Participle turnover in English examples. Participle in English: functions and types of participles, formation and use. Difference between Gerund and Participle. To express the circumstance of the cause
Read also
Here you can find the English Participle.
PARTICIPLE (THE PARTICIPLE)
1. Participle is an impersonal form of a verb that has the features of a verb, an adjective and an adverb. In Russian, the English participle corresponds to both the participle and the participle.
Like the verb, the participle in English has tense forms (and the participle of transitive verbs also has passive voice forms) and can be determined by the adverb:
A well-bred woman does nothing which shall make people talk of her.
A well-bred woman does nothing to make people talk about her (discuss her).
Like an adjective, a participle can perform the functions of a definition and a nominal part of a predicate in a sentence:
The first International Conference of Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War held in March 1981 was attended by doctors from 11 countries.
The First International Conference of Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, held in March 1981, was attended by physicians from 11 countries.
Participle forms
Present Participle (The Present Participle, Participle I)
2. The present participle is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the infinitive of the verb without the particle to:
Before the suffix -ing, one consonant, if it comes after a short stressed vowel, is doubled:
to get - getting
to run run - running
to compel to force - compelling
to prefer - preferring
In the verbs to die to die, to lie to lie, to tie to bind, the letter i before the suffix -ing turns into y:
to die-dying - dying, dying
to lie-lying - lying, lying
to tie-tying - tying, tying
The present participle is translated into Russian either by the real participle of the present tense or by the gerund.
Past Participle (The Past Participle, Participle II)
3. The past participle of regular verbs is formed by adding the suffix -ed to the infinitive of the verb without the to particle. This suffix is read in the same way as the -ed suffix of the past indefinite tense of regular verbs.
to finish finish -finished finished
to civilize - civilized
The past participle of irregular verbs is most often formed by changing the root vowel or the entire stem of the verb:
to write to write - written written
to see see - seen seen
to teach
In dictionaries, after the indefinite form of irregular verbs, the forms of the past indefinite tense and the past participle are usually given.
In Russian, the past participle is usually translated by the passive participle of the perfect or imperfect form.
Perfect Communion (The Perfect Participle)
4. The perfect participle expresses the action preceding the action expressed by the verb-predicate. It is formed from the present participle of the verb to have - having and the past participle of the semantic verb.
In Russian, the perfect participle is most often translated by the gerund participle of the perfect form.
to say to say - having said saying
to write to write - having written by writing
Functions of participles in a sentence
5. The present participle can be used in a sentence in the following functions:
a. Nominal part of the predicate:
I looked at the bookshelf: one book was missing.
I looked at the bookshelf: one book was missing.
b. Definitions:
Women from 111 countries and belonging to 132 national organizations took part in the meeting in Prague in 1986.
Women belonging to 132 national organizations from 111 countries attended the meeting, which took place in Prague in 1986.
c. Circumstances:
Knowing English well he was able to read this magazine.
Knowing English well, he was able to read this magazine.
d. In combination with the forms of the auxiliary verb to be, the present participle forms the forms of continuous tenses:
In a large, hot, richly-furnished drawing-room two women were sitting.
Two women were sitting in a large, stuffy, richly furnished living room.
6. The past participle can be used in a sentence in the following functions:
a. Nominal part of the predicate:
Russia's climate is as varied as her scenery.
The climate of Russia is as diverse as the landscape.
b. Definitions:
The Professor did not exaggarate when he spoke of the widespread interest excited by his new psycho-physiological experiment.
The professor was not exaggerating when he spoke of the widespread interest generated by his new psycho-physiological experiment.
c. Circumstances:
When discussed by the meeting the Appeal to All the Women of the World was adopted by it.
After the "Appeal to All the Women of the World" was discussed by the meeting, it was adopted.
d. In combination with the forms of the auxiliary verb to be, the past participle forms the forms of the passive voice:
The flat of Hercule Poirot was furnished in a modern style.
Hercule Poirot's apartment was furnished in a modern style.
e. In combination with the forms of the auxiliary verb to have, the past participle forms the forms of perfect tenses:
Europe has twice this century been the scene of a destructive war that has spread to global proportion.
During this century, Europe has twice been the site of a devastating war that has spread throughout the world.
7. The perfect participle is used in the sentence as a function of circumstance:
Having done the question-and-answer exercises, the students began to write a composition.
After completing the question-answer exercises, the students began to write an essay.
Today you will get acquainted with the sacrament and understand why it can simultaneously give literary, virtuosity, and brevity to the English language. We will compare it with similar Russian forms in terms of application and capabilities. Looking ahead, I will say that there are even more opportunities for participles in English than in Russian, and when you understand this, you will be happy to use them.
The participle in English is (like the gerund and the infinitive) the non-personal form of the verb, that is, it is not conjugated either by persons or by numbers. It can combine the properties of a verb, adjective and adverb
Here are two versions of the same sentence:
- I went to the ticket office, which had just opened, and bought a ticket for the train, which follows the route Moscow - Novosibirsk
- Going to the newly opened ticket office, I bought a ticket for the Moscow-Novosibirsk route.
Not only was the sentence in the second version reduced by as much as five words, it stopped cutting the ear. And all this thanks to two participles:
- open, next
and one gerund:
- coming up
In English, formally there are no gerunds, but in fact we will have to distinguish them in order to build sentences correctly. And it is convenient to do this precisely on the questions that we pose in Russian:
- For communion:
- what doing(imperfect species)
- what did(perfect view)
- For adverb:
- what doing(imperfect species)
- what having done(perfect view)
Let's see how it works in English.
Types of English participles
There are two types of participles in English:
- Participle 1 The present participle has two forms:
Present Participle Simple - simple participle
Present Participle Perfect - perfect participle - Participle 2 or Participle Past - past participle
Unlike Participle 1, Participle 2 has only a passive voice (the object in the role of the subject cannot itself perform an active action)
The rules of formation in affirmative and negative sentences, together with examples, are presented in the form of a table.
| View | Participle 2Past Participle | ||
| Present Participle Simple | Present Particle Perfect | ||
| Active Voice | IV f. (-ing) | having + III f.(-ed) | --------------- |
| not + IV f. (ing) | not + having + III f.(-ed) | ||
| Drawing- drawing, drawing. I saw the artist drawing the picture. — I saw an artist painting a picture. Drawing, he looked at the model - While drawing, he looked at the model. | drawing- drawing Having drawn the picture, he comes out from the workroom. Having painted a picture, he left the workshop. |
||
| passive Voice | being + III f.(-ed) | having been + III f(ed). | III f. |
| not + III f. (-ed) | not + having been + III f (ed) | not + III f. |
|
| being drawn- drawable, being drawn That picture being drawn is closed now. - The picture that is being drawn (drawn) is closed now. Beingdrawn recently, the picture drew attention. - Since the picture is painted recently (having been painted), it attracted attention | havingbeendrawn- being (already) drawn havingbeendrawn, the picture sent to the exhibition at once. - When the picture was painted (being painted), it was immediately sent to the exhibition. | drawn- drawn The picture drawn by the great Van Gogh, was sold for a lot of money recently. A painting painted by the great Van Gogh was recently sold for a lot of money. |
|
Analogy between English and Russian participles and gerunds
It is clearly visible from this diagram:
- Participle 1 Simple is used to express an action that occurs simultaneously with the main action expressed by the predicate, and answers the questions:
which,
corresponding to the Russian participle:- drawing ( drawing) - Active Voice
- drawable ( being drawn) - Passive Voice,
how, in what way,
- drawing ( drawing) - Active Voice
- being drawn ( being drawn) - Passive Voice,
In the passive voice (Passive Voice) Participle 1 Simple is used to express an action experienced by the subject or object
- Participle 1 Perfect is used in both voices to express the action preceding the predicate, and answers various questions about the circumstances of time and reason, for example:
when, in connection with what, under what circumstances etc.,
corresponding to the Russian gerund:- He left the workshop when? - Drawing ( drawing) picture
- The painting was sent to the exhibition in connection with which? — being drawn ( having been drawn).
As you noticed, the literal translation of the English passive participle into Russian looks indigestible, so the option is acceptable here:
- When the picture was painted
- Participle 2 Past is used only in the passive voice to express a past action and basically answers the question:
- what picture- drawn ( drawn)
However, there are times when other questions can be asked:
- Drawn many years ago the picture needed in the restoration. — Since the picture was drawn many years ago, it needed restoration.
Why Is the painting in need of restoration? — Since it was drawn many years ago
Participle and adverbial phrases
The participle in English, associated with other parts of speech, forms participial and (as an analogy) participle turnover.
What turnover is before us, we can also judge by the function of the participle in the sentence.
Most often, attributive turns are participles, and adverbials are participles, with the exception of Participle 2 Past: there are no analogies with gerunds here.
Participle Functions in a Sentence
Participles can be:
The semantic verb of the tense form:
- Participle 1 - Continuous and Perfect Continuous groups
- Communion 2 - Perfect groups
Definition:
- Participle 1 Simple:
- Active Voice: We saw a plane soaring into the sky. We saw a plane taking off into the sky.
- Passive Voice: The book being waited in the literary community promises to be interesting. - The book, expected in the literary community, promises to be interesting
- Participle 2 Past
- The lesson learned yesterday went to the benefit of the student. — The lesson learned yesterday was good for the student.
Learned here it may not be part of a turnover, but a separate adjective when it comes before a noun:
- The learned yesterday lesson went to the benefit of the student. — The lesson learned yesterday was good for the student.
- My broken life nobody cares. - My broken life does not bother anyone
- Participle 1 Perfect never acts as a definition, which cannot be said about the Russian analogue of this perfect English form - the past participle of the perfect form (it differs by the suffix -vsh)
- We remember the name of the scientist who discovered this law. — We remember the name of the scientist who discovered this law.
Instead of a participle, in the English version - a subordinate clause
circumstance of time:
- Participle 1 Simple
- Living in India, he became interested in Roerich's pictures. — While living in India, he became interested in Roerich's paintings.
- Being put in the hospital, he waited an operation with fear. - When he was admitted to the hospital, he was waiting for the operation with fear
- Participle 1 Perfect
- Having passed the final exam, he went to the rest. Having passed the last exam, he went to rest.
- Having been grown, flowers decorated our garden. — When the flowers grew, they decorated our garden
- Participle 2 Past
- When written, the article was published. — When the article was written, it was published
The use of the participle made it possible to shorten the longer version:
- When the article was written it was published
circumstance causes
- Participle 1 Simple
- Wishing to meet, we agreed on tomorrow. - Wishing to meet, we agreed on tomorrow.
- Being scared, he ran out of the building. - Being frightened (scared), he ran out of the building
- Participle 1 Perfect
- No having given back the book, he lost my trust. “By not returning the book, he lost my trust.
- No having been eaten long time, dogs looked awful. Since the dogs had not been fed for a long time, they looked terrible.
- Participle 2 Past.
- Built to my project, house was especially dear to me. - Built according to my project, the house was especially dear to me
The nominal part of the predicate.
Which combines the features of a verb, adjective and adverb. In Russian, it corresponds to participle and participle: doing- doing, doing; opening- opening, opening; done- made; opened- open.
Possessing the properties of an adjective and an adverb, the participle in a sentence can play the role of a definition or circumstance. Verbal properties are manifested in the fact that the participle can have a direct object.
Please note that the participle is also part of complex verb forms (that is, it is used in the formation of various tenses in the active and passive voice).English participles are divided into:
- present participles (Present Participle or Participle I).
- past participles (Past Participle or Participle II).
Participle forms
Negative participle forms are formed using the particle not, which is placed before the sacrament: not asking- without asking not broken- not broken.
Present participle. Participle I
The present participle (Present Participle or Participle I) has two two forms:
- Present Participle Simple (simple participle).
- Present Participle Perfect (perfect participle).
Simple communion. Present Participle Simple
Present Participle Simple(simple present participle) corresponds to the Russian present participle (reading, building) and the imperfect participle (reading, building).
This form is formed by adding the ending -ing to the stem of the verb:
read + ing - reading - reading, reading
build + ing - building - building, building
In the passive voice - being + III form of the verb:
being read - readable, being readable (i.e. when it was read)
being built - being built, being built (that is, when it was built)
Example sentences with a simple participle:
Everybody looked at the dancing girl. Everyone was looking at the dancing girl.
The speaking doll interested the child very much. The talking doll was very interested in the child.
Traveling in America, I saw a lot of interesting things. - Traveling around America, I saw a lot of interesting things.
The house being built in our street is very good. - The house being built on our street is very good (the house that is being built). - passive voice
Perfect Communion. Present Particle Perfect
Present Particle Perfect(perfect participle of the present tense) corresponds to the Russian gerund participle of the perfect form (having read, built).
It is formed according to the following formula - having + III verb form:
having read - having read
having built - having built
In the passive voice - having been + III form of the verb:
having been read - being read (i.e. when it was read)
having been built - being built (i.e. when it was built)
Examples of sentences with the perfect participle:
Having prescribed the medicine, the doctor went away. After prescribing the medicine, the doctor left.
Having drunk a cup of tea, she felt better. After drinking a cup of tea, she felt better.
Having been shown the wrong direction, the travelers soon lost their way. Since the travelers were shown the wrong direction, they soon got lost. - passive voice
Past participle. Participle II
Past participle(Past Participle or Participle II) is the III form of the verb and corresponds to the Russian passive participle of the past tense (read, built). Participle II has only the passive form.
The past participle is III form of the verb:
read - read
built - built
opened - open
invited - invited
III form of irregular verbs must be remembered!
In learning English, there comes a moment when you no longer want to be content with simple sentences. There is a desire to dilute the text with beautiful turns so that they sound not only competently, but also effectively. In such cases, the sacrament in English comes to the rescue, which will be discussed today.
Participle or participle in English – it is an impersonal form of a verb that has the features of a verb, an adjective, and even an adverb. The participle in English sentences is quite common both in speech and in writing. Therefore, let's look at the types of participles in English, their formation and role in the sentence.
There are two types of participle in English:
- The first is the group Participle I - present participle;
- The second - Participle II - past participle.
Education
Participle I is the present participle. It can be expressed in the Simple and Perfect forms. Consider both of them in the table using the example of the verb read (read):
In the participle, the verbs of the Simple form are formed in the same way as in the Continuous tense. In simple terms, the ending -ing is used to form the real participles of the present. For passive participles, it is used with the ending -ing and the verb in the third form.
Perfect is formed using the verb have with the ending -ing and the third form of the verb. The third English form of the verb is formed in 2 ways:
- Regular English verbs with the -ed ending.
- For the wrong ones, on their own, not obeying the rules.
These participles are translated into Russian as a present participle or an imperfect gerund (the Simple form) and a perfect gerund (the Perfect form).
With active and passive voices in the perfect form, only transitive verbs can be used. Note that intransitive verbs are not expressed in the passive form. Intransitive verbs are those that cannot be combined with a noun or pronoun. Study the table with examples for clarity:
Although the present participle in the passive voice is already used much less frequently than in the active voice. Do not think that the passive turnover is biased. It just sounds quite voluminous, and the English language is constantly striving for simplification.
Two or more participles (and gerunds when translated into Russian) are usually not used in one sentence. Avoid too long sentences, it is better to break them into two. And even in this case, it is better to make the participle have only the first or second sentence.
The role of the participle in a sentence
The functions of the sacrament are limited to a few points. So, the participle can be expressed:
- Definition:
Moreover, the English participle can go both before and after the noun:
| The girl talking to Jim is my sister. | The girl talking to Jim is my sister. |
Determinative participial revolutions of a comma, as a rule, are not distinguished.
- The circumstance of a condition, cause, time, or course of action. Study on table examples :
But here, as in Russian turns, the adverbial participial turnover needs a comma.
- The nominal part of the compound predicate:
| Brad will be performing at 5 p.m. on the first and second of March. | Brad will be performing at 5pm on March 1st and 2nd. |
Use
- English participles that match the Simple forms:
- show that the action occurs simultaneously with the action expressed by the predicate. Let's look at an example:
- characterize the subject:
- The Perfect participle is used to show that the action preceded the action expressed by the verb:
In the same case, the use of the Simple form can now be encountered, although from the point of view of English grammar, the Perfect tense is preferable:
Despite the fact that in Russian this form is a participle, in English it refers to participle turnover. In fact, nothing belongs to the gerund, since in English the gerund is a participle. That is, there is simply no gerund in English. Do not be surprised, there are a lot of similar language differences between English and Russian, they just need to be taken into account.
It is important to note that although it is a present participle, it does not mean that it is only used with English present tense sentences.
Participle 1 vs gerund or difference between gerund and participle
The present participle in its appearance may resemble gerund, which is also formed by adding the ending -ing. However, the difference between them is huge, as their functions are completely different. Therefore, in order to confuse the participle with the gerund, you need to try very hard.
The difference is this:
The gerund is used on its own and is expressed by a noun:
The participle refers to the noun and is located before / after it. It's more like an adjective:
The gerund and the participle of the English language can also have a perfect form. As in the first case, one of the main features of their use is that in gerundial variants such a construction is used in a sentence as a subject.
While the participial turnover shows that after completing one action, another was done.
As you can see distinguish gerund and participle and understand between them difference not so difficult.
Participle in English: Participle II
Education
Participle II or the past participle has only one form, namely the Past Participle Simple form. Participle 2 is used in English only in the passive voice. In the active voice, it cannot even be formed. The passive voice has two forms of formation:
- With the ending -ed for regular verbs. Table with examples:
| Infinitive / Initial form of the verb | Participle II / Past participle |
| close (close) | closed |
| play (play) | played (played) |
| produce (produce) | produced (produced) |
| motivate (motivate) | motivated (motivated) |
- Irregular verbs have their own special form. Examples:
In Russian, these participles in the past tense are translated by passive participles of the imperfect and perfect types.
Role in the proposal
The past participle in English can perform a number of functions:
- Definitions:
It can be introduced into a sentence using the preposition as (as):
| His life, as described by biographers, seems to be a tragic one. | His life, described by biographers, seems tragic. |
- Less commonly, circumstances using unions when (when), unless (until), as if (as if), as though (as if), if (if), unless (if not), though (although), although (although):
- The nominal part of the compound predicate:
- The participle also performs the function of a complex object:
Use
Usually the past participle is:
- Expresses a completed action that precedes the main action:
- Expresses the property of a person / object:
There are no independent ways to use the sacrament. However, if you are afraid of making a mistake with the construction, you can turn the participle into a separate sentence.
Participle in English: Independent participial turnover
Independent participial phrases deserve special attention.
To form an independent participial turnover, it is necessary to use a noun or pronoun and participle 1 or 2. An independent participle turnover is separated by a comma, performing the functions of a circumstance. The translation of such participial phrases can have two options:
- In the first case, when an independent participle in English is used at the beginning of a sentence, it is translated as a subordinate clause of time, condition and reason. Such sentences usually contain conjunctions "when", "if" and "because":
- In the second case, the independent participial turnover is translated by an independent sentence. To form one sentence with an independent participial turnover, the words "at the same time", "at the same time", "moreover" can be used.
Independent sentences, as you can see, sound less "loaded".
We hope that you figured out what participles are in English. To consolidate the topic, translate Russian sentences with gerunds and participles into English, do the exercises and periodically return to this site for self-study of the language.
Views: 1 082
Which has the properties of a verb, adverb and adjective.
English participles are divided into the present participle ( Participle I) and the past participle ( Participle II).
Present participle denotes an action occurring simultaneously with the action expressed by the predicate:
look at the man crossing the street.
Look at the man crossing the street.
The present participle is formed with the ending -ing:
To learn - learn ing
To speak - speak ing
The present participle is used to form continuous tenses:
They are watching a new film now.
Now they are watching a new movie.
they were watching a new film at that time last night.
They were watching a new movie at this time last night.
They will be watching a new film at this time tomorrow.
They will be watching a new movie at this time tomorrow.
Despite the fact that and gerund, and present participle have an ending -ing and coincide in form, they can be distinguished by the shade in the meaning. The participle in its meaning is closer to the adjective, and the gerund is closer to the noun:
That man shouting at the policeman seems familiar.- sign designation - participle
That man yelling at the policeman seems familiar to me.
Shouting will not do any good.- designation of a certain actor or object - gerund
Yelling won't help.
Past participle- this is also an impersonal form of the verb, also having the properties of a verb, adjective and adverb. But unlike the present participle, the past participle has only one invariable form, in fact, this is the third form of the verb. The past participle in English corresponds to the Russian passive participle:
To give (give) - given (given)
To teach (teach) - taught (trained)
To break (break) - broken (broken)
Delivered goods will be stored in our warehouse.
Delivered goods will be stored in our warehouse.
Past participle formed in the same way as the temporary form Past Simple, that is, with the help of the ending -ed. For irregular English verbs in this case, you need to use their "third" form:
Look-look-look ed
Do-did- done
Past participle(Participle II) used for the formation of perfect (perfect) tenses. These tenses are formed with the help of an auxiliary verb have, has, had, will have and the third form of the verb, i.e. past participles.
recently they have watched a new film.(Present Perfect)
They recently watched a new movie.
They had watched a new film before I came.(Past Perfect)
They had seen a new film before I arrived.
They will have finished watching a new film by the time I come.(Future Perfect)
They will have finished watching the new movie by the time I arrive.
The past participle is also used to form the passive voice:
Museum was opened only last year.
The museum was opened only last year.
Flowers are grown almost in any part of the world.
Flowers are grown in almost every part of the world.
Past participle used in functions:
- nominal part of compound predicate after the verbs: to be (to be), to feel (to feel), to look (to look), to get (to become), to become (to become), etc. In this case, Participle II is translated into Russian by a passive participle, an adjective or adverb:
My pencil is broken.
My pencil is broken.
She looked scared.
She looked scared.
Joe felt depressed.
Joe felt depressed.
- definitions- the participle can be both before the noun and after it:
Clara looked at the broken vase.
Clara looked at the broken vase.
Clara looked at vase broken by someone.
Clara looked at the vase, broken by someone.
- circumstances of time- participle answers the question: when? And in the function of the circumstance of the cause, the questions are: why? for what reason?
When asked what he intended to do, he said he didn't know.
When asked what he intended to do, he said he did not know.