often a minimum contribution is also required. Some institutions generally only allow term deposits for business clients, while private clients are encouraged to make savings deposits as a form of capital investment.

Term deposits are made by depositors for any purpose, however, the depositor cannot dispose of it at any time, since the depositor cannot at any time demand the return of term deposits from the bank. There are two forms of term deposits: a term deposit with a fixed term and a term deposit with advance notice of withdrawal.

The client and the credit institution have the right to notify.

Term deposits imply the transfer of funds to the full disposal of the bank for the term and conditions under the agreement, and after this period the term deposit can be withdrawn by the owner at any time. The amount of remuneration paid to the client on a term deposit depends on the term, the amount of the deposit and the fulfillment by the depositors of the terms of the agreement. The longer the terms (or) the greater the amount of the deposit, the greater the amount of remuneration. The current practice provides for the execution of term deposits for 1,3,6,9, 12 months or longer periods.

Such a detailed gradation encourages depositors to rationally organize their own funds and place them in deposits, and also creates conditions for banks to manage their liquidity.

Deposits with prior notification of withdrawal of funds means that the client must notify the withdrawal of the deposit in advance, notify the bank within the period specified by the agreement. (as a rule, from 1-3, from 3-6, from 6-12 and more than 12 months). Depending on the notice period, the interest rate on deposits is also set, but the bank reserves the right to change the interest rate. This is necessary because it is impossible to foresee how long the deposit will lie, i.e. when the client makes a notification. The advantage of all time deposits is that they do not depend on the exchange rate (fluctuations), like securities. Term deposits are created only at the expense of the client's simultaneous deposit or transfer.

After the due date of payment, the amount of money must be invested in another amount for another period or entered into the payment turnover as a demand deposit. Sometimes term deposits are extended (prolonged) if the depositor does not need the amount of money yet. Moreover, the extension can be carried out several times.

Term deposits have the advantage that they can be more profitable placed in lending operations than demand deposits.

Term deposits are drawn up by an agreement between the client (depositor) and the bank represented by the manager. Banks independently develop a form of a deposit agreement, which is typical for a separate type of deposit. The contract is drawn up in two copies: and one is kept by the depositor, and the other in the bank, in the credit or deposit department (depending on who is entrusted with this work in the bank). The agreement provides for the amount of the deposit, its validity period, the interest that the depositor will receive after the expiration of the agreement, the obligations and rights of the depositor, the obligations and rights of the bank, the responsibility of the parties for compliance with the agreement, and the procedure for resolving disputes. Many banks set a minimum deposit amount, the amount of which depends on the bank's focus on a small, medium or large client.

For its part, the bank undertakes to fulfill all the terms of the agreement in a timely manner and be liable for their violation, which can be expressed in the establishment of penalties or fines for late disbursement of funds to deposit holders or payment of interest. Disputes arising between the bank and the client must be resolved in Arbitration or in court (if the depositor is an individual).

An intermediate position between time deposits and demand deposits is occupied by savings deposits. Traditionally, these operations were carried out by the Savings Bank, however, at present, in the course of competition for resources, commercial banks began to master this market of loan capital.

Foreign practice considers savings operations separately from deposit operations, focusing on the fact that a distinctive feature of a savings deposit is that the owner is issued a certificate of the presence of a deposit, most often a savings book.

Savings deposits are used to accumulate or invest money savings. At the same time ... amounts of money placed in accounts that are intended for making payments or from the very beginning, invested for a certain period, are classified as savings deposits.

Savings deposits include deposits formed for the purpose of accumulating or maintaining monetary savings. They are characterized by a specific motivation for the emergence - the promotion of thrift, the accumulation of targeted funds and a high level of profitability, although lower than for term deposits.

In domestic practice, savings deposits mean, first of all, operations with accrual, and savings include both fixed-term deposits of the population and demand accounts of citizens. Commercial banks have adopted the experience of a savings bank and significantly diversified the terms of customer service. In the balance sheet of banks, savings deposits are accounted for on the same balance sheet accounts as time deposits. Registration of a deposit can be similar to a term deposit or have its own specifics depending on the conditions of a particular type of deposit. So, a savings account on demand can be issued with a savings book, which reflects all deposit transactions.

The current situation in the market of credit resources is characterized by increasing tension. Inflationary processes in the economy, reducing the interest of the economy and the population in the accumulation of funds, on the one hand, increased norms of required reserves, as one of the manifestations of the strict registration policy of the Central Bank, on the other, led in 1992-1993. to a sharp reduction in the volume of credit resources of commercial banks. These circumstances are forcing banks to change their policy in the field of passive operations through the diversification (diversity) of deposit operations. For example, a deposit for the service period, which is opened to customers when they open a current account, has become widespread in banking practice.
This deposit has features characteristic of various types of deposits and at the same time its own specific features. For example, the deposit amount is clearly defined and fixed by the bank.

It is mandatory, because. the deposit amount must be made simultaneously with the opening of a current account or within the period agreed with the bank (from 1 to 3 months), otherwise the bank has the right to stop servicing the client. This deposit can be attributed to conditional deposits, because the withdrawal of funds from it is possible only if the client's current account is closed. It is considered perpetual, which allows the bank to use it as an early loan. It is characterized by low profitability and even the complete absence of interest accrual, by analogy with demand accounts.

Some banks give this deposit the character of a security deposit, i.e. provides for the right of the depositor to receive a loan in the amount of the deposit without additional security, tk. the deposit acts in this case as a guarantee of repayment of the loan. Thus, at the expense of the deposit, for the term of the deposit for the term of service, commercial banks receive a stable long-term cheap credit resource, which allows them to generate high profits. However, from the point of view of the client, this deposit is of a "compulsory" nature, because. the diversion of funds from circulation for an indefinitely long period does not bring him income. In the conditions of competition for the clientele, such a deposit becomes permissible only for those banks that are able to offer the client convenient and favorable conditions for settlement and cash services or a set of other services that directly or indirectly compensate for the above losses. Otherwise, the bank may lose not only future, but existing customers.

Of particular interest are contracts that provide for lending to a client based on the accumulation of funds in a deposit account. According to the agreement, the bank assumes the obligation to provide the client, subject to the accumulation and storage of the latter within a certain period of time, a certain amount of money. The formation of funds on a deposit account can take place either at the client's ability and at a convenient time for him, or on the basis of a savings plan, i.e. regular, agreed with the bank in the amount and frequency of contributions. The smaller the gap between the funds in the deposit account and the amount of the loan received, the lower the interest on the loan, because. the risk of the bank in the timely repayment of the loan is reduced and savings in credit resources are achieved. The amount of the accumulated deposit and interest on it can be used to repay the loan and pay interest on the loan.

An important direction in the activities of commercial banks is the work to attract funds from the population, and they manage to successfully compete with the largest monopolist in this area - the Savings Bank.

Many commercial banks in their work with the population use not only traditional types of deposits and services from the practice of Sberbank, offering customers more favorable conditions, but also found new forms of organizing savings and attracting funds from citizens.

For example, the transfer of wages of employees of enterprises, founders or other clients to bank accounts made it possible to organize a new type of banking activity - self-crediting of clients. Those. at the expense of the amounts kept on the current accounts of workers and employees, enterprises are able to satisfy their need for borrowed funds at a reduced interest rate on loans. Private depositors also benefit, as banks try to pay higher interest on current accounts than Sberbank, index deposits in accordance with inflation rates, and provide an opportunity to use an overdraft loan.

Moscow commercial "Toribank" in 1992 was one of the first to start a campaign to attract deposits from individuals. The minimum deposit amount was set at 10,000 rubles, the minimum storage period was one year. The level of deposit interest was set depending on the size of the deposit and the period of storage, monthly indexation of deposits was provided, based on the average coefficient of change in retail prices of Moscow stores. Soon this bank began lending to its depositors. In the future, Toribank began to open special accounts for its clients to create personal pension funds. The fund is formed within 2 years by making fixed amounts. After this period, the owner of the fund receives monthly interest in the form of a kind of pension. At the same time, the bank indexes the size of the interest rate taking into account inflation. A skillfully conducted campaign to attract deposits from individuals brought Toribank to second place after Sberbank

Russia by the amount of account balances.

The experience of joint activity of the Moscow joint-stock commercial Eleksbank and the Moscow postal post bank is interesting. According to the agreement, Eleksbank customer service points were opened in the branches of the Moscow Regional Post Office, which allows the latter to use in its activities unclaimed funds received by the post offices in the form of pensions and transfers.

The profit received from the use of these funds is divided equally between the bank and Mospochtambank. In order to attract funds and new clients, Eleksbank offered the owners of these accounts; attractive service conditions: payment of interest on account balances, provision of an overdraft loan (by paying a pension three months in advance, transferring utility bills from the account, etc. As a result of this cooperation, Eleksbank began servicing 75% of the Moscow Pension Fund.

An important means of competition between banks for attracting resources is a variety of percentage plastic, because the receipt of income on invested funds serves as a significant incentive for clients to make deposits. The level of deposit interest rates is set by each bank independently, focusing on the discount rate of the Central Bank, the state of the money market and based on its own deposit policy. For certain types of deposit accounts, the amount of income is determined by the term of the deposit, the amount, the specifics of the operation of the account, the volume and nature of related services, and finally, it depends on the client's compliance with the conditions of the deposit.

The determining factor in setting the interest rate on time deposits is the term for which funds are placed: the longer the term, the higher the interest rate. An essential point is the frequency of payment of income, the less often payments, the higher the level of interest rate. There are also various ways of calculating interest payments.

The traditional type of calculation of income is simple interest, when the actual balance of the deposit is used as the basis for calculation and with the established frequency, based on the interest stipulated by the agreement, the deposit is calculated and paid.

Another type of income calculation is compound interest (interest on interest)). In this case, after the expiration of the settlement period, interest is accrued on the deposit amount and the resulting amount is added to the deposit amount. Thus, in the next billing period, the interest rate is applied to a new base that has increased by the amount of previously accrued income.

A progressively increasing interest rate is also applied, depending on the time the funds are actually on the deposit.

This procedure for accruing income stimulates an increase in the period of storage of funds and protects the deposit from inflation.

Some banks, in order to compensate for inflationary losses, offer a deposit of interest in advance. In this case, the depositor, when placing funds for a period, immediately receives the income due to him.

In addition to a flexible interest rate policy in order to attract funds, banks must provide depositors with guarantees for the reliability of placing funds in deposits. An insurance fund is being created under the auspices of the Central Bank of Russia to ensure the guarantee of reliability and protect the interests of depositors in the event of bank failure. The rate of accrual to this fund is set at 1% of the income of a commercial bank. Participation in the formation of the insurance fund gives the bank, in the event of its insolvency, the right to compensate for the deposits of its customers. A variety of time deposits are deposit and savings certificates.

2.2. Deposit and savings certificates.

A certificate is a written obligation of the issuing bank to deposit money, certifying the right of the depositor or his right of the receiver to receive the amount of the deposit and interest on it after the expiration of the established period. Certificates can be issued both in a single order and in series.

Certificates can be registered and bearer.

The certificate cannot serve as a settlement or means of payment for goods sold or services rendered.

Cash settlements for the purchase and sale of certificates of deposit and the payment of amounts on them are carried out only in a non-cash manner.

Deposits and savings certificates are securities.

A savings certificate can only be issued to a citizen of the Russian Federation or another state that uses the ruble as the official currency. A certificate of deposit can only be issued to an organization that is a legal entity registered in the territory of the Russian Federation or in the territory of another state that uses the ruble as an official currency.

The certificate is not subject to export to the territory of the state that does not use the ruble as the official currency. The right to claim a certificate of deposit can only be transferred to legal entities registered in the territory of the Russian Federation or another state that uses the ruble as an official currency. The right to claim a savings money certificate is transferred only to citizens of the Russian Federation or another state that uses the ruble as an official payment unit.

Certificates must be current. The term of circulation for certificates of deposit (from the date of issue to the date when the owner of the certificate receives the right to demand a deposit or deposit under the certificate) is limited to one year.

The term of circulation of savings certificates is limited to three years.

If the term for receiving a deposit or a deposit under a certificate is overdue, then such a certificate is considered a demand document, according to which the bank is obliged to pay the deposit at the first request of the owner (beneficiary).

The Bank may provide for the possibility of early presentation for payment of an urgent certificate. In this case, the bank pays the owner of such a certificate the amount of the certificate and interest at a reduced rate established by the bank when issuing the certificate.

Interest on certificates is set upon issuance and is indicated on the forms in percentage and monetary form. At the same time, interest payments due to the owner after the expiration of the certificate do not depend on the time of purchase.

In international practice, interest-bearing certificates of deposit, discount, i.e. sold at a price below par and certificates with a "floating" rate. The validity of the last certificate is from 3 to 5 years and the interest rate is determined every 6 months for the next six months.

The form of the nominal certificate of deposit must have a place for transfer signatures.

The certificate form must also contain all the conditions for issuing, paying for and circulation of the certificate (the conditions and procedure for the assignment of rights, the requirement for a certificate. If an operation was performed with a certificate that was not provided for by the conditions contained on its form, such an operation is considered invalid.

The production of forms of deposit and savings certificates, both nominal and bearer, is carried out only by printing companies that have a license to issue securities.

The Bank independently develops the conditions for issuing and circulation of the certificate.

The conditions for the issuance and circulation of certificates, the description of the appearance and the sample of the certificate are approved by the board of the issuing bank and sent in 3 copies for examination to the Main Territorial Directorate of the Central Bank at the location of the correspondent account, which gives an opinion on the observance by the issuing bank of the existing rules for issuing a certificate and in the absence of violations, one copy of the conditions is sent to the Securities Department of the CBR. The conditions for issuing a certificate must comply with the instructions of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation "On the content of the prospectus for the issue of securities." Certificates, being securities, are not subject to registration and do not require a special decision on their issue by the CRB. At the same time, the territorial administration may prohibit the issuance of certificates, as well as invalidate those issued for the following reasons:

The terms of issue are contrary to the current legislation or the rules of the CBR;

The issuing bank did not timely submit the terms of the issue to the Main Territorial Department of the CBR;

The Bank violates the current legislation and the CBR rules on the process of issuing and circulation of the certificate.

The owner of the certificate may assign the right to claim the certificate to another person. For a bearer certificate, this assignment is carried out by simple delivery, for a nominal one, it is drawn up on the back of the certificate by a bilateral agreement (dession).

Upon the expiration of the claim period, the owner of the certificate must submit it to the bank along with an application containing an indication of the method of redeeming the certificate.

In order to account for the sold certificates, commercial banks keep special registration journals or provide for the issuance of a certificate with special sending stubs containing the same registration details.

Certificates are issued for terms from 1 month to 3 years, and for the amount of certificates of deposit - from 5 thousand to 10 million rubles, savings certificates from 1 thousand and more than 1 million rubles. Interest rates depend on the size and term of the deposit, some banks carry out indexation and monthly payment of income. Certificates of deposit can be purchased at any time during their validity period - interest is accrued from the date of purchase.

Some commercial banks (Energobank, Credit-Petersburg, Astrobank, PSB) issue certificates of deposit that are transferable (or non-transferable) to other owners by endorsement in denominations from 500 thousand rubles to 10 million rubles. up to a year, designed for large investors. PDS are usually sold to government agencies, pension funds, corporations. Such PDS generate income in excess of the interest rate on short-term treasury bills of a shorter term (three-month and other) and can be traded on the secondary securities market. Commercial banks, in order not to lose the most stable source of credit resources, are forced to carry out indexation on savings certificates under inflation conditions by raising the interest rate, which is an incentive for the population to purchase.

Certificates have significant advantages over fixed-term deposits issued by simple deposit agreements: due to the greater number of possible financial intermediaries in the distribution and circulation of certificates, the circle of potential investors is expanding; thanks to the secondary market, the certificate can be sold ahead of time by the owner to another person with some income for the time of storage and without changing the volume of the bank's resources, while early withdrawal by the owner of a term deposit means a loss of income for him, and for the bank the loss of part of the resources .

The disadvantages of certificates are: the increased costs of the bank associated with the issue of certificates, as well as the fact that income from them is subject to taxation, unlike demand accounts and time deposits. The latter feature is taken into account by banks, so the interest on certificates is usually higher than the interest on time deposits with similar terms and amounts.

Since 1992, the CBR has introduced a restriction in the form of a ban on the use of certificates of deposit as a means of payment. At the same time, constant delays in settlements, especially between enterprises in different cities, and a lack of means of payment are conditioned by the need to search for new financial instruments. One of them is a bill.

Performing the same function, a bill can be issued for any amount and at any interest rate; there is a practice of issuing them with a currency denomination, which is prohibited for certificates. In addition, bills of exchange can serve as a settlement or means of payment for the work performed, services and the conditions for their issuance do not need to be registered. Bills of exchange are issued to the client in the form of a bill book. The book is sold for any period and any denomination, with a discount. The client who bought it can pay with promissory notes for goods and services, and the new owner of the promissory note also has the right to transfer it to a third party (by affixing an appropriate endorsement). In addition, the possibility of early accounting of bills in the issued bank is provided. An analysis of the terms of issue in circulation of this financial instrument allows us to conclude that a bank bill has a clearly defined deposit nature and in this aspect resembles certificates of deposit. Being accepted in advance, bills of exchange are issued not to the bank, but to their counterparty. However, the classical basis of bill circulation is of a credit nature, in contrast to the deposit nature of checks and certificates.

CONCLUSION.

Deposits are an important source of resources for commercial banks. Deposit accounts can be very diverse and basically their classification can be based on such criteria as the sources of deposits, their intended purpose, degree of profitability, etc.

Their structure in the bank is mobile and depends on the conjuncture of the money market. This source of formation of banking resources has some disadvantages. We are talking about the significant material and monetary costs of the bank when attracting funds to deposits, the limited availability of funds within a particular region. In addition, the mobilization of funds into deposits (deposits) depends to a large extent on customers (depositors), and not on the bank itself. Nevertheless, the competition between banks in the market of credit resources forces them to take measures to develop services that help attract deposits. For these purposes, it is important for commercial banks to develop a deposit policy strategy based on the goals and objectives of a commercial bank, enshrined in its Charter and from the need to maintain bank liquidity. Taking into account the chosen main directions of the deposit policy, it is advisable for the bank to develop a regulation on deposit operations indicating the main types of deposits that need to be attracted by their conditions (interest rate level, categories of depositors, term of deposits), the procedure for attracting deposits, the official form of the loan agreement. It is advisable for the bank to develop or purchase a program to improve deposit operations (“Deposit day”).

LITERATURE:

1. Antonov A.G., Pessel M.A. Money circulation. Credit and banks. - M. BEK, 1995 -381 p.

2. Banking operations: textbook (Edited by O. Lavrushkin. -M .: INFRA -M, 1995 -505 p.)

3. Banking: textbook (Under the reaction of O. Lavrushkin - M .: Finance and statistics, 1998 -572 p.)

4. Banks and banking (Edited by E.F. Zhukov - M.: UNITI, 1997 -471 p.)

5. Banking: textbook (Edited by V.I. Kolesnikov, L.P. Krovelitskaya. 2nd ed. revised and added. - M .: St. Petersburg University of Economics and Finance, 1993-175 p.

6. Balabanov I.T. Citizens' Finances: How Russians Create and Maintain Wealth. -M.: Finance and statistics, 1995 -224 p.

7. Berezina M.P. Payment system of Russia and its reorganization // Finance -1998 -№3- p. 22-27.

7. Goncharov A. Russian issuers enter the civilized market //Business world. -1996 -№4 - p4.

9. Introduction to banking. Textbook (Under the editorship of Yu.B. Gubin - M .: BEK, 1997, 627 p.).

10. Efremov I.A. Operations of commercial banks with securities. - M .: IST - SERVICE, 1995 - 441 p.

11. Ershov M. Monetary and credit sphere and the economic crisis (Securities market. - 1999 - No. 22 - p. 20-23

12. Karatuev A. G. Securities and their types and varieties. - M .: Russian business literature, 1998 - 256 p.

13. Kruglov M.O. On some trends in commercial credit (Money and Credit - 1997 - No. 3 - p58-64).

14. Kantselembaum E.S. To the question of the nature of the bank deposit (Money and Credit -1991 - No. 4 - p75-76.

15. Markova O.M., Sakharov L.S., Sidorov V.I. Commercial banks and their operations. Textbook - M .: Banks and stock exchanges, 1995 -228s.

16. The main directions in the unified state monetary policy in 1998 (Money credit -1997 - No. 12 - p. 105)

18. Prokurin A.M. On the structure of bank capital and the assessment of its effectiveness (Money credit -1996 - No. 10 -s52)

19. Rude E. Banks, exchanges, currencies of modern capitalism - M.: Nauka, 1986 - 250p.

20. Saveliev M.V. How to productively use the savings of Russians. (Russian economy. -1995 - No. 10 - p. 28-30).

Ministry of Education and Science

Russian Federation

State educational institution

higher professional education

Faculty evening

DEPARTMENT OF BANKING

GRADUATE WORK

Deposit policy of a commercial bank

SAINT PETERSBURG 2011

INTRODUCTION

The relevance of the work. The last year in the development of the Russian banking sector is characterized by an increase in positive trends. The importance of the banking sector in the country's economy is gradually increasing, and there is a noticeable increase in depositors' confidence in banks. But along with the dynamic development of the banking sector, there is an accumulation of risks, which leads to a decrease in the efficiency of commercial banks.

The work of commercial banks in attracting and placing customer funds is carried out in an unpredictable and unstable external environment, therefore, banks, first of all, in order to solve the problem of work efficiency, it is necessary to balance interaction with customers, properly organize the process of forming the bank's resource base. The main part of banking resources is formed in the process of attracting free cash from customers through deposit operations, as well as by issuing own debt obligations. All types of deposit operations can be considered part of the banking portfolio. When managing a deposit portfolio, one should analyze its composition, volume, profitability, riskiness, make forecasts and quantify cash flows. All this is the determining factor in the deposit policy of a commercial bank.

To date, the problems of formation of the bank's deposit policy, the study of its theoretical foundations, recommendations for practical application are devoted to an insufficient number of scientific papers.

The object of study of the thesis is JSC "BALTINVESTBANK".

The subject of the thesis is the deposit policy of commercial banks.

The purpose of the thesis is to determine the essence of the deposit policy of the bank, study the processes of formation of the deposit policy, the mechanisms for its implementation, as well as the development of proposals for improving the deposit policy of JSC "BALTINVESTBANK".

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

explore the theoretical foundations of the bank's deposit policy,

consider the types of deposits of commercial banks,

study approaches to the formation of the deposit policy of the bank,

analyze the deposit policy of BALTINVESTBANK OJSC,

The theoretical basis of the study was the legislative and regulatory acts of the Russian Federation, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, scientific monographs, educational literature, dissertation research, economic periodicals.

The information base was the data of quarterly reports and internal regulations of JSC "BALTINVESTBANK", Internet resources.

Of practical importance are specific recommendations aimed at improving the deposit policy of BALTINVESTBANK OJSC.

1. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE DEPOSIT POLICY OF A COMMERCIAL BANK

1 Deposit policy of the bank: essence and role

Essence is the internal content, the properties of someone - something, discovered, cognized in phenomena.

Before defining the “inner content” of a deposit policy, it is necessary to understand what a commercial bank is.

According to banking legislation, a bank is a credit institution that has the right to raise funds from individuals and legal entities, to place them on its own behalf and at its own expense on the terms of urgency, payment, repayment, and to carry out settlement operations on behalf of customers. In accordance with its functions as a bank, a commercial bank accumulates (attracts) temporarily free funds in deposits, places them, and provides settlement and cash services to customers.

Figure 1. Main functions of banks

It is the function of accumulating funds that is one of the oldest functions. The mobilization of temporarily free funds and their transformation into capital bring their owners - individuals and legal entities, on the one hand, income in the form of interest, and on the other hand, form a base for the bank to conduct active operations. And it is the borrowed funds that form the bulk of the bank's resources, so they should be considered as an independent object of banking policy.

All attracted funds according to the method of their accumulation can be grouped in the following way:

). deposits;

). non-deposit attracted funds.

But it is deposits that form the bulk of the resources attracted by commercial banks.

The structure of the resource base of Russian commercial banks as of January 1, 2011 is given below, %.

1.Own funds (capital) - 12.8%

2.Attracted resources - 65%

Including:

). Deposits of legal entities and individuals - 62.4%

). Securities - 2.6%

Borrowed resources - 12.2%

The given data confirm the above words - most of the attracted funds of commercial banks are deposits of individuals and legal entities. And it is the attracted funds that form the basis of the resource base of banks (65% of all available bank funds).

Lavrushin gives the following definition of deposits - these are funds deposited in the bank by customers - individuals and legal entities, which are used by them in accordance with the account regime and banking legislation.

Each commercial bank, in order to achieve effective functioning and achieve its goals, must develop its own deposit policy, that is, a management strategy. But at the moment, the issue concerning the theoretical foundations of the concept of deposit policy, the principles of its formation and implementation, has not been studied enough.

Lavrushin defines the deposit policy as the policy of the bank to raise funds in deposits and effectively manage the process of attracting. He also defines it as the strategy and tactics of the bank to attract resources. Beloglazova has a similar definition, which says that each bank needs to develop a document regulating in commercial banks the processes of attracting temporarily free funds of organizations and the population to bank accounts in various kinds of deposits (deposits), which is primarily based on the strategic plan of the bank , on the analysis of the structure, current state and dynamics of the bank's resource base and should be based on the main prospects for its development and on the basis of documents that determine the main directions and conditions for the placement of attracted funds, such as the Bank's Credit Policy and the Bank's Investment Policy. This definition, in my opinion, is more complete and reveals the essence of the concept of deposit policy, and also clearly indicates the relationship with the policy of placing borrowed funds. But I still agree with Lavrushin that this is primarily a policy, that is, a set of measures and actions to achieve goals, and not just a document.

In my opinion, both authors adhere to a single approach to the bank's deposit policy, as part of the banking policy, which is interconnected both with its elements and with the strategic goal of the bank. We should also not forget about the banking (both external and internal) regulation of this process, which Korobova mentions in her works.

So, the deposit policy of the bank is developed in accordance with the strategic plan. The development of a deposit policy begins with setting the bank's goals, then, in order to achieve these goals, it is necessary to develop step-by-step actions and set specific indicators. Korobova G.G. offers "its own" model of formation of the bank's deposit policy, but more on that later.

First of all, the bank must decide with which depositors it will work, for whom it will develop its products. It is customary to single out clients with a high level of income, entrepreneurs, employees and workers, young people and students, as well as the elderly. Each of these categories is of more or less interest to the bank. So clients with a high level of income provide banks with especially large amounts of deposits, although the deposits of this group are not always the basis of the total mass of bank deposits. As a rule, the total mass of deposits is made up of the funds of workers and employees, as well as the funds of the elderly. Banks are interested in students and young people from a perspective perspective.

According to Russian law, the bank's clients are individuals and legal entities, that is, the bank can work either with a "retail" clientele, or with legal entities, or with both. As a rule, the liabilities of Russian banks are deposits of both individuals and legal entities. Thus, VTB Bank, focused on working with large legal entities, has 45.5% of deposits of legal entities in the structure of its liabilities, and its “retail” subsidiary - VTB 24 Bank - 66.4% of deposits of individuals and only 6.9% legal entities. It can be concluded that, depending on the goals and directions of its future activities, the bank chooses its clientele.

But banks operate in conditions of fierce competition, therefore, there is a struggle for customers. In order to attract customers, and with them the funds necessary for its activities, the bank must choose a strategy of behavior in the market. Thus, as of April 1, 2011, such banks as VTB 24 and Savings Bank of Russia are carrying out the strategy of the leader in the private deposit market.

Large banks tend to choose a competitor's strategy. To achieve competitive advantages in the market, they are expanding their branch networks, developing new products and services, setting attractive deposit rates, and spending huge amounts of money on advertising.

The bank can focus on the development and improvement of certain types of services, and not compete with the leader in all areas of activity (for example, the provision of services via the Internet) - this is the strategy of a specialist. Medium and small banks are characterized by a catch-up strategy: banks do not develop new products, but implement those tested by other banks, thereby protecting themselves from unnecessary costs.

It is very important to develop tactical questions. Clients are attracted to the bank primarily by the image of a reliable and stable bank, as well as interest rates on deposits (deposits) and terms of service. This is also an important aspect in developing a deposit policy.

As mentioned earlier, the deposit policy must be documented. As a rule, it is a separate document, or a separate section of a credit policy document, or is prescribed in the provisions on the procedure for attracting funds to deposits and on opening and maintaining client accounts.

This document may contain the following content:

general provisions;

the goals of the resource policy of a commercial bank;

interaction of structural divisions of the bank;

the structure of the bank's resources;

the timing of raising funds and the terms of the contract;

a list of documents and the procedure for processing transactions for the sale by the bank of its own bills of exchange and bank certificates;

the procedure for attracting and formalizing operations to raise funds from credit institutions;

the procedure for calculating and paying interest on passive transactions;

contributions to the compulsory reserve fund of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, control over compliance with economic standards;

the order in which documents are stored.

So, according to Korobova G.G., it is possible to develop the deposit policy of the bank according to the following scheme:

Rice. 2. Scheme for the development of the bank's deposit policy

The first stage involves determining the strategy of a commercial bank in the field of attracting resources. The second stage is aimed at solving the issues of managing deposit operations on the part of the bank's staff. At the third stage, specific operations of the bank are worked out in detail, as well as the organization of the deposit process at various stages of the implementation of the deposit agreement between the bank and the client. The final stage is the development of measures to manage the deposit process and control over it.

In my opinion, this scheme is good because it was developed taking into account world practice in the field of deposit operations and can be adapted to Russian conditions, and also answers the main questions: who develops the deposit policy, how it is developed and by whom and how it is regulated .

So, the bank's management bodies, such as the bank's asset and liability management committee and the bank's board, as well as a number of structural divisions of the bank (securities department, credit department, business development department, financial management, treasury) participate in the development of the deposit policy. It is these structures that Beloglazova singles out in her book. The board of the bank is responsible for the development and approval of the deposit policy, it also establishes the procedure and conditions for attracting deposits, controls the implementation of the deposit policy. Responsibility for making decisions on the formation of the deposit portfolio lies with the Assets and Liabilities Management Committee. Analyzing the structure of resources, their compliance in terms of terms and amounts with the bank's assets, the committee makes adjustments to the bank's deposit policy. Subdivisions such as the treasury and financial department of the bank determine how much deposit funds the bank needs: set the interest rates on deposits (deposits); determines the amount of reservation of attracted funds in the Bank of Russia; controls the bank's compliance with the risk standards for attracted funds established by the Bank of Russia, etc. The following departments of the bank are directly involved in attracting deposit funds: the securities department (engaged in the issuance of deposit and savings certificates, as well as their own bills), the department of citizens' deposits, the credit department or the department of assets and liabilities (deposits of legal entities). This list of structural divisions is inaccurate. Each bank has its own internal organizational structure. The most important thing is to ensure that the work of all these bodies is interconnected in order to achieve the desired results.

The implementation of the bank's deposit policy should be based on the following principles:

· forming a resource base, banks must follow the legislative and regulatory requirements, as well as comply with the established restrictions on passive operations;

· passive operations of the bank should create conditions for the bank to receive profit;

· the attraction of resources, first of all, should provide the bank with its liquidity, therefore, special attention should be paid to attracting term resources, as well as the relationship between passive and active operations;

· when carrying out passive operations, to ensure the stability of the resource base, it is necessary to differentiate the attracted resources as much as possible both by subjects and types of attracted resources;

· Resources are attracted by maintaining a positive image of the bank, developing banking services and improving the quality of service.

Attracting customer funds into the bank's turnover is associated with certain risks that banks must take into account in their work, as well as be able to manage them in order to avoid negative consequences for liquidity and stability. The controlling body is the Bank of Russia, which sets certain limits for banks on the amount of funds raised. These restrictions operate in the form of such economic standards as:

maximum risk ratio per creditor (depositor) - N8;

the standard for the maximum amount of attracting cash deposits (deposits) of the population - NI;

standard for the maximum amount of bank liabilities to non-resident banks

and financial institutions-non-residents - NIL;

risk ratio of the bank's own promissory notes - N13.

These standards are established in relation to the bank's own funds (capital). Thus, the N8 ratio is calculated as the ratio of the total amount of the bank's liabilities to one or a group of related creditors (depositors) to the bank's capital and cannot exceed 25% of its value. In this case, the total amount of the bank's liabilities includes the maximum value (for one depositor or a group of related creditors) of the balance of funds:

on settlement (current), correspondent accounts and demand deposit accounts;

on time deposit accounts, time deposit accounts of individuals, and

also accounts for received credits and loans, deposits in precious metals;

in the accounts of other borrowed funds).

The NI norm limits the total aggregate amount of monetary deposits (deposits) of the population on the balance sheet of a commercial bank to the amount of its own funds.

The bank's capital also limits the amount of its own bills of exchange and banker's acceptances issued by the bank, as well as 50% of its off-balance sheet liabilities arising from the endorsement of bills of exchange, avals and bill of exchange mediation (norm H13).

The total amount of the bank's liabilities in rubles and foreign currency, as well as in precious metals to non-resident banks and non-resident financial institutions (NFI) may not exceed the amount of the bank's own funds (capital) by no more than 4 times.

The establishment by the Bank of Russia for commercial banks of risk ratios for attracted funds, together with the capital adequacy ratio, as well as liquidity and credit risk ratios, is aimed at protecting the interests of depositors and creditors, ensuring economic conditions for the stable functioning of the banking system. In addition, banks must create special deposit insurance funds in order to guarantee the compensation of funds to depositors in the event of bankruptcy, thereby ensuring the protection of the deposit. In addition to deposit insurance, it is very important for depositors to have open access to information about the activities of commercial banks and the guarantees they provide. In order to assess the risk of future investments, when deciding on the placement of free funds available to the depositor, he must be sufficiently informed about the financial condition of the bank. Such information can be provided by special agencies and bureaus that compile ratings for banks.

In addition, the banks themselves should provide complete information about themselves to their creditors and depositors, such as: the amount of the authorized capital, the amount of own funds, information about the founders, information about development prospects, performance results, etc. First of all, this applies to individuals who choose banks to deposit their funds.

1.2 Types of commercial bank deposits

In order to be able to issue loans to banks, it is necessary to have an appropriate resource base, the main source of which is deposits or customer deposits.

First of all, it is necessary to define the term "deposit". Translated from the Latin depositum is a thing deposited. In many of the works I studied, the concepts of "deposit" and "contribution" are considered as identical.

As we already know, the bulk of the bank's resource base is made up of borrowed funds. The Bank raises funds through the following operations:

opening and maintaining accounts of legal entities,

Attraction of deposits of individuals,

issuance by the bank of its own debt obligations.

Based on this, we can give the following definition of deposits - these are the funds of individuals and legal entities attracted as a result of the bank's operations to open and maintain customer accounts, accept deposits (deposits), issue its own securities in the form of debt obligations (deposit and savings certificates , bills and bonds).

Individuals or legal entities deposit their free cash in the bank in order to receive income in the form of interest. Such relations are fixed by a bank deposit agreement, which can be executed by issuing a savings book, savings or deposit certificate or other document to the depositor that meets the requirements of the law, banking rules and business customs.

To attract cash deposits of legal entities, banks must have a license to conduct banking operations. Banks, depending on the licenses they have, can take deposits only in rubles or in rubles and foreign currency.

In order to attract deposits of funds from individuals, the bank must have one of the following licenses:

) to attract deposits of individuals' funds in rubles;

). to attract deposits of individuals' funds in rubles and foreign currency;

). general license.

A bank can obtain such licenses after two years from the date of state registration and stable operation in the banking services market. Thus, a higher financial stability of banks working with the funds of the population is ensured.

There is a huge variety of types of deposits in the banking services market. This will be explained by the desire of banks to meet the demand of various customer groups for banking services, thereby attracting their savings and free cash to bank accounts.

Deposits can be classified according to various criteria: terms, sources of deposits, categories of depositors, forms of withdrawal of deposits, purpose, degree of return, etc.

Based on the category of depositors, deposits of legal entities and individuals can be distinguished. There are a number of differences between these contributions. So, deposits of individuals are formalized by a bank deposit agreement, which is a public agreement (a public agreement is an agreement concluded by a commercial organization and establishing its obligations to sell goods, work performed, services that it must, by the nature of its activities, carry out in relation to everyone who she will apply (Article 426 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation)). Such an agreement is characterized by uniform conditions for all investors. For legal entities, the agreement defines individual conditions for accepting their contribution.

There is the following classification of client funds by terms of attraction:

funds on settlement and current accounts;

funds on demand accounts;

term deposits and deposits.

Customer funds on settlement (current) accounts and accounts of correspondent banks are the largest source of attracting resources to the bank's turnover. In their economic essence, these accounts represent demand deposits. Withdrawal of funds from these accounts, transfer to the account of another person occurs without any restrictions (in whole or in part), at any time, at the first request of their owners. Therefore, rates on demand accounts are set by the bank at a minimum level. The operation of such accounts is regulated by bank and correspondent account agreements. Such accounts are most often used for settlement transactions, less often for savings. Business entities open such accounts in connection with the need to make settlements, make payments, receive funds at their disposal, using banks as intermediaries. Write-off, crediting of funds to accounts on demand can be made in cash, check, transfer, other settlement documents. Write-offs of amounts of funds from customer accounts are reflected in debits, crediting - in credits. The settlement accounts of legal entities from counterparties receive proceeds from the sale of goods, works, services, income from non-sales operations, the amount of loans received from banks, as well as the expenditure of these funds on payments to suppliers, the payment of taxes to budgets of various levels, transfers to various extra-budgetary funds, payment of wages to workers and employees, repayment of bank loans and interest on them, etc.

Demand deposits make up the main part in the structure of attracted funds of commercial banks, as they are usually the cheapest source of banking resources.

The balance of funds on settlement accounts of legal entities is mobile. The owner at any time can withdraw funds from the account or transfer them to the accounts of his counterparties in commodity transactions.

Therefore, commercial banks, in order to maintain their liquidity while fulfilling the requirements of the owners of these accounts, must constantly keep their highly liquid assets at a sufficient level (money on the bank’s cash desk and on a correspondent account with the RCC of the Bank of Russia, in government securities, etc.). But despite the high mobility of funds in demand accounts, commercial banks take on a certain risk and use these deposits as sources of effective credit resources.

Among demand deposits, one can single out a deposit for settlements using bank cards. The peculiarity of such a deposit lies in the right of the account holder to make settlements and receive cash. As a rule, there is a limit on the receipt of cash. The use of bank cards is undoubtedly convenient for customers, and it also allows the bank to accumulate significant funds without paying high interest. It is calculated that when wages are credited to card accounts for half a year after opening an account, account balances are accumulated equal to approximately two monthly earnings, while interest is charged at the rates established for demand deposits. However, the use of this type of resources requires large initial costs for special equipment, software, and for conducting an advertising campaign to attract customers. Balances on settlement, current accounts, demand deposits and deposits for settlements using bank cards are considered the most mobile banking resources.

At the same time, legal entities can place a stable amount of their temporarily free funds in the bank on time deposit accounts. The possibility of withdrawing funds from the account by the owner at any time is, as mentioned earlier, the reason for setting the lowest rates on such deposits. But, despite the high liquidity of such funds, they represent a stable resource for commercial banks. Therefore, banks that are interested in financially stable clients with permanent funds in their accounts should strive to attract clients by providing additional services to account holders, as well as by improving the quality of service.

In addition to the usual types of demand deposits, world banking practice knows such types of demand deposits as nau accounts and certified check accounts (USA).

A feature of sci-accounts is that they can be used to issue settlement documents in favor of third parties. Such accounts are opened only to individuals and non-profit firms. Nau accounts are an excellent combination of the principle of liquidity and the possibility of obtaining profitability in the form of interest.

Certified check accounts are demand deposit accounts where funds are set aside for payment of certified checks. The latter are checks on which the bank makes a special note about the availability of funds to pay them.

To determine the possibility of using demand deposits in the implementation of urgent active transactions, commercial banks should conduct a quantitative analysis of the deposit base. To do this, you should calculate the indicators that characterize the deposit base:

) The level of settling of funds, showing the growth rate of the resource base for the analyzed period. The calculation formula is as follows:

Uo \u003d (Ok-He) / P

where Uo is the level of subsidence,

OK - balance at the end of the period,

He is the remainder at the beginning of the period,

P - receipts on deposits during the period

The higher the level of deposit settling, the better for banks. The zero value of the indicator indicates the invariance of the contribution, the growth of the numerical value of the indicator indicates that the inflow of deposits exceeds their outflow.

) Average holding period - reflects the average number of days during which funds are kept on demand deposits. This indicator makes it possible to determine the term for placing attracted resources in working assets according to the formula:

C \u003d Osr * D / V,

Where C is the average shelf life,

Osr - average balance during the period,

D is the number of days in the period under review,

B- withdrawal or transfer of funds during the period

) Irreducible balance of demand deposits - a constant irreducible share of customer funds that can be placed in profitable working assets:

But = Osr / P

Where No is the irreducible remainder,

Osr - average balance during the period

P - receipts on deposits during the period.

Term deposits are funds of individuals and legal entities deposited in a bank for a fixed period. Such accounts are not used for making current payments. During the term of the deposit, additional contributions from its owner - a legal entity to the deposit account are not accepted, except for such a type of term deposit as a term deposit with additional contributions. Refunds for legal entities are carried out at the end of the term, unless otherwise provided by the deposit account agreement, but cash withdrawals from accounts are impossible, funds from a deposit account can only be directed to a current account. Legal entities do not have the right to transfer funds on deposits to third parties.

Deposits of individuals are formalized by a bank deposit agreement. An unlimited number of bank deposit agreements can be concluded with the same depositor and, accordingly, an unlimited number of accounts can be opened. The bank deposit agreement provides for the following rights of the depositor: disposal of his deposit by proxy, payment of the deposit to a third party, bequest of the deposit in the prescribed manner, prohibition for the bank to change the interest rate on a term deposit unilaterally. The Civil Code of the Russian Federation provides for the return of deposits to citizens at their first request. If the contract contains a condition that provides for the citizen's refusal to receive his contribution on first demand, it shall be considered invalid. In case of early withdrawal of a term deposit by the depositor, the agreement must provide for the payment of interest to him not lower than on a demand deposit.

The basis for concluding a bank deposit agreement is a written application of the depositor, but the agreement is considered concluded from the moment the deposit is received by the bank. Funds can be deposited by a citizen in cash at the bank’s cash desk or credited to his account in a non-cash manner (by transferring funds by a third party or by the depositor himself to a term deposit from his demand account opened with this or another bank). Citizens when opening a deposit (regardless of its type) can be issued a savings book (or a cash deposit book), which can be nominal and bearer. A bearer savings book is recognized as a security. Information about depositors, deposits and their bank accounts, as well as about transactions with the latter, is a banking secret.

Banks may enter into savings deposit agreements with individuals for a specified period. The interest paid on savings deposits is lower than the interest on term deposits. There are several types of savings deposits that are opened for individuals: term deposits; urgent, with additional contributions; current; target, etc. Such deposits are convenient for banks in that they are usually long-term, and therefore can serve as a source of long-term investments.

Depending on the placement period, there are deposits for up to 30 days, from 31 to 90 days, from 91 to 180 days, from 181 to 1 year, from a year to 3 years, for a period of more than 3 years. Some banks also offer legal entities to place funds for a minimum period of 7 days. A term deposit for a bank client is not only potential money, but also capital. For time deposits and savings deposits, the interest rate is higher than for demand deposits, and the longer the term and the larger the size of the deposit, the higher it is.

Term deposits support the bank's liquidity to the greatest extent. Therefore, in order to ensure the stability of a commercial bank, it is desirable that the share of term deposits in bank deposits be 30-36%. Also, when managing time deposits, one should distinguish between large and small depositors, as their behavior is excellent. Usually, the behavior of small depositors is easier to predict, since they react more slowly to changes in the market situation (lack of money, rising interest rates and the emergence of new products from competing banks), unlike large clients. The selection of the largest depositors for a given bank is made on the basis of the average balance of turnover for the period.

You can also determine the following indicators: the percentage of the largest customers, the share of this group in the total turnover and in the total average balance. The higher this share, the more the bank depends on the activities of its largest clients. For a bank, it is preferable that the bulk of deposits be provided by small and medium-sized customers.

Summarizing the above, we can distinguish the following differences between a demand deposit and a term deposit:

1)Term deposits cannot be used for settlements and settlement documents are not issued for them;

2)The difference in the rate of turnover of funds: on demand deposits, the rate of turnover is much higher;

)Interest on time deposits is higher, therefore, they are more expensive for the bank;

)For time deposits, a requirement is established for the depositor to notify the bank in advance of the withdrawal of funds, especially for large and especially large deposits;

)The rate of deductions to the mandatory reserve fund for demand deposits is higher than for term deposits.

Term deposits can also be issued by deposit and savings certificates, or a bank bill. Bank certificates of deposit are issued to legal entities, savings certificates - to individuals. Certificate holders can be both residents and non-residents.

Savings and deposit certificates are securities certifying the amount of the deposit made to the bank, and the rights of the depositor (certificate holder) to receive the deposit amount and conditional interest at the bank that issued the certificate or in any of its branches after the expiration of the established period.

Not all banks have the right to issue certificates. In order to have such a right, the bank must comply with the following conditions:

carrying out banking activities for at least two years;

publication of annual reports, confirmed by an audit firm;

compliance with banking legislation and regulations of the Bank of Russia;

compliance with mandatory economic standards governing the activities of commercial banks by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;

availability of a reserve fund in the amount of at least 5% of the actually paid authorized capital;

compliance with the mandatory reserve requirements of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

The Bank is entitled to place deposit (savings) certificates only after registration of the terms of issue and circulation of certificates in the territorial office of the Bank of Russia.

Certificates can be issued only in the currency of the Russian Federation, circulation of which is possible only on its territory. They must be urgent. The use of bank certificates as a means of payment when paying for goods and services is not allowed. The main function of this security is the accumulation of funds. There are two types of bank certificates - nominal and bearer. The amount of the deposit and the accrued income, which depends on the amount of the established interest rate, the term and the amount of the deposit made to a separate bank account, are paid out upon the expiration of the certificate.

The right to claim a certificate may be assigned by the owner of the certificate to another person. Assignment under a bearer certificate is carried out by simple delivery, and under a nominal one - by means of an endorsement (cession), which is drawn up on the reverse side of the certificate form. It is a bilateral agreement between the person establishing his rights (assignor) and the person acquiring these rights (assignee). The certificate is issued only after the transfer by individuals and legal entities of the appropriate amount to special bank accounts that are designed to record the issued certificates. The interest rate on bank certificates is set by the Board of the Bank.

Upon maturity, the owner must present the certificate to the issuing bank along with an application for claiming funds on it, indicating the account to which they should be credited.

Early presentation of the certificate for payment is possible. In this case, the owner of the certificate receives the amount of the deposit indicated in the certificate and the interest at the demand rate effective in the bank at the time the certificate is presented. In the event that the term for receiving a deposit under the certificate is overdue, the bank pays the amount of the deposit and interest on it at the first request of the owner of the certificate, while the accrual of interest stops after the expiration of the term for claiming amounts under the bank certificate.

Certificates have significant advantages over time deposits, which are issued by deposit agreements. The probability of a large number of financial intermediaries in the distribution and circulation of certificates expands the circle of potential investors of the bank, and due to circulation in the secondary market, the certificate can be transferred (sold) ahead of time by the owner to another person with some income for the time of storage and without changing the volume of the bank's resources. With early withdrawal of a term deposit, the owner loses income, and the bank - part of the resources. The disadvantage of certificates in comparison with time deposits (deposits) is the increased costs of the bank associated with the issuance of certificates as a type of securities.

A bank bill is a security containing an unconditional debt obligation of the drawer (bank) to pay a certain amount to the holder of a bill in a specific place and a specified period. The issue and circulation of bills of exchange (including bank bills) are regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and Federal Law No. 48-FZ of March 11, 1997 "On a bill of exchange and a promissory note". Banks are guided by these documents when independently developing the conditions for the issuance and circulation of bills of exchange, which, unlike the conditions for the issuance and circulation of bank certificates, are not registered anywhere. Banks have the right to issue only promissory notes, both interest-bearing and discount, and place them among legal entities and individuals.

When presenting an interest-bearing bill to the bank for redemption, the first drawer (or the last drawer, if there is an endorsement on the bill) has the right to receive interest income for the actual period of his funds in the bank's turnover.

A discount note receives a discount income, which can be defined as the difference between the face value of the bill at which it is redeemed and the price at which it is sold to the first bill holder.

Bank bills have huge advantages. First of all, it is a highly liquid medium of circulation, since it can be transferred by endorsement; secondly, bills of exchange can act as a means of payment in settlements for goods and services between legal entities and individuals; thirdly, a bill is a highly profitable means of accumulation; fourthly, they can serve as collateral when customers apply for loans in other banks. Investment by clients of their free funds in bank bills is a very attractive and profitable business for them, and for banks - a stable and independently regulated resource of an urgent nature for the purpose of subsequent placement in bank assets (credits, currency, securities, etc.). Banks are not prohibited from issuing currency bills, which contributes to the accumulation of credit resources in foreign currency.

We should also talk about classification by type of deposit currency.

Ruble, currency and multicurrency deposits are allocated. A feature of multi-currency deposits is to minimize the risk of losses for depositors, which are associated with changes in the exchange rate difference of foreign currencies against the ruble, as well as cross-rates of foreign currencies. A depositor who has concluded such an agreement with the bank and deposited funds in a specific currency (for example, in euros) has the right to convert the deposit from one currency to another without withdrawing funds from the account at a predetermined degree of frequency (usually once per month or quarter). The entire deposit amount can be converted from one currency to another - the so-called full conversion, or a part of the deposit amount is converted, depending on the terms of the contract. Interest on this type of deposit is calculated in the currency in which the deposit is currently denominated. If, as a result of partial conversion, the deposit amount is expressed in several currencies, then interest on each part of the deposit is calculated in the corresponding currency.

As part of the deposit policy, banks should develop their own interest rate policy. It should be noted that banks have the right to set their own interest on borrowed funds. The bank's interest rate policy is influenced by external and internal factors. External factors include:

· State of the financial market

· inflation rate

· Demand for banking services

· Level of banking competition

· Policy of the Bank of Russia and the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation

· Regional specifics

· The state of the social environment

Internal factors include:

· The range of services provided by the bank

· Qualification and experience of personnel

· The composition of the bank's clients

When forming the interest rate policy, the bank takes into account that different sectors of the financial market are characterized by different interest rates, in particular:

· Money market rates used in short-term lending operations between financial institutions (including state ones) are the official discount rate, the rate on short-term interbank loans)

· The rates of the securities market are mainly the rates of return of various bonds at the time of their issue and the consequences in the secondary market

· Rates on bank operations with non-bank borrowers and lenders are rates associated with the provision and attraction of funds to these borrowers and lenders.

The interest rate policy of the bank is determined by the duration of the gap between the terms of the release of attracted and placed funds and fluctuations in interest rates, the level of interest risk, which is expressed in the risk of losses as a result of the excess of interest rates paid by the bank on attracted funds over the rates on loans.

When setting interest rates on passive operations, the bank takes into account the following factors:

· Interest rates vary depending on the terms, the amount of funds raised, the category of the client, the currency of funds, etc.

· The interest rate depends on the official discount rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and reserve requirements.

· The value of the interest on attracted resources must be real, i.e. take into account the level of interest rates on active operations and margin.

Using various methods of calculating and paying interest, banks increase the interest of depositors in placing their funds. There are the following types of interest rates:

simple and complex;

permanent and floating.

In banking practice, the calculation of income on deposits most often occurs by accruing simple interest. This method involves choosing as the basis for calculating the actual balance of the deposit. Calculation and payments on the deposit take place in accordance with the interest stipulated by the agreement and on time. Simple interest can be paid in two ways: interest is repaid simultaneously with the payment of principal at maturity (the most common option), or interest is paid periodically, and the principal is repaid at the end of the term of the deposit agreement.

Compound interest involves compounding interest on interest. When the billing period expires, interest is calculated on the deposit amount and the resulting amount is added to the deposit amount. Thus, in the next billing period, the interest rate is applied to a new base that has increased by the amount of previously accrued income.

1.3 Approaches to developing a deposit policy

The development of a deposit policy should include several strategic approaches, the application of which will allow solving the following applied tasks:

expansion of the permanent clientele of the bank

increase in the total amount of funds raised on favorable terms for the bank.

The first approach is based on prioritizing the choice of client groups for a particular bank.

The first variant of this approach assumes that banks are oriented towards VIP clients. The implementation of this option involves the opening of super-profitable accounts for individual investors in order to solve problems in another area of ​​financial activity. At the same time, a commercial bank is not interested in the market of deposit operations. In this case, the bank focuses on legal entities, namely corporate structures with a high annual turnover. In this case, VIP accounts are opened for owners and top managers of enterprises, and in addition to standard services, additional services are also provided on favorable terms (as a rule, these include lending and tax consulting). The use of this option gives a chance to take a stable position in the market, which is occupied only by well-known banks.

This method is suitable for newly created banks with an average equity capital, whose permanent clientele was chosen by a limited number of enterprises. But there are also disadvantages: it is impossible for the bank to profitably place the funds attracted to these accounts, which leads to unprofitability.

The second option is designed for a narrow circle of people with exceptionally high incomes. This method involves the exclusion of the mass clientele and the allocation of a certain circle of persons (the so-called "elite" investors) who can afford large cash deposits. The Bank achieves this result by limiting the minimum term and size of the deposit. On the one hand, this provides the bank with the most favorable structure of deposits and simplifies the further placement of funds raised on them. On the other hand, it increases the level of costs both for attracting funds for deposits and for the provision of additional services. In domestic practice, this method is inappropriate, since the Russian private depositor does not trust his savings to "our" banks, preferring to keep them abroad.

The third option is aimed at certain categories of customers.

It is based on the restriction of the bank's client groups in the deposit services market. In this option, the priority is not the "financial solvency" of clients, but to which business area or social group of individuals they belong. That is why all attention is paid to marketing tools, not financial ones. This allows you to work along with large banks due to the fact that not standard, but exclusive service packages are offered, designed to meet the needs of customers. When providing such services, it is necessary to take into account the further financial prospects and a stable clientele in this market segment. Such services are quite acceptable for credit institutions in large cities, where they can offer just a narrow and special profile of services.

The fourth option involves targeting a mass clientele. This option is based on attracting the maximum number of depositors on normal terms and not claiming "exclusive" services and offers of the bank. At the same time, various types of deposits with different service conditions are being developed. This makes it possible to increase the resource base, but at the same time limits the provision of an optimal deposit structure. It is also necessary not to forget that the mass clientele implies the presence of a branch network, which requires large financial investments for its development. Network services can both empower and incur losses. A good example is the Savings Bank of Russia, which in the 1990s, due to the economic crisis, closed the branches of the most disadvantaged regions in order to avoid large losses. The use of this option is available only to large banks with a developed branch network. A significant disadvantage is also the complication of the process of managing a huge number of deposits.

The second approach is related to the definition of methods for attracting customers for a particular bank.

The priority of the first option is to focus on price methods. This option creates acceptable conditions that will attract a mass clientele. As a rule, these are individuals and small business entrepreneurs, due to which credit institutions can get a rapid expansion of the serviced market segment. As a rule, free related services are not provided at this level, but there are exceptions for VIP clients. The use of this method leads to an increase in interest expenses for the formation of the resource base, which reduces the overall profitability of the bank, as well as increases the likelihood of interest risks. If we consider this option in Russian banks, then an artificial increase in the interest rate may not attract, but scare away potential customers. This option is well suited for newly created banks that seek to quickly occupy their niche in the service market.

The second option is aimed at expanding the number of additional services. This option focuses on non-price methods of competition. The bank offers a "package service", which includes service or related services for different categories of customers. This attraction of customers allows you to avoid additional interest costs. If you take a standard credit institution, then it will have to expand its profile of services, which will entail additional costs for marketing activities to determine the needs of various clients and training new staff in the right profile. This option is appropriate for large banks that have been operating on the market for a long time and have experienced a trend towards an outflow of clientele due to the fault of “young” competitors.

The third option focuses on attracting customers through a corporate service scheme. This option works according to the well-known marketing technique to attract customers through the employer. If an enterprise is a regular customer of a bank and uses settlement and cash services, then, as a rule, both card and deposit accounts are automatically opened for employees of this enterprise. On the one hand, this significantly increases the customer base at the expense of individuals. It is also impossible to ignore the factor that such a structure of deposit accounts will be unprofitable for a bank due to the short-term nature of the funds that are attracted. This option is quite acceptable for large banks that issue their electronic cards.

The third approach is based on the interest rate management method. The first option focuses on fixed interest rates. This option involves specific and fixed interest rates that are formed in the process of concluding an agreement. Such rates cannot be changed during the entire stipulated period. This allows the two parties to maintain stability on the basis of the agreement, while allowing the bank to plan ahead for interest expenses. On the other hand, this may have a bad effect on a flexible interest rate policy, since in our time, when the external environment does not have a clear stability, and inflation rates, as a rule, are poorly predicted, as well as the national currency rate.

The second option specializes in "floating" interest rates. Under this option, only short-term deposits can have a fixed interest rate. As a rule, these are demand deposits and deposits for a period of 1 to 3 months, but even so, the degree of inflation must be taken into account. Longer-term deposits are subject to change according to the principle of "floating interest", which depends on the external economic environment. This allows the depositor to reduce the risk, and the bank to control interest risks, regardless of external and internal factors in the market. The only inconvenience for large banks is the additional time spent on servicing such accounts. In Russia, as a rule, there are complications with recalculations of such accounts for the reason that there is no clear regulation for recalculation. If we take as an example the Central Bank of Russia, which, when changing the interest rate, proceeds from inflation data provided by the government, which are far from always similar to the situation on the market. This option is appropriate for any banks operating in an unstable macro environment, provided there are objective criteria for changing interest rates.

Summing up the above theoretical material, we can say that the bank's deposit policy is an important part of the bank's policy to attract temporarily free funds of organizations and the population to bank accounts in various kinds of deposits (deposits), which is primarily based on the strategic plan of the bank, on analysis of the structure, present state and dynamics of the bank's resource base and should be based on the main prospects for its development. This process must be regulated both by the state and by internal banking regulations and rules. Various structural divisions are involved in the development of the deposit policy. Each bank independently determines for itself the structure of attracted resources, the terms, procedure and conditions for attracting funds, by developing deposit products that are attractive to customers. It is deposits that are the main source of bank resources, but, being a source of resource formation, they also have some disadvantages: by attracting funds to deposits, the bank incurs certain monetary costs, and also bears certain risks associated with a change in the behavior of depositors. Nevertheless, the competition between banks in the market of credit resources forces them to take measures to develop services that help attract deposits.

commercial bank deposit

2. Deposit policy of a commercial bank (on the example of OJSC "Baltic Investment Bank")

1 General characteristics of OJSC "Baltic Investment Bank"

Before considering the bank's deposit policy, it is important to give a brief description of it, it is necessary to know its history.

BALTINVESTBANK was established in the form of an open joint stock company and carries out its activities on the basis of the General License of the Bank of Russia No. 3176 dated May 20, 2003. Location of the Bank: 197101, St. Petersburg, st. Divenskaya, house 1, letter A. The authorized capital of the Bank is 256,758,192.07 rubles.

In December 1994 BALTONEXIM BANK was established. This is how the activities of the current BALTINVESTBANK started, and the start was very good: after a year of operation, many enterprises and organizations of St. Petersburg were clients of the bank, and the bank also serviced the issue of State city short-term bonds of the administration of St. Petersburg.

A year later, the Bank becomes a member of the worldwide interbank telecommunications system - S.W.I.F.T. In 1996, the bank began to work with customs, which became one of the most important activities of the bank. So, already after 2 years of work, the bank has the customs accounts of the North-Western Customs Administration and the accounts of the Territorial Road Fund of St. Petersburg. In 1997, the Russian Trading System assigned the Bank the status of a dealer, at the same time it becomes an authorized bank of the government of the Leningrad Region.

In the difficult years of the financial crisis in Russia, the Bank not only does not suffer losses, but even attracts new customers, and also opens its first branch in Vyborg, and the next year the second one in Arkhangelsk.

In 1999, such St. Petersburg power engineering enterprises as LMZ, ZTL, and Elektrosila became strategic financial partners of the Bank.

In 2001, the Bank signs an agreement to finance the supply of heat energy for the housing stock of St. Petersburg and enterprises with the city administration, OOO Peterburgregiongaz, JSC Lenenergo and State Unitary Enterprise TEK SPb.

In 2002, the Bank becomes the first to issue customs cards in St. Petersburg.

BALTINVESTBANK received its name in 2003. In the same year, the first additional office of the Bank was opened in St. Petersburg, which was the beginning of the development of its retail trade.

year - The Bank develops a new strategic direction: programs for lending to small and medium-sized businesses are being developed jointly with the Russian Bank for Development. In the same year, BALTINVESTBANK introduces a new system of time deposits.

In 2005, a new 2-year development strategy for the Bank was approved: the main task is to expand business and enter the TOP-100 largest banks in Russia. At the same time, the Bank was included in the register of participants in the deposit insurance system. The next year, the Bank is actively expanding its network - 8 new additional offices were opened in St. Petersburg, Arkhangelsk, Samara, and a new branch of the Bank was opened in Moscow. BALTINVESTBANK, according to the results of the competition "Financial Petersburg", is recognized as the best bank in 2006 in servicing legal entities. Roland Berger Strategy Consultant, the largest international consulting company, is developing a new 5-year development strategy for the Bank for 2007-2011. Its main goal is to position the Bank as an inter-regional player with an emphasis on lending programs for small and medium-sized businesses.

In 2007, only 9 additional offices were opened in St. Petersburg, Samara, the Arkhangelsk region and the first operational office in Tolyatti.

At the end of the year, BALTINVESTBANK entered the TOP-100 most profitable and efficient banks in Russia.

In 2008, the Bank increases its capital from 1 billion rubles to 3.358 billion rubles by carrying out an additional issue of shares. In the same year, BALTINVESTBANK places its debut bond issue on MICEX in the amount of 1 billion rubles.

As of the end of 2008, the Bank is completing the opening of a new network of offices in St. Petersburg, opening an additional branch in Krasnodar and seven more operating offices in other cities of Russia.

In 2008 the Bank chose the investment line of business. He becomes the General Agent for the issue and placement of bonds in the Kaluga region, Yakutsk, Volgograd, Tomsk.

In 2009, the Bank consistently implemented its long-term development strategy. Based on the results of the year, the Bank's network includes 5 branches and 42 offices in different cities of Russia.

Actively developing, the Bank managed not to lose its positions during the crisis years. Thus, during the crisis year, the Bank was able to rise in the banking ratings of Interfax and RBC by 12 and 9 positions, taking positions 78 and 79, respectively.

The volume of the authorized capital of the Bank at the end of 2010 amounted to 256,758,192 rubles due to the ninth additional issue of shares. In the summer of 2010, BALTINVESTBANK opens a new branch in the city of Yekaterinburg, which operates as a universal division of the Bank to serve legal entities and individuals in all areas of banking.

In order to achieve the goal of expanding the Bank's business, in 2010 the management is reorganizing the management structure by selling the Bank's products. Thanks to this, a single structure has emerged that is able to control the sales of retail and corporate business. Within this structure, an analytical department was created. Its main task is the study and monitoring of banking services, as well as the development and promotion of new competitive products.

During 2010, the Bank is successfully developing one of its key areas of activity - lending to small businesses. To this end, the Bank is building up cooperation with the Russian Development Bank, the Government of St. Petersburg and other regions. In 2010, the Bank received 7 tranches totaling RUB 710 million for lending programs for small and medium businesses from RBD.

In addition, in 2010 the National Banking Award awards BALTINVESTBANK in the nomination "Leader in lending to small and medium-sized businesses."

In 2010, the Bank significantly strengthened its position in the sub-federal and municipal bond market. According to the Cbonds agency, BALTINVESTBANK became one of the largest organizers of sub-federal and municipal bonds and ranked fourth in terms of placements. In 2010, the Bank was the organizer of 13 issues of seven issuers.

Every year, the Bank participates in various charitable projects, such as financing the complete restoration of the sculptural ensemble of Peter Klodt "The Taming of the Horse" on the Anichkov Bridge in St. Petersburg and the Rostral Columns on the spit of Vasilyevsky Island.

BALTINVESTBANK provides a wide variety of services to legal entities and individuals. The following types of services are provided for individuals: deposits in rubles and foreign currency, various credit programs, money transfers, payment for cellular services, opening and maintenance of plastic cards, cash transactions, safe services and others.

In servicing legal entities, the bank also offers a wide and profitable range of services, such as: settlement and cash services, lending, offers favorable conditions for the placement of temporarily free funds, carries out operations with non-cash foreign currency, issues customs cards, provides bank guarantees, offers various payroll and corporate projects, as well as the possibility of remote banking services. In addition, the bank participates in long-term financing of investment projects. It can also be noted that BALTINVESTBANK performs the functions of a currency control agent.

As mentioned above, the main strategic direction of the Bank's activity is servicing small and medium-sized businesses, but since 2010 the Bank has been striving to increase the share of individuals in the structure of deposits for the purpose of funding in the short-medium term. In 2010, the volume of funds of individuals in the Bank increased by 45:% and as of January 1, 2011 amounted to 13.88 billion rubles (Fig. 3).

Fig.3. Attracting funds from individuals

It can be seen from the diagram that the Bank is successfully following the chosen strategy; This was achieved by developing the most attractive range of deposits for individuals.

There was also an increase in the volume of deposits from legal entities from 11,874 million rubles in 2008 to 25,861 million rubles, but if in 2008 attracted funds from individuals accounted for a third of legal entities, then in 2011 they already accounted for half.

At the moment, the Bank is among the 100 largest banks in Russia in three main rankings. Thus, according to the ranking of the RBC agency, in the period from 2006 to 2011, the Bank rose from 147th place to 72nd, and net assets increased from 6,608 million rubles to 50,310 million rubles, which is more than 8 times. The growth of BALTINVESTBANK's business exceeds the average market growth rates of the banking sector, which explains the stable upward movement in the rankings. Also, successfully following the chosen strategy, providing quality services to small and medium-sized businesses, in 2011 the Bank increased its own funds by almost 1,000,000 thousand rubles and amounted to 4,798,007 thousand rubles as of 01.01.2011 (as of 01.01.2010 - 3,699,694 thousand rubles). rubles).

Types of deposits of BALTINVESTBANK

The most important in the resource base of OJSC BALTNVESTBANK is the deposits of legal entities. So as of 01/01/2011. attraction from legal entities amounted to 38% of the total structure of liabilities. This value is quite understandable, since the priority direction in the Bank's activity is work with legal entities.

Fig.4. Diagram of the structure of the resource base of "BALTINVESTBANK"

It should be noted that in the previous year, raising funds accounted for 57% of the structure of the bank's liabilities, of which 30% accounted for raising funds from legal entities, therefore, the increase in the volume of funds raised in 2011 was due to an active policy in the field of raising funds from legal entities.

Let's consider what types of deposits and conditions for them are offered by the Bank for legal entities as of 1.01.2011 (Table 1)

Table 1.

Types of deposits of "BALTINVESTBANK" for legal entities

Types of depositTerms of deposit, prolongationAmount of initial depositNoteAnnual %ClassicFrom 7 to 30 days 31-60 days 61-90 days 91-180 days 181-271 days 271-365 days From 366From 300,000 rubles From 10,000 USD From 10,000 EURDeposit replenishment/withdrawal funds are not provided3 - 9% 0.25 - 6% 0.25 - 6% InvestorFrom 91 to 180 days 181-271 days 272 - 365 days From 366 daysFrom 300,000 rubles From 10,000 US dollars From 10,000 euros It is possible to replenish the deposit from 100 RUB 000, USD 5,000, EUR 3,000, no withdrawals5.75-8.25% 2.75-5.25% 2.75-5.25%ConvenientFrom 31-60 days 61-90 days 91-180 days 181-271 days 271-365 days From 366 days From RUB 300,000 From USD 10,000 From EUR 10,000 ,75%MobileFrom 91-180 days 181-271 days 272-365 days From 366 days1,000,000 rubles 50,000 US dollars 50,000 eurosReplenishment of the deposit from 100,000 rubles, 5,000 US dollars, 3,000 Euros, partial withdrawal is allowed4-6% 1-3% 1- 3%Certificates of deposit and bills of exchangeFrom 7 to 30 days 31-60 days 61-90 days 91-180 days 181-271 days 271-365 days From 366From RUB 300,000 From USD 10,000 From EUR 10,0003-9% 0.25 -6% 0.25-6%

It can be seen from the table that the most profitable placement of funds for legal entities is the “Classic” deposit and in certificates of deposit and bills of exchange, since the rates for these products are the highest (up to 9% for ruble deposits and 6% for deposits in foreign currency). ), it is also possible to place funds for the shortest possible time - 7 days. For some deposit products, it is possible to replenish the deposit, but with certain conditions: for deposits with a volume of 100,000 rubles, 5,000 US dollars, 3,000 Euros, with a deadline for making additional contributions (30 days before the expiration of the deposit), also there is a limit on the maximum amount of deposits, taking into account additional contributions: for the "Investor" deposit - this is 300% of the initial deposit amount, for the "Mobile" deposit - 500%. The possibility of partial withdrawals also reduces the possibility of earning more income. For all types of deposits, in case of early termination of the agreement, an interest rate is paid based on the “Demand” rate - 1% per annum for ruble deposits / deposits, 0.1% per annum - in foreign currency.

Analyzing the deposit products offered by the Bank for legal entities, we can draw the following conclusions on them:

interest rates on deposits/deposits are the higher, the longer the term of the deposit. So, for deposits with a minimum deposit term of 7 days, the following rates apply - 3% for ruble deposits and 0.25% for deposits in foreign currency, when by placing funds for a period of 366 days it is possible to receive up to 9% per annum;

The interest rate on the product also depends on the amount of the deposit. So, for example, a Mobile deposit with a term of 366 days and an amount from 300,000 to 10,000,000 rubles is accepted at 8.5% per annum, and the same deposit, but in an amount of 50,000,001 rubles at 9% per annum;

it should be noted that interest rates on deposits in rubles are below the level of inflation (for 2010 inflation was 8.8%, for 2011 - 9.4% - according to an independent news agency);

According to the tax legislation, none of the proposed types of deposits is subject to taxation, since the excess of the rate on deposits in rubles does not exceed five percentage points of the refinancing rate (in 2011 it is 8.25%), and deposits in foreign currency do not exceed 9% per annum.

For individuals, the Bank has developed a wide range of deposits (Table 2).

Table 2.

Types of deposits of "BALTINVESTBANK" for individuals

Types of depositsTerm of deposit, prolongationAmount of initial deposit and additional contributionsNoteAnnual %"On demand"100 rubles 10 dollars 10 eurosAdditional deposits and partial withdrawals are possible0.1%"Spring"735 daysFrom 6000 rubles 200 US dollars 200 euros 8.75-9% 5.25 -5.5% 5.25-5.5% "Cumulative"91 days 181 days 357 days 735 days3000 rubles (additional contribution 3000) 100 US dollars (additional contribution -100) 100 euros (additional contribution -100) Extension and extra contributions are possible, partial withdrawals are not allowed4.75%-- 7.75% 2.% -4.25% 2.% -4.25% "Savings PLUS"91 days 181 days 357 days 735 days3000 rubles (additional fee - 3000) 100 US dollars (additional fee - 100) 100 euros (additional fee - 100) contributions are possible, partial withdrawals are not allowed4.5% - 7.5% 1.75% - 4% 1.75% - 4% "Pension"91 days 181 days 357 days 735 days1000 rubles (additional contribution -300) 100 US dollars (additional contribution - 50) 100 euros (additional fee - 50) contributions are possible, partial withdrawals are not allowed5.15% -7.75% 2.5%- 4.25% 2.5%- 4.25% "Classic"31 days 61 days 91 days 181 days 357 days 735 days6000 rubles. 200 US dollars 200 eurosProlongation available, add. contributions and partial withdrawals are not possible1.5% -8.75% 0.5% - 5.25% 0.5% - 5.25% "Classic Plus"735 days6 000 rubles 200 US dollars 200 euros contributions and partial withdrawals are not possible 8.25% -8.5% 4.75% - 5% 4.75% - 5% "Multicurrency"181 days 357 days 735 days30,000 rubles 1000 US dollars 1000 euros contributions and partial withdrawals are not possible6.75% - 8% 2.75% - 4.5% 2.75% - 4.5%"Interest in advance"91 days6 000 rubles 200 US dollars 200 euros contributions and partial withdrawals are not possible5.50% - 6% 2% - 2.50% 2% - 2.50%"Monthly income"91 days 181 days 357 days 735 days6 000 rubles 200 US dollars 200 euros contributions and partial withdrawals are not possible5.25% - 8.25% 2.25% - 4.75% 2.25% - 4.75%"Daily income"91 days 181 days 357 days 735 days150,000 rubles 5,000 US dollars 5,000 euros contributions and partial withdrawals are not possible5.25% -8% 2% - 4.5% 2% - 4.5%"Universal"91 days 181 days 357 days 735 days 100) 5,000 euros (additional fee -100) contributions and partial withdrawals are possible3.75% - 6.75% 1.75% - 3.25% 1.75% - 3.25% "Special VIP"91 days 181 days 357 days 735 days5,000,000 rubles (additional contribution 300,000) fee 10,000) 150,000 euros (add. installment 10 000) Prolongation, add. contributions and partial withdrawals are possible6.5% - 9% 3.5% - 5.5% 3.5% - 5.5% "Savings" 10 rubles 1 US dollar 1 euroProlongation, add. contributions and withdrawals possible1% 0.25% 0.25%

It is quite obvious that the interest rate on deposits for individuals varies depending on the same conditions as for deposits for legal entities, that is, depending on the term and amount of the deposit.

The most expensive deposits are the "Spring" deposit - up to 9% per annum, "Classic" - up to 8.75% per annum and "Special VIP" - 9% per annum.

It is obvious that OJSC BALTINVESTBANK has developed a line of deposits aimed at various market segments, there are deposits with a minimum deposit of 10, 100 and 1000 rubles, which is designed for not very rich sections of society, as well as deposits with a minimum deposit of 5,000,000 rubles.

For all types of deposits, prolongation is possible, which is carried out on the terms and conditions valid in the Bank on the date of prolongation for deposits of this type. In case of early termination of the deposit agreement, the accrual of interest and their payment is carried out in accordance with the rate on the "Savings" deposit.

It should be noted that the interest rates on deposits for individuals are not higher than the interest rates on deposits of legal entities.

2.3 Analysis of the bank's deposit policy

First of all, it should be noted that in Russia, as such, methods for analyzing the bank's deposit policy have not been developed. As a rule, banks themselves develop methods taking into account the specifics of their activities and the characteristics of their operations, based on the methodological operations of the Bank of Russia.

O.D. Zhilan proposes to evaluate the bank's deposit policy in stages. At the first stage, an “Assessment of the organizational aspects of the deposit policy of a commercial bank” is carried out. To do this, we will establish the presence of the following moments in the bank (Table 3):

Table 3. Organizational aspects of the bank's activities

Condition Presence of conditions in the bank - a document on the deposit policy containing its goals and objectives, the bank's strategy and means of its implementation - the presence of internal procedures and regulations that accompany the process of attracting funds to deposit accounts, namely: · regulations on deposits of legal entities, · regulations on deposits of individuals, · instructions on the procedure for making deposit transactions with legal entities, · instructions on the procedure for making deposit transactions with individuals. - subdivisions and management bodies involved in the analysis of the deposit portfolio and management of deposit resources, exercising control

Based on Table 3, we can conclude that all organizational aspects of the Bank's activities in the field of deposit policy are fully observed.

The second stage involves the analysis of the bank's deposit portfolio. The study of deposits should begin with market segmentation according to individual characteristics of customers, for example: residents and non-residents; legal entities and individuals; legal entities by branches of activity; small, medium, large average balance on the client's account or total monthly turnover on the client's account; by types of currencies and others.

Let us first analyze the deposit portfolio of a conditional bank in terms of the composition and structure of deposits (Table 4).

Table 4. Structure of the deposit portfolio of BALTINVESTBANK

Deposits As of 01.01.2009 As of 01.01.2010 Amount, RUB mln Share, % Amount, RUB mln Share, % Demand deposits, including 3862100.04871100.0 - legal entities individuals46912.257211.7Term deposits, incl.

The data in the table show that on average for 2009-2010. the largest share in the structure of demand deposits and in the structure of time deposits is occupied by deposits of legal entities (about 90% and 60%, respectively). During the analyzed period, the structure of deposits as a whole has not undergone significant changes. To analyze deposits by maturity, it is advisable to calculate the following indicators:

coefficient of urgency of the structure of deposits (d in D):

in D \u003d Ds / D \u003d 23 315 / 28186 \u003d 0.83

where Ds is the volume of term deposits; D is the total amount of deposits.

This coefficient characterizes the degree of constancy and stability of the resource base. For our bank, the share of term deposits in the total amount of the bank's deposits is assessed positively, because Term deposits as the most stable component of attracted funds provide the bank's liquidity, which makes it possible to carry out operations to place resources for longer periods. To ensure the stability of the bank, this ratio should be at a level not lower than 30-35%.

coefficient of the structure of liabilities (KSO):

Kso \u003d Dvostr. / Ds \u003d 3 862/14 603 \u003d 0.26

It characterizes the stability of the bank's financial resources. The lower the value of the indicator, the lower the relative need of the bank for liquid assets, due to the structure of liabilities. Next, we examine the structure of the deposit portfolio by types of clients (Table 5).

Table 5

Structure of deposits of BALTINVESTBANK by customer groups

Deposits As of 01.01.2009 As of 01.01.2010 Amount, million rubles Share in relation to the total amount of deposits, % Amount, million rubles Share in relation to the total amount of deposits, % Demand deposits, including 386221487117.2- legal entities3 39318.54 29915.2- individuals4692.55722Term deposits, incl. The analysis of this table allows us to conclude that term deposits (82.8%), including term deposits of legal entities (more than 50%), play a decisive role in the formation of the bank's deposit portfolio. Also, deposits of legal entities form the basis of attracted funds in demand deposits. This structure of deposits can be considered optimal, since the share of resources with certain terms of attraction is quite large.

The movement of deposits in 2010 is characterized by the data presented in Table 6.

Table 6. Movement of BALTINVESTBANK deposits

DepositsBalance of deposits as of 01.01.2010, RUB millionDeposits received for the year, RUB millionDeposits issued for the year, RUB millionBalance of deposits as of January 1, 2011, RUB millionGrowth rate of deposit balances,% Demand deposits, including 4,704, 49,6788 6,935,689 , 4121- legal lits4 1328 5497 8314 850117,4- physical lits572,4766668,4670117Srochnye deposits, t.ch.20 33928 08618 93029 495145- legal US persons.10 95515 09511 67014 380131,3- physical lits9 38413 7009 83413 250141,2Itogo50086,87587457626 .468334.4118.5

The data in the table show that the volume of attraction in general for the deposit portfolio increased by 118.5%. Term deposits increased most rapidly - the growth rate averaged 145%. The current dynamics testifies to the good work of the bank in the field of management, control and monitoring of attracting deposits.

Based on the data in this table, we will determine the average balances of deposits (Table 7).

Table 7. Balances of deposits of BALTINVESTBANK

DepositsBalance of deposits as of January 1, 2010, million rublesBalance of deposits as of January 1, 2011, million rublesAverage balance of deposits for the year, million rublesDemand deposits, including 4,704, 45,689, 45,196.9 - legal entities individuals572.4670621.2Term deposits, incl.

Table 6 shows that the resource balances during 2010 increased for all types of deposits and for the deposit portfolio as a whole by 18,247.6 million rubles. (68,334.4-50,086.8). The average balance of deposits (Dav) for the year was:

Dav = (ODnach + ODkon) / 2 = 50,086.8 + 68,334.4 = 59,210.6 million rubles.

where ODnach - the balance of deposits as of 01.01.2010;

ODkon - balance of deposits as of 01.01.2011.

The efficiency of deposit operations is characterized by two indicators of the turnover of deposits: the number of turnovers of the deposit ruble and the duration of one turnover of deposits for the period (the period of storage of the deposit ruble). The number of turnovers (n) that deposits will make will be equal to

n \u003d OVo / Dav \u003d 57 626.4 / 59 210.6 \u003d 0.97

where OVo is the turnover on the issuance of deposits (the amount of deposits issued for the period).

The number of deposits turnover shows how many times the depositors' funds were turned over during the period, and is a direct characteristic of the deposits turnover. The more turnovers deposits make for a certain period, the more efficient their use.

The average term of deposit storage for a year (T) is determined by the formula:

T \u003d Dav / (OS / m) \u003d 59 219.6 / (57 626.4 / 360) \u003d 370,

where T is the deposit term.

This indicator characterizes the average duration (in days or years) of one turnover of deposits and is the inverse characteristic of the rate of circulation of deposits. As you can see, the average term of keeping deposits in BALTINVESTBANK is long, the deposit policy of the bank is being carried out successfully.

Using the data in the table, we will determine the average retention periods by types of deposits and the number of turnovers that they will make during the year (Table 8).

Table 8. Indicators of the Bank's deposit turnover in 2010

DepositsDeposits issued per year, RUB mlnAverage balance of deposits per year, RUB mlnAverage term of keeping deposits per year daysNumber of turnovers made by depositsDemand deposits, including 8,6935,196.9215.61.67- legal entities individuals668.4621.23341.07Term deposits, incl.

The deposit turnover indicators considered in the table are interconnected as follows:

If T \u003d m / n, then n \u003d m / T,

then T \u003d 360 / 0.97 \u003d 370 days

and n = 360/370 = 0.97 turns

The difference between the inflow (Pd) and outflow of deposits (Vd), and

also between the value of the balance of deposits at the end (ODkon) and the beginning of the period (ODnach) is called the sum of the influx of deposits (Csp).

Spr \u003d ODkon - ODnach \u003d Pd - Vd.

This indicator will demonstrate the absolute increase in the resource base and to some extent will characterize the effectiveness of the bank's work in attracting resources. Let's calculate it based on the table data (Table 9)

Table 9

DepositsDeposits received for the year, mln RUBDeposits issued for the year, mln RUBAmount of inflow of deposits, mln RUBAverage deposit term for the year daysAverage daily inflow of deposits, mln RUBDemand deposits, including9 6788 693985215.64.57 - legal entities 49- individuals766668.497.63340.29Term deposits, incl.

As you can see in the table, our bank experienced a significant influx of funds in time deposits, namely from individuals, this is due to the fact that the bank is following its strategy to provide itself with a stable resource base at the expense of deposits from the population.

However, for a more specific characterization of the efficiency of operations for receiving and issuing deposits, the coefficients of inflow and settling of deposits are still used.

The deposit influx coefficient (CR) is defined as the percentage of the amount of influx of deposits for the reporting period to the balance of deposits at the beginning of the period:

Kpr \u003d Spr / ODnach * 100%.

The settling rate of deposits (Kos) is obtained by comparing the amount of the influx of deposits with the total amount of deposits received for the period and is also expressed as a percentage:

Kos \u003d Spr / By * 100%.

The deposit inflow coefficient shows the increase in the amount of deposits in relation to their value at the beginning of the period, and the settling coefficient - in relation to the amount of deposits received for the period. Using the table data, we will determine these indicators (Table 10).

Table 10

Inflow and settling coefficients of the Bank's deposits in 2010

DepositsDeposits received for the year, RUB millionDeposits issued for the year, RUB millionDeposit growth rate,% Deposit settling rate,%Demand deposits, including9 6788 69318.91.3 - legal entities8 5497 831160.9 - individuals ,70.1Term deposits, including 28 08618 93036.712 - legal entities15 09511 670274.5 - individuals13 7009 83434.25Total 7587457626.430.824

Table 10 shows that the amount of the influx of deposits for the year amounted to

247.6 million rubles (75874-57626.4).

Let's calculate the coefficients of tide and settling of deposits:

Kpr \u003d (18247.6 / 59 210.6) * 100 \u003d 30.8%;

Kos \u003d (18247.6 / 75874) * 100 \u003d 24%

At the same time, the data in Table 10 show that there was an inflow of deposits of approximately 12% on term deposits. Moreover, the largest increase of 5% occurred in attracting fixed-term deposits from individuals. This trend emerged due to the great attractiveness of interest rates and terms for time depositors.

To analyze the turnover of resources, we will determine the average shelf life and average balances of deposits for the year (Table 11).

Table 11. Holding periods and balances of bank deposits

DepositsAverage term of keeping deposits for a year, days201020092010Average balance of deposits for a year, million rublesAverage daily balance of deposits, million rublesDemand deposits, including 203215.65 196.94.57 - legal entities 49- individuals278334621.20.29Term deposits, including 446473.724 91719.33- legal entities35839112 667.58.76- individuals404414.5113179.33Total33237059 210.649.32 The table shows a trend towards an increase in the terms of deposit storage. The duration of resource mobilization for the whole deposit portfolio increased by 38 days (370 - 332) under the influence of changes in the structure of deposits, as well as due to differences in the conditions of deposits. The terms of attraction vary significantly by types of deposits and types of clients, which may be directly related to the goals of depositors and the attractiveness of deposit storage conditions for different clients, the specifics of the deposit policy of a particular commercial bank, changes in the economic situation and other reasons. That is why the bank must know and study these factors and trends, manage them and act as an active participant in the deposit market.

Let us determine the index of the average duration of use of deposits of variable composition:

T1 /t0 = 370/332 = 1.114 or 111.4%

Therefore, we can conclude that the terms of using deposits on average for the deposit portfolio increased by 11.4%, or by 38 days (370-332), so the resource base of this bank became more stable.

The analysis carried out in banks must necessarily end with calculations of reserves for economic efficiency growth. For example, using the indicator of the term for attracting deposits, one can determine the economic effect of increasing the terms for attracting resources (Ed). We calculate it as the difference between the terms of attracting deposits in the reporting and base year, multiplied by the amount of the average daily inflow of deposits in the reporting year. As a result, we get:

Ed \u003d (t1 - t0) SDpr1

Ed \u003d (370-332) * 49.32 \u003d 1874.16 million rubles.

Based on this formula, we can conclude that the economic effect is related to the increase in settling and the increase in the terms of attracting deposits.

The management of deposit resources of a commercial bank, attracted in sufficient amount, is designed to ensure maximum efficiency of use. The effectiveness of the use of deposit resources is calculated in the next stage of assessing the bank's deposit activities. The conditions for its achievement are the maintenance of liquidity at a level acceptable to the bank, the use of the entire set of deposit resources and the achievement of a high level of profitability (profit on invested deposit resources).

Table 12

Calculation of the effectiveness of the use of attracted funds

2010Amount of funds raised, million rubles35,262Loan debt, million rubles30,035Utilization ratio of borrowed funds1.17

Based on the data given in the table, we conclude that the funds raised are not fully used. The rest of the attracted funds goes to the formation of required reserves.

Summing up the analysis, we can conclude that the bank pursues a successful deposit policy. The main part of the resource base is term deposits, and this ensures the stable stability of the bank, the share of term resources exceeds the minimum rate of 30-36% (for BALTINVESTBANK this share is 80%). individuals. Every year, the term of deposit storage increases, which also led to an increase in the stability of BALTINVESTBANK's resources.

Chapter 3. Improving the deposit policy of OJSC "BALTINVESTBANK"

3 Optimization of the deposit policy of OJSC BALTINVESTBANK

Today the market of bank deposits is characterized by rather low interest rates. But nevertheless, money comes to banks, which is connected with the invariance of the savings behavior of the population and the continuation of trends in the deposit market, observed last year according to the DIA agency. At the moment, there is excess liquidity in banks, so banks do not seek to develop new and profitable products. The need of banks for funds depends entirely on the dynamics of lending. At the moment, the pace of lending has slowed down, but there is a possibility of its growth, so many banks, especially medium and small ones, may need additional funds in the form of deposits, which will provoke the development of new competitive products by banks.

Thanks to the study of the theoretical foundations of the deposit policy and the ongoing deposit policy in BALTINVESTBANK OJSC, I have developed a number of proposals and recommendations for improving the deposit policy in a commercial Bank. First of all, when developing a deposit policy, a bank should be guided by the following criteria for its optimization:

). to maintain the stability of the bank, its reliability, financial stability, it is necessary to ensure an effective interconnection of deposit, credit and other operations of the bank

). it is necessary to diversify the bank's resources in order to minimize the risk;

). segment the deposit portfolio (by markets, customers, products);

). it is necessary to provide an individual approach to each group of clients;

). increase the competitiveness of banking products and services;

). it is necessary to provide an effective combination of resources, that is, to optimally combine stable and unstable resources; in conditions of increased risk, the share of stable resources should increase.

It is necessary to pay special attention to the effective management of the process of formation and implementation of the deposit policy. To ensure management efficiency, it is proposed to improve the quality of the bank's work in predicting and managing risks that underlie the functioning of any credit institution.

To improve the deposit policy of a commercial bank, the following is proposed:

continuous improvement of its own deposit policy by a commercial bank, developed taking into account the specifics of its activities;

it is necessary to expand the range of deposit accounts of legal entities and individuals with a term "on demand". This makes it possible to more fully meet the needs of the bank's customers and increases the interest of investors in placing their funds on bank accounts, even in conditions of insignificant financial savings;

as one of the directions for improving the organization of deposit operations, it is proposed to use various types of accounts for all categories of depositors and improve the quality of their service;

creation of a system for guaranteeing bank deposits and protecting the interests of depositors, which will make it possible to really increase the reliability of banks and their ability to fulfill the task assigned to banks to transform citizens' savings into investments that the Russian economy so badly needs;

each bank should introduce savings deposits to increase the stability of the deposit base.

These are some of the possible ways to improve the deposit policy of a commercial bank and increase its role in ensuring its sustainability.

3.2 Development of measures aimed at attracting funds from BALTINVESTBANK OJSC

Banks operate in conditions of fierce competition in the struggle for each depositor, because the right to choose where to place their funds always remains with the latter. The development of banking competition leads to limited resources, followed by a close binding of the bank to certain customers. If the circle of these clients is narrow, then the bank's dependence on them is very high. In terms of passive operations, the choice of a bank is usually limited to a certain group of clients, to which it is much more attached than to borrowers. Due to competition between banks in the market of credit resources, it forces them to take measures to develop services that help attract deposits.

To solve this problem of forming the bank's resource base, it is necessary to work to expand the circle of depositors. This can be achieved by expanding the list of contributions. Thus, if OJSC "BALTINVESTBANK" seeks to increase the share of deposits of individuals in the structure of deposits, it can be proposed to create new banking products aimed at the younger generation, since the average age of a modern depositor has recently decreased. The average investor has become noticeably younger: previously, the propensity to save was characteristic only of the older generation. Every year, the proportion of young people who save money and place savings in bank deposits is slowly but increasing. So, five to seven years ago, the proportion of people under 25-30 among bank depositors was extremely small.

An example of a targeted deposit can be the so-called "vacation deposits", that is, during the year the bank accepts small deposits for the depositor to spend a vacation at a recreation center, at sea or abroad. Funds can be returned either after six months or a year, depending on the drawn up agreement. Deposits can be opened both in rubles and in foreign currency if the client is going abroad. For a trip abroad, with a minimum deposit of 50,000 rubles, you can offer a free opening of a VISA bank card.

To attract new depositors and encourage long-term storage of funds, a fundamentally new type of deposit “I save up for housing” is offered. Such a product can be offered to a young married couple where both young people work.

The conditions for such a contribution may be:

opening a deposit for a young couple to a person upon presentation of a passport and after a consultation conversation (the conversation includes a consultation on the optimal monthly amount of saving money based on the income of the couple, based on the desired amount of living space, the required amount for the purchase of housing is calculated);

deposit currency - Russian ruble;

the minimum deposit amount is 30,000 rubles;

term for raising funds: maximum - up to 25 years, minimum - 5 years;

interest rate - fixed, 9% per annum, capitalization of income, interest is added to the balance of the deposit;

interest is accrued after a year on the entire amount of the deposit;

the ability to replenish the deposit on a monthly basis throughout the entire period of storage (the minimum amount of the additional deposit is 10,000 monthly;

the inability to partially withdraw funds before 5 years;

the ability to open a deposit in the name of another person (rights on the deposit are transferred to the person in whose name the deposit is opened, from the moment this person first applies to the bank on issues related to this deposit). In this case, it may be the couple's parents who decide to open this type of deposit to them;

when keeping funds on a deposit for more than 5 years when closing a deposit, if the couple still does not have enough money to buy a home (the amount of missing funds can be from 200,000 rubles for 5 years of storage and up to 800,000 rubles for more than 15 years of storage), the bank issues a mortgage at the current interest rate at the time of closing the deposit minus 1.5%.

Advantages of this type of deposit for the client:

fixed interest rate, which does not depend on the level of the refinancing rate;

income capitalization;

the possibility of opening a deposit for another person (for example, parents open for their children);

the ability to replenish the deposit;

fast registration of a mortgage with long-term storage of funds.

The advantages of this type of deposit for the bank:

attraction of new investors;

accumulation of the resource base;

availability of a long-term stable resource base;

the possibility of obtaining a new client for mortgage lending.

The main difference between this type of deposit and those already existing in the bank is the possibility for the client to receive a mortgage at a favorable interest rate. With the help of the "I'm saving up for housing" deposit, the bank receives a client for two types of services at once - opening a new deposit and a possible borrower.

It is the possible receipt of a mortgage on favorable terms that will encourage the owner to carry his money in this particular deposit. And it is precisely the possibility of saving for housing that will keep the depositor from early withdrawal of funds from the account.

Over the past few years, the following trend has been noticeable on the deposit market - banks, by raising the minimum deposit amount, weed out small depositors, the income from working with which often does not even cover operating expenses. However, OJSC BALTINVETBANK has made great strides forward in this direction, since there are already deposits with the possibility of making a small deposit (1,000 rubles for a “Pension deposit” and 10 rubles for a “savings deposit”). Despite the fact that the bank also imposes restrictions on the minimum deposit amount for some types of deposits, there is no doubt that these deposits will find their client.

You can also offer the Bank to make incentive gifts at the end of the term of the long-term deposit, for example, when closing a deposit for a period not earlier than a year and the amount of funds on it is not less than 100,000 rubles, you can offer to conclude an agreement on consumer lending at an interest rate lower than the established one by 0.5 - 1.5% depending on the term of deposit. It should be especially noted that, since at present interest rates on deposits slightly cover inflation, it is necessary to convince potential customers that the purpose of investing money in a bank is not to make a profit, but to keep their savings. In this regard, the Bank may hold thematic seminars every few months on various options for saving money by the client. It will also enhance the image of the Bank. In general, all the proposed measures to improve deposit operations are aimed at increasing the resource base of the bank, attracting new depositors, expanding the segment of banking services, and improving the stability of the bank.

Conclusion

The tasks set by me were successfully solved in the course of writing the thesis. In the course of considering the theoretical foundations of the bank's deposit policy, the following conclusions were drawn: the bank's deposit policy is an important part of the bank's policy to attract temporarily free funds of organizations and the population to bank accounts in various kinds of deposits (deposits), which is primarily based on the strategic plan of the bank, on the analysis of the structure, current state and dynamics of the bank's resource base and should proceed from the main prospects for its development. This process must be regulated both by the state and by internal banking regulations and rules. On the part of the state, regulation occurs with the help of established standards. Various structural divisions are involved in the development of the deposit policy. Each bank independently determines for itself the structure of attracted resources, the terms, procedure and conditions for attracting funds, by developing deposit products that are attractive to customers. It is deposits that are the main source of bank resources, but, being a source of resource formation, they also have some disadvantages: by attracting funds to deposits, the bank incurs certain monetary costs, and also bears certain risks associated with a change in the behavior of depositors. Nevertheless, the competition between banks in the market of credit resources forces them to take measures to develop services that help attract deposits. The Bank attracts funds from individuals and legal entities in term deposits and demand deposits. Each type of such a deposit has both pluses and minuses for the bank. Thus, term deposits increase the stability of banks, being stable funds, but on the other hand, they are costly for the bank.

Analyzing the deposit policy of BALTINVESTBANK OJSC, we came to the following conclusions:

every year the Bank increases the volume of attracted funds, thanks to a competent and optimal deposit policy,

The Bank has developed a wide range of deposits, taking into account the interests of various market segments,

The Bank has a stable resource base, as the basis for attracting funds is funds in time deposits (79% of the total amount of deposits),

the main volume of funds raised comes from legal entities, since it is the service of small and medium-sized businesses that is the main strategy of the Bank, but every year the share of funds from individuals is growing, which is also the main direction of the Bank for 2010-2011.,

The Bank raises funds based on the projected volume of lending, and the funds raised are used effectively.

Some recommendations were developed to improve the deposit policy of BALTINVESTBANK OJSC. Since the assessment of the deposit policy of "BALTIVESTBANK" is positive, recommendations were given for the Bank to successfully follow the chosen direction. Since the Bank seeks to increase the share of deposits of individuals in the total volume of deposits, attention should be paid to the development of new deposit products to attract funds to term deposits. For this, a fundamentally new deposit “I'm saving up for an apartment” was proposed, a feature of this deposit is the opportunity for the client to receive a mortgage on very favorable terms after the expiration of the period of storage of funds and if there is not enough money to buy an apartment. This type of deposit is also beneficial for the Bank, as the Bank is given the opportunity to provide one client with two types of services at once.

It is also proposed to encourage long-term storage of funds in the bank by providing customers with consumer loans at a low interest rate.

Such products will attract new customers, as well as stimulate the long-term storage of funds.

Bibliography

1.“On Banks and Banking Activities in the Russian Federation” Federal Law of December 2, 1990 N 395-1. (as amended on 11/15/2010, amended on 02/07/2011)

2."On Deposit and Savings Certificates of Credit Institutions": Regulations of the Bank of Russia dated 10.02.1992. No. 14-3-20 dated February 10, 1992 No. 14-3-20 as amended. letters of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated 12/18/92. #23

3."On the mandatory ratios of banks": Instruction of the Bank of Russia dated January 16, 2004 No. 110-I

."On the required reserves of credit institutions": Regulation of the Bank of Russia dated March 29, 2004 No. 255-P

.“On opening and closing bank accounts, accounts on deposits (deposits)”: Instruction of the Bank of Russia dated September 14, 2006 N 28-I (as amended by Instruction of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated May 14, 2008 N 2009-U).

.Civil Code of the Russian Federation Ch. 45 art. 845-860

.Alaverdov A.R. Strategic management in a bank / M., Moscow Financial and Industrial Academy. - 2005, 157 p.

8.Balabanova I. T. Banks and banking activity. - St. Petersburg: Piter, 2007. 345 p.: ill.

9. Banks are less and less interested in the money of citizens, continuing to reduce deposit rates.// Vladimir Merkulov<#"justify">10.Banking operations: textbook / edited by A. V. Pechnikov, O. M. Markov, E. B. Starodubtsev, Moscow, 2009.- 284p.

11.Banking management: textbook / under Lavrushina O.I. - 2nd ed., revised and additional. - M.: KNORUS, 2009. - 560 p.

12.Banking: management in a modern bank: textbook. allowance / Ed. R.G. Olkhovaya. - M: Kronus, 2011. - 304 p.

.Banking: Textbook / Ed. G.N. Beloglazova, L.P. Krolivetskaya. - 5th ed., revised. and additional - M.: Finance and statistics, 2003. 592 p.

.Banking: Textbook / Ed. doctor of economic sciences, prof. G.G. Korobova. - ed. with rev. - M.: Economist, 2006 - 766 pages.

.Banking: Textbook / Ed. Lavrushina O.I. - 8th ed., Sr. - M.: Kronus, 2009. - 768 p.

.Demand depositors// Vasily Nantai, Kommersant. - 2011 No. 105

.Money. Credit. Banks: Textbook. / Ed. G. N. Beloglazova Beloglazova G. N. - M.: Higher Education, 2009. - 392 p.

18. Let's live until 2012! // Veronika Soshina, "National Banking Journal"<#"justify">21.Karpov M. T. Depositors are returning to banks // Today. - 2009. - No. 21. - P. 4.

22. Clients continue to carry their savings to the bank, and banks have to solve the problem of "toxic liabilities".// Irina Zhavoronkova<#"justify">34.Tagirbekov KR Fundamentals of banking: Banking. M: "Infra-M / The whole world", 2008. - 720 p.

35.Tyutyunnik A.V., Turbanov A.V. Banking. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2005. - 608 p.:

36.Finance, money circulation and credit: Textbook / M.V. Romanovsky and others; Ed. M.V. Romanovsky, O.V. Vrublevskaya. - M.: Yurayt-Izdat, 2006. - 543 p.

37.Cherkasov VE Banking operations: financial analysis. - M.: Publishing house "Consultbanker", 2009. - 288s.

38.Sheremet A.D., Saifulin R.S.. Methods of financial analysis.- M., INFRA-Moscow, 2007.-376p.

39.Analysis of the market of deposits of individuals in 2010.

Sources of financing of Russian banks// Andrey Zemtsov. http://www.raexpert.ru/researches/credit_org/bank2/

Analytics.http://trust.ru/analytics/interactive/

False alarm//Artyom Bukir. 2011 www/bankir.ru

Overview of the retail deposit market for 2010. DIA. http://www.banki.ru/news/research/?id=2885588&sphrase_id=1239307

Official website of JSC "BALTINVESTBANK" www.baltinvestbank.ru

Official website of the Central Bank of Russia www.cbr.ru

Russia leads among the BRIC countries in terms of inflation,

Bank development strategies.

Tags: Deposit policy of a commercial bank Diploma Banking

Deposit Policy is a set of measures aimed at mobilizing the funds of legal entities and individuals, as well as the state budget in the form of contributions (deposits) by banks. The deposit policy involves the development of evidence-based approaches to the organization of relations between commercial banks and clients in terms of attracting their temporarily free funds. Since it is the borrowed funds that form the basis of bank resources subsequently used for lending purposes, they should be given special attention.

When conducting a deposit policy, it is necessary to take into account many positions, for example, what are the sources of bank deposits, what is the structure of bank liabilities and assets, what are the deadlines for keeping depositors' funds, etc.

The main principle of the Bank's work in the course of deposit operations is to ensure the amount of resources required for the normal functioning of the Bank, achieved at minimal cost for their purchase. This is achieved through portfolio diversification.
attracted financial resources by sources of their attraction and structure,
linking the volume and structure of these resources (by currency and maturity) to the volume and structure of assets.

Term deposits are deposits in deposit accounts, from the right to dispose of which the depositor waives for a certain period. Term deposits are deposits related to the attracted capital of banks. Often, they are limited to the minimum amount of the down payment. Term deposits are opened by depositors for any purpose, however, the depositor cannot dispose of them at any time, since the depositor cannot at any time demand the return of term deposits from the bank (the right of the depositor to receive the deposit amount on demand, with loss of interest).

There are two forms of term deposits: a term deposit with a fixed term and a term deposit with advance notice of withdrawal. The client and the credit institution have the right to notify. Term deposits imply the transfer of funds to the full disposal of the bank for the term and conditions under the agreement, and after this period the term deposit can be withdrawn by the owner at any time. The amount of remuneration paid to the client on a term deposit depends on the term, the amount of the deposit and the fulfillment by the depositors of the terms of the agreement. Deposits with prior notification of withdrawal of funds means that the client must notify the withdrawal of the deposit in advance, notify the bank within the period specified by the agreement. Depending on the notice period, the interest rate on deposits is also set, but the bank reserves the right to change the interest rate. This is necessary because it is impossible to predict exactly when the client will make the notification.

An obligatory requirement in determining the possible conditions for attracting resources is a preliminary analysis of possible directions for spending the attracted resources with an assessment of financial results and structural changes as a result of the proposed banking operations.

For successful functioning, a commercial bank must constantly expand the range of services provided to customers, improve the quality and improve the culture of service. And at the same time, the effectiveness of the bank's activities also implies a reduction in costs, which means that a very important point is to conduct a balanced interest rate policy. The use of a variety of deposits allows the bank to ensure their most optimal structure and, on this basis, clearly distinguish between credit resources according to their intended purpose and turnover rate, which is important for increasing the level of bank liquidity.

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Similar Documents

Formation of the deposit policy of commercial banks in the banking resource management system. Analysis of the structure of deposits in the Russian Federation. Classification of deposit operations of commercial banks. Proposals for improving the deposit policy of UbrIR OJSC.

term paper, added 10/10/2011


Development of the deposit policy of a commercial bank and its determinants. Types of commercial bank deposits. Deposit policy of Russian commercial banks and its improvement in modern conditions. The concept and role of deposit insurance.

term paper, added 01/06/2015


Theoretical foundations and essence of the deposit policy. Problems and prospects for the development of the resource base of banks in the Russian Federation. Elements of the deposit policy. The main stages of the formation of savings policy. Enlarged standard structure of the bank.

abstract, added 07/07/2014


Deposit interest policy as a set of measures for the mobilization of funds by banks. Formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank. The policy of the Siberian Bank, the introduction of a balanced scorecard. Innovative strategies of the bank.

thesis, added 12/05/2010


thesis, added 11/18/2009


The concept, role and classification of deposits in the formation of the resource base of commercial banks. Analysis of financial indicators and features of the deposit policy implemented by OAO GB Nizhny Novgorod. Ways to improve work on attracting deposits.

thesis, added 07/12/2010


Methods for analyzing the deposit policy of a commercial bank. The role of borrowed and own funds in the economy of the bank. The structure of borrowed funds. Features of each type of commercial bank liabilities. Fundamental principles of the bank's deposit policy.

term paper, added 11/10/2009